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Chapter 9 Cellular Reproduction
Section 1: Cellular Growth
Section 2: Mitosis and Cytokinesis
Section 3: Cell Cycle Regulation
9.1 Cellular Growth
Ratio of Surface Area to Volume
Chapter 9 Cellular Reproduction
Cellular Reproduction
As the cell grows, its volume increases much more rapidly than the surface area.
The cell might have difficulty supplying nutrients and expelling enough waste products.
Chapter 9
9.1 Cellular Growth
Transport of Substances
Substances move by diffusion or by motor proteins.
Diffusion over large distances is slow and inefficient.
Cellular Reproduction
Small cells maintain more efficient transport systems.
Chapter 9
9.1 Cellular Growth
Cellular Communications
The need for signaling proteins to move throughout the cell also limits cell size.
Cell size affects the ability of the cell to communicate instructions for cellular functions.
Cellular ReproductionChapter 9
9.1 Cellular Growth
The Cell Cycle
Cell division prevents the cell from becoming too large.
It also is the way the cell reproduces so that you grow and heal certain injuries.
Cellular Reproduction
Cells reproduce by a cycle of growing and dividing called the cell cycle.
Chapter 9
9.1 Cellular Growth
Interphase is the stage during which the cell grows, carries out cellular functions, and replicates.
Mitosis is the stage of the cell cycle during which the cell’s nucleus and nuclear material divide.
Cellular ReproductionChapter 9
9.1 Cellular Growth
Cytokinesis is the method by which a cell’s cytoplasm divides, creating a new cell.
Cellular Reproduction
The Stages of Interphase
The first stage of interphase, G1
The cell is growing, carrying out normal cell functions, and preparing to replicate DNA.
Chapter 9
9.1 Cellular Growth
Cellular Reproduction
The Second Stage of Interphase, S
The cell copies its DNA in preparation for cell division.
Chapter 9
9.1 Cellular Growth
Cellular Reproduction
The Third Stage of Interphase, G2
The cell prepares for the division of its nucleus.
Chapter 9
9.1 Cellular Growth
9.2 Mitosis and Cytokinesis
Cellular Reproduction
The Stages of Mitosis
Prophase
The cell’s chromatin tightens.
Sister chromatids are attached at the centromere.
Spindle fibers form in the cytoplasm.
Chapter 9
Cellular Reproduction
The nuclear envelope seems to disappear.
Spindle fibers attach to the sister chromatids.
Chapter 9
9.2 Mitosis and Cytokinesis
Cellular Reproduction
Metaphase
Sister chromatids are pulled along the spindle apparatus toward the center of the cell.
They line up in the middle of the cell.
Chapter 9
9.2 Mitosis and Cytokinesis
Cellular Reproduction
Anaphase
The microtubules of the spindle apparatus begin to shorten.
The sister chromatids separate.
The chromosomes move toward the poles of the cell.
Chapter 9
9.2 Mitosis and Cytokinesis
Cellular Reproduction
Telophase
The chromosomes arrive at the poles and begin to relax.
Two new nuclear membranes begin to form and the nucleoli reappear.
The spindle apparatus disassembles.
Chapter 9
9.2 Mitosis and Cytokinesis
Cellular Reproduction
Cytokinesis
In animal cells, microfilaments constrict, or pinch, the cytoplasm.
In plant cells, a new structure, called a cell plate, forms.
Chapter 9
9.2 Mitosis and Cytokinesis
Visualizing the Cell Cycle
9.3 Cell Cycle Regulation
Cellular Reproduction
Normal Cell Cycle
Different cyclin/CDK combinations signal other activities, including DNA replication, protein synthesis, and nuclear division throughout the cell cycle.
Chapter 9
Cellular Reproduction
Quality Control Checkpoints
The cell cycle has built-in checkpoints that monitor the cycle and can stop it if something goes wrong.
Spindle checkpoints also have been identified in mitosis.
Chapter 9
9.3 Cell Cycle Regulation
Cellular Reproduction
Abnormal Cell Cycle: Cancer
Cancer is the uncontrolled growth and division of cells.
Cancer cells can kill an organism by crowding out normalcells, resulting in the loss of tissue function.
Chapter 9
9.3 Cell Cycle Regulation
Cellular Reproduction
Causes of Cancer
The changes that occur in the regulation of cell growth and division of cancer cells are due to mutations.
Various environmental factors can affect the occurrence of cancer cells.
Chapter 9
9.3 Cell Cycle Regulation
Cellular Reproduction
Apoptosis
Programmed cell death
Cells going through apoptosis actually shrink and shrivel in a controlled process.
Chapter 9
9.3 Cell Cycle Regulation
Cellular Reproduction
Stem Cells
Unspecialized cells that can develop into specialized cells when under the right conditions
Chapter 9
9.3 Cell Cycle Regulation
Cellular Reproduction
Embryonic Stem Cells
After fertilization, the resulting mass of cells divides repeatedly until there are about 100–150 cells. These cells have not become specialized.
Chapter 9
9.3 Cell Cycle Regulation
Cellular Reproduction
Adult Stem Cells
Found in various tissues in the body and might be used to maintain and repair the same kind of tissue
Less controversial because the adult stem cells can be obtained with the consent of their donor
Chapter 9
9.3 Cell Cycle Regulation
Cellular Reproduction
Cellular Reproduction
Chapter Resource Menu
Chapter Diagnostic Questions
Formative Test Questions
Chapter Assessment Questions
Standardized Test Practice
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Glencoe Biology Transparencies
Image Bank
Vocabulary
AnimationClick on a hyperlink to view the corresponding lesson.
Chapter 9
A. interphase
B. prophase
C. metaphase
D. telophase
Which is the first phase of mitosis?
Cellular Reproduction
Chapter Diagnostic Questions
Chapter 9
A. interphase
B. metaphase
C. anaphase
D. telophase
During what phase do the sister chromatids line up in the middle of the cell?
Cellular Reproduction
Chapter Diagnostic Questions
Chapter 9
A. cytokinesis
B. interphase
C. apoptosis
D. mitosis
Which is not a phase of the cell cycle?
Cellular Reproduction
Chapter Diagnostic Questions
Chapter 9
Which can more efficiently supply nutrients and expel waste products?
Cellular Reproduction
A. larger cells
B. smaller cells
C. cells with lower surface area to volume ratio
D. cells shaped like a cube
9.1 Formative Questions
Chapter 9
At what stage does a cell spend most of its life?
Cellular Reproduction
A. cytokinesis
B. interphase
C. mitosis
D. synthesis
9.1 Formative Questions
Chapter 9
What happens in the cell during cytokinesis?
Cellular Reproduction
9.1 Formative Questions
Chapter 9
A. The cell grows and carries out normalfunctions.
B. The cell copies its DNA and formschromosomes.
C. The cell’s nucleus and nuclear materialdivide.
D. The cell’s cytoplasm divides.
In what stage of the cell cycle does the cell’s replicated genetic material separate?
Cellular Reproduction
A. cytokinesis
B. interphase
C. mitosis
D. prophase
9.2 Formative Questions
Chapter 9
Which diagram shows anaphase?
Cellular Reproduction
9.2 Formative Questions
Chapter 9
A. B.
C. D.
True or False
At the end of mitosis the nuclear material is divided and two new cells have formed.
Cellular Reproduction
9.2 Formative Questions
Chapter 9
What are the “key and ignition” that start the various activities in the cell cycle?
Cellular Reproduction
A. chromatin and chromosomes
B. cyclin and CDKs
C. microtubules and spindle fibers
D. protein and ribosomes
9.3 Formative Questions
Chapter 9
Which of these cancer-causing substances or agents is impossible to avoid completely?
Cellular Reproduction
A. chemicals such as asbestos
C. tobacco and second-hand smoke
D. ultraviolet radiation from the Sun
B. food and drinks that the FDA warns may
contain carcinogens
9.3 Formative Questions
Chapter 9
What is the term for the programmed death of cells that are damaged beyond repair or have harmful changes in their DNA?
Cellular Reproduction
A. apoptosis
B. carcinogens
C. cytokinesis
D. mitosis
9.3 Formative Questions
Chapter 9
Which cells are not locked into becoming one particular kind of cell and are capable of developing into specialized tissues?
Cellular Reproduction
A. apoptotic cells
B. cancer cells
C. prokaryotic cells
D. stem cells
9.3 Formative Questions
Chapter 9
This cell has completed what stage of mitosis?
Cellular Reproduction
A. anaphase
B. interphase
C. metaphase
D. telophase
Chapter Assessment Questions
Chapter 9
What term is used to describe programmed cell death?
Cellular Reproduction
A. apoptosis
B. anaphase
C. necrosis
D. cyclins
Chapter Assessment Questions
Chapter 9
What is the role of cyclins in a cell?
Cellular Reproduction
A. to control the movement of microtubules
B. to signal for the cell to divide
D. to cause the nucleolus to disappear
C. to stimulate the breakdown of thenuclear membrane
Chapter Assessment Questions
Chapter 9
Cellular Reproduction
Which cell has the lowest ratio of surface area to volume?
Standardized Test Practice
Chapter 9
AB C
Cellular Reproduction
At what stage of interphase does the cell take inventory and make sure it is ready for the division of its nucleus?
A. G1
B. S
C. G2
D. M
Standardized Test Practice
Chapter 9
Which occurs in plant cells but not animal cells during the cell cycle?
A. formation of a cell plate
B. formation of microtubules
C. formation of a cleavage furrow at the equatorof the cell
D. movement of chromosomes to the poles of the cell
Cellular Reproduction
Standardized Test Practice
Chapter 9
Cellular Reproduction
True or False
Multiple changes in DNA are required to change an abnormal cell into a cancer cell.
Standardized Test Practice
Chapter 9
Which is not a condition that can result in cancer?
Cellular Reproduction
Standardized Test Practice
Chapter 9
A. a failure in the control mechanisms thatregulate the cell cycle
B. a failure in the repair systems that fixchanges or damage to DNA
C. a failure of the spindle fibers to movechromosomes during mitosis
D. mutations or changes in segments of DNAthat control protein production
Cellular Reproduction
Glencoe Biology Transparencies
Chapter 9
Cellular Reproduction
Image Bank
Chapter 9
cell cycle
interphase
mitosis
cytokinesis
chromosome
chromatin
Cellular ReproductionChapter 9
Vocabulary
Section 1
prophase
sister chromatid
centromere
spindle apparatus
metaphase
anaphase
telophase
Cellular ReproductionChapter 9
Vocabulary
Section 2
cyclin
cyclin-dependent kinase
cancer
carcinogen
apoptosis
stem cell
Cellular ReproductionChapter 9
Vocabulary
Section 3
Cellular ReproductionChapter 9
Visualizing the Cell Cycle
Animation