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Climate and Weather Climate and Weather ISCI 2001

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Page 1: Climate and Weather ISCI 2001. Climate and Weather

Climate and Weather Climate and Weather ISCI 2001

Page 2: Climate and Weather ISCI 2001. Climate and Weather

Climate and Weather Climate and Weather

Page 3: Climate and Weather ISCI 2001. Climate and Weather

Climate Zones Climate Zones

Page 4: Climate and Weather ISCI 2001. Climate and Weather

The Earth’s Atmospheres The Earth’s Atmospheres Mostly nitrogen (78%) and oxygen

(21%)◦Troposphere

Temperature ◦-50 to 40 Celsius

Stratosphere ◦Ozone layer (O3)

◦UV light

Page 5: Climate and Weather ISCI 2001. Climate and Weather

Greenhouse Effect Greenhouse Effect Terrestrial radiation ‘trapped’ by

greenhouse gases◦Carbon dioxide

Page 6: Climate and Weather ISCI 2001. Climate and Weather

Greenhouse Effect – Greenhouse Effect – Greenhouse Gases Greenhouse Gases • (1). Carbon dioxide

– Fossil fuels; deforestation; organic decay; forest fires

• (2). Ozone– Sunlight chemically reacts with O2 (natural)– Photochemical smog production

• (3). Methane– Wetlands; biomass burning; termites; organic decay

• (4). Chlorofluorocarbons– Refrigerants; aerosol spray propellants; cleaning solvents

• (5). Nitrous Oxide – Fertilizers; burning of fossil fuels; forests; grasslands

Page 7: Climate and Weather ISCI 2001. Climate and Weather

Importance of Ozone Importance of Ozone Absorbs UV radiation

Formed in the stratosphere

Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs)

Ozone Holes

Page 8: Climate and Weather ISCI 2001. Climate and Weather

GH Effect Importance GH Effect Importance Naturally warms the surface of

the Earth

Keeps the average temperature of the Earth normal (sustain life)◦-18 C otherwise

Global Warming ◦Increased GH effect, GH gases

Page 9: Climate and Weather ISCI 2001. Climate and Weather

Atmospheric PressureAtmospheric PressureDensity of air decreases with altitude

◦‘thinning’ of air

Sea Level ◦1cubic meter

Mass 1.2 kg (at 10 km 0.4 kg)

101.3 kPa or 1 atmosphere of pressure

Barometer

Page 10: Climate and Weather ISCI 2001. Climate and Weather

Atmospheric Pressure Atmospheric Pressure

Page 11: Climate and Weather ISCI 2001. Climate and Weather

How Winds are produced How Winds are produced Air that flows from high to low pressure

areas◦ Uneven heat of the Earth’s surface

Warm air is lower density and low air pressure Cool air higher density and higher air pressure Isobars

Produces a convection current

Local winds ◦ Small scale changes in convection cells and

pressure gradients ◦ Global wind patterns – prevailing winds

Page 12: Climate and Weather ISCI 2001. Climate and Weather

Winds – Convection Cells Winds – Convection Cells

Page 13: Climate and Weather ISCI 2001. Climate and Weather

Prevailing Winds – Hadley Prevailing Winds – Hadley Cells Cells

Page 14: Climate and Weather ISCI 2001. Climate and Weather

Coriolis Effect Coriolis Effect Earth Rotation effects global wind

patterns ◦Objects deviate from straight-line

path including winds – deflected

Deflects winds to the right in the Northern Hemisphere and to the Left in the Southern Hemisphere

Jet Streams

Page 15: Climate and Weather ISCI 2001. Climate and Weather

Cloud Formation and Cloud Formation and PrecipitationPrecipitationAggregates of water droplets

formed by rising air that expands and cools ◦Cumulus, stratus or cirrus

Page 16: Climate and Weather ISCI 2001. Climate and Weather

Cloud Classification Cloud Classification

Page 17: Climate and Weather ISCI 2001. Climate and Weather

Cirrocumulus

Cirrostratus

Altocumulus

Cumulonimbus

Page 18: Climate and Weather ISCI 2001. Climate and Weather

Air Masses and Fronts Air Masses and Fronts Air Mass

◦Arctic, polar, tropical

Weather Fronts ◦Warm vs Cold Fronts ◦Stationary

Animation

Page 19: Climate and Weather ISCI 2001. Climate and Weather

Fronts Fronts

Page 20: Climate and Weather ISCI 2001. Climate and Weather

Formation of Cyclones Formation of Cyclones Hurricanes

Tornados

Page 21: Climate and Weather ISCI 2001. Climate and Weather

Solar Radiation, Tilting of the Solar Radiation, Tilting of the Earth and the Seasons Earth and the Seasons