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Chapter 13 Genetics and Biotechnology
Section 1: Applied Genetics
Section 2: DNA Technology
Section 3: The Human Genome
The process by which desired traits of certain plants and animals are selected and passed on to their future generations is called selective breeding.
Selective Breeding
Genetics and Biotechnology
German shepherdService dog
HuskySled dog
Saint BernardRescue dog
13.1 Applied Genetics
Chapter 13
Hybridization
Genetics and Biotechnology
Hybrid organisms can be bred to be more disease-resistant, to produce more offspring, or to grow faster.
A disadvantage of hybridization is that it is time consuming and expensive.
13.1 Applied Genetics
Chapter 13
Inbreeding
Genetics and Biotechnology
The process in which two closely related organisms are bred to have the desired traits and to eliminate the undesired ones in future generations
Pure breeds are maintained by inbreeding.
A disadvantage of inbreeding is that harmful recessive traits also can be passed on to future generations.
13.1 Applied Genetics
Chapter 13
A test cross involves breeding an organism that has the unknown genotype with one that is homozygous recessive for the desired trait.
Genetics and Biotechnology
Test Cross
13.1 Applied Genetics
Chapter 13
Genetic Engineering
Technology that involves manipulating the DNA of one organism in order to insert the DNA of another organism, called exogenous DNA.
Genetics and Biotechnology
13.2 DNA Technology
Chapter 13
Genetically engineered organisms are used
Genetics and Biotechnology
to study the expression of a particular gene.
to investigate cellular processes.
to study the development of a certain disease.
to select traits that might be beneficial to humans.
13.2 DNA Technology
Genetically engineered bollworm
Chapter 13
DNA Tools
Genetics and Biotechnology
An organism’s genome is the total DNA in the nucleus of each cell.
DNA tools can be used to manipulate DNA and to isolate genes from the rest of the genome.
13.2 DNA Technology
Chapter 13
Genetics and Biotechnology
Scientists use restriction enzymes as powerful tools for isolating specific genes or regions of the genome.
13.2 DNA Technology
Chapter 13
Restriction enzymes recognize and bind to specific DNA sequences and cleave the DNA within the sequence.
Genetics and Biotechnology
The ends of the DNA fragments, called sticky ends, contain single-stranded DNA that is complementary.
13.2 DNA Technology
Chapter 13
EcoRI specifically cuts DNA containing the sequence GAATTC.
Genetics and BiotechnologyChapter 13
Genetics and Biotechnology
An electric current is used to separate DNA fragments according to the size of the fragments in a process called gel electrophoresis.
When an electric current is applied, the DNA fragments move toward the positive end of the gel.
The smaller fragments move farther faster than the larger ones.
13.2 DNA Technology
Chapter 13
Genetics and Biotechnology
The unique pattern created based on the size of the DNA fragment can be compared to known DNA fragments for identification.
13.2 DNA Technology
Gel electrophoresis
Chapter 13
Genetics and Biotechnology
The newly generated DNA molecule with DNA from different sources is called recombinant DNA.
13.2 DNA Technology
Chapter 13
Genetics and Biotechnology
To make a large quantity of recombinant plasmid DNA, bacterial cells are mixed with recombinant plasmid DNA.
Some of the bacterial cells take up the recombinant plasmid DNA through a process called transformation.
13.2 DNA Technology
Chapter 13
Genetics and Biotechnology
Large numbers of identical bacteria, each containing the inserted DNA molecules, can be produced through a process called cloning.
13.2 DNA Technology
Chapter 13
Genetics and Biotechnology
To understand how DNA is sequenced, scientists mix an unknown DNA fragment, DNA polymerase, and the four nucleotides—A, C, G, T in a tube.
13.2 DNA Technology
Chapter 13
Genetics and Biotechnology
Each nucleotide is tagged with a different color of fluorescent dye.
Every time a modified fluorescent-tagged nucleotide isincorporated into the newly synthesized strand, the reaction stops.
13.2 DNA Technology
Chapter 13
Genetics and Biotechnology
The sequencing reaction is complete when the tagged DNA fragments are separated by gel electrophoresis.
13.2 DNA Technology
Chapter 13
Genetics and Biotechnology
13.2 DNA Technology
PCR Analysis
Chapter 13
A technique called the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) can be used to make millions of copies of a specific region of a DNA fragment.
Genetics and Biotechnology
13.2 DNA Technology
Chapter 13
Genetics and BiotechnologyChapter 13
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Biotechnology
Organisms, genetically engineered by inserting a gene from another organism, are called transgenic organisms.
13.2 DNA Technology
Chapter 13
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Transgenic Animals
Scientists produce most transgenic animals in laboratories for biological research.
Mice, fruit flies, and the roundworm Caenorhabditis elegans
13.2 DNA Technology
Chapter 13
Genetics and Biotechnology
Transgenic Plants
Genetically engineered cotton resists insect infestation of the bolls.
Sweet-potato plants are resistant to a virus that could kill most of the African harvest.
Rice plants with increased iron and vitamins could decrease malnutrition.
13.2 DNA Technology
Chapter 13
Gene Splicing
The Human Genome Project
The goal of the Human Genome Project (HGP) was to determine the sequence of the approximately three billion nucleotides that make up human DNA and to identify all of the approximately 20,000–25,000 human genes.
Genetics and Biotechnology
13.3 The Human Genome
Chapter 13
Sequencing the Genome
Each of the 46 human chromosomes was cleaved.
Genetics and Biotechnology
These fragments were combined with vectors to create recombinant DNA, cloned to make many copies, and sequenced using automated sequencing machines.
Computers analyzed the overlapping regions to generate one continuous sequence.
13.3 The Human Genome
Chapter 13
Genetics and Biotechnology
Decoding the sequence of the human genome can be compared toreading a book that was printed in code.
13.3 The Human Genome
Chapter 13
Less than two percent of all of the nucleotides in the human genome code for all the proteins in the body.
Genetics and Biotechnology
The genome is filled with long stretches of repeated sequences that have no direct function.
These regions are called noncoding sequences.
13.3 The Human Genome
Chapter 13
DNA Fingerprinting
Genetics and Biotechnology
Protein-coding regions of DNA are almost identical among individuals.
The long stretches of noncoding regions of DNA are unique to each individual.
DNA fingerprinting involves separating these DNA fragments to observe the distinct banding patterns that are unique to every individual.
13.3 The Human Genome
Chapter 13
Identifying Genes
Genetics and Biotechnology
Researchers have identified genes by scanning the sequence for Open Reading Frames (ORFs).
ORFs contain at least 100 codons that begin with a start codon and end with a stop codon.
13.3 The Human Genome
Chapter 13
Bioinformatics
Genetics and Biotechnology
Creating and maintaining databases of biological information
Finding genes in DNA sequences of various organisms and developing methods to predict the structure and function of newly discovered proteins
13.3 The Human Genome
Chapter 13
DNA Microarrays
Genetics and Biotechnology
Tiny microscope slides or silicon chips that are spotted with DNA fragments
Help researchers determine whether the expression of certain genes is caused by genetic factors or environmental factors.
13.3 The Human Genome
Visualizing Microarray Analysis
Chapter 13
Genetics and Biotechnology
Variations in the DNA sequence that occur when a single nucleotide in the genome is altered are called single nucleotide polymorphisms or SNPs.
13.3 The Human Genome
Chapter 13
Regions of linked variations in the human genome are known as haplotypes.
Genetics and Biotechnology
Assembling the HapMap involves identifying groups of SNPs in a specific region of DNA.
13.3 The Human Genome
Chapter 13
The HapMap will enable geneticists to take advantage of how SNPs and other genetic variations are organized on chromosomes.
Genetics and Biotechnology
13.3 The Human Genome
Chapter 13
Genetics and Biotechnology
The benefits of pharmacogenomics include more accurate dosing of drugs that are safer and more specific.
13.3 The Human Genome
Chapter 13
The study of how genetic inheritance affects the body’s response to drugs is called pharmacogenomics.
Genomics is the study of an organism’s genome.
A technique aimed at correcting mutated genesthat cause human diseases is called gene therapy.
Genetics and Biotechnology
Scientists insert a normal gene into a chromosome to replace a dysfunctional gene.
13.3 The Human Genome
Chapter 13
Genes are the primary information storage units, whereas proteins are the machines of a cell.
Genetics and Biotechnology
13.3 The Human Genome
Chapter 13
The large-scale study and cataloging of the structure and function of proteins in the human body is called proteomics.
13.3 The Human Genome
Genetics and BiotechnologyChapter 13
Genetics and Biotechnology
Chapter Resource Menu
Chapter Diagnostic Questions
Formative Test Questions
Chapter Assessment Questions
Standardized Test Practice
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Vocabulary
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Chapter 13
A. It is relatively inexpensive to perform.
B. It produces offspring with specific traits.
Which statement is not true of hybridization?
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D. It can take a long time to be successful.
C. It crosses a parent organism with
different forms of a trait.
Chapter 13
Chapter Diagnostic Questions
A. genetic engineering
B. gel electrophoresis
C. cleaving
D. selective breeding
Name the process that scientists use to separate DNA fragments according to size.
Genetics and BiotechnologyChapter 13
Chapter Diagnostic Questions
A. cloning
B. sequencing
C. transformation
D. manipulation
Select the process in which one type of bacterium takes up the DNA from another type of bacterium.
Genetics and BiotechnologyChapter 13
Chapter Diagnostic Questions
A. homogenization
B. inbreeding
C. selective breeding
D. test crossing
Which term explains how humans have been able to produce a wide variety of domestic cats?
Genetics and BiotechnologyChapter 13
13.1 Formative Questions
A new breed of cattle has been developed by crossing English Shorthorn cattle, which provide good beef but cannot withstand hot environments, and Brahman cattle from India that have a high heat tolerance but produce poor beef. The new breed, Santa Gertrudis, produces excellent beef and can live in hot environments. Which term describes Santa Gertrudis cattle?
Genetics and BiotechnologyChapter 13
13.1 Formative Questions
A. cross breed
B. hybrid
C. outbred
D. purebred
Genetics and BiotechnologyChapter 13
13.1 Formative Questions
A. hybridization
B. inbreeding
C. line breeding
D. out crossing
Harmful recessive traits can be passed through generations of purebred animals as a result of _______.
Genetics and BiotechnologyChapter 13
13.1 Formative Questions
Once a tomato grower observes the desired trait in her tomato plants, she decides to perform a test cross. What is the purpose for doing the test cross?
Genetics and BiotechnologyChapter 13
13.1 Formative Questions
Genetics and BiotechnologyChapter 13
A. to determine if the trait is dominant or recessive
B. to determine the phenotype of theplants
C. to determine if the plants carry beneficial recessive alleles
D. to determine if the plants are homozygous dominant or heterozygous
13.1 Formative Questions
A. bioengineering
B. cloning
C. genetic engineering
D. transgenics
What is the name for the technology that involves inserting the genes of one organism into the DNA of another organism?
Genetics and BiotechnologyChapter 13
13.2 Formative Questions
A. DNA ligase
B. polymerase
C. restriction enzyme
D. transcriptase
Which type of protein can recognize specific DNA sequences and cleave the DNA within that sequence?
Genetics and BiotechnologyChapter 13
13.2 Formative Questions
A. DNA fragmentation
B. gel electrophoresis
C. transgenic cloning
D. polymerase chain reaction
Which process separates DNA fragments according to size and has many applications in genetic engineering and biotechnology?
Genetics and BiotechnologyChapter 13
13.2 Formative Questions
A. complementary DNA
B. exogenous DNA
C. genomic DNA
D. recombinant DNA
A DNA molecule that has had genes from another organism inserted into it is called _______.
Genetics and BiotechnologyChapter 13
13.2 Formative Questions
Why is polymerase chain reaction (PCR) one of the most powerful tools used by scientists?
Genetics and BiotechnologyChapter 13
13.2 Formative Questions
A. It can be used to identify errors in DNA
sequences and predict the function of genes.
B. It can detect a single DNA molecule in a sampleand make millions of copies of it.
C. It creates large amounts of recombinant DNA in genetically engineered organisms.
D. It creates DNA fragments with sticky ends that can join with other DNA fragments.
Genetics and BiotechnologyChapter 13
13.2 Formative Questions
True or False
The task of sequencing the entire DNA in human cells has been completed.
Chapter 13 Genetics and Biotechnology
13.3 Formative Questions
A. the noncoding sequences
B. the regions that code for proteins
C. the sections that contain genes
D. the genes that code for fingerprints
Which sections of human DNA are unique to every individual?
Genetics and BiotechnologyChapter 13
13.3 Formative Questions
A. algorithms
B. bioanalysis
C. bioinformatics
D. microarray analysis
Which field of study involves the careful storage, organization and indexing of data on DNA sequences?
Genetics and BiotechnologyChapter 13
13.3 Formative Questions
A. haplotype
B. chromosome
C. DNA
D. proteome
If the genome represents the words in a dictionary, then the definition and usage of those words is represented by the _______.
Genetics and BiotechnologyChapter 13
13.3 Formative Questions
Look at the following image. These are the results of what process?
Answer: a test cross
Genetics and BiotechnologyChapter 13
Chapter Assessment Questions
What is the role of the molecule below in DNA cloning?
Genetics and BiotechnologyChapter 13
Chapter Assessment Questions
A. to carry the foreign DNA into the host cell
Genetics and BiotechnologyChapter 13
B. to identify the source of DNA as foreign
C. to identify the host cell that has takenup the gene of interest
D. to make the foreign DNA susceptible todigestion with enzymes
Chapter Assessment Questions
A. 1:2:1
B. 1:1
C. All are homozygous recessive.
D. All are heterozygous.
What is the genotypic ratio of the offspring in the cross to the right?
Genetics and BiotechnologyChapter 13
Chapter Assessment Questions
A. BB
B. Bb
A person wishes to raise guinea pigs with black fur, the dominant trait. She selects a male black guinea pig and performs a test cross with a female that has white fur, the recessive trait. What is the black guinea pig’s genotype if any of the offspring are white?
Genetics and BiotechnologyChapter 13
C. bb
D. bW
Standardized Test Practice
How do researchers distinguish between the bacterial cells that contain the recombinant DNA and those that do not?
Chapter 13 Genetics and Biotechnology
Standardized Test Practice
A. They observe the two types of cells under a microscope.
B. They tag the recombinant DNA withfluorescent dye.
Chapter 13 Genetics and Biotechnology
C. They use an antibiotic to kill the cells thatdo not contain recombinant DNA.
D. They use gel electrophoresis to separatethe cells containing recombinant DNA.
Standardized Test Practice
Which is not yet a use for transgenic organisms?
Genetics and Biotechnology
A. animals that can produce organs for organtransplants
B. animals that can secrete enzymes that areuseful to humans
C. bacteria that can decompose oil spills and garbage
Chapter 13
D. plants that are resistant to insects and viruses
Standardized Test Practice
Which transgenic species could pose a potential threat to other organisms?
Genetics and BiotechnologyChapter 13
Standardized Test Practice
Genetics and Biotechnology
A. bacteria that are resistant to antibiotics
B. chickens and turkeys that are resistant todiseases
C. cotton that is resistant to herbicides andinfection
D. goats that secrete a protein used toprevent human blood from forming clots
Chapter 13
Standardized Test Practice
Why has the Food and Drug Administration halted clinical trials using gene therapy?
Genetics and BiotechnologyChapter 13
A. The clinical trials affect the body’sresponse to drugs.
B. There is a risk of producing a transgenic human.
Standardized Test Practice
Why has the Food and Drug Administration halted clinical trials using gene therapy?
Genetics and BiotechnologyChapter 13
C. Inserting genes is done by a virusthat infects the patient’s cells.
D. Doctors are able to take advantage ofgenetic variations on chromosomes.
Standardized Test Practice
Genetics and Biotechnology
Glencoe Biology Transparencies
Chapter 13
Genetics and Biotechnology
Image Bank
Chapter 13
selective breeding
inbreeding
test cross
Genetics and Biotechnology
Vocabulary
Section 1
Chapter 13
genetic engineering
genome
restriction enzyme
gel electrophoresis
recombinant DNA
plasmid
DNA ligase
transformation
cloning
polymerase chain
reaction
transgenic organism
Genetics and Biotechnology
Vocabulary
Section 2
Chapter 13
DNA fingerprinting
bioinformatics
DNA microarray
single nucleotide
polymorphism
haplotype
pharmacogenomics
gene therapy
genomics
proteomics
Genetics and Biotechnology
Vocabulary
Section 3
Chapter 13
Genetics and BiotechnologyChapter 13
Animation
Restriction Digest
PCR Analysis
Visualizing Microarray Analysis