cleveland_cardiff energy transitions
TRANSCRIPT
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Prometheus, you are glad that you have outwitted me and stolen fire...but I
will give men as the price for fire an evil thing in which they may all be glad
of heart while they embrace their own destruction.
-- Zeus to Prometheus, Hesiod, Works and Days 55
Energy Transitions: An OverviewCutler J. Cleveland
Dept. of Geography and Environment
Pardee Center for the Study of the Longer Range FutureBoston University
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Outline
• Long run relation between energy use &
income
• Energy quality
• Changes in energy surplus (net energy)
• Scale and duration of transitions
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Long Term Energy Intensity of GDP
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
2
1800 1820 1840 1860 1880 1900 1920 1940 1960 1980 2000
I n d e x ( S t a r t D a t e =
1 . 0
)
SpainItaly
UK
Sweden
Czechoslovakia
Norway
US
Sources:
Kander (2002)
Fouquet (2008)
Rubio (2005)
Lindmark (2007)
Kuskova et al. (2008)
Malanima (2006)
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The Concept of Energy Quality
•
The economic usefulness of a heat unit of fuel or electricity – How much GDP can 1 Joule produce?
• What determines energy quality?• a combination of physical, chemical, engineering, economic, and
environmental variables
• cost, weight, density, safety, amenability to storage, heat content,pollution, conversion efficiency, ease of transport, intermittency,spatial distribution
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Energy Density
Most batteries
Flywheel
Compressed airLiquid N2
Nuclear fission of U-235:
90,000,000 MJ/kg
1,700,000,000 MJ/l
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Marginal Product of Oil Gas, and
Electricity Relative to Coal in the U.S.
Low High
1.8 3.5
1.4 2.8
4.3 16.4
GDP
Oil
GDP
Coal
GDP
Gas
GDP
Coal
GDP
Electricity
GDP
Coal Source: Robert K. Kaufmann, The relation between marginal product and price in US energy markets : Implications for climate
change policy, Energy Economics, Volume 16, Issue 2, April 1994, Pages 145-158
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100 10
510
1010-1
101
103
105
Photovoltaics
Wind
Ocean
Heat
Photosynthesis Hydro
Oil Fields
Coal Fields
Thermal Power
Plants
Cities
Steel Mills,
Refineries
Highrises
Supermarkets Industry
Houses
Central Solar
Towers
Tidal
AREA (m2)
Power Densities for Energy Sources and End Uses Source: Smil (1991)
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Surplus Energy from Domestic Oil & Gas in the U.S.
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010
x 1 0 1 5
B t u
Surplus Energy = (Energy Extraction) – (Direct + Indirect Energy Inputs to Extraction)
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There is No EKC For Energy
• Much of the EKC work is fraught with statistical and/or methodological flaws[Wagner (2007); Vollenbergh et al. (2009); Stern (2010)]
• Energy use appears to rise with income at a decreasing rate [Richmond and
Kaufmann, (2006); Luzzati and Orsini, (2009); Nguyen-Van (2010)]
Source: Richmond and Kaufmann (2006)
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U.S. Electricity Generation by Source
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000
COAL
HYDROPOWER
GAS
OIL
NUCLEAR WOOD
WINDGEO.
SOLAR
Major Transitions Take a Long Time
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What’s Different About the Next Transition?
• Substitutes are lower quality
• Scale of transition is large
• Environmental frontier is closed
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Network for Energy Transitions
http://www.netransitions.net/
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U.S. Energy Shares, 1780-2010
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
1780 1800 1820 1840 1860 1880 1900 1920 1940 1960 1980 2000
Other Gas
Oil
Coal
Water
Wind
FirewoodMuscle