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CONTINUING EDUCATION

All Rights Reserved. Materials may not be copied, edited, reproduced, distributed, imitated in any way without written permission from C.O. E. Continuing

Education. The course provided was prepared by C.O.E. Continuing Education Curriculum Coordinator. It is not meant to provide medical, legal or

professional services advice. If necessary, it is recommended that you consult a medical, legal or professional services expert licensed in your state. of 234


Education. The course provided was prepared by C.O.E. Continuing Education Curriculum Coordinator. It is not meant to provide medical,

legal or professional services advice. If necessary, it is recommended that you consult a medical,

legal or professional services expert licensed in your state.

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HAIRCUTTING ONLINE & TCSG HEALTH AND SAFETY

Course Outline:

PRINCIPLES OF HAIR DESIGN

o ANATOMY OF THE SKULL

o LINES AND ANGLES

o ELEVATION

o CUTTING LINE

o GUIDELINES

o ELEVATION EXAMPLES

o OVER DIRECTION

CLIENT CONSULTATION

o THE DESIRED LOOK

o THE FACE SHAPE

o HAIR ANALYSIS

TOOLS, BODY POSITION, SAFETY

o HAIRCUTTING TOOLS

o HOLDING YOUR TOOLS PROPERLY

o HOLDING SHEARS

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o HOLDING SHEARS AND COMB

o HOLDING THE RAZOR

o HANDLING THE COMB

o TENSION

o POSTURE AND BODY POSITION

o BODY POSITIONS FOR DIFFERENT

o CUTTING ANGLES

CUTTING CURLY HAIR

o OTHER CUTTING TECHNIQUES

o RAZOR CUTTING

o RAZOR CUTTING TIPS

o SLIDE CUTTING

o SHEARS-OVER-COMB

o SHEARS-OVER-COMB STEPS

o TEXTURIZING

TEXTURIZING WITH SHEARS

TEXTURIZING WITH THINNING SHEARS

TEXTURIZING WITH A RAZOR

TEXTURIZED HAIRCUTS

SAFETY IN HAIRCUTTING

SANITATION AND DISINFECTION PROCEDURES

SUMMARY

LESSON OBJECTIVES: Upon completion of this course, the student will be able to:

1. List the factors involved in a successful client consultation. Define angles, elevations, and

guidelines

2. Demonstrate the safe and proper use of the various tools of haircutting.

3. Identify reference points on the head form and understand their role in haircutting.

4. Illustrate techniques for cutting curly hair.

5. Recall texturizing methods for using shears, thinning shears, and razors.

6. Review safety tips in haircutting.

7. Construct sanitation and disinfection procedures in the service environment.

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Introduction

Haircutting is the single most important service you must master as a professional cosmetologist.

Why? Because a good haircut serves as the foundation of most every other service offered in the

salon. Compare it to building your dream home. You envision the finished product. You imagine

the style you will use to furnish it. You then hire an architect (the stylist) to create the floor plan.

Then you contract with a builder (the stylist) to construct the home. Now, if the builder establishes

a weak foundation made of sand or clay, the home will not stand. A solid foundation, however, like

the haircut, will serve as the sound base for the beautifully created home (or hairstyle)!

In addition, every member of the family avails themselves to regular haircuts. Therefore, it is a

tremendous source of revenue and repeat business. You will begin with the basics in haircutting.

You will need to learn the purpose and safe use of each haircutting implement. There are some

basics in the anatomy of the head that will impact your skills in haircutting as well. Also, a review

of some of the basic elements of design, including form, balance, and wave pattern, will be

beneficial as you design a haircut.

If a quality, well-blended haircut is not achieved, you will have difficulty in completing other

services such as styling or chemical texture services. So it will serve you well to master your

haircutting skills before entering the salon.

As with any other service, the client’s desires, personality and lifestyle will all impact the

techniques used and the end result of the haircut.

PRINCIPLES OF HAIR DESIGN

You need to develop an understanding of the important steps of the haircutting process. Those

principles include sectioning, combing, elevating the hair, and cutting the hair ends which all

essentially represent the physics (for every action or technique used, there will be an expected and

predictable result) of hair.

ANATOMY OF THE SKULL









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Reference Points

Understanding the reference points will help ensure balance within the design; allow you to re-

create the haircut again and again; allow you to know where and when to change technique to

make up for irregularities, such as a flat crown.

Parietal Ridge

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The Parietal Ridge is the widest area of the head, starting at the temples and ending at the bottom

of the crown. It is found by placing a comb flat on the head at the sides. Where the head starts to

curve away from the comb is the parietal ridge. This area is also referred to as the crest area.

Occipital Bone

The Occipital Bone protrudes at the base of the skull. This area is found by feeling the skull or

placing a comb flat against the nape area to observe where the comb leaves the head.

Apex









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The Apex is the highest point on the top of the head. It is located by placing a comb flat on the top

of the head. It will rest on that highest point.

Four Corners

This area can be located in two ways.

(1) Place two combs flat against side and back, locating the back corner at the point where the two

combs meet.

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(2) Make two diagonal lines crossing the apex of the head, pointing directly to the front and back

corners.

Areas of the Head

Top- Locate the top by parting the hair at the parietal ridge, continuing all the way around the

head. The hair in the top area lies on the head while hair everywhere else hangs due to gravitational

pull.









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Front- Locate the front by parting from the apex to the back of the ear. The hair that falls in front

of the ear is considered to be the front (some side hair will be included here).

Sides- The sides include all the hair from the back of the ear forward, and below the parietal ridge.

Crown- The crown is the area between the apex and the back of the parietal ridge.

Nape- The nape is the area at the back of the neck and below the occipital bone. This area can be

located by taking horizontal parting across the back of the head at occipital bone.

Back- This area is located by parting from the apex to the back of the ear. The hair that falls

naturally behind the ear (located at the same time you locate the front section).

Fringe-This is also called the bang area. It is a triangular section that begins at the apex and ends at

the front corners. This area can be located by placing a comb on top of the head so that the middle

of the comb is balanced on the apex.

The spot at which the comb leaves the head in front of the apex is where the fringe begins. When

combed into a natural falling position, it falls no farther than the outer corners of eyes.

LINES AND ANGLES

A Line is a thin, continuous mark used as a guide.

An Angle is the space between lines or surfaces that intersect at a given point.

Straight Lines can be broken down into three types:

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Horizontal lines are parallel to horizon or floor. They are level and opposite of vertical. They

direct the eye from one side to the other. Horizontal lines are used in one-length and low-elevation

haircuts. They build weight. Consider the following:

Vertical Lines are up and down rather than left and right. They are perpendicular to the floor.

These types of lines are used to create graduated or layered haircuts and used with higher

elevations. They remove weight. Consider the following example:









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Diagonal Lines are between horizontal and vertical lines. They have a slanting or sloping

direction. They are used to create beveling (a technique for creating fullness by cutting the ends at

a slight taper). Diagonal lines are used to create stacking and to blend long layers to short layers as

the following demonstration shows:

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Angles- Basic geometry is important to haircutting because this is how shapes are created. Angles

are important in elevation and cutting line.

ELEVATION









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Elevation represents the angle or degree at which a subsection of hair is held, or elevated, from the

head when cutting. It creates graduation and layers and is usually described in degrees. The more

you elevate the hair, the more graduation you create.

Elevation below 90 degrees builds weight.

Elevation above 90 degrees removes weight or layers the hair.

CUTTING LINE

This is the ANGLE at which the fingers are held when cutting the actual line of hair that is cut. It’s

also called finger angle, finger position, cutting position, cutting angle, and shears angle.

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GUIDELINES

Also called a guide, this is the section of hair that determines the length the hair will be cut. It is

located at either the perimeter (outer line) or the interior of the cut. It is usually the first section cut.

Stationary Guide- This guide does not move.

All other sections for the stationary guide are combed to this guide and cut at the same angle or

length. A blunt cut is an example:









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Traveling Guide- Also called a movable guide, this guide moves as the haircut progresses.

When using this type of guide, you take a small slice of the previously cut section and move it to

the next subsection where it becomes the new guide. This guide is used often in layered and

graduated haircuts.

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ELEVATION EXAMPLES:

Blunt/One-Length Cut









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90-Degree Elevation

45-Degree with 90-Degree

OVER DIRECTION

OVER DIRECTION occurs when hair is combed away from its natural falling position, rather than

straight out from the head, toward a guide. It’s used in graduated and layered haircuts.

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If you are working on a layered haircut and want the hair to be longer toward the front you can

over-direct the sections to a stationary guide at the back of the ear as demonstrated above. Or, if

you are creating a long layered haircut, with shorter layers around the face and longer layers in the

back, you can over-direct sections to a stationary guide at the front as emphasized in the over-

direction design above.

SECTION 2

Client Consultant

A great haircut always begins with a great consultation. Often, when clients come to you, they are

feeling that there is a lot at stake. They may be preparing for an important event, such as a party, a

business event, or a wedding. They may be in the market for a new look, or wanting to change their

appearance and, by extension, how they feel about themselves. Always perform a complete

consultation on the client before beginning the haircut to ensure that both of you are in accord and

that the haircut is suitable.

A consultation is a detailed conversation between you and your client during which you find out

what the client is looking for, offer suggestions and professional advice, and come to a decision,

about the most suitable haircut. The purpose of the consultation is to open the lines of

communication, have a clear understanding of what the client wants, ensure that the client

understands what you would like to do, and together determine the end result. Together you may

share thoughts about the best haircut for the client's face shape and can discuss the nature of the

client's hair whether it is thick or thin, fine or course, or straight or curly. If the client has a

particular look in mind, the two of you can discuss whether that look will be appropriate.









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It can be difficult when a client asked for something that you know will not look best for that

person. This is when you will want to draw a line on skills such as gentle persuasion and positive

reinforcement. A true professional can offer alternative suggestions that will work with the client's

hair texture, face shape, and lifestyle. It is within the framework of the consultation that you will

target those skills that led you into this people-oriented profession in the first place.

The Desired Look

A great place to start with the consultation is to ask the client what she wants. Sometimes, she may

not be able to answer that question and may ask you for some suggestions. Either way, this is the

first step in the consultation.

There are several focal points to focus on here:

1. How much time is the client willing to spend on her hair every day?

2. What is her lifestyle?

3. Does she want something classic or trendy? For example, if a client with naturally curly

thick hair is asking for a haircut that is primarily designed for straight hair, will she be

willing to take the time to blow-dry it straight every day?

This is also the time you will want to analyze the hair density and texture, growth patterns, and

hairline. If the client has hair that grows straight up in the nape and is requesting a short haircut

that is soft and wispy at the hairline, you know the hairline will not lie down, so you may need to

suggest other alternatives that will work with that kind of hairline.

Face Shape

Another part of consultation is analyzing the face shape. A great haircut is not only technically

sound, but also it suits the client's face shape. To analyze the shape of a client's face, pull all the

hair away with a clip, or wrap the hair in a towel. Look for the widest areas, the narrowest areas,

and the balance of the features. A quick way to analyze a face shape is to determine if it is

predominantly wide or long. Look at the features that you want to bring out, and those you might

want to de-emphasize.

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Wide Face

Hairstyle

By analyzing face shape, you can begin to make decisions about the most suitable haircut, or

shape, for the client. An important thing to remember is that weight and volume draw attention to

an area. For example, if a client has a wide face, a hairstyle with fuller sides makes the face appear

wider, whereas a narrower shape will give length to the face. On the other hand, if the client has a

narrow forehead, you can add visual width by increasing volume or weight in that area. In order to

balance out face shapes or draw the eye away from certain areas, you need to add or remove

weight or volume in other areas.

Narrow Face Hairstyle









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Another important point to consider is the client's profile, or how she looks from the side. Turn the

chair so you can see your client from the side in the mirror. Pull the hair away from the face and

away from the neck. What do you see? Look for features to emphasize, such as a nice jaw line or

lovely neck; or features to draw attention away from, such as a prominent or a receding chin, a

double chin, or a prominent nose. The haircut you choose should flatter the client by emphasizing

good features and taking attention away from features that are not as flattering. For example, if a

client has a prominent chin, you will want to balance the shape by adding volume or weight

somewhere else. If the client has a prominent nose, you can balance the shape from the profile by

adding weight in an appropriate place.

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Style for Client with Prominent Chin Style for Client with Prominent Nose

Hair Analysis

There are five characteristics that determine the behavior of the hair

Density

Texture

Wave pattern

Hairlines

Growth pattern

Hair Density

Hair density is the number of individual hair strands on one square inch of scalp. It is usually

described as thin, medium, and thick. Hair density is different from hair texture in that different

individuals with the same hair texture can have different densities. Some individuals may have

coarse hair texture (each hair has a large diameter), but low hair density (a low number of hairs on

the head). Others may have fine hair texture (each hair has small diameter), but high hair density (

a high number of hairs on the head).









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The average hair density is about 2,200 hairs per square inch. Hair with high density (thick or

dense hair) has more hairs per inch. Hair with low density (thin hair) has fewer hairs per square

inch. The average head of hair contains about 100,000 individual hair strands. The number of hairs

on the head generally varies with the color of the hair. Blondes usually have the highest density,

and redheads tend to have the lowest.

Hair Texture

Hair texture is the general quality and feel of the hair. It is based on thickness or diameter of each

hair strand, usually classified as coarse, medium, and fine. A fine hair strand is much "skinnier"

then that of a coarse hair strand. A client may, in fact, have a fine texture of hair with a thick

density, meaning the individual hairs are fine, but there are a lot of them, or a client may have a

coarse texture but a thin density, meaning the individual hairs are "fatter" but they are spaced

further apart, or the client may have a coarse texture and a thick density, which translates into a

substantial amount of hair.

Why is density and texture important? Different hair types respond differently to the kind of

cutting they receive. Some hair types need more layers; some need more weight. For example,

coarse hair tends to stick out more, especially if cut to short, whereas fine hair can be cut to very

short lengths and still lie flat. However, if a client has fine (texture) and thin (density) hair, cutting

too short can result in an unflattering look, with the scalp showing through.

Coarse hair texture has the largest diameter. It is stronger than fine hair, for the same reason that

thick rope is stronger than thin rope. Coarse hair also has a stronger structure. It usually requires

more processing than medium or fine hair and may also be more resistant to processing. It is

usually more difficult for hair lighteners, hair colors, permanent waving solutions, and chemical

hair relaxers to penetrate coarse hair.

Medium hair texture is the most common and is the standard to which other hair is compared.

Medium hair is considered normal and does not pose any special problems or concerns.

Fine hair has the smallest diameter and is more fragile, easier to process, and more susceptible to

damage from chemical services than coarse or medium hair.

Hair texture can be determined by feeling a single dry strand between the fingers. Take an

individual strand from four different areas of the head: front hairline, the temple, the crown, and

the nape. Hold the strand securely with one hand while feeling it with the thumb and forefinger of

the other hand. With a little practice, you will be able to feel the difference between coarse,

medium, and fine hair diameters.

Wave Pattern

The wave pattern, or the amount of movement in the hair strand, varies from client to client, as

well as within the same head of hair. A client may have stick-straight hair (no wave), wavy hair,

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curly hair, extremely curly hair, or anything in between. Wave pattern is the result of genetics and

racial background. Although there are exceptions, as a general rule, Asians tend to have extremely

straight hair, Caucasians tend to have straight to wavy hair, and African Americans tend to have

extremely curly hair. However, straight, curly, and extremely curly hair occurs in all races. This

means that anyone of any race, or mixed race, can have hair with varying degrees of curliness from

straight to extremely curly. It is also true that within races, individuals have hair with varying

degrees of curliness.

The wave pattern may also vary from strand to strand on the same person's head. It is not

uncommon for an individual to have different amounts of curl in different areas of the head.

Individuals with curly hair often have straighter hair in the crown and curlier hair in other areas.

Several different theories seek to explain the cause of naturally curly hair, but there is no single,

definite answer that explains why some hair grows straight and other hair grows curly. The most

popular theory claims that the shape of the hairs cross section determines the amount of curl. This

theory stated that hair with a round cross-section is straight, hair with an oval cross-section is

wavy, and hair with a flat cross-section is curly. Although it is true that cross-sections of straight

hair tend to be round and curlier hair tends to be more oval, modern microscopes have shown that a

cross-section of hair can be almost any shape, including triangular. The shape of the cross-section

does not always relate to the amount of curl.

Although it is still only a theory, it is now believed that natural curl is the result of one side of the

hair strand growing faster than the other side. Since the side that grows faster is slightly longer than

the slower growing side, tension within the strand causes the long side to curl around the shorter

side. Hair that grows uniformly on both sides does not create tension and results in straight hair.

The hair's wave pattern is independent of its other properties. Hair has different diameters from

fine to course, regardless of its wave pattern. All hair, straight to extremely curly and everything in

between comes in different texture and densities.

Imagine the same haircut cut at the same length on different types of hair; fine thin hair, thick

coarse hair, and medium curly hair.

Hairlines and Growth Patterns

Both the hairline and the growth patterns are important to examine. The hairline is the hair that

grows at the outermost perimeter along the face, around the ears, and on the neck. The growth

pattern is the direction in which the hair grows from the scalp, also referred to as natural falls or

natural falling position. Cowlicks, whorls, and other growth patterns affect where the hair ends up

once it is dry. You may need to use less tension when cutting these areas to compensate for hair

being pushed up when is dries, especially in the nape, or to avoid getting a "hole" around the ear in

the one-length haircut. Another crucial area is the crown (on many people there are some wild

things going on up there!)









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Uniform layered cut on fine, thin hair.

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Uniform layered cut on thick, coarse hair.

Uniform layered cut on medium, curly hair.









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Posture and Body Position

Posture, which is how you stand, and body position, which is how you hold your body when

cutting hair, are important habits to be aware of. As a working cosmetologist, you will be spending

many hours on your feet. Good posture and body position will help you avoid back problems in the

future and ensure better haircutting results. The correct body position will help you move more

efficiently through the haircut and thereby maintain more control over the process.

Position the client. Not only is your body position important, but your client's is also. Make

sure your client is sitting up straight and that her legs are not crossed. Gentle reminders as

the haircutting progresses may be necessary. Remember, you can move the client by

turning the chair, which give you the option to either keep your body in the same place or

angle the client's chair so you can see what you are doing in the mirror.

Center your weight. When working, keep your body weight centered and firm. Stand with

your knees slightly bent, rather than locked. Instead of bending at the waist, bend one knee

if you need to lean slightly one way or the other.

Stand in front of your section. When cutting hair, a general rule of thumb is to stand

directly in front of the area you are cutting. By doing this, you keep your body weight

centered, and you will automatically find yourself moving around the head during the

haircutting service. If you wish to stay standing in the same place, or want to be able to

view what you are doing in the mirror, you may choose to move the chair.

Hand Positions for Different Cutting Angles

As a rule, always stand in front of the area you are working on, and position your hands according

to the cutting line.

Cutting over your fingers. There are some situations in which you will be cutting over your

fingers or on top of your knuckles. This hand position is used most often when cutting

uniform or increasing layers. In this case, you will usually stand to the side of the section

on which you are working.

Cutting below the fingers. When cutting a one-length bob or a heavier graduated haircut, it

is customary to use a horizontal cutting line. In this case, you will be cutting below your

fingers, or on the inside of your knuckles.

Cutting palm to palm. When cutting with a vertical or diagonal cutting line, cutting palm to

palm is the best way to maintain control of the subsection, especially with regard to

elevation and over direction. Cutting palm to palm means that the palms of both hands are

facing each other while cutting. This is different from cutting on the top of your fingers or

knuckles. Cutting palm to palm also helps to prevent strain on your back as you work.

General Haircutting Tips

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Always take consistent and clean partings, which ensure an even amount of hair in each

subsection and produce results that are more precise.

Take extra care when working in the crown and neckline, which sometimes have very

strong growth patterns.

Another danger zone is the hair that grows around the ear or hangs over the ear in a finished

haircut. Allow for the protrusion of the ear by either keeping more weight in that area of

cutting with minimal tension.

Always use consistent tension. Tension may range from maximum to minimum. You can

maintain light tension by using the wide teeth of the comb and by not "pulling" the

subsection too tightly. Whatever tension you are using, it should be consistent with in the

area on which you are working.

Pay attention to head position. If the head is not upright, it can be hard to judge elevation

and over-direction.

Maintain an even amount of moisture in the hair. Dry hair responds to cutting differently

than wet hair, and may give you uneven results in the finished haircut.

Always work with your guideline. If you cannot see the guide your subsection is too thick.

Go back and take a smaller subsection before cutting. Taking too large a subsection can

result in a large mistake. By using smaller sections, if a mistake is made, it is small and

therefore easier to correct.

Always crosscheck the haircut; Crosscheck is parting the haircut in the opposite way, from

which you cut it, to check for precision of line and shape. For example, if you use vertical

partings in a haircut, crosscheck the lengths with horizontal partings.

Use the mirror to see your elevation. You can also turn he client sideways so that you can

see one side in the mirror while working on the opposite side. This helps create even line

and maintains visual balance while working.

Always check that both sides are even by standing in front of your client as well.

Remember that curly hair shrinks more than straight hair, anywhere from ½ to 2 inches. Always

leave the length longer than the desired end result.

SECTION 3

Haircutting Tools

There are several tools that are indispensable for haircutting. Understanding these different

implements or tool and the different results you can get is vital to creating a great haircut. To do

your best work, buy and use only superior implements from a reliable manufacturer. Use them

properly, and take good care of them.









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Haircutting shears- mainly used to cut blunt or straight lines in the hair. May also be used

to slide cut, point cut and for other texturizing techniques.

Thinning shears mainly used to remove bulk from the hair. Sometimes referred to as

texturizing shears, tapering shears or notching shears. Many different types of thinning

shears are used today, with varying amount of teeth in the blades. A general rule of thumb

is that the more teeth there are the less hair is removed. Notching shears are usually

designed to remove more hair, with larger teeth set farther apart.

Straight razor or razor shaper- mainly used when a softer effect is desired on the ends of

the hair. Razors can be used to create an entire haircut, to thin hair out, or to texturize the

hair in certain areas. Razors come in different shapes and sizes, with or without guards.

Clippers- mainly used when creating short tapers, short haircut, fades and flat tops.

Use cutting guards at various length or in the clipper-over comb technique. Clippers can be

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used without a guard to shave hair right to the scalp.

Edgers- a smaller version of clippers mainly used to remove excess or unwanted hair at the

neckline and around the ears, mostly on haircuts for men and very short haircuts for

women.

Wide tooth comb- mainly used to detangle hair. Rarely used when performing a haircut.

Section clips- these come in a variety of shapes styles and sizes and can be made of plastic

or metal. In general two types are used jaw clip and duckbill clips. Both come in large and

small sizes.

Barber Comb- Mainly used for close tapers in the nape and sides when using the shears

over comb technique. The narrow end of the comb allows the shears to get very close to the

head.

Styling or cutting comb- also referred to as all-purpose comb, used for most haircutting

procedures. It can be 6 to 8 inches in length and has fine teeth at one end, wider at the

other.









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Holding your Tools

The way you hold your tools is important for two reasons:

1. Proper holding give you the most control and the best results when cutting hair.

2. Proper holding can help you avoid muscle strain in your hands arms neck and back.

Holding the shears

1. Open your right hand (left hand if you are left -handed) and place the ring finger in the

finger grip of the still blade and the little finger in the ginger brace.

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2. Place the thumb in the finger grip (thumb grip) of the moving blade.

3. Practice opening and closing the shears. Concentrate on moving only your thumb. A great

way to get the feel of this is to lay the still blade against the palm or forefinger of your









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other, which holds it still while you move the other blade with your thumb.

Holding the Shears and Comb

During the haircutting process, you will be holding both the comb and the shears at the same time.

You may be tempted to put the comb down while cutting, but in the end, this waste a lot of time. It

is best to learn early how to hold both tools during the entire haircutting process. In general, your

cutting hand (your dominant hand) does most of the work. It holds the shears, parts the hair, combs

the hair, and cuts the hair. Your holding hand does just that: it holds the sections of hair and the

comb while cutting. The holding hand is the means by which you maintain control while cutting.

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Palming the shears. Remove your thumb from the grip, leaving your ring and little fingers

in the grip and finger rest. Curl your fingers in to "palm" the shears, which keeps them

closed while you comb or part the hair. This allows you to hold the comb and the shears at

the same time. While palming the shears, hold the comb between thumb, index, and middle

fingers.

Transferring the comb. After you have combed a subsection into position, you will need to

free up your cutting hand. Once your fingers are placed at the correct cutting position,

transfer the comb by placing it between the thumb and index finger of your holding hand









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(the hand holding the subsection) you are now ready to cut the subsection.

Holding the Razor

The straight razor or shaping razor is a versatile tool that can be used for an entire haircut, or for

detailing and texturizing. Holding and working with a razor feels very different from holding and

working with shears. The more you practice holding and palming the razor, the more comfortable

you will become with this tool. There are two methods for holding the razor for cutting.

1. Method A

o Open the razor so that the handle is higher than the shank. Place the thumb on the

thumb grip and the index, middle, and ring fingers on the shank.

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o Place the little finger in the tang, underneath the handle.

o When cutting a subsection, position the razor on top of the subsection, the part

facing you, for maximum control.

2. Method B

o Open the razor until the handle and shank form a straight line.









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o Place the thumb on the grip and wrap the fingers around the handle.

o Just as you need to be able to hold the comb and the shears in your cutting hand

while working, you also need to palm the razor so that you can comb and section

hair during a haircut. Curl in your ring finger and little finger to palm the razor.

Hold the comb between your thumb and index and middle fingers.

Most accidents with razors happen while combing the hair, not when cutting the hair, because of

loose grip when palming. Be sure to practice keeping a firm grip on the razor with the ring and

little fingers, which keeps the open blade from sliding and cutting your hand while you comb the

hair.

Handling the comb, both the wide and fine teeth of the comb are regularly used when cutting hair.

The wide teeth are used for combing and parting hair, while the finer teeth comb section before

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cutting. The finer teeth provide more tension then the wider teeth, useful when cutting around the

ears, when dealing with difficult hairlines, and when cutting curly hair. Plan to spend some time

practicing how to properly hold and handle your cutting tools.

Safety in Haircutting

It is absolutely essential for you to keep in mind that when you are cutting hair, accidents can

happen. You will be handling sharp tools and instruments, and you must always safeguard yourself

and your client by following the proper precautions.

Always palm the shears and the razor when combing or parting the hair. This keeps the

points of the shears closed and pointed away from the client while combing, this prevents

you from cutting yourself or the client. Palming the shears also reduces strain on the index

finger and thumb while combing the hair.

Do not cut past the second knuckle when cutting underneath your fingers or the inside of

your hand. The skin is soft and fleshy past the second knuckle and is easy to cut.

When cutting around the ears or in the case of shorter haircuts, take extra care not to

accidentally cut the ear.

When cutting bangs or any area close to the skin, balance the shears by placing the tip of

the index finger of your left hand (right hand if you cut left-handed) on the pivot screw and

the knuckles of your left hand against the skin.

When working with a razor, always use a guard. Once you are comfortable with holding,

palming, and cutting with the razor, you may practice without a guard, but always let your

instructor be your guide.

Take extra care when removing and disposing of the razor blade. Place the blade in its

original sleeve or wrap it in a paper towel to protect anyone from getting cut.









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SECTION 4

BASIC HAIRCUTS

The art of haircutting consists of a variation of four basic haircuts:

1. Blunt

2. Graduated

3. Layers

4. Long Layers

A clear understanding of these basic haircuts is essential before you can begin to experiment with

other cuts and effects.

Blunt Haircut

In a blunt haircut, also known as a one-length haircut, all the hair comes to one hanging level,

forming a weight line or area. The weight line is a visual “line” in the haircut, where the ends of

the hair hang together. The blunt cut is also referred to as a zero-elevation cut or no-elevation cut

because it is cut with no elevation or overdirection. It is cut with a stationary guide. The cutting

line can be horizontal, diagonal, or rounded. Blunt haircuts are excellent for finer and thinner hair

types, because all the hair is cut to one length, therefore making it appear thicker.

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Here is a video of how to perform a basic blunt cut: (How to Perform a Blunt Cut: Click Here to

View) Note: Once the video is complete, close the video window to proceed with your course.

Graduated Haircut

A graduated haircut is a graduated shape or wedge, an effect or haircut that results from cutting the

hair with tension, low to medium elevation, or overdirection. The most common elevation is 45

degrees. In a graduated haircut, there is a visual buildup of weight in a given area. The ends of the

hair appear to be “stacked.” There are many variations and effects you can create with graduation

simply by adjusting the degree of elevation, the amount of overdirection, or your cutting line.

This video demonstrates how to cut a Graduated Style using the Razor Technique (Click Here

to View) Note: Once the video is complete, close the video window to proceed with your

course.

Layered Haircut

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9SXZ8yDQE8U

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9SXZ8yDQE8U

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uQudgFMvGn8

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uQudgFMvGn8









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A layered haircut is a graduated effect achieved by cutting the hair with elevation or overdirection.

The hair is cut at higher elevations, usually 90 degrees and above. Layered haircuts generally have

less weight than graduated haircuts. In a graduated haircut, the ends of the hair appear closer

together. In a layered haircut, the ends appear farther apart. Layers create movement and volume in

the hair by releasing weight. A layered haircut can be created with a traveling guide, a stationary

guide, or both.

Long Layered Haircut

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Another basic haircut is the long layered haircut. The hair is cut at a 180-degree angle. This

technique gives more volume to hairstyles and can be combined with other basic haircuts. The

resulting shape will have shorter layers at the top and increasingly longer layers toward the

perimeter.

By mastering these four basic concepts, you will be able to create any haircut you want. Every

haircut is made up of one, two, or all three of these basic techniques. Add a little texturizing, slide

cutting, or shears-over-comb, and you’ve got advanced haircutting. Advanced haircutting is simply

learning the basics and then applying them in any combination to create unlimited shapes and

effects. Take the time now to practice discipline and precision in your work.

This video provides a step-by-step tutorial of how to perform a Long Layered Haircut (Click

Here to View) Note: Once the video is complete, close the video window to proceed with your

course.

General Haircutting Tips

Always take consistent and clean partings, which ensure an even amount of hair in each

subsection and produce more precise results.

Take extra care when working in the crown and neckline, which sometimes have very

strong growth patterns.

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MNESbSzmmPc

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MNESbSzmmPc









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Another danger zone is the hair that grows around the ear or hangs over the ear in a finished

haircut. Allow for the protrusion of the ear by either keeping more weight in this area or

cutting with minimal tension.

Always use consistent tension. Tension may range from maximum to minimum. You can

maintain light tension by using the wide teeth of the comb and by not “pulling” the

subsection too tightly. Whatever tension you are using, it should be consistent within the

area on which you are working.

Pay attention to head position. If the head is not upright, it can be hard to judge elevation

and overdirection.

Maintain an even amount of moisture in the hair. Dry hair responds to cutting differently

than wet hair, and may give you uneven

results in the finished haircut.

Always work with your guideline. If you

cannot see the guide, your subsection is

too thick. Go back and take a smaller

subsection before cutting. Taking too

large a subsection can result in a large

mistake. By using smaller sections, if a

mistake is made, it is small and therefore

easier to correct.

Always cross-check the haircut. Cross-

checking is parting the haircut in the

opposite way, from which you cut it, to

check for precision of line and shape. For

example, if you use vertical partings in a

haircut, cross-check the lengths with

horizontal partings.

Use the mirror to see your elevation. You

can also turn the client sideways so that

you can see one side in the mirror while

working on the opposite side. This helps

create even lines and maintains visual balance while working.

Always check that both sides are even by standing in front of your client as well.

Remember that curly hair shrinks more than straight hair, anywhere from 1⁄2 to 2 inches

(1.25 to 5 cm). Always leave the length longer than the desired end result.

Cross-Checking

TIPS FOR CUTTING CURLY HAIR

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Curly hair can be a challenge to cut. Once you gain enough confidence, it can be a lot of fun to

work with. However, it is essential to understand how curly hair behaves after it has been cut and

dried. Although you can apply any cutting technique to curly hair, you will get very different

results with each one than you get when cutting straight hair. Curl patterns can range from slightly

wavy to extremely curly and curly-haired clients may have fine, medium, or coarse textures, with

density ranging from thin to thick.

Curly hair shrinks much more after it dries than straight hair, the curlier the hair, the more it

will shrink. Always keep this in mind when consulting with the client.

Use minimal tension and or the wide teeth of the comb. If you use a lot of tension when

cutting curly hair, you will be stretching the wet hair even more and the hair will shrink that

much more when it dries.

Curly hair naturally graduates itself. If the shape you want to create has strong angels, you

need to elevate less than when working with straight hair.

Curly hair expands more than straight hair. This means that you will generally need to leave

the length longer, which ultimately helps weigh the hair down and keep the shape from

shrinking or ending up too short.

In general, a razor should not be used on curly hair. Doing so can weaken the cuticle and

cause the hair to frizz.

Choose your texturizing techniques carefully. Avoid using the razor and work mostly with

point cutting and freehand notching to remove bulk and weight.

Here are some of the basic haircuts and how they work on curly hair:









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Blunt Cut on Curly Hair

Graduated Cut on Curly Hair

Uniform Layered Cut on Curly Hair

Cutting the Fringe (Bangs)

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It is important to work with the natural distribution when locating the fringe area. Every head is

different and you need to make sure that you cut only the hair that falls in that area. Otherwise you

can end up with short pieces falling where they don't belong, which will ruin the haircut. When

creating bangs, you do not always cut all the hair in this area, but you never cut more unless you

are blending to the sides or the top.

Because much of our haircutting history comes from England, you will often hear the word

“fringe” used instead of “bangs.” The two words mean essentially the same thing. The fringe area

is the hair that lies between the two front corners, or approximately between the outer corners of

the eyes.

It is important to work with the natural distribution (where and how hair is moved over the head)

when locating the fringe area. Every head is different, and you need to make sure that you cut only

the hair that falls in that area. Otherwise, you can end up with short pieces falling where they don’t

belong, which will ruin the haircut. When creating bangs, you do not always cut all the hair in this

area, but you never cut more unless you are blending to the sides or the top.

Fringe Area

Here are some different types of fringes:









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Layered Fringe Design Layered Fringe Cut

In the examples above, the fringe is cut using a stationary guide, elevating at 90 degrees straight up

from the head form.

Short, Curved Fringe Design Short, Curved Fringe Cut

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Short bangs make a strong statement. Notice that the line is curved. It has been cut with low

elevation, so that it remains more solid-looking and not too heavy.

Long Fringe Design Long Fringe Cut

In these examples, the fringe is very long and was cut with the slide cutting technique to create a

wispy effect.









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Wispy Fringe Design Wispy Fringe Cut

Sometimes, only a few pieces are cut in the fringe area. This keeps the hair out of the face. In this

case, you will not be cutting all the hair in the fringe area. You will cut only a small portion of this

area and might even use a razor for that purpose.

Blend Fringe to Sides Blend Fringe to Layered Top

Depending on the haircut, a fringe can be blended or not. If you are working with a blunt haircut

and the fringe is one length, you usually will not need to blend it in. If you are working with

layered or graduated shapes, you may want to blend the length of the fringe into the sides and/or

the top.

This video demonstrates the Twist Cutting Technique for a unique blended fringe (Click Here to

View) Note: Once the video is complete, close the video window to proceed with your course.

Tips for Razor cutting

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yo3jjo76gbE

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yo3jjo76gbE

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Razor-cut and Shears-cut Strands

Razor cutting provides an entirely different kind of result from other haircutting procedures. In

general, razor cuts lend a softer appearance than shear cuts. The razor is an excellent choice when

working with medium to fine hair texture. The entire haircut moves and blends more. When you

work with shears, you usually cut the ends of the hair blunt. When you work with the razor,

however, the ends are cut at an angle and the line is not blunt which produces softer shapes with

more visible separation or a "feathered" effect, on the ends. With the razor, there is only one blade

cutting the hair, and it is a much finer blade than the shears. With the shears, there are two blades

that close on the hair, creating blunt ends.

Any haircut you can create with shears can also be done with the razor. You will be able to cut

horizontal, vertical, and diagonal lines. The main difference is that the guide is above your fingers,

whereas with shears the guide is usually below your fingers. Razor cutting is an entirely different

experience from cutting with shears. The best way to get comfortable with the razor is to practice,

practice, practice.

Razor Cutting Parallel to Subsection

There are two commonly used methods for cutting with a razor. In the first method, the razor is

kept more parallel to the subsection.









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Razor Cutting at a 45-Degree Angle

This technique is mainly used to thin the ends of the hair, and the entire length of the blade is used.

The other approach is to come into the subsection with the blade at an angle (about 45 degrees).

Here you are using about one-third of the blade to make small strokes as you work through the

subsection.

Incorrect Razor Angle

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If the blade is not entering the hair at an angle and you attempt to “push” the razor through the hair,

you will be putting added stress on the hair, and you risk losing control. Always remember that the

blade needs to be at an angle when entering the hair.

Hand Position on Vertical Section Hand Position on Horizontal Section

When cutting a section, you usually move from top to bottom or side to side, depending on the

section and finger angle. Here are some examples of razor techniques and hand positions on a

vertical subsection and a horizontal subsection.









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Here is a Video that demonstrates the Classic Texturizing Technique using the Feather

Razor (Click Here to View Video) Note: Once the video is complete, close the video window to

proceed with your course.

Tips to Remember:

Make sure that the hair is in good condition. Never use a razor on curly hair, coarse wiry

hair, or over-processed, damaged hair.

Always use a guard

Always use a new blade. Working with a dull blade is painful for the client and puts added

stress on the hair. Discard used blades in a puncture-proof container.

Keep the hair wet. Cutting dry hair with a razor can make the hair frizz and can be painful

for the client.

Always work with the razor at an angle. Never force the razor through the hair.

Tips for Slide Cutting

Slide cutting is a method of cutting or thinning the hair in which the fingers and shears glide along

the edge of the hair to remove length. It is useful for removing length, blending shorter lengths to

longer lengths and texturizing. Slide cutting is a perfect way to layer very long hair and keep

weight at the perimeter. Rather than opening and closing their shears, you keep them partially open

as you slide along the edge of the section. This technique should only be performed on wet hair

with razor sharp shears.

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xIaKMvNjd7U

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Visualize your cutting line first. Slide Cutting

There are two methods of holding the subsection when slide cutting. It is important to visualize the

line you wish to cut before you begin. In one method, you hold the subsection with tension beyond

the cutting line. In the other method, you place your shears on top of your knuckles, and then use

both hands to move simultaneously out to the length.

SHEARS-OVER-COMB TIPS

Shears-over-comb (also called scissors-over-comb) is a barbering technique that has crossed over

into cosmetology. In this technique, you hold the hair in place with the comb while you use the tips

of the shears to remove the lengths. Shears-over-comb is used to create very short tapers and

allows you to cut from an extremely short length to longer lengths. In most cases, you start at the

hairline and work your way up to the longer lengths.









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Shears-over-comb Technique

It is best to use this technique on dry hair, because that way you can see exactly how much hair

you are cutting and will therefore maintain control. Lift (elevate) the hair away from the head using

the comb, and allow the comb to act as your guide. Do not hold the hair between your fingers. Let

the shears and comb move simultaneously up the head. It is crucial that one blade stays still and

remains parallel to the spine of the comb as you move the thumb blade to close the shears. Strive

for continual motion. Stopping the motion may cause “steps” or visible weight lines in the hair.

Practice moving the comb and shears simultaneously, keeping the bottom blade still and opening

and closing the shears with your thumb.

These are the basic steps when working with the shears-over-comb technique:

1. Stand directly in front of the section on which you are working. The area you are cutting

should be at eye level.

2. Place the comb, teeth first, into the hairline, and turn the comb so that the teeth are angled

away from the head.

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Comb Position

3. With the still blade parallel to the spine of the comb, begin moving the comb up the head,

continually opening and closing the thumb blade smoothly and quickly.

4. Angle the comb farther away from the head as you reach the area you are blending to avoid

cutting into the length (weight).

Reaching the Weight Line

Tips to Remember:









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Work with small areas at a time (no wider than the blade).

Always start at the hairline and work up toward the length. You may even run the comb

again through a previously cut section, on your way up to the new area.

Cross-check by working across the area diagonally.

Use a barber comb to cut areas very close (usually on sideburns and hairlines where the hair

is cut close to the scalp). Switch to a regular cutting comb as you work up into the longer

lengths.

Texturizing

Texturizing is a commonly used technique within the professional hair industry. Today’s haircuts

generally require some form of texturizing. Texturizing is the process of removing excess bulk

without shortening the length. It also means to cut for effect within the hair length, causing wispy

or spiky effects. The term “texturize” should not be confused with hair texture, which is simply the

diameter of the hair strand itself.

Texturizing techniques can be used to add volume, remove volume, make hair “move,” and blend

one area into another. It can also be used to compensate for different densities that exist within the

same head of hair. Texturizing can be done with cutting shears, thinning shears, or a razor. There

are many texturizing techniques, and a number of them will be explained in this section. Be sure to

practice all the techniques, so that you learn the different effects they create and draw on them as

the need arises with your clients.

TEXTURIZING WITH SHEARS

Point Cutting

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Point Cutting

Point cutting is a technique performed on the ends of the hair using the tips, or points, of the

shears. This can be done on wet or dry hair. It is very easy to do on dry hair because the hair stands

up and away from your fingers. Hold the hair 1 to 2 inches (2.5 to 5 cm) from the ends. Turn your

wrist so that the tips of the shears are pointing into the ends, with your palm facing away from you.

Open and close the shears by moving your thumb as you work across the section. As you close the

shears, move them away from your fingers to avoid cutting yourself. Move them back in toward

your fingers as you open them.

Point Cutting with Steeper Shears Angle









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In essence, you are cutting “points” in the hair. A more vertical shears angle removes less hair.

Point Cutting with Flatter Shears Angle

The more diagonal the shears angle, the more hair is taken away, and the chunkier the effect.

Notching

Notching

Notching is another version of point cutting. Notching is more aggressive and creates a chunkier

effect. Notching is done toward the ends. Hold the section about 3 inches (7.5 cm) from the ends.

Place the tips of your shears about 2 inches (5 cm) from the ends. Close your shears as you quickly

move them out toward the ends. If you are working on very thick hair, you can repeat the motion

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every 1/8 inch (.3 cm). On medium to fine hair, place your “notches” further apart. This technique

can be done on wet or dry hair.

Free-hand Notching

Free-hand notching also uses the tips of the shears. Do not slide the shears, but simply snip out

pieces of hair at random intervals. This technique is generally used throughout the interior of the

section, rather than at the ends. It works particularly well on curly hair, where it is not desirable to

add too many layers but, rather, where you would choose to release the curl and remove some

density.

Slithering

Ideal Open Position









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Slithering or effilating is the process of thinning the hair to graduated lengths with shears. In this

technique, the hair strand is cut by a sliding movement of the shears, with the blades kept partially

opened. Slithering reduces volume and creates movement.

Slicing

Slicing with Shears

Slicing is a technique that removes bulk and adds movement through the lengths of the hair. When

slicing, never completely close the shears. Use only the portion of the blades near the pivot. This

prevents removing large pieces of hair.

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Slicing through a subsection with texturizing

shears

This technique can be performed within a subsection or just on the surface of the hair, with

haircutting or texturizing shears.

To slice an elevated subsection, work with either wet or dry hair. When slicing on the surface of

the haircut, it is best to work on dry hair, because you can see exactly how much hair you are

taking away.









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Carving

Carving is a version of slicing that creates a visual separation in the hair. It works best on short hair

(1-1⁄2 to 3 inches, or 3.75 to 7.5 cm, in length). This technique is done by placing the still blade

into the hair and resting it on the scalp. Move the shears through the hair, gently opening and

partially closing the shears as you move, thus “carving” out areas. The more horizontal your

shears, the more hair you remove. The more vertical, the less hair you remove.

By carving the ends, you can add texture and separation to the perimeter of a haircut by holding the

ends of a small strand of hair between your thumb and index fingers, and carving on the surface of

that strand. Begin carving about 3 inches from the ends toward your fingers.

Removing bulk (thinning). Thinning shears were originally created for the purpose of

thinning out hair and blending. Many clients are afraid of the word “thinning.” A more

modern choice of words would be “removing bulk” or

“removing weight.” When using the thinning shears for this

purpose, it is best to follow the same sectioning as in the

original haircut. Comb the subsection out from the head and

cut it with the thinning shears, at least 4 to 5 inches (10 to

12.5 cm) from the scalp. On longer lengths, you may need to

repeat the process again as you move out toward the ends.

On coarse hair textures, stay farther away from the scalp, as

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sometimes the shorter hairs will poke through the haircut. On blunt haircuts, avoid thinning

the top surfaces, as you may see visible lines where the hair is cut with the thinning shears.

When working on curly hair, it is best to use the free-hand notching technique rather than

thinning shears.

Removing weight from the ends. You can also use thinning shears to remove bulk from

the ends. This process works well on many hair textures. It can be used on both thin and

thick hair, and it helps taper the perimeter of both graduated and blunt haircuts. Elevating

each subsection out from the head, place the thinning shears into the hair at and angle and

close the shears a few times as you work out toward the ends.

Thinning shears-over-comb. Practicing the shears-over-comb technique with the thinning

shears is a particularly effective way of mastering this technique. This technique, which is

useful for blending weight lines on finer textures of hair, can be used as well on thick and

coarse haircuts that are cut very short, especially in the sides and the nape. It helps the hair

to lie closer to the head.

Other thinning shears techniques. Any texturizing technique that can be performed with

regular haircutting shears may also be performed with the thinning shears. When working

on very fine or thin hair, try using the thinning shears for carving, point cutting, and slicing.

This keeps you from over texturizing and removing too much weight.

TEXTURIZING WITH THE RAZOR

Removing weight. You can use the razor to thin out the ends of the hair. On damp hair,

hold the section out from the head, with your fingers at the ends. Place the razor flat to the

hair, 2 to 3 inches (5 to 7.5 cm) away from your fingers. Gently stroke the razor, removing

a thin “sheet” of hair from the area. This tapers the ends of the section, and can be used on









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any area of the haircut where this effect is desired.

Free-hand slicing. This technique can be used throughout the section or at the ends, and

should be done on wet hair. When working in the midshaft of the subsection, comb the hair

out from the head, and hold it with your fingers close to the ends. With the tip of the razor,

slice out pieces of hair. The more vertical the movement, the less hair you remove. The

more horizontal the movement, the more hair you remove. This technique releases weight

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from the subsection, allowing it to move more.

Slicing the Midshaft

You can also use free-hand slicing on the ends of the hair to produce a softer perimeter or

to create separation throughout the shape. In this case, hold the ends of a small piece of hair

in your fingertips. Beginning about 3 inches from your fingers, slice down one side of the

piece toward your fingers.

Slicing the Perimeter

Razor-over-comb. In this technique, the comb and the razor are used on the surface of the

hair. Using the razor on the surface softens weight lines and causes the area to lie closer to

the head. This technique is used mainly on shorter haircuts. There are two approaches. The

first is to place the comb into the hair, with the teeth pointing down, a few inches above the

area on which you will be working. Make small, gentle strokes on the surface of the hair

with the razor. Move the comb down as you move the razor down. This is a great technique

for tapering in the nape area or softening weight lines.









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The second way, referred to as razor rotation, is very similar to razor over-comb. The

difference is that you make small circular motions. Begin by combing the hair in the

direction you will be moving in. Place the razor on the surface of the hair. Then allow the

comb to follow the razor, combing through the area just cut, and then comb back into the

section or onto a new section. This helps soften the texture of the area and gives direction to

the haircut.

SECTION 5

SANITATION AND DISINFECTION GUIDELINES

1. Wash your hands with soap and warm water before and after each service.

2. Before blow-drying your client, sweep up cut hair and dispose of properly.

3. Drape the client properly for the shampoo and the haircutting procedures.

4. Always sanitize combs, brushes, shears, clips, and other implements after each haircut by

washing thoroughly and placing in a disinfectant solution or by another method approved

by your regulatory agency.

5. Replace the blade in your razor prior to each new client. Discard used blades in a puncture-

proof container.

6. Keep your shears in good working order by lubricating with a few drops of oil and wiping

with a chamois (or dry cloth).

7. Sanitize your workstation after each haircutting service.

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Haircutting Definitions

Angle- the space between two lines or surfaces that intersect at a given point; in haircutting, the

hair is held away from the head to create an angle of elevation

Apex -Highest point on the top of the head

Beveling- tapering the ends of the hair

Blunt Haircut- haircut in which all the hair comes to one hanging level, forming a weight line or

area; it is cut with no elevation or over direction; also referred to as an on-length, zero elevation or

no elevation cut.

Carving- haircutting technique done by placing the still blade into the hair and resting it on the

scalp, then moving the shears through the hair while opening and partially closing the shears.

Clipper-over-comb- haircutting technique similar to shears-over-comb, except that the clippers

move sideways across the comb rather than bottom to top.

Cross-checking- parting the haircut in the opposite way from which you cut it to check for

precision of line and shape.

Crown- area of the head between the apex and the back of the parietal ridge.

Cutting line- the angle at which the fingers are held when cutting and ultimately the line that is

cut; also known as finger angle, finger position, cutting position, cutting angle and shears angle.

Distribution- where and how hair is moved over the head; the direction hair is combed in relation

to its base parting.

Elevation- angle or degree at which a subsection of hair is held, or elevated, from the head when

cutting; also referred to as projection.

Four Corners- points on the head that signal a change in the shape of the head, from flat to round

or vice versa.

Free-hand notching - notching technique in which pieces of hair are snipped out at random

intervals.

Fringe- triangular section that begins at the apex and ends at the front corners.

Graduated haircut- graduated shape or wedge; and effect or haircut that results from cutting the

hair with tension, low to medium elevation or over direction; has a stacked area around the

exterior.









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Growth Pattern- the direction in which the hair grows from the scalp; also referred to as natural

fall or natural falling position.

Guideline- section of hair, located at either the perimeter or the interior of the cut that determines

the length the hair will be cut; also referred to as a guide; usually the first section that is cut to

create a shape.

Hairline- the hair that grows at the outermost perimeter along the face, around the ears and on the

neck.

Head form- the shape of the head or skull; greatly affects the way the hair falls and behaves; also

called head shape.

Interior guideline- guideline that is inside the haircut rather than on the perimeter.

Layered haircut/ layers- graduated effect achieved by cutting the hair with elevation or over

direction; the hair is cut at higher elevations. Usually 90 degrees or above, which removes weight.

Line- thin continuous mark; in haircutting may be the guideline, cutting line, or perimeter; can be

straight or curved, horizontal, vertical, or diagonal.

Long Layered Haircut- haircut in which the hair is cut at a 180 degree angle; the resulting shape

has shorter layers at the top and increasingly longer layers toward the perimeter.

Nape- back part of the neck; the hair below the occipital bone.

Notching- version of point cutting in which the tips of the shears are moved toward the hair ends

rather than into them; creates a chunkier effect.

Occipital bone- hindmost bone of the skull below the parietal bones; protrudes at the base of the

skull.

Over direction-combing a section away from its natural falling position, rather than straight out

from the head, toward a guideline; used to create increasing lengths in the interior or perimeter.

Palm to Palm- cutting position in which the palms of both hands are facing each other.

Parietal ridge- the widest area of the head, usually starting at the temples and ending at the bottom

of the crown.

Part/Parting- a line dividing the hair to the scalp that separates one section of hair from another or

creates subsections; generally created with a comb.

Perimeter- the outer line of a hairstyle, the silhouette line; sometimes referred to as the exterior.

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Point cutting- haircutting technique in which the tips of the shears are used to cut "points" into the

ends of the hair.

Razor over comb- texturizing technique in which the comb and the razor are used on the surface

of the hair.

Razor rotation- texturizing technique similar to razor- over- comb done with small circular

motions.

Reference points- points on the head that mark where the surface of the head changes or the

behavior of the hair changes, such as ears, jaw line, occipital bone, apex, etc.; used to establish

design lines that are proportionate.

Section- to divide the hair by parting into uniform working areas for control; sections are created

when two partings are made parallel to one another.

Shears-over-Comb- haircutting techniques in which the hair is held in place with the comb while

the tips of the shears are used to remove the lengths.

Slicing- technique that removes bulk and adds movement through the lengths of the hair; the

shears are not completely closed and only the portion of the blades near the pivot is used.

Slide cutting- method of cutting or thinning the hair in which the fingers and shears glide along

the edge of the hair to remove length.

Slithering-process of thinning the hair to graduated lengths with shears; cutting the hair strand by

a sliding movement of the shears, while keeping the blades partially opened; also called affiliating.

Stationary guideline- guideline that does not move.

Subsections- smaller sections within a larger section of hair, used to maintain control of the hair

while cutting.

Tapers- haircuts in which there is an even blend from very short at the hairline to longer length as

you move up the head; "to taper" is to narrow progressively at one end.

Tensions- amount of pressure applied when combing and holding a section, created by stretching

or pulling the section.

Texturizing- removing excess bulk without shortening the length; changing the appearance or

behavior of hair, through specific haircutting techniques, using shears, thinning shears, or a razor.

Traveling guideline- guideline that moves as the haircutting progresses, used often when creating

layers or graduation; also referred to as moving or movable guidelines.









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Uniform layers- effect produced by cutting the hair at the same length consistently, using a 90

degree elevation.

Weight line- a visual "line" in the haircut where the ends of the hair hang together; the line of

maximum length within the weight area: heaviest perimeter area of a 0(one length) or 45- degree

(graduated) cut.

SUMMARY

We have established how important it is to develop strong haircutting skills because a good haircut

serves as the foundation for numerous other services. The more familiar you become with basic

haircutting and shaping techniques and with haircutting implements, the more solid that foundation

will be. We’ve also discussed the relevance of understanding the anatomy of the head, elevations,

angles, and degrees. We’ve stressed the importance of the requisite client consultation before every

haircut service and how understanding the client’s desires, needs, and lifestyle will impact the

choices made. In addition, the five characteristics of hair (density, texture, wave pattern, hairlines,

and growth pattern) play an important role in your ability to create a quality haircut. As with any

service, we’ve established the importance of proper sanitation and disinfection procedures for

haircutting services. There is much more to learning how to cut hair.

Haircutting is a skill requiring imagination and many hours of practice. You must remember that

once something is cut off, you cannot put it back—you must wait until it grows. Therefore, it is

important that you being slowly by working on mannequins to build your confidence.

Practice holding the various cutting implement until you are comfortable. Begin observing people

and pictures and try to visualize in your mind’s eye what type of elevation was used to create the

style. Drills and timed repetitions will be essential to your skills development. Take pride in your

work and shoot for perfection. Once your techniques and skills have achieved a high level of

quality, you will begin to work on your speed.

As you continue in your training, you will learn the importance of taking into consideration the

client’s head and face shape and features as well as his/her lifestyle and personal choices when

selecting a haircut.

Bibliography References:

Stock photography photos, dreamstime.com: http://www.dreamstime.com/?gclid=CN7-

2d3inq8CFQjd4AodzHgKZw

Milady’s Standard Cosmetology by Catherine M. Frangie, Arlene Alpert, Margrit Attenburg, and Diane

Carol Bailey, Page 258 (2008)

http://www.dreamstime.com/?gclid=CN7-2d3inq8CFQjd4AodzHgKZw

http://www.dreamstime.com/?gclid=CN7-2d3inq8CFQjd4AodzHgKZw

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“How to Use Texturizing Shears” by Emily Retherford, ehow Contributor (2012):

http://www.ehow.com/how_4856767_use-texturizing-shears.html

Wikipedia the Free Encyclopedia, “Hairstyle” by Victoria Sherrow (2001):

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hairstyle

Wikipedia the Free Encyclopedia, “Razor Cutting” by Montagna William (2008):

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Razor_cut

Hairlosshelp.com “How Does Hair Grow” (April 2012):

http://www.hairlosshelp.com/hair_loss_research/hair.cfm

“Medium Length Layered Hair Styles”, Latest Hairstyles Magazine (2012): http://www.latest-

hairstyles.com/medium/layered.html

GEORGIA TCSG HEALTH AND SAFETY—3 HRS.

COURSE TABLE OF CONTENTS

SECTION 1: SKIN, DISEASES, DISORDERS

Anatomy and Histology of the Skin

o Nerves of the Skin

o Glands of the Skin

o Nourishment of the Skin

o Functions of the Skin

http://www.ehow.com/how_4856767_use-texturizing-shears.html

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hairstyle

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Razor_cut

http://www.hairlosshelp.com/hair_loss_research/hair.cfm

http://www.latest-hairstyles.com/medium/layered.html

http://www.latest-hairstyles.com/medium/layered.html









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o Terminology

Diseases and Disorders

o Skin Conditions/Descriptions

o Nail Diseases/Disorders

o Hair Disease/Disorders

o Skin Conditions/Descriptions

SECTION 2: BLOODBORNE PATHOGENS

What are Bloodborne Pathogens?

Hepatitis B Virus (HBV)

Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)

Signs and Symptoms

Transmission

Transmission Routes

Risk Factors and Behaviors

Personal Protective Equipment

SECTION 3: DECONTAMINATION & STERILIZATION

Common Questions

HIV

Precautions

SECTION 4: DECONTAMINATION AND INFECTION CONTROL

Professional Salon Environment

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Safety Precautions

Material Safety Data Sheet (M.S.D.S.)

Organizing an M.S.D.S. Notebook

SECTION 5: GEORGIA STATE BOARD OF COSMETOLOGY SANITARY REGULATIONS FOR SALONS

AND SCHOOLS

SECTION 6: APPENDIX A GEORGIA STATE BOARD OF COSMETOLOGY GLOSSARY OF LEGAL

DEFINITIONS









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Georgia Department of Technical and Adult Education

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Skin, Diseases, Disorders


Georgia Department of Technical and Adult Education iii Skin, Diseases, Disorders




C.O.E.

Copyright © October 2002

by Georgia Department of Technical and Adult Education.

All rights reserved. No part of this manual may

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Georgia Department of Technical and Adult Education iii Skin, Diseases, Disorders




C.O.E. be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means,

electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording,

or by any information storage and retrieval system,

without written permission from Georgia Department

of

Technical and Adult Education.

Published December 2002

(C121002)


Georgia Department of Technical and Adult Education v Skin, Diseases, Disorders




C.O.E.

Table of Contents

Skin, Diseases, Disorders .....................................................

1

Introduction ................................................................... ........................ 1

Objectives ............................................................................................... 2

Anatomy and Histology of the Skin ...................................... 3

Nerves of the Skin .................................................................................. 5

Glands of the Skin .................................................................................. 5

Nourishment of the Skin ................................................................... ...... 6

Functions of the Skin .............................................................................. 6

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Georgia Department of Technical and Adult Education v Skin, Diseases, Disorders




C.O.E.

Terminology ........................................................................................... 7

Diseases and Disorders .......................................................

11

Skin Conditions /Descriptions .............................................................. 12


Georgia Department of Technical and Adult Education 1 Skin, Diseases, Disorders




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Skin, Diseases, Disorders

Introduction

The flexible, waterproof, tough protective covering known as the skin is the

largest organ in the body both by weight and surface area. Skin accounts

for approximately 16% of the body’s weight.

Healthy skin has a fine texture that is slightly moist, soft, and flexible.

Varying in thickness, the skin is thinnest on the eyelids and thickest on the

palms and soles. A callous can be caused by continuous friction on any part

of the skin.

The skin has appendages that include the hair, sweat and oil glands, and

the nails. Composed of the substance known as keratin, this protein gives

the

skin its protective ability. The skin is slightly acidic in pH, which enables good

immunity responses to intruding organisms. Normally the skin separates the

internal environment from the external. However skin diseases and

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infections can invade that barrier. For this reason, a thorough

understanding of the histology of the skin and its diseases and disorders is

needed for a better position to give clients professional advice.


2 Skin, Diseases, Disorders




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Objectives

Upon completion of this course, trainees will be able to:

• Explain the structure and the composition of the skin.

• Identify the functions of the skin.

• Describe terms relating to skin disorders.

• Recognize which skin diseases/disorders may be dealt with in

the salon and which should be referred to a physician.

• Identify online dermatology resources.

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Anatomy and Histology of

the Skin

The two major divisions of the skin are the dermis and the epidermis.

The outermost layer of the skin is the epidermis that is composed of sheets

of dead cells that serve as the major waterproof barrier to the environment.

The epidermis is the visible layer of skin. This layer contains numerous nerve

endings, but no blood vessels. The human epidermis is renewed every

15-30 days.






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The epidermis consists of many layers. The stratum corneum is the outer

layer that is often called the horny layer. Cells are continually being shed

and replaced. This layer of skin for the most part is dead – it is composed of

cells that are almost pure protein.

The stratum lucidum consists of translucent cells through which light

can penetrate.

The stratum granulosum, known as the granular layer, consists of cells that

resemble granules. These cells are transforming into a harder form of

protein.

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The stratum mucosum is also known as the basal cell layer. Basal cells are

continuously being reproduced. It is the deepest layer of the epidermis.

This layer also contains melanocytes that produce the coloring matter known

as melanin and determines skin color. Melanocytes also react to ultraviolet

rays to darken the skin for added protection.

The middle layer, the dermis, provides a tough, flexible foundation for the

epidermis. In the dermis, body temperature is regulated by sweat glands and

blood vessels. It also contains arector pilli muscles, papillae, and hair follicles.

Nerve endings send sensations of pain, itching, touch, and temperature to

the brain. The skin is moisturized by oil glands that produce sebum.

The dermis consists of two layers. The papillary layer connects the dermis to

the epidermis. Tactile corpuscles are nerve fiber endings that contain looped

capillaries. Tactile corpuscles are responsible for the sense of touch. The

papillary layer also contains some of the melanin.

The reticular layer is the deepest layer of the dermis. It contains fat

cells, blood vessels, lymph vessels, oil glands, sweat glands, hair follicles,

and arrector pilli muscles. The reticular layer supplies the skin with

oxygen and nutrients.

Subcutaneous tissue is the fatty layer found below the dermis. It is also

called the adipose or the subcutis tissue. It varies in thickness according to

age, sex, and general health of the individual. The subcutaneous tissue

contains fats






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for energy, gives smoothness and contour to the body, and acts as a

protective cushion for the outer skin. Arteries and lymphatics maintain

circulation to

the body.

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Nerves of the Skin


Sensory nerves are receptors and send messages to the brain causing

reactions to heat, cold, touch, pressure, and pain.

Motor nerve fibers, attached to the hair follicles, are distributed to the

arrector pilli muscles which may cause goose flesh when you are

frightened or cold.

The secretory nerve fibers regulate the excretion of perspiration from

the sweat glands and regulate the flow of sebum to the surface of the

skin.

Glands of the Skin

There are two types of duct glands contained in the skin that pull out

minerals from the blood to create new substances. The suderiferous

glands are the sweat glands and the sebaceous glands are the oil glands.






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Sweat glands excrete perspiration. This secretion is odorless when

excreted, but in a short period of time produces an offensive odor due to

the bacteria on the skin’s surface feeding on the fats of its secretion.

Perspiration is controlled by the nervous system. About 1-2 pints of liquid

containing salts are excreted daily through the sweat pores in the skin. The

sweat glands consist of a coiled base or fundus and a tube-like duct that

ends at the skin surface forming the pores. Sweat glands are more

numerous on the palms, soles, forehead, and armpits. Body temperature

is regulated by the sweat glands that also aid in the elimination of waste.

Oil glands secrete sebum through little sacs whose ducts open in to the hair

follicles. These glands are found in all parts of the body with the exception

of the palms and soles. The oily substance produced by the oil glands is

called sebum. Sebum lubricates the skin and preserves the pliability of

the hair. When the duct becomes clogged with hardened sebum, a

blackhead is formed.

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Nourishment of the Skin

Blood and lymph circulate through the skin providing nourishment essential

for growth and repair of the skin, hair, and nails.

Functions of the Skin

The major functions of the skin are sensation, heat regulation, absorption,

protection, excretion, and secretion. The functions of the skin can easily

be remembered using the acronym: SHAPES

S – ensation – response to heat, cold, pressure, and pain

H – eat regulation – maintains body temperature of 98.6

A – bsorption - substances can enter the body through the skin

and affect it to a minor degree

P – rotection – from bacterial invasion

E – xcretion – sweat glands excrete perspiration






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S – ecretion - sebum is secreted by the sebaceous glands

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Terminology


Dermatology study of the skin, its nature, functions,

and treatment

Dermatologist a medical skin specialist

Disease a pathological condition of the body, organ, or

mind making it incapable of carrying on normal

functions

Disorder abnormal condition usually not contagious

Immunity freedom from or resistance to disease

Integumentary system one of the 10 systems of the body; pertains to

the

skin, its appendages and functions

Pathology study of disease






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Etiology study of the causes of diseases

Trichology study of hair

Diagnosis recognition of a disease by its symptoms

Prognosis foretelling of the probable course of a disease

Objective symptom visible symptom

Subjective symptom symptom that can be felt by client, but not by

observation

Acute rapid onset with severe symptoms of

short duration

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Chronic long duration, usually mild, but often recurring

Infectious invasion of body tissue by bacteria that

cause disease

Contagious communicable; by contact

Occupational due to certain kinds of employment

Seasonal influenced by weather

Parasitic caused by vegetable or animal parasites

Pathogenic produced by disease causing bacteria

Systemic due to over or under functioning of the

internal glands

Venereal disease acquired by sexual contact

Epidemic emergence of a disease that affects a large

number of people simultaneously






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Allergy reaction due to extreme sensitivity to normally

harmless substances

Inflammation skin disorder characterized by redness, pain,

edema, and heat

Rhytidectomy face lift

Blepharoplasty eyelid surgery

Chemical peel chemical solution applied to skin areas causing a

mild, controlled burn of the skin

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Rhinoplasty plastic surgery of the nose

Mentoplasty chin surgery

Dermabrasion sandblasting irregularities of the skin Injectable

fillers tiny injections of collagen to soften wrinkles Retin–A

prescription cream used in the treatment of acne

CONTINUING EDUCATION All Rights Reserved. Materials may not be copied, edited, reproduced, distributed, imitated in any way without written permission from C.O. E. Continuing



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Notes:

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In a salon, you will come in contact with diseases and disorders of the skin

and its appendages: the hair and nails. Your license requires you to be

responsible for the recognition of potentially infections diseases. Some

disorders can be treated in cooperation with and under the supervision

of

a physician.

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Skin Conditions /Descriptions

WARNING: NEVER TRY TO DIAGNOSE A DISEASE; ALWAYS

REFER TO A PHYSICIAN.

NOTE: COLOR CHANGES, A CRACK ON THE SKIN, A TYPE OF

THICKENING, OR ANY DISCOLORATION, RANGING FROM

SHADES OF RED TO BROWN AND PURPLE TO ALMOST BLACK,

MAY BE SIGNS OF DANGER AND SHOULD BE EXAMINED BY A

DERMATOLOGIST.

CAUTION: DO NOT TREAT OR REMOVE HAIR

FROM MOLES.

Condition/ Description

Disease/Disorder

Pigmented Lesions

Lentigo small, yellow to brown spots






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Chloasma moth patches, liver spots = increased

deposits of pigment

Naevus birthmark (portwine or strawberry) small-large

malformation of skin due to pigmentation or

dilated capillaries

Leucoderma abnormal light patches due to congenital

defective pigmentations

Vitiligo acquired condition of leucoderma-may affect skin or

hair

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Albinism congenital absence of melanin pigment

Stain abnormal, brown, skin patches having a circular

& irregular shape

Disorders of the Sebaceous Glands

Comedones blackheads, a worm-like mass of keratinized cells

& hardened sebum

Milia whiteheads, an accumulation of dead,

keratinized cells and sebaceous matter trapped

beneath

the skin






C.O.E. Acne Simplex chronic inflammatory disorder usually related to

hormonal changes & overactive sebaceous

glands

Acne Vulgaris acne-pimples

Acne Rosacea chronic inflammatory congestion of the cheeks

& nose

Seborrhea/Seborrhea overactive sebaceous glands-often the basis of acne

Oleosa = Oily Dandruff

Steatoma wen or sebaceous cyst (subcutaneous tumor)

ranges in size from a pea to an orange

Asteatosis dry, scaly skin characterized by absolute or partial

deficiency of sebum

Furuncle boil-a subcutaneous abscess that fills with pus

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Cysts sac-like, elevated (usually round) area, contains

liquid or semi-liquid substance-when a follicle

ruptures deep within the dermis & irritating

oil

& dead cells seep into the surrounding

tissuesoften cause acne pits

Pimples follicle filled with oil, dead cells, & bacteria-

inflammation causes white blood cells to rush

to fight bacteria creating a pus

Disorders of the Sudoriferous Glands

Bromidrosis osmidrosis=foul-smelling perspiration

Anhidrosis lack of perspiration

Hyperhidrosis excessive perspiration

Miliaria Rubra prickly heat-eruptions of small red vesicles

accompanied by burning & itching-caused by

excessive heat






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Hypertrophies

Keratoma callus-superficial, round, thickening of the

epidermis caused by friction (inward growth is

called a corn)

Mole a small, brown spot-believed to be inherited-

may be flat or deeply seated-pale tan-brown

or bluish black

Verruca wart, a viral infection of the epidermis-benign

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Skin Tag bead-like fibrous tissue that stands away from the

flat surface-often a dark color

Polyp growth that extends from the surface or may also

grow with the body

Inflammations

Eczema dry or moist lesions accompanied by itching,

burning, & various other unpleasant

sensationsusually red-blistered, & oozing

Psoriasis rarely on the face, lesions are round, dry patches

covered with coarse, silvery scales-if irritated,

bleeding points occur-may be spread to larger

area-not contagious

Herpes Simplex/ fever blisters/cold sores-single group of vesicles

Herpes Zoster = Shingles on a red swollen base






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Allergy Related Dermatitis

Dermatitis allergy to ingredients in cosmetics, etc.-

Venenata protection is the prevention-gloves, etc.

Dermatitis dermatitis that occurs after an injection of a substance

Medicamentosa

Urticaria hives-inflammation caused by an allergy to

specific drugs/foods

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Primary Skin Lesions

Macule small, discolored spot or patch on the skin's

surface, neither raised nor sunken-ex:

freckles

Papule small elevated pimple containing no fluid, but

may have pus

note: yellow or white fatty papules around the

eyes indicate an elevated cholesterol level-refer

to a physician (xanthelasma).

Wheal itchy, swollen lesion that lasts only a few hours-

ex: mosquito bite

Tubercle solid lump larger than a papule-projects above the

skin or lies with-sized from pea to hickory nut

Tumor external swelling-varies in size, shape & color

Vesicle blister with clear fluid-lie within or just beneath

the epidermis-ex: poison ivy






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Bulla blister containnig a watery fluid-larger than a vesicle

Pustule elevation with inflamed base, containing pus

Secondary Skin Lesions

Scale accumulation of epidermal flakes, dry or greasy-

ex: abnormal dandruff

Crust accumulation of serum & pus-mixed with

epidermal material-ex: scab

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Excoriation abrasion produced by scratching or scraping-ex:

raw surface after injury

Fissure crack in the skin penetrating into the dermis

Ulcer open lesion on skin or mucous

membrane, accompanied by pus & loss of

skin depth

Acne Scars

Ice Pick Scar large, visible, open pores that look as if the skin

has been jabbed with an ice pick-follicle always

looks open-caused by deep pimple or cyst

Acne Pit Scar slightly sunken or depressed appearance-caused

by pimples/systs taht have destroyed the skin &

formed scar tissue






C.O.E.

Acne Raised Scar lumpy mass of raised tissue on the surface of the

skin-caused where cysts have clumped together

Contagious Disorders

Tinea ringworm, due to fungi

Tinea Capitis - Ringworm of Scalp (plant or vegetable

Tinea Sycosis - Barber's Itch parasites)-small reddened

Tinea Favosa - Honeycomb Ringworm patch of little blisters that

Tinea Unguium - Ringworm of Nails spread outward and heal in

Athlete's Foot - Ringworm of Feet the middle with scaling

C.O.E. CONTIN

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C.O.E.

CAUTION! NEVER ATTEMPT TO DIAGNOSE BUMPS, LESIONS,

ULCERATIONS, OR DISCOLORATIONS AS SKIN CANCER, BUT

YOU SHOULD BE ABLE TO RECOGNIZE THE CHARACTERISTICS

OF SERIOUS SKIN DISORDERS AND SUGGEST THAT THE

CLIENT

SEE A PHYSICIAN OR DERMATOLOGIST.

Extremely Serious Disorders-Skin Cancers

Basal Cell Carcinoma least malignant-most common skin cancer-

characterized by light or pearly nodules & visible

blood vessels

Squamous Cell Carcinoma scaly, red papules-blood vessels are not visible-

more serious than basal cell

Malignant Melanoma most serious-characterized by dark brown, black,

or discolored patches on the skin

Tumor abnormal growth of swollen tissue

Nail Diseases/Disorders






C.O.E.

Onychophagy nail biting

Onychogryposis overcurvature of the nail-clawlike

Pterygium sticky overgrowth of the cuticle

Eggshell Nail extremely thin nail

Leuconychia white spots under the nail plate

C.O.E. CONTIN

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C.O.E.


Paronychia bacterial inflammation of tissue (perionychium)

around the nail

Tinea Corporis ringworm of the hand

Tinea Pedia ringworm of the foot

Agnail hangnail

Onychia an inflammation somewhere in the nail

Onychocyanosis blue nail (usually caused by poor circulation)

Hematoma Nail bruised nail (usually caused by a hammer or

slammed door)

Tinea Unguium onychomycosis-ringworm of the nail

Onychorrexis split or brittle nails with a series of lengthwise ridges

Beau's Lines ridges/corrugations/furrows






C.O.E. Onychatrophia atrophy or wasting away of the nail

Onychocryptosis ingrown nail

Onychauxis overgrowth of the nail plate

Onychosis any nail disease

Onychophosis accumulation of horny layers of epidermis

under the nail

C.O.E. CONTIN

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C.O.E.

Hair Disease/Disorders

Pityriasis Capitis dry dandruff

Simplex

Pityriasis Capitis greasy dandruff

Steatoids Seborrhea

Oleosa

= Oily Dandruff

Trichoptilosis split hair ends

Trichorrehexis Nodosa knotted

Tinea Favosa honeycomb ringworm

Tinea Capitis ringworm of the scalp

Tinea Sycosis barber's itch






C.O.E.

Androgenetic Alopecia common hereditary hair loss

Alopecia Adnata loss of hair shortly after birth

Alopecia Areata hair loss in patches

Alopecia Follicularis hair loss caused by inflammation of hair follicles

Alopecia Prematura hair loss early in life

Alopecia Senilis hair loss from old age

Alopecia Totalis hair loss from entire scalp

Alopecia Universalis hair loss from entire body

C.O.E. CONTIN

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C.O.E.


Traction/Traumatic patchy hair loss sometimes due to repetitive

Alopecia traction on the hair by pulling or twisting

Postpartum temporary hair loss at the conclusion

Alopecia of pregnancy

Telogen Effluven hair loss during the telogen phase of the hair

growth cycle

Canities gray hair

Pediculosis Capitis headlice

Monilithrix beaded hair

Fragilitis Crinium brittle hair

Hirsuities/Hypertrichosis superfluous hair, excessive






C.O.E. Scabies contagious disease caused by the itch mite

Impetigo/Infantigo highly contagious bacterial infection, usually

staphylococcal

Discoid Lupus chronic autoimmune disorder, causes red

Erythematosus (DLE) often scarring plaques, hair loss, &

internal effects

Keloids forms when excess collagen forms at the site of a

haeling scar-overhealing

Asteatosis excessive dry skin

C.O.E. CONTIN

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N






C.O.E.

Websites: Online Dermatology Resources

http://tray.dermatology.uiowa.edu/DermImag.htm

http://www.medic.mie-u.ac.jp/derma/world/worldd1.html

http://www.skin-information.com/

http://www.skin-disease.com/

http://www.skin-cancers.net/

http://www.age-spot.com/

http://www.i-wrinkle.com/























C.O.E.

http://www.asds-net.org American Society of Dermatologic Surgery

http://www.aad.org American Academy of Dermatology

http://www.asds-net.org/

http://www.asds-net.org/

http://www.aad.org/

http://www.aad.org/

C.O.E. CONTIN

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N

CONTINUING EDUCATION All Rights Reserved. Materials may not be copied, edited, reproduced, distributed, imitated in any way without written permission from C.O. E.

Continuing Education. The course provided was prepared by C.O.E. Continuing Education Curriculum Coordinator. It is not meant to provide

medical, legal or professional services advice. If necessary, it is recommended that you consult a medical, legal or professional services expert

licensed in your state. of 234

C.O.E.

Skin Conditions /Descriptions


WARNING: NEVER TRY TO DIAGNOSE A DISEASE;

ALWAYS REFER TO A PHYSICIAN.

NOTE: COLOR CHANGES, A CRACK ON THE SKIN, A TYPE OF

THICKENING, OR ANY DISCOLORATION, RANGING FROM

SHADES OF RED TO BROWN AND PURPLE TO ALMOST BLACK,

MAY BE SIGNS OF DANGER AND SHOULD BE EXAMINED BY A

DERMATOLOGIST.

CAUTION: DO NOT TREAT OR REMOVE HAIR

FROM MOLES.

Condition/ Description

Disease/Disorder


All Rights Reserved. Materials may not be copied, edited, reproduced, distributed, imitated in any way without written permission from C.O. E.




C.O.E.

Pigmented Lesions

Lentigo small, yellow to brown spots

C.O.E. CONTIN

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N

CONTINUING EDUCATION All Rights Reserved. Materials may not be copied, edited, reproduced, distributed, imitated in any way without written permission from C.O.

E. Continuing Education. The course provided was prepared by C.O.E. Continuing Education Curriculum Coordinator. It is not meant to

provide medical, legal or professional services advice. If necessary, it is recommended that you consult a medical, legal or professional services

expert licensed in your state. of 234

C.O.E.

Chloasma moth patches, liver spots = increased deposits of pigment

Naevus birthmark (portwine or strawberry) small-large

malformation of skin due to pigmentation or

dilated capillaries

Leucoderma abnormal light patches due to congenital

defective pigmentations

Vitiligo acquired condition of leucoderma-may affect skin or hair





C.O.E.

Albinism congenital absence of melanin pigment

C.O.E. CONTIN

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C.O.E.

Stain abnormal, brown, skin patches having a circular

& irregular shape

Disorders of the Sebaceous Glands

Comedones blackheads, a worm-like mass of keratinized cells

& hardened sebum

Milia whiteheads, an accumulation of dead, keratinized

cells and sebaceous matter trapped beneath the

skin





C.O.E.

Acne Simplex chronic inflammatory disorder usually related to

hormonal changes & overactive sebaceous

glands

C.O.E. CONTIN

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N





C.O.E.

Acne Vulgaris acne-pimples

Acne Rosacea chronic inflammatory congestion of the cheeks & nose

Seborrhea/Seborrhea overactive sebaceous glands-often the basis of acne

Oleosa = Oily Dandruff

Steatoma wen or sebaceous cyst (subcutaneous tumor)

ranges in size from a pea to an orange





C.O.E.

Asteatosis dry, scaly skin characterized by absolute or partial

deficiency of sebum

C.O.E. CONTIN

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N





C.O.E.

Furuncle boil-a subcutaneous abscess that fills with pus

Cysts sac-like, elevated (usually round) area, contains

liquid or semi-liquid substance-when a follicle

ruptures deep within the dermis & irritating oil

& dead cells seep into the surrounding tissuesoften cause acne pits

Pimples follicle filled with oil, dead cells, & bacteriainflammation

causes white blood cells to rush to fight bacteria creating

a pus





C.O.E.

Disorders of the Sudoriferous Glands

Bromidrosis osmidrosis=foul-smelling perspiration

Anhidrosis lack of perspiration

Hyperhidrosis excessive perspiration

Miliaria Rubra prickly heat-eruptions of small red vesicles accompanied

by burning & itching-caused by excessive heat

Hypertrophies

Keratoma callus-superficial, round, thickening of the epidermis

caused by friction (inward growth is called a corn)

Mole a small, brown spot-believed to be inheritedmay

be flat or deeply seated-pale tan-brown or bluish black

Verruca wart, a viral infection of the epidermis-benign

C.O.E. CONTIN

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N





C.O.E.





C.O.E.

Skin Tag bead-like fibrous tissue that stands away from the

flat surface-often a dark color

Polyp growth that extends from the surface or may also

grow with the body

Inflammations

Eczema dry or moist lesions accompanied by itching,

burning, & various other unpleasant

sensationsusually red-blistered, & oozing

Psoriasis rarely on the face, lesions are round, dry patches

covered with coarse, silvery scales-if irritated,

bleeding points occur-may be spread to larger

area-not contagious

C.O.E. CONTIN

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N





C.O.E.





C.O.E.

Herpes Simplex/ fever blisters/cold sores-single group of vesicles

Herpes Zoster = Shingles on a red swollen base

Herpes Simplex Herpes Zoster

Allergy Related Dermatitis

Dermatitis allergy to ingredients in cosmetics, etc.-

Venenata protection is the prevention-gloves, etc.

Dermatitis dermatitis that occurs after an injection of a substance

Medicamentosa

C.O.E. CONTIN

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C.O.E.

Urticaria hives-inflammation caused by an allergy to

specific drugs/foods





C.O.E.

Primary Skin Lesions

Macule small, discolored spot or patch on the skin's

surface, neither raised nor sunken-ex:

freckles

Papule small elevated pimple containing no fluid, but may have

pus note: yellow or white fatty papules around the eyes

indicate an elevated cholesterol level-refer to a

physician (xanthelasma).

Wheal itchy, swollen lesion that lasts only a few hoursex:

mosquito bite

C.O.E. CONTIN

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N





C.O.E.





C.O.E.

Tubercle solid lump larger than a papule-projects above the

skin or lies with-sized from pea to hickory nut

Tumor external swelling-varies in size, shape & color

Vesicle blister with clear fluid-lie within or just beneath

the epidermis-ex: poison ivy

Bulla blister containnig a watery fluid-larger than a vesicle

Pustule elevation with inflamed base, containing pus

C.O.E. CONTIN

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C.O.E.

Secondary Skin Lesions

Scale accumulation of epidermal flakes, dry or greasyex:

abnormal dandruff

Crust accumulation of serum & pus-mixed with

epidermal material-ex: scab

Excoriation abrasion produced by scratching or scraping-ex:

raw surface after injury

Fissure crack in the skin penetrating into the dermis

Ulcer open lesion on skin or mucous membrane,

accompanied by pus & loss of skin depth

Acne Scars





C.O.E.

Ice Pick Scar large, visible, open pores that look as if the skin

has been jabbed with an ice pick-follicle always

looks open-caused by deep pimple or cyst

C.O.E. CONTIN

UING EDUCATIO

N





C.O.E.

Acne Pit Scar slightly sunken or depressed appearance-caused

by pimples/systs that have destroyed the skin

& formed scar tissue

Acne Raised Scar lumpy mass of raised tissue on the surface of the

skin-caused where cysts have clumped together





C.O.E.

Contagious Disorders

Tinea ringworm, due to fungi

Tinea Capitis - Ringworm of Scalp (plant or vegetable

Tinea Sycosis - Barber's Itch parasites) -small reddened

Tinea Favosa - Honeycomb Ringworm patch of little blisters that

Tinea Unguium - Ringworm of Nails spread outward and heal in

Athlete's Foot - Ringworm of Feet the middle with scaling

C.O.E. CONTIN

UING EDUCATIO

N





C.O.E.

CAUTION! NEVER ATTEMPT TO DIAGNOSE BUMPS, LESIONS,

ULCERATIONS, OR DISCOLORATIONS AS SKIN CANCER, BUT

YOU SHOULD BE ABLE TO RECOGNIZE THE CHARACTERISTICS

OF SERIOUS SKIN DISORDERS AND SUGGEST THAT THE

CLIENT SEE A PHYSICIAN OR DERMATOLOGIST.

Extremely Serious Disorders-Skin Cancers

Basal Cell Carcinoma least malignant-most common skin cancer

characterized by light or pearly nodules & visible

blood vessels

Squamous Cell Carcinoma scaly, red papules-blood vessels are not visible

more serious than basal cell





C.O.E.

C.O.E. CONTIN

UING EDUCATIO

N





C.O.E.

Malignant Melanoma most serious-characterized by dark brown, black,

or discolored patches on the skin

Tumor abnormal growth of swollen tissue

Nail Diseases/Disorders

Onychophagy nail biting

Onychogryposis overcurvature of the nail-clawlike





C.O.E.

Pterygium sticky overgrowth of the cuticle

Eggshell Nail extremely thin nail

C.O.E. CONTIN

UING EDUCATIO

N





C.O.E.

Leuconychia white spots under the nail plate

Paronychia bacterial inflammation of tissue (perionychium)

around the nail

Tinea Corporis ringworm of the hand

Tinea Pedia ringworm of the foot





C.O.E.

Agnail hangnail

Onychia an inflammation somewhere in the nail

Onychocyanosis blue nail (usually caused by poor circulation)

Hematoma Nail bruised nail (usually caused by a hammer or

slammed door)

C.O.E. CONTIN

UING EDUCATIO

N





C.O.E.

Tinea Unguium onychomycosis-ringworm of the nail





C.O.E.

Onychorrexis split or brittle nails with a series of lengthwise

ridges

Beau's Lines ridges/corrugations/furrows

Onychatrophia atrophy or wasting away of the nail

Onychocryptosis ingrown nail

C.O.E. CONTIN

UING EDUCATIO

N





C.O.E.





C.O.E.

Onychauxis overgrowth of the nail plate

Onychosis any nail disease

Onychophosis accumulation of horny layers of epidermis under

the nail

Hair Disease/Disorders

Pityriasis Capitis dry dandruff

Simplex

Pityriasis Capitis greasy dandruff

Steatoids Seborrhea Oleosa

= Oily Dandruff

Trichoptilosis split hair ends

Trichorrehexis Nodosa knotted

C.O.E. CONTIN

UING EDUCATIO

N





C.O.E.

Tinea Favosa honeycomb ringworm

Tinea Capitis ringworm of the scalp





C.O.E.

Tinea Sycosis barber's itch

Androgenetic Alopecia common hereditary hair loss

Alopecia Adnata loss of hair shortly after birth

Alopecia Areata hair loss in patches

Alopecia Follicularis hair loss caused by inflammation of hair follicles

Alopecia Prematura hair loss early in life

Alopecia Senilis hair loss from old age

Alopecia Totalis hair loss from entire scalp

Alopecia Universalis hair loss from entire body

C.O.E. CONTIN

UING EDUCATIO

N





C.O.E.

Traction/Traumatic patchy hair loss sometimes due to repetitive

Alopecia traction on the hair by pulling or twisting

Postpartum temporary hair loss at the conclusion

Alopecia of pregnancy





C.O.E.

Telogen Effluven hair loss during the telogen phase of the hair

growth cycle

Canities gray hair

Pediculosis Capitis headlice

Monilithrix beaded hair

Fragilitis Crinium brittle hair

Hirsuities/Hypertrichosis superfluous hair, excessive

Scabies contagious disease caused by the itch mite

Impetigo/Infantigo highly contagious bacterial infection, usually

staphylococcal

C.O.E. CONTIN

UING EDUCATIO

N





C.O.E.

Discoid Lupus chronic autoimmune disorder, causes red





C.O.E.

Erythematosus (DLE) often scarring plaques, hair loss, &

internal effects

Keloids forms when excess collagen forms at the site of a

healing scar-overhealing

Asteatosis excessive dry skin

C.O.E. CONTIN

UING EDUCATIO

N




C.O.E.


Bloodborne Pathogens


Georgia Department of Technical and Adult Education iii Bloodborne Pathogens




C.O.E.




C.O.E. CONTIN

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Georgia Department of Technical and Adult Education iii Bloodborne Pathogens








of



(C121002)


Georgia Department of Technical and Adult Education v Bloodborne Pathogens




C.O.E.

Table of Contents

Introduction ........................................................................

1

Objectives ............................................................................................... 1

What Are Bloodborne Pathogens? ........................................ 3

Hepatitis B Virus (HBV) ........................................................................ 4

Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) ................................................ 4

Signs and Symptoms ............................................................

5

Signs and Symptoms of (HVB) .............................................................. 5

Signs and Symptoms of (HIV) ............................................................... 5

Transmission ........................................................................

7

Transmission Mediums ........................................................................... 7

Transmission Routes ..................................................................... .......... 8

Risk Factors and Behaviors .................................................. 9

Personal Protective Equipment ........................................... 11

C.O.E. CONTIN

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Georgia Department of Technical and Adult Education v Bloodborne Pathogens




C.O.E.

Decontamination & Sterilization ........................................ 15

Common Questions ...........................................................

17

Discuss with the class: .......................................................................... 17

HBV .......................................................................... ........................... 17

HIV ..................................................................................................... 18

Precautions ........................................................................

19

Summary ...........................................................................

23


Georgia Department of Technical and Adult Education 1 Bloodborne Pathogens




C.O.E.

Introduction

A bloodborne pathogen is a specific cause of disease, such as a virus or

bacteria. “Bloodborne” means carried by or in blood and certain other

body fluids. AIDS, hepatitis B and C, malaria, and syphillis are examples of

diseases that are caused by bloodborne pathogens.

Objectives

Upon completion of this course, you will be able to:

• Discuss bloodborne pathogens,

• Identify two bloodborne pathogens of concern

in the workplace,

• Explain how bloodborne pathogens are transmitted,

• List four high risk factors, and

• Discuss the precautions to be used in the workplace.

C.O.E. CONTIN

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C.O.E.

Notes:




C.O.E.

2 Bloodborne Pathogens

C.O.E. CONTIN

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C.O.E.

What Are Bloodborne

Pathogens?

Two types of pathogens of concern in the workplace are:

1. Hepatitis B Virus (HBV)

2. Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)

Hepatitis B is much more contagious than HIV.






C.O.E.

Hepatitis B Virus (HBV)

The HB Virus infects the liver: it’s more common than HIV and is a greater

risk on the job. Many HBV infected people have no problems or symptoms.

Some, however, do develop serious or fatal problems such as cirrhosis, liver

cancer, or chronic liver disease. There is a vaccine for HBV which is

dispensed in three doses. Any employee at risk should take the vaccine.

Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)

HIV causes AIDS, it attacks the body’s immune system, reducing its ability

to fight disease.

C.O.E. CONTIN

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C.O.E.

To protect yourself against HIV and HBV, avoid direct exposure to infectious

blood or body fluids - the prime transmitters of HBV and HIV.






C.O.E.

Signs and Symptoms

Signs and Symptoms of (HVB)

Discuss and list different signs and symptoms of HVB.

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C.O.E.

Signs and Symptoms of (HIV)

Discuss and list different signs and symptoms of HIV.




C.O.E.

Notes:

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C.O.E.







C.O.E.

Transmission

Transmission Mediums

Body Fluids that can transmit infection are:

• Blood

• Semen

• Vaginal secretions

• Cerebrospinal fluid (brain and spinal fluid)

• Synovial fluid (lubricating fluid of joints and tendons)

• Pleural fluid (fluid around the lungs)

• Pericardial fluid (fluid around the heart)

• Peritoneal fluid (fluid in the abdomen)

C.O.E. CONTIN

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C.O.E. • Amniotic fluid (fluid that surrounds an embryo)

• Saliva (in dental procedures)






C.O.E.

Transmission Routes

HIV and hepatitis are transmitted only in the following ways:

1.

2.

3.

You can’t catch HIV through casual contact, such as touching,

hugging, being coughed on or sneezed on or working around

someone who has AIDS. Family members and health care

workers who are constantly around patients with AIDS do

not catch AIDS when they use proper precautions.

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C.O.E.

Risk Factors and Behaviors

In light of what we know about the way the HBV and HIV virus are

transmitted, risk of exposure to either virus is increased for people

who:

• Have unprotected sex or multiple partners.

• Have unprotected sex with an IV drug user.

• Have shared needles while using drugs.

• Have occupational exposure to the blood or body

fluids of others.

• Between 1978 and the spring of 1985, received blood

or blood products in transfusion.

• Between 1978 and the spring of 1985, received

an organ transplant.

• Received artificial insemination from an untested donor.






C.O.E. • Between 1978 and the spring of 1985, received

treatment for a clotting disorder.

• Have been exposed to blood or body fluids of a

person known to have AIDS or be HIV-positive.

• Are immigrants from high risk areas (southeast Asia, Africa,

Southern and Central Europe):

• Have tattoos.

• Are family of infected persons.

C.O.E. CONTIN

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C.O.E.

Notes:




C.O.E.


C.O.E. CONTIN

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C.O.E.

Personal Protective

Equipment

"Universal Precautions" is the name used to describe a prevention strategy

in which all blood and potentially infectious materials are treated as if they

are, in fact, infectious, regardless of the perceived status of the source

individual. In other words, whether or not you think the blood/body fluid

is infected

with bloodborne pathogens, you treat it as if it is. This approach is used in

all situations where exposure to blood or potentially infectious materials is

possible. This also means that certain engineering and work pratice controls

shall always be utilized in situations where exposure may occur.

Probably the first thing to do in any situation where you may be exposed to

bloodborne pathogens is to ensure you are wearing the appropriate

personal protective equipment (PPE). For example, you may have noticed

that emergency medical personnel, doctors, nurses, dentists, dental

assistants, and other health care professionals always wear latex or protective

gloves. This is a simple precaution they take in order to prevent blood or

potentially infectious body fluids fromcoming in contact with their skin. To

protect yourself, it is essential to have a barrier between you and the

potentially infectious material.

Discuss and List 4 Rules to Follow with PPE:

1.






C.O.E.

2.

3.

4.

If you work in an area with routine exposure to blood or potentially

infectious materials, the necessary PPE should be readily accessible.

Contaminated gloves, clothing, PPE, or other materials should be placed in

appropriately labeled bags or containers until it is disposed of,

decontaminated, or laundered. It is important to find out where these

bags or containers are located in your area before beginning work.

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C.O.E.

This approach is used in all situations where exposure to blood or

potentially infectious materials is possible. This also means that certain

engineering and work pratice controls shall always be utilized in situations

where exposure

may occur.

Gloves

Gloves should be made of latex, nitril, rubber, or other water impervious

materials. If glove material is thin or flimsy, double gloving can provide an

additional layer of protection. Also, if you know you have cuts or sores on

your hands, you should cover these with a bandage or similar protection as

an additional precaution before donning your gloves. You should always

inspect your gloves for tears or punctures before putting them on. If a glove

is damaged, don't use it! When taking contaminated gloves off, do so






C.O.E.

carefully. Make sure you don't touch the outside of the gloves with any bare

skin, and

be sure to dispose of them in a proper container so that no one else will

come contact with them either.

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C.O.E.

Goggles

Personal Protective Equipment

Anytime there is a risk of splashing or vaporization of contaminated fluids,

goggles and/or other eye protection should be used to protect your eyes.

Again, bloodborne pathogens can be transmitted through the thin

membranes of the eyes so it is important to protect them. Splashing

could occur while cleaning up a spill, during laboratory procedures, or

while

providing first aid or medical assistance.






C.O.E.

Face Shields

Face shields may be worn in addition to goggles to provide additional face

protection. A face shield will protect against splashes to the nose and

mouth.

Aprons

Aprons may be worn to protect your clothing and to keep blood or

other contaminated fluids from soaking through to your skin. Normal

clothing

that becomes contaminated with blood should be removed as soon as

possible because fluids can seep through the cloth to come into contact with

skin. Contaminated laundry should be handled as little as possible, and it

should be placed in an appropriately labeled bag or container until it is

deconaminated, disposed of, or laundered.

C.O.E. CONTIN

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C.O.E.

Notes:




C.O.E.


C.O.E. CONTIN

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C.O.E.

Decontamination &

Sterilization

All surfaces, tools, equipment and other objects that come in contact with

blood or potentially infectious materials must be decontaminated and

sterilized as soon as possible. Equipment and tools must be cleaned and

decontaminated before servicing or being put back into use.

Decontamination should be accomplished by using:

• A solution of 5.25% sodium hypochlorite (household bleach/

Clorox) diluted between 1:10 and 1:100 with water. The

standard recommendation is to use at least a quarter cup of

bleach per one gallon of water.

• Lysol or some other EPA-registered tuberculocidal disinfectant.

Check the label of all disinfectants to make sure they

meet this requirement.

If you are cleaning up a spill of blood, you can carefully cover the spill with

paper towels or rags, and leave it for at least 10 minutes. This will help

ensure that any bloodborne pathogens are killed before you actually begin

cleaning or wiping the material up. By covering the spill with paper towels

or rags, you decrease the chances of causing a splash when you pour the

bleach on it.




C.O.E.

If you are decontaminating equipment or other objects, you should

leave the disinfectant in place for at least 10 minutes before continuing

the cleaning process.

Of course, any materials you use to clean up a spill of blood or potentially

infectious materials must be decontaminated immediately, as well. This

would include mops, sponges, reusable gloves, buckets, pails, etc.

Bloodborne Pathogens Georgia Department of Technical and Adult Education 15

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Notes:




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Common Questions

Discuss with the class:

HBV

What symptoms do I have if I am suffering from hepatitis B infection?

Many people with HBV do not have any symptoms and feel perfectly well.

Occasionally, the hepatitis B infection may become active and make the

patient feel ill with nausea, have a loss of appetite, and become jaundiced.

What kind of outlook can I expect if I have a hepatitis B infection?

Many patients with the hepatitis B infection can expect to lead a full and

normal life. It is most important to regard yourself as a normal individual

who happens to be infected with hepatitis B. However, it is important

to take precautions not to spread the disease and to get medical

checkups regularly.

Can I get hepatitis from the vaccine?






C.O.E.

No. The hepatitis vaccine is a safe and highly purified vaccine. It does not

contain any blood products or living or dead viruses.

What should be done if the second or third vaccine dose is delayed?

If the doses are delayed for less than one year, the remaining doses can

be resumed to complete the vaccination without the need to restart

the vaccination series. If the lapsed doses are more than one year apart,

extra doses or restarting of the series may be required for high risk

individuals.

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HIV

What will the AIDS test tell me?

A positive result indicates the presence of antibodies to HIV, which has been

found in people with AIDS.

Does a negative test mean that I am not infected?

Unfortunately, no. Although the test is reliable, there is a “window”-

some say it’s six to twelve weeks, some say longer-when you could be

developing the antibody, but the test will still be negative. That’s why you

need to be retested at six to twelve weeks and again in 6 months.

If you test negative, but still carry HIV, it is still possible to transmit the virus.

Counseling will be provided when you receive your test results whether

they are negative or positive.

What happens if I test HIV positive?

Currently, there is no known therapy to reverse antibody status. If an

employee tests HIV positive, we recommend ongoing medical monitoring

and possible anti-retroviral (contains RNA for protein productions) drugs.

What is the prognosis?






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Research indicates that HIV - positive individuals will eventually develop

AIDS. Currently, there is no treatment for AIDS and it is generally believed

to be eventually fatal. As discussed previously, there is a vaccine for hepatitis

B which is available to all employees at risk.

What HIV symptoms should I watch for?

Almost half of the people who contract HIV experience a flu-like illness six to

twelve weeks after exposure. Employees who experience an exposure

incident should report any illness that feels like the flu or mononucleosis,

especially if

it is accompanied by fever, rash, or swollen glands.

Will my employer know the results of my test?

No. The health care professional will give the results of your tests to you

only. All records, including test results, relating to an exposure incident are

Strictly Confidential.

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Precautions

The following precautions should be taken by anyone who has had

an exposure incident so that others are not exposed.

• Inform sexual or needle-sharing partners so they can be

tested for the virus.

• Inform physicians and other health care givers so they

can protect themselves.

• Don't give any blood, tissue, organs, or semen.

• Remove the organ donor designation from your driver’s

license.

• Hold off on getting pregnant until your health care

provider says it is okay.

• If you are pregnant, get counseling.

• Don’t breast-feed.

• Be careful not to expose others to your blood or bodily fluids.






C.O.E.

• Don’t share personal items such as toothbrushes, razors, etc.

• Use a bleach solution of 1:10, 70% isopropyl alcohol or other

EPA-approved germicide to clean up any spills of blood.

• Refrain from sexual activity, or at least take the following

precautions:

- Limit the number of partners

- Use latex condoms from start to finish, even if your

partner is HIV-positive.

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C.O.E.

Job situations which may result in exposure include:

• Job duties that bring you into contact with needles or

other sharp objects such as glass that might be

contaminated with infected blood.

• Providing emergency first-aid assistance to co-workers.

Discuss with the class other circumstances in which exposure is possible:

It is important that you use universal precautions to prevent becoming

infected by contaminated blood. Universal precautions means that all

blood and body fluids are considered a potentially infectious.






C.O.E.

When first aid measures are needed, make sure that you adhere

to the following:

Precautions

1. Mouth-to-Mouth Breathing – The safest course of action is to

use a breathing mask whenever you are called on to give mouth-

to- mouth resuscitation.

2. Controlling Bleeding – To help the victim without infecting yourself

(or the victim), wear rubber gloves.

While chance of infection on the job are small, why take unnecessary risks

with your life? Following the necessary safety precautions is the best way

to minimize risks.

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Notes:




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Summary

Bloodborne pathogens are a very real risk in the workplace. However,

protective measures are in place for employees at risk. To avoid infection of

bloodborne pathogens, it is very important to follow all precautions.

Knowing how infection occurs is the first step in preventing the spread of

disease. Certain factors and behaviors put employees at risk. Avoid these

behaviors as much as you can.

Education combined with practicing safe behaviors can save your life.




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Bloodborne Pathogens Georgia Department of Technical and Adult Education 23

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Decontamination and Infection Control


Georgia Department of Technical and Adult Education iii Decontamination and Infection Control




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Georgia Department of Technical and Adult Education iii Decontamination and Infection Control








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(C121002)


Georgia Department of Technical and Adult Education v Decontamination and Infection Control




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Table of Contents

Decontamination and Infection Control ............................... 1

Introduction ........................................................................................... 1

Objectives ............................................................................................... 2

Professional Salon Environment .............................................................. 3

Safety Precautions ................................................................................... 6

Material Safety Data Sheet (M.S.D.S.) ................................. 7

Organizing an M.S.D.S. Notebook ....................................................... 10

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Georgia Department of Technical and Adult Education 1 Decontamination and Infection Control




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Decontamination

and Infection Control

Introduction

Infection and disease control is one of the most important aspects of being

a professional salon operator or owner. Federal and state laws govern what

must be done by operators and owners to ensure the safety of the public

and that no germs are allowed to spread uncontrolled.

This unit provides you with the necessary elements to help control

dangerous disease-causing germs. By following some very important basic

procedures and by providing a clean salon it will be easy to provide your

clients with the very best professional care without the fear of your clients

becoming infected by a disease agent. It is important to understand that

the removal of all disease-causing germs in a salon will be almost impossible,

but the control of dangerous levels is the key to providing a safe salon.

Objectives






C.O.E. Upon completion of this course, you will be able to discuss the

importance of:

• Decontamination

• Sanitation, disinfecting, and sterilization

• Use of disinfectant products

• Using disinfectants in the salon

• Salon professionalism.

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Professional Salon Environment


Let’s take a close look and see what can be done to identify and control the

professional salon environment. Things like tables, chairs, walls, and floors

are very likely contaminated with a number of germs that may be very

serious disease-causing germs. There may be millions of germs present that

do not affect humans when contact is made. However, one case of an

infected client can send your career and the reputation of your salon

downward. By understanding contamination and knowing the proper

techniques of decontamination, shop operators and owners can avoid ugly

lawsuits and having the business they worked hard to build destroyed.

It is important to understand the more people that enter the salon

environment, the greater the chance that new germs will be introduced and

reintroduced as a result of the human contact factor. Control over where

and what people do before they get to the salon is impossible to monitor,

so contamination concerns must be continuous and ongoing.

Your responsibility as a professional to eliminate and control

contamination is vital.

Decontamination of surfaces and tools used in the salon will allow for a safe

and professional experience for the client. Contamination can occur in many






C.O.E.

forms and on the surface of equipment, implements, and furnishings may

not show signs of contamination. Soiled towels, combs, brushes, and even

clippers can and more than likely are sources for contamination if not

disinfected or sterilized properly.

Sanitation and disinfection are required in the salon to provide a safe

environment for clients, co-workers, employees and oneself. Sanitation is

the removal of large amounts of living organisms from a surface. By

sanitizing tools and other items used in the salon, bacteria and germs are

eliminated or lowered to safer levels. Popular forms of sanitation are

described below.

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4 Decontamination and Infection Control




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• The Heat steam of an autoclave has been used for many

years and has proven to be one of the most dependable

forms of sanitizing.

• Hospital-grade disinfectants are used to sanitize surfaces

and tools as well.

• Quaternary Ammonium Compounds (quats) are available in

liquid or tablet form. Implements should be immersed for 20

minutes or longer to ensure elimination of germs and

bacteria.

• Glutaraldehyde is a germicidal used to disinfect and sterilize

implements that cannot be heat sterilized.

• Ethyl Alcohol is used as a disinfectant. In order to remain

effective, the strength of ethyl alcohol should be no less than

70%.

• Bleach (sodium hypochlorite), commonly known as house hold

bleach, has for many years been utilized as a disinfectant at

killing germs. As a result of more advanced techniques now

being used, bleach is not the preferred method for

decontamination. It is, however, very effective on floors, sinks,

and general cleaning around the salon.

• Ultrasonic Cleaners are used in some salons but must be used

with a disinfectant. The advantage of this device is that it may






C.O.E.

reach tiny crevices that may otherwise be omitted in the

cleaning and sanitizing process.

• Disinfection is also a part of operating a safe salon.

Disinfection is used when objects can be damaged due to

exposure to extreme heat. Disinfection kills microorganisms

with the exception of spores. It is important to understand

that disinfectants should never be used on clients.

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C.O.E.


Note: It is important that directions are followed when using

disinfectants. When directions are not followed money can be

wasted. Furthermore, by not following directions properly, the

product that is to be disinfected may not be if a solution is too

weak. It is also important to understand that the disinfectant

solution always remain at an effective level. In saying this, always

remember to wash all products to be disinfected with soap and

water. If you attempt to disinfect soiled implements, the

solution may become too weak to do an effective job.

Notes:




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Decontamination and Infection Control 5

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Safety Precautions

Remember that disinfectants are industrial strength cleaners that are

powerful and can be harmful if used improperly. Never use a disinfectant to

clean your hands. This is an unsafe practice and can cause skin disease. You

should wear protective equipment such as gloves and safety goggles while

mixing

chemicals for disinfection control. Use soaking baskets and tongs to insert

and remove equipment in disinfectant solutions. Always remember to

clearly mark containers that are used for storing disinfectants.

Look at the following definition.

Sanitation is the process of reducing the levels of pathogens found on a

surface. While the surface may be clean, there are still many

microorganisms residing on the surface.






C.O.E.

Material Safety Data Sheet

(M.S.D.S.)

Every chemical used in the United States must have an M.S.D.S. report

developed by the manufacturer that developed the chemical. The purpose

of the M.S.D.S. is to report the product name, active ingredients, directions

for use, and safety instructions in case of accidents involving the chemical.

The following is a break down of the sections on an M.S.D.S. report.

Product information of the chemical is listed at the very start of the report.

The Manufacturer’s/Distributor emergency contact number(s) along with

product identity, product code number, product use, and hazard

classification.

Section I is a listing of the hazardous ingredients found in the product along

with specific ingredient codes.

Section 2 is the characteristics both physical and chemical of the product in

general. These characteristics include but are not limited to physical state

(liquid or solid), odor appearances like smell and color of product.

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C.O.E. Section 3 is fire and explosion hazard information on the product. Usually

the fire/flame point will be listed and the level of danger to which this

product will burn. Also, the extinguishing procedures are listed here in case

there is a need to control a chemical fire as a result of this product.

Section 4 is the reactivity data section. This section lists chemical(s), which this

product must not come in contact with to ensure the product remains stable.

Section 5 lists the health hazards and if special precautions need to be

followed. This section discusses or lists exposure concerns and first aid

procedures to follow in case of an accident.

Section 6 lists control and protective measures that will need to be followed

to ensure safe use of the product or chemical.






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Section 7 are control measures and precautions on the product. Safe

handling is necessary to ensure that accidents are minimized. Waste disposal

is also listed in this area.

Section 8 is the regulatory information for the product. A listing of active

ingredients that must be reported and a record maintained on file

(M.S.D.S).

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CONTINUING EDUCATION All Rights Reserved. Materials may not be copied, edited, reproduced, distributed, imitated in any way without written permission from C.O. E. Continuing Education.

The course provided was prepared by C.O.E. Continuing Education Curriculum Coordinator. It is not meant to provide medical, legal or professional services advice. If

necessary, it is recommended that you consult a medical, legal or professional services expert licensed in your state. of 234

C.O.E. Material Safety Data Sheet (M.S.D.S.)

Below is an example of an M.S.D.S.

CLOROX

The Clorox Company

7200 Johnson Drive

Pleasanton, California 94588

Tel. (510) 847-8100

Material Safety

Data Sheet

Product: CLOROX GERMICIDAL BLEACH

Description: CLEAR, LIGHT YELLOW LIQUID WITH CHLORINE ODOR

Other Designations Manufacturer Emergency Telephone No.

EPA Registration No. 5813-1

Sodium hypochlorite solution

Liquid chlorine bleach

Clorox Liquid Bleach

The Clorox Company

1221 Broadway

Oakland, CA 94612

Rocky Mountain Poison Center

(800) 446-1014

For Transportation Emergencies Chemtrec

(800) 424-9300

II Health Hazard Data III Hazardous Ingredients Causes substantial but temporary eye injury. May Irritate skin. May

cause nausea and vomiting if ingested. Exposure to vapor or mist may

Irritate nose, throat and lungs. The following medical conditions may be

aggravated by exposure to high concentrations of vapor or mist; heart

conditions or chronic respiratory problems such as asthma, chronic

bronchitle or, obstructive lung disease. Under normal consumer use

conditions the likelihood of any adverse health effects are low.

FIRST AID: EYE CONTACT: Immediately flush eyes with plenty of

water. If irritation persists, see a doctor. SKIN CONTACT: Remove

contaminated clothing. Wash area with water. INGESTION: Drink a

glassful of water and call a physician. INHALATION: If breathing

problems develop remove to fresh air.

Ingredients Concentration Worker Exposure Limit

Sodium hypochlorite 5.25% not established

CAS # 7881-52-9

None of the ingredients in this product are on the IARC, NTP or OSHA

carcinogen list. Occasional clinical reports suggest a low potential for

sensitization upon exaggerated exposure to sodium hypochlorite if skin

damage (e.g. irritation) occurs during exposure. Routine clinical tests

conducted on intact skin with Clorox Liquid Bleach found no sensitization

in the test subjects.

IV Special Protection and Precautions V Transportation and Regulatory Data Hygienic Practices: Wear safety glasses. With repeated or prolonged

use wear gloves.

Engineering Controls: Use general ventilation to minimize exposure to

vapor or mist.

Work Practices: Avoid eye and skin contact and inhalation of vapor or

mist.

Keep out of reach of children.

U.S. DOT Hazard Class: Not restricted

U.S. DOT Proper Shipping Name: Hypochlorite solution with not more

than 7% available chlorine. Not Restricted per 49CFR172.101(c)(12)(lv)

Section 313 (Title lll Superfund Amendment and Reauthorization Act):

As a consumer product, this product is exempt from supplier notification

requirements under Section 313 Title lll of the Superfund Amendment

and Reauthorization Act of 1988 (reference 40 CFR Part 372).

VI Spill or Leak Procedures VII Reactivity Data


All Rights Reserved. Materials may not be copied, edited, reproduced, distributed, imitated in any way without written permission from C.O. E. Continuing Education.

The course provided was prepared by C.O.E. Continuing Education Curriculum Coordinator. It is not meant to provide medical, legal or professional services advice. If

necessary, it is recommended that you consult a medical, legal or professional services expert licensed in your state. of 234

C.O.E.

Small Spills (<5 gallons)

(1) Absorb, containerize, and landfill in accordance with local regulations.

(2) Wash down residual to sanitary sewer.*

Large Spills (>5 gallons)

(1) Absorb, containerize, and landfill in accordance with local regulations;

wash down residual to sanitary sewer.* -OR - (2) Pump material to

waste drum(s) and dispose in accordance with local regulations; wash

down residual to sanitary sewer.*

* Contact the sanitary treatment facility in advance to assure ability to

process washed-down material.

Stable under normal use and storage conditions. Strong oxidizing agent.

Reacts with other household chemicals such as toilet bowl cleaners, rust

removers, vinegar, acids or ammonia containing products to produce

hazardous gases, such as chlorine and other chlorinated species

Prolonged contact with metal may cause pitting or discoloration.

Vlll Fire and Explosion Data IX Physical Data

Not flammable or explosive. In a fire, cool containers to prevent rupture

and release of sodium chlorate.

Boiling point 212 F, 100 C

Specific Gravity (H2O) 1085

Solubility in Water complete

pH 11.4

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Organizing an M.S.D.S. Notebook

Suggestions for setting up an M.S.D.S. notebook include:

• Using a three-ring binder that pages can easily be placed in

or removed from.

• Highlighting specific areas to identify key aspects of the

M.S.D.S. report within the notebook. (see example)

• Alphabetizing the M.S.D.S. reports so that locating the sheets

will be fast.

• Clearly mark the notebook on all sides to indicate it as the

M.S.D.S. notebook.

• Use a white or bright colored notebook so it can be

easily identified as the M.S.D.S. Notebook.

• When ordering products for the first time, request the

company send you a product sheet (M.S.D.S.) page to add to

your notebook.

• Remove any M.S.D.S. reports when the product is no longer

used in the salon.






C.O.E.

• Establish an emergency contact sheet that will be the very

first page in your M.S.D.S. notebook. List the local

emergency numbers for your salon area.

• Add the Centers for Disease Control and the National Poison

Control Center to the emergency contact page.

• Have a sheet that states your salon operators have read and

understand the concept of the M.S.D.S. notebook and have

them sign a form stating the information has been read.

Keep a copy of this form in their employment file.

• Make sure the M.S.D.S. Notebook is located in a place

where all employees have access to it and they are aware

of its location.

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1 Revised November 2008

All Rights Reserved. Materials may not be copied, edited, reproduced, distributed, imitated in any way without written permission from C.O. E. Continuing Education. The course

provided was prepared by C.O.E. Continuing Education Curriculum Coordinator. It is not meant to provide medical, legal or professional services advice. If necessary, it is

recommended that you consult a medical, legal or professional services expert licensed in your state. Page 1 of 234

C.O.E. POST THESE PAGES IN THE SALON/SCHOOL WHERE IT CAN BE READ BY ALL.

Georgia State Board of Cosmetology Sanitary Regulations for Salons and Schools

130-4-.01 Facilities.

(1) All facilities (salons/shops or schools) wherein cosmetology services are practiced or taught within the State

of Georgia must provide suitable quarters equipped to give adequate services, subject to inspection

by representatives of the Georgia State Board of Cosmetology.

(2) A beauty facility shall have a permanent and definite location in which the cosmetology professions of

master cosmetologist, hair designer, nail technician, and/or esthetician, are practiced in accordance with

the laws and rules of the Georgia State Board of Cosmetology. All mobile units, including kiosks, carts,

mobile homes, trailers, and motor homes, shall not be licensed as salons/shops unless they meet all

requirements

of the Board and are permanently anchored on the ground with wheels detached.

130-4-.02 Use of Facility for Home Salon/Shop.

Space used for a cosmetology facility must be separated by tight, ceiling high partitions from residence rooms

and must have separate restrooms. The cosmetology facility shall have a separate outside entrance.

Separate space must be provided for a cosmetology facility. The use of any such space for sleeping, dining or

any other domestic purpose is prohibited.

130-4-.03 Facilities (salon/shop/school).

Space used for a cosmetology facility must be separated by tight, ceiling high partitions from other commercial

facilities.

130-4-.04 Cleanliness.

Walls, ceiling, floors, furniture and equipment must be kept free from excessive dust, dirt and debris. All

equipment must be kept in good and safe working condition.






C.O.E. 130-4-.05 Plumbing, Hot and Cold Water.

Each facility must have proper toilet and plumbing facilities and an adequate supply of hot and cold running

water in accordance with recognized health standards.

130-4-.08 Posting of Licenses, Rules, Reports and Inspection Reports.

(1)Each salon/shop shall post in an open area the current salon/shop license issued to them by the Georgia State

Board of Cosmetology, or a current copy of the online verification of licensure.

(2) Each person employed in the salon/shop shall post, in an open area, the current license/permit issued to

them by the Georgia State Board of Cosmetology or the Georgia State Board of Barbers, or a current copy of

the online verification of licensure.

(3) Salons/Shops shall have posted in an open area at all times a copy of the most recent inspection report.

(4) Salons/Shops shall comply with rules for sanitation, health and disinfectants in Chapter 130-5 of the

Rules of Georgia State Board of Cosmetology.

(5) Sanitary rules and regulations governing salons or shops in the State of Georgia shall be posted in an

open area in the salon/shop so as to be easily read by customers.

130-5-.01 Shampoo Equipment.

Shampoo bowls must be thoroughly cleansed and sanitized.

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C.O.E. 130-5-.02 Linens.

Towels/linens, after being used once, must be placed in a closed container until properly laundered. Clean

towels must be kept in a closed cabinet, container, or closet except linens which are designated for use

on current patrons.

130-5-.03 Sterilization.

The use of any article that is not properly cleansed and disinfected on any patron is prohibited. Hands must be

properly cleansed and sanitized prior to servicing each client.

130-5-.04 Waste and Garbage.

All waste material must be removed daily. Garbage shall be stored in a covered, washable container and shall

not be left in the establishment overnight. Each facility must be free from stale food and soiled dishes.

130-5-.05 Cleaning and Recommended Disinfection of Implements.

(1) All multi-use tools, implements, and equipment used for cosmetology services that come in contact with

a client must be cleaned of all visible debris after each use and disinfected after each use by complete

saturation or immersion for at least 10 minutes in an EPA-registered, hospital-grade disinfectant according to

the manufacturer’s directions. Autoclave is an acceptable method of sterilization. Each salon or shop shall

provide correct wet disinfection and dry storage standards at all times.

(a) Multi-use items constructed of nonporous materials such as metal, glass, or plastic for use on more than

one client include, but are not limited to the following items: nail clippers, cuticle nippers, cuticle pushers,

scissors, shears, reusable nail forms, manicure and pedicure bowls, foot files, glass, metal and fiberglass files,

metal drill bits, tweezers, comedone extractors, brushes, combs, clips, reusable pencil sharpeners, reusable

gloves, and any other metal tools/non-porous implements not listed above.

(b) Single use items shall be discarded after being used one time. These items include: buffers, emery

boards, nail files, sleeves and sanders for electric files, orangewood/birchwood sticks, wooden applicator

sticks or spatulas, porous foot files, pedicure slippers and toe separators, disposable gloves, paraffin liners,

cotton balls, cotton strips or swabs, neck strips and muslin strips or any items that cannot be disinfected.






C.O.E. (2) Wet disinfection standards for tools, implements, or equipment:

(a) After cleaning, all tools, implements and equipment must be disinfected by complete saturation or

immersion (enough solution to cover all surfaces of the item) for 10 minutes in an EPA-registered, hospital-

grade disinfectant that is bactericidal, viruscidal, fungicidal, and pseudomonacidal. The disinfecting

solution must be changed daily and/or prepared according to manufacturer’s directions.

(b) All tools, implements, or equipment that come in contact with blood or body fluids must be disinfected

by complete immersion for a minimum of 10 minutes in an EPA registered disinfectant that is effective

against HIV-1 and Human Hepatitis B Virus, or tuberculocidal that is prepared and used according to the

manufacturer’s directions. Autoclave is an acceptable method of sterilization.

(3) Dry storage standards for tools, implements, or equipment:

(a) All disinfected tools and implements shall be stored in a sanitary manner in a covered container.

The container must be labeled to show that it contains disinfected tools and implements.

(b) Soiled and dirty tools and implements must be stored in a separate and properly labeled covered

container. Soiled and dirty tools and implements shall not be used again until properly cleaned and

disinfected according to the procedures stated in this rule.

(4) Hand washing is required before and between providing services to each client. An anti-bacterial soap

is recommended to sanitize the hands and the exposed portions of arms before providing services and

after smoking, drinking, eating, and using restrooms.

(5) Pedicure equipment cleaning and disinfection procedures to be used for all pedicure equipment that holds water including sinks, bowls, basins, pipe-less, and whirlpool spas are as follows:

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C.O.E. (a) After each client, all pedicure units must be cleaned with a chelating soap or detergent with water to

remove all visible debris, then disinfected with an EPA registered hospital-grade bactericidal, fungicidal,

virucidal, and pseudomonacidal disinfectant used according to manufacturer’s instructions for at least ten

(10) minutes. If

the pedicure unit has a foot plate, it should be removed and the area beneath it cleaned, rinsed, and wiped

dry. (b) At the end of each day of use, the following procedures shall be used:

1. All filter screens in whirlpool pedicure spas or basins for all types of foot spas must be sanitized. All visible

debris in the screen and the inlet must be removed and cleaned with a chelating soap or detergent and water.

For all pedicure units, the jet components and/or foot plate must be removed and any debris removed and

cleaned. The screen, jet, and/or foot plate must be completely immersed in an EPA-registered, hospital-grade

bactericidal, fungicidal, virucidal, and pseudomonacidal disinfectant that is used according to manufacturer’s

instructions. The screen, jet, and/or foot plate should be replaced after disinfection is completed and the

system flushed with warm water and low sudsing soap for 5 minutes, rinsed, and drained.

2. After the above procedures are completed, the basin should be filled with clean water and the correct

amount of EPA-registered disinfectant. The solution must be circulated through foot spa system for 10

minutes and the unit then turned off. The solution should remain in the basin for at least 6 to 10 hours.

Before using the equipment again, the basin system must be drained and flushed with clean water.

(c) Once each week, additional procedures should be performed. After completing the required cleaning procedures for the end of the day, the basin should be filled with water that contains one teaspoon of 5.25% bleach for each gallon of water.

The solution should be circulated through the spa system for 5 to 10 minutes and then the solution should sit overnight in the basin, or for at least 6 to 10 hours. Before being used again, the system should be drained and flushed.

(d) A record or log book containing the dates and times of all pedicure equipment cleaning and disinfection procedures must be documented and kept in the pedicure area by the salon or shop and made available for review upon request by a consumer and/or an inspector from the Board.

(6) Signs shall be posted in clear view in the reception area of the salon/shop as follows: (a) Cosmetology laws, rules, and regulations are available upon request.

(b) All cosmetology services shall only be performed on intact, healthy scalp, skin, and nails.

(c) Customers should not shave their legs the same day as receiving pedicure services to reduce the risk

of infection.

(7) Signs shall be posted in clear view in the pedicure services area of the salon/shop as

follows: (a) All cosmetology services shall only be performed on intact, healthy scalp, skin, and

nails.






C.O.E. (b) Customers should not shave their legs the same day as receiving pedicure services to reduce the risk

of infection.

(c) Any razor-like implement, such as a credo blade, shall not be used to reduce the chance of injury

or infection.

(d) Pumice stones shall not be reused from one customer to another to prevent the spread of bacteria.

130-5-.06 Storage of Preparations.

Creams, lotions and other cosmetics for use on patrons must be kept in sanitary, closed containers.

130-5-.07 Pets.

Pets shall not be allowed in cosmetology facilities, with the exception of animals for handicapped patrons.

130-5-.08 Protective Clothing and Footwear for Patrons.

Patrons in all Georgia Schools/salons/shops shall wear appropriate clothing and footwear to prevent exposure to

potential infectious materials.

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C.O.E. 130-5-.09 Protective Clothing.

Cosmetologists, hair designers, nail technicians, and estheticians in Georgia are required to abide by all state

laws for cosmetology, hair design, nail care, and esthetics. The professions of cosmetology, hair design,

nail technology and esthetics are subject to the guidelines and rules promulgated by Georgia State Board

of Cosmetology. Cosmetologists, hair designers, nail technicians, estheticians are also subject to the

provisions of O.C.G.A. §43-1-19. Practitioners of the cosmetology profession in Georgia shall wear appropriate

protective clothing for clinical services to prevent occupational exposure to potential infectious materials.

Appropriate clothing and footwear may include, but not be limited to, clinical jackets, gloves and/or similar

outer garments for the protection from infectious or harmful materials.



Continuing Education. The course provided was prepared by C.O.E. Continuing Education Curriculum Coordinator. It is not meant to provide medical,

legal or professional services advice. If necessary, it is recommended that you consult a medical, legal or professional services expert licensed in your state. Page 8 of 234





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Appendix A

Georgia State Board of Cosmetology

Glossary of Legal Definitions

Master Cosmetologist

Any person who performs any one or more of the following services for compensation:

Cuts or dresses the hair

Gives facial or scalp massage or facial and scalp treatment with oils or

creams and other preparations made for this purpose, either by hand or

mechanical appliance

Singes and shampoos the hair, dies the hair, or does permanent waving of the hair

Braids the hair by hair weaving, interlocking, twisting, plaiting, wrapping by

hand, chemical or mechanical devices, or using any natural or synthetic fiber

for extensions to the hair

Performs nail care, pedicure, or manicuring services as defined in Nail

Technician

Performs the services of an esthetician as defined in Esthetician or Esthetics

Operator

Such person shall be considered as practicing the occupation of a cosmetologist within the

meaning of this Code section; provided, however, that such term shall not mean a person who

only braids the hair by hairweaving; interlocking; twisting; plaiting; wrapping by hand,

chemical, or mechanical devices; or using any natural or synthetic fiber for extensions to the

hair, and no such person shall be subject to the provisions of this chapter. Such term shall not

apply to a person whose activities are limited to the application of cosmetics which are

marketed to individuals and are readily commercially available to consumers.

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Hair Designer

Any person who performs any one or more of the following services for compensation:

Cuts or dresses the hair

Singes and shampoos the hair or dyes the hair.

Esthetician

A person who, for compensation, engages in any one or a combination of the following

practices, esthetics, or cosmetic skin care:

Massaging the face or neck of a person

Trimming eyebrows

Dyeing eyelashes or eyebrows

Waxing, stimulating, cleansing, or beautifying the face, neck, arms, or legs of

a person by any method with the aid of the hands or any mechanical or

electrical apparatus or by the use of a cosmetic preparation.

Such practices of esthetics shall not include the diagnosis, treatment, or therapy of any

dermatological condition. Such term shall not apply to a person whose activities are limited to

the application of cosmetics which are marketed to individuals and are readily commercially

available to consumers.

Nail Technician

A person who, for compensation, trims, files, shapes, decorates, applies sculptured or otherwise artificial nails, or in any way cares for the nails of the hands and feet of another person.









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