Cleaning Up Existing Diesel Engines in

CaliforniaKathleen Mead

California Air Resources Board

NAMVEC ConferenceNovember 2003

California Identified Diesel PM as a Toxic Air Contaminant

• Increases Cancer Risk, primarily Lung Cancer

• Increases Hospital Admissions & Premature Deaths– 2000 - 2500 premature deaths*

– 3,600 annual hospital admissions for pneumonia, CV disease, asthma,bronchitis*

**Year 2000Year 2000

California Diesel PM Emissions - 2000

66%

27%

7%

OffOff--RoadRoadOnOn--RoadRoad

Stationary/PortableStationary/Portable

California Diesel Risk Reduction Plan

• Goals adopted 2000– 75% reduction in diesel PM by 2010– 85% reduction in diesel PM by 2020

• Multiple strategies– On- and off-road vehicles and equipment– New engine standards - 98+% reduction– Cleaner diesel fuel - <15 ppm S – Retrofit of existing engines with filters– Ensure in-use compliance

Schedule for Regulations:In-use Vehicles

• 2000 (amended 2002)– Transit buses - adopted

• adding MHDD in 2004• 2003

– Refuse trucks - adopted– Stationary engines – TRUs

Schedule for Regulations:In-use Vehicles

• 2004– Fuel delivery trucks – Portable engines – Public on-road vehicles– Public off-road equipment

• 2005– Private on-road vehicles– Private off-road equipment

Proposed Proposed Stationary Source EnginesStationary Source Engines

• Emergency (new)– 0.15 g PM/bhp-hr/ < 50 hrs of operation– 0.01 g PM/bhp-hr/ 51-100 hrs of operation

• Prime (new)– 0.01 g PM/bhp-hr or – off-road CI certification std. of equal hp

• Agriculture (new)– 0.15 g PM/bhp-hr– off-road CI certification std. of equal hp

ProposedProposedTransportation Refrigeration Transportation Refrigeration

UnitsUnits• In-use

– Phased in performance standards• Replace with new engine• Retrofit with DECS• Alternative technology

• New– Harmonize with U.S. EPA’s Tier 4 Std.

Urban Transit Bus RuleUrban Transit Bus Rule• Choose Diesel or Alternative-Fuel Path• NOx Fleet Average

– 4.8g/bhp-hr by 1 Oct 2002• PM Total Reduced 85% of Baseline

– By 2007 (Diesel) or 2009 (Alt-Fuel)• Low Sulfur (<15 ppm) Diesel, 1 Jul 02• Zero-Emission Bus Requirements• More Stringent New Engine Standards

Solid Waste Collection Solid Waste Collection Vehicles (SWCV)Vehicles (SWCV)

• Use best available control technology• Phase-in: 2004-2010

– Start with 1988-2002 engines - retrofits available (filters; oxidation catalysts)

– Old engines next - re-engine or replacement– Newer engines last - filters ?– Option to retire oldest vehicles

SWCV Compliance FlexibilitySWCV Compliance Flexibility• Flexibility

– Delay if verified retrofit controls not available to allow time to re-engine

– Smallest fleets (<4) no phase-in required– No requirement if <1 year to retirement – Smaller fleets (<15) may use oxidation

catalysts on older vehicles (pre-88)• Early Compliance Credit

– 50% compliance early = 2 year delay in full compliance

SWCV Regulation Benefits SWCV Regulation Benefits 20202020

• Prevents 80 Premature Deaths At $900,000 per Premature Death Prevented

• Reduces Cancer Risk• Eliminates 2,260,000 Pounds PM• Eliminates 30,600 Tons NOx + HC • Cost per Household <$1 per Year

SWCV SWCV PM Emissions BenefitsPM Emissions Benefits

0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

1.2

1.4

1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020 2022

YEAR

PM (t

pd)

Baseline Inventory

Inventory (current)

Inventory (potential1)

Inventory (potential2)

SWCV SWCV NOx Emissions BenefitsNOx Emissions Benefits

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020 2022

YEAR

NO

x (tp

d)

Baseline Inventory

Inventory (current)

Inventory (potential1)

Inventory (potential2)

SWCV Technology SWCV Technology Feasibility EvaluationFeasibility Evaluation

• ARB Studies – Engine Inventory – Fleet Maintenance Practices

• 60 companies surveyed– Engine Exhaust Temperature

• 5 Companies, >60 vehicles datalogged

SWCV Engine Category% by PM Standard

19881988--1990: 0.6 1990: 0.6 g/bhpg/bhp--hrhr18%18%

19911991--1993: 0.25g/bhp1993: 0.25g/bhp--hrhr16%16%

19601960--1987: unregulated1987: unregulated21%21%

19941994--2002: 0.1 2002: 0.1 g/bhpg/bhp--hrhr45%45%

SWCV Fleet Maintenance SWCV Fleet Maintenance Study Overall ResultsStudy Overall Results

0.97

0.440.67

1 0.93

4.01

0.94

0.27

0.63

10.79

3.63

0.88

0.23

0.540.74

3.21

0.82

0

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

3.5

4

4.5

Smoke Opacity Mechanics perVehicles

Training Forms Shop Cleanliness Overall

Mea

sure

men

t (in

per

cent

age)

Public

Large Private

Small Private

SWCV Exhaust Temperature SWCV Exhaust Temperature Analysis by Vehicle TypeAnalysis by Vehicle Type

50%

8%

52%

69%71%

48%

35%

10%

15%

10%

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

Front EndLoader

Rear Loader Rolloff Side Loader Total

Refuse Truck Type

%V

ehic

les

Ach

ieved R

equir

ed

Engin

e E

xhaust

Tem

pera

ture

s

CRT

DPX

SWCV Demonstrations & SWCV Demonstrations & InIn--Use ExperienceUse Experience

• Demonstrations– BP-ARCO– ARB-Directed

• In-Use Experiences– City of Los Angeles Bureau of Sanitation– New York City Sanitation

Results: Results: Characteristics for DPF UseCharacteristics for DPF Use

• Post-1993 Heavy-Duty engine• High Average Exhaust Temperature• Good Engine Maintenance Program • Backpressure Monitoring System• Low Sulfur (<15 ppm) Diesel Fuel

Best Available Control Best Available Control Technology ApproachTechnology Approach

• Retrofit– Highest level in-use strategy applicable

• Repower– Newer engine

• Replacement– New Diesel or Alternative Fuel Vehicle

• Retire– Reduce fleet size

Verification LevelsVerification LevelsLevel 1 ( > 25% Reduction)

– Diesel Oxidation Catalyst

Level 2 ( > 50% Reduction)– Emulsified Diesel Fuels

Level 3 ( > 85 % Reduction, < 0.01 g/bhp-hr )– Active and Passive Diesel Particulate Filters– Fuel Borne Catalysts and Diesel Particulate

Filters

Diesel Emission Control Diesel Emission Control Strategy Verification ProcedureStrategy Verification ProcedureRequired PM Reduction - 25% Minimum

• Optional NOx Reduction - 15% Minimum• Emission Testing• Durability Demonstration• Emission Control Group/Applicability• Warranty• In-Use Compliance Testing

– Consistent with U.S. EPA Requirements

Current Verifications*Current Verifications*• Level 3:• Johnson Matthey CRT DPF • Engelhard DPX DPF • Cleaire Flash and Catch CRT (25% NOx Reduction)• Cleaire Flash and Catch DPX (25% NOx Reduction)• Cleaire Longview DPF + Lean NOx (25% NOx Reduction)• Clean Air Partners DPF • CleanAIR Systems

• Level 1:• Cleaire Flash and Match (25% NOx Reduction)• Donaldson DOC Spiracle • Donaldson DOC + Spiracle • Donaldson DOC Spiracle + USLD *As of August 2003*As of August 2003

Future Verifications?Future Verifications?Near Future Assumptions:• Alternative Diesel Fuels• Fuel-Borne Catalysts• More Diesel Particulate Filters• More Diesel Oxidation CatalystsLong-Term Assumptions:• Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR)

Verification IssuesVerification Issues

• NO2 Emissions• Liability• Engine Warranty• EPA vs. CARB Programs

Implications for Other Mobile Source Rules

• General Framework• Old Engines:

– Re-engine/Retirement is BACT– Achieves NOx reduction, too

• Risk Reduction Goal Is Feasible• Rules Need to “Fit” Fleets Affected

– More flexibility for ‘more diverse’ fleets?– More opportunity for credits?– Performance standard vs. BACT?

In-Use PM Reduction Regulations Issues

• Cost per Vehicle or Equipment– Who pays?– State Incentives?

• Technology feasibility– Not all vehicles/equipment can use filters– Oxidation catalysts less effective, so

requiring engine replacement on older trucks

• Can We Implement Faster?

For Further Information:For Further Information:General Information:

http://www.arb.ca.gov/diesel/dieselrrpVerifications:

http://www.arb.ca.gov/diesel/verdev/verdev.htmRefuse Truck Rule:

http://www.arb.ca.gov/msprog/SWCV/SWCV.htmPublic Transit Rule:

http://www.arb.ca.gov/msprog/bus/bus.htmKathleen Mead

kmead@arb.ca.gov

30

Our Goals: Clean Air

And Healthy Citizens

Our Goals: Clean AirOur Goals: Clean Air

And Healthy CitizensAnd Healthy Citizens