cleavages tibet-as economic growth eclipses any pretense of egalitarian socialism, tibetan working...
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Cleavages Tibet-As economic growth eclipses any
pretense of egalitarian socialism, Tibetan working with CCP become even more disillusioned with relationship-breakdown of patron-client? Military Rule Enforced.
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Inner Mongolia Ethnic cleavage, but less militarized than
Tibet. Parties-not recognized Some jailing of leaders Carrot and Stick-language and cultural days
left alone
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Xinjang Province Largely Muslim Multiple Terror attempts: 2008-Thwarted Suicide Bombing of China
Flight 2008-Attack which killed 26 police officers
before Olympics 2009-2011-protests and riots.
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Ughir People
Turkish/Russian
Unsure where loyalty lies
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Ethnic Responses o Crackdown on protest by ethnic minorities and use
of military to maintain order o Restricting information into and out of ethnic
minority regions o Increased infrastructural/development projects in
ethnic areas (including water) o Improved access to education o Subsidies to ethnic/border regions (agricultural,
educational) o Incentives for foreign or domestic investment o Increased efforts to recruit more ethnic minorities
into the regional and national leadership
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Great Western Development Plan onicle of Events[1]
1999: the "Western Development" guidelines are clarified 2000: the "Western Development" plan begins 2001: the official website of the "Western Development" program
is launched 2002: construction of the "West-East Gas Pipeline" begins 2003: the policy of "Returning Grazing Land to Grassland" comes
into effect 2004: the Law on Promoting Western Development is listed on the
legislative plan of the 10th National People's Congress 2005: compulsory education tuition and fees become exempt in
western areas 2006: the Qinghai-Tibet Railway begins operation 2007: the Ministry of Finance invests 280 billion yuan in the west
to support key projects 2009: Formation of the West Triangle Economic Zo
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Geographic Shifting focus of development to the
West/Great Western Development program o Infrastructure, development and land
reclamation projects in the West (including water)
o Improved access to education o Incentives for foreign or domestic
investment in West to reduce disparities o Promotion of charity/donations
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Class o Public spending to create jobs o Programs to help retrain unemployed, especially
from state-owned enterprises (SOEs) o Increased tolerance of localized protests as long as
they do not target the party o Arrests of workers, low-income people and migrants
who target the party o Crackdown on lawyers representing workers or low-
income people o Promotion of benefits for migrant workers o Community provisions of social services o Tax policies Shift to Consumer Spending
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Gender
o New laws against/raising awareness about domestic violence and sexual harassment
o Criminalization of sex-selected abortion o Hosting of 1995 conference on women in
Beijing o Toleration of nongovernmental organizations
(NGOs) that target women’s issues o Efforts to reduce sex trafficking
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Social Control Transparency Limited: No published budget Leaders selected behind closed doors Suppression of any info perceived as
damaging to the government
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Political Participation – Political Parties CCP and Participation
Largest political party in world Only 8% of citizens age 18+ are members 2001 – capitalists allowed to become members
CCP’s Youth League More than 75 million members
CCP allows existence of eight “democratic” parties Each party has special group
it draws from (intellectuals, etc) Tightly controlled by CCP Advisory role only
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Political Participation Discussion Question: Describe three different
forms of political participation in authoritarian systems.
Joining political parties, standing for office Voting Protests/demonstrations Civil disobedience Coups d’etat, revolutions, political violence Joining interest groups, NGOs, Citizens policy
meetings (mass line)
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The Democracy Movement (1989), Fang Lizhi, and Tiananmen Square
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Falun Gong
70 Million pracitioners by 1999/declared illegal (heretical) Thounsands imprisioned.
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Police Power
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Dissidents
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Political Participation – Civil Society Non-existent under Mao Private organizations growing in recent years
Focus on social issues that do not directly challenge authority of state
1990s NGOs could register with govt China has thousands
(ping pong clubs, environmentalist groups)
Christianity and Buddhism rebounding
Govt keeps close control on these groups Esp Falun Gong (see student
presentation)
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Feedback/ External Stimuli
Regime continues to control mass media Government mostly successful at
controlling access to Internet Millions find ways around Internet
controls China is world’s leader in pirated films,
music, and software WTO Member and G8 Participation=
Reform?
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External Power
Foreign Policy: More change Entry into WTO changes relationships Olympics of 2008 create pressure for change Negotiated return of Hong Kong rewarded
Chinese efforts to join community of nations Refusal to endorse US-British invasion of Iraq in
2003 Major player in North Korean decision to
abandon nuclear technology Refusal to agree on Iranian nuclear threat
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WTO NGO’s challenge China on Human Rights China devakues yuan, but open to trading on
markets under limited band.
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Legitimacy/Information
Bird Flus and SARS Tinnamen Square Death’s
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Economic Cleavages Urban V Rural Rights of Village and “ownership” vs. State ne
eds for devlopment.
East v. West Pollution Olympics Corruption-patronage Corruption-Regulation