CLIMATE CHANGE AND ITS EFFECT ON BIOLOGY OF MELON THRIPS AND

COMMON BLOSSOM THRIPS

Dakshina R. SealUniversity of Florida-IFAS

Tropical Research and Education CenterHomestead, FL 33031

USA

Images and data information on various facts in this presentation were collected from online sources

The author respectfully acknowledge the contribution of those sources

Earth's climate is warmingDuring the last 100 years, earth’s temperature has risen about 2oF (1.1 oC) due to increased CO2

Most of the warming occurred in the last 35 years, with 16 of the 17 warmest years on record occurring since 2001.

2016 was the warmest year on record (3.17oF); not only that, eight of the 12 months from Jan. to Sept. except June, were the warmest on record for those respective months.

Credit: Vostok ice core data/J.R. Petit et al.; NOAA Mauna Loa CO2 record

Co2 plays a major role (at least73%) on warming the greenhouse gases followed by methane, nitrous oxide and others.

Co2 concentration have been increasing at an astonishing rate because of human activities, such as rapid fossil fuel exploration and deforestation. (China: 6.6 mil barrels and the USA: 20.5 mil barrels/day). In 2004, fossil fuel burning released 7 billion tons of carbon.

Global CO2 concentration increased from 270 ppm (preindustrial age) to 381 ppm (present)= This is a 41% increase during the last 150 years.

USA, per person: 19.8 tons, China: 4.6, Russia: 12, Guadeloupe: 4.7,

1 barrel = 42 us gallons = 159 litres.

Glacial Cycles

• Just in the last 650,000 years Seven cycles of glacial advance and retreat

• Last ice age abruptly ended 7000 years ago marking the beginning of the modern climate era and of human civilization.

• Most of these climate change attributed to very small variations in Earth’s orbit

Shrinking ice sheets

Flowing meltwater from the Greenland ice sheet

NASA:Greenland lost 36 to 60 cubic miles of ice per year between 2002 and 2006,281 billion metric tonsapproximate ice loss per year

Antertica lost about 36 cubic miles of ice between 2002 and 2005: 118 billion metric tons ice loss per year

Declining Arctic sea ice

Visualization of the 2012 Arctic sea ice minimum, the lowest on record

Both the extent and thickness of Arctic sea ice has declined rapidly over the last several decades.8

https://climate.nasa.gov/evidence/#footnote_8

Glacial retreat

The disappearing snowcap of Mount Kilimanjaro, from space.

Glaciers are retreating almost everywhere around the world —including in the Alps, Himalayas, Andes, Rockies, Alaska and Africa.9

https://climate.nasa.gov/evidence/#footnote_9

Yearly loss of Glaciers

400 billion tons -approximate total glacier loss per year since 1994

Global climate change, vital signs of the planet

Two reasons: Melting ice sheets and glaciersExpansion of sea water as in warms

Sea level rise

Global sea level rose about 8 inches in the Last century

The rate in the last two decades is nearly double that of the last century

Image: Republic of Maldives: Vulnerable to sea level rise

Warming oceans

• The oceans have absorbed much of this increased heat, with the top 2,300 feet (700 meters) of ocean showing warming of 0.302 oF since 1969.

Ocean acidification

Mostly due to human activitymore CO2 in atmosphere, more being absorbed into the oceans.Absorption of CO2 by upper layer of ocean is about 2 billion tons/year

Global warming leads to coral bleaching and changes ocean chemistry to acidification.

Extreme eventsThe number of record high temperature events in the United States has been increasing, while the number of record low temperature events has been decreasing, since 1950. The U.S. has also witnessed increasing numbers of intense rainfall events.

2004 deadly Tsunami in Thailand

2010 earthquake of Haiti; Property loss 13.2 billion; Death toll 250,000

2017 Scores killed in Bangladesh landslides after heavy rain

Sept 2010 house destroyed, villager killed in Devali, Uttarakhand, India.

2005 HurricaneKatrina hit New Orleans$108 billion property damage

Climate change on the population dynamics of insects• Greater over-wintering survival• Earlier appearance in spring• Increase in number of generations in a year• Lengthening of the reproductive season

Variation in response

• Different insect guilds respond differently to hot summer-• Increase in density• Decrease in density

• If the regime remains unchanged the effected population can recover sooner or later .

• In some instances, warm temperature may cause outbreak of predators and may cause shift of regimes.

Climate change and IPM

• IPM is the heart of pest control• Farming strategies, biological control agents, necessary pesticides

help growers to cope with current pest problems.• Climate change may make IPM solutions less effective and harder to

implement.• Additionally, the spread of pest through human vectors will continue

to become a problem, especially as they become more tolerant to environmental conditions.

Climate change and Plant resistance

• Global warming will affect plant resistance to insects.• Lower foliar nitrogen content due to CO2 causes increase in food

consumption by up to 40%

• Global warming may also change flowering times in temperate regions, leading to ecological consequences such as introduction of new insects.

Plant development, insecticide degeneration

• Higher CO2- longer development period• More management cost• Higher temperature accelerates pesticide degeneration (specifically

pyrethroids).

• Climate change has a strong direct influence on development, reproduction and survival of insects.

Climate change and Extinction

• Two million species so far described, up to 10% (200,000 species) have the potential to become significant invaders.

• Current extinction rates are 100 to 1,000 times greater than what has happened earlier,

• Nearly 45 to 275 species are becoming extint everyday (Anonymous, 2013).

Natural enemies

• In some instances, warm temperature may cause outbreak of predators and may cause shift of regimes.

BIOLOGY OF THRIPS

Common blossom thrips, Frankliniella schultzei Trybom

Melon thrips, Thrips palmi Karny

Figure 1. Seasonal abundance of T. palmi in in ‘Pod Squad’ beans during 1994 – 2016

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Thrips palmi1080320215245305500170150

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Abundance of common blossom thrips and itstransmitted TCSV

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Vegetable crop hosts of thrips

Squash Cucumber Eggplant Bean Tomato

November 2.5c 1.8c 8.4c 2.5c 1.2c

Dec. 6.4c 5.4c 12.5bc 5.3bc 3.5b

January 11.3ab 14.6ab 16.5b 7.5b 4.2a

February 10.6b 16.5a 28.2a 12.8ab 4.8a

March 12.2a 18.2a 32.4a 14.6a 6.2a

April 14.6a 13.5a 18.5ab 14.2a 3.2b

May 13.5a 7.5b 17.2ab 3.5c 2.4c

Mean numbers of melon thrips adults

Spiny Amaranth (Amaranthusspinosus)

Mexican Poppy(Argemone mexicana)

Parthenium weed (Parthenium hysterophorus)

Aster flower (Aster sp.)

Varigated bauhinia(Bauhinia varigata)

Spanish needle (Bidens pilosa) Red clover(Trifolium pratense)

Weed hosts of thrips near commercial tomato fields

Hosts Melon thrips

Flower thrips

Amaranth 5.5a 1.2a

M. Poppy 0.2c 0.2b

Parthenium 1.6b 0.1b

Aster 1.8b 0.2

V. Bauhinia 1.2b 0b

S. needle 1.5b 1.2a

Red Clover 0.8c 0.6b

Effectiveness of various insecticides in controlling T. palmi in squash, 2008

020406080

100120

Mean no.

Spintor Spinto+Ag Agrimek Control

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F=25.4; df=3,15; P > 0.05

6 oz/A 6 + 16 oz/A 16 oz/A

Effectiveness of various insecticides in controlling T. palmi in squash, 20012

F=25.4; df=3,15; P > 0.05

Spintor8 oz/A

Spintor 8Agrimek 16

Agrimek 16

Control

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Control

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Effect of various treatments on Melon thrips control in `SummerRipe’ tomato, 2016 (all sampling dates together)

F = 4.25; df = 12,195; P > 0.05

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Nov. 30

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19.93

36.31

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History of insect resistance to insecticide

• 1908 San Jose scale developed resistance to lime sulfur (1st record)• 1914 another scale insect dev. Resistance to inorganic chemical (A.L. Melander)• 1914-1946: 11 more cases of resistance to inorganic insecticide• So far, 428/447 species of arthropods (insects, mites, and ticks) have become resistant to one or more pesticides worldwide.• Of that number, 268 are agricultural pests• ----------------------214 spp. resistant to 2 or more major groups of insecticides, 17 spp. developed resistance to all 5 major

groups of insecticides.

• DDT- First synthesized in 1874• - insecticidal property 1939• 1947: House fly developed resistance to DDT (organic insecticide)

– The Swiss chemist Paul Hermann Müller was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1948– In 1962, Silent Spring by American biologist Rachel Carson was published.– resulted in a large public outcry that eventually led to DDT being banned in the US in 1972.[

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Hermann_M%C3%BCllerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physiology_or_Medicinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silent_Springhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rachel_Carsonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DDT#cite_note-Lear-3

Conclusion

• Earth’s climate change is a fact, not a fallacy.• Ecological system will show climate change effect. • Building data on population dynamics of melon thrips

will be continued to document climate change effect.• Research studies on melon thrips and common

blossom thrips seasonal abundance and management will be continued to detect change in their biology land behavior.

• Josh Miller, a marine technology teacher, Valdez High School, Alaska

• “We’re an oil town that voted two-to-one for Trump, but when the sea level rises and you live on the coast, you need to be aware that the world is changing and consider what you can do about it. My students learn about climate change by taking a boat ride up a fjord, which until very recently was a glacier. The massive Columbia Glacier has retreated (melted) 12 miles since my first boat trip in 1983. Where recently was land, today is ocean.

•

•

• The light-brown portion of this chart, drawn in 1983, represents what was then glacial ice. The pink line shows the route that Mr. Miller’s class navigated, including 12 miles of new sea on the upper left that has opened as the glacier has receded. Credit Chart: National Oceanic Atmospheric Administration; Photo: Josh Miller

•

• The day of our 2015 class trip, the last of the ice washed out of West Arm, and our vessel was the first boat in our planet’s history to navigate this new sea. Not all teachers are so lucky to have such dramatic evidence of climate change to prove the case.”

.Photo

Greenhouse gasesWater vapor: most abundant. It works as a feed back to the climate

N2O: soil cultivation practices,fertilizers and fossil fuel combustion

CH4: mostly decomposition of wastes in landfill-----

CO2: natural (respiration and volcano eruption)Human activities (deforestation, burning fossil fuels

CFCs: synthetic compound entirely of industrial origin

Global warming

Mean number of flower thrips/100 feet long plot (6 wk after planting).

West sideNursery

East sideAvocado grove

South sidePrickle poppy

9 beds, each 800 feet long. Each bed was divided into 8 100-feet long plots. Five sub sample, each consisting of 10 randomly selected leaves, were collected from each plot.

Mean no. thrips

Acknowledgement

CLIMATE CHANGE AND ITS EFFECT ON BIOLOGY OF MELON THRIPS AND COMMON BLOSSOM THRIPSSlide Number 2Earth's climate is warmingSlide Number 4Glacial CyclesShrinking ice sheets�Declining Arctic sea ice�Glacial retreatYearly loss of GlaciersGlobal climate change, vital signs of the planetSea level riseWarming oceansOcean acidificationExtreme events�Climate change on the population dynamics of insectsVariation in responseClimate change and IPM�Climate change and Plant resistance Plant development, insecticide degenerationClimate change and ExtinctionNatural enemiesBIOLOGY OF THRIPSFigure 1. Seasonal abundance of T. palmi in in ‘Pod Squad’ beans during 1994 – 2016Abundance of common blossom thrips and its�transmitted TCSVVegetable crop hosts of thripsSlide Number 26Effectiveness of various insecticides in controlling T. palmi in squash, 2008Effectiveness of various insecticides in controlling T. palmi in squash, 20012Slide Number 29History of insect resistance to insecticideConclusionJosh Miller, a marine technology teacher, Valdez High School, AlaskaGreenhouse gasesGlobal warmingSlide Number 35Acknowledgement