climate change vulnerability - pievc · building condition reporting will help ensure occupant and...

H O K A R C H I T E C T S

Climate Change VulnerabilityA Case Study of Public Buildings

Prepared forPublic Works and GovernmentServices Canada andEngineers Canada

June 5, 2008

Climate Change Vulnerability A Case Study of Public Buildings

June 5, 2008

Prepared for: Public Works and Government Services Canada and

Engineers Canada

Prepared By: HOK Canada

Engineering Vulnerability Assessment of the Main Statistics Canada Building to the Impacts of Climate Change

HOK Canada 2:128

Table of Contents

Executive Summary .......................................................................................................... 4�

Introduction....................................................................................................................... 9�

Project Background......................................................................................................... 9�

PIEVC Protocol .............................................................................................................. 9�

Study Scope and Time Frame....................................................................................... 10�

Project Team ................................................................................................................. 12�

Project Approach .......................................................................................................... 12�

Climate Change............................................................................................................... 14�

Current Climate............................................................................................................. 14�

Expected Changes......................................................................................................... 14�

Geography of the Study Area ....................................................................................... 15�

Climate Factors ............................................................................................................. 15�

Climate Change Assumptions....................................................................................... 15�

Summary of Climate Change Assumptions.................................................................. 19�

Buildings .......................................................................................................................... 21�

Rationale for Selecting Test Buildings ......................................................................... 21�

Overview of the Test Buildings and their Components................................................ 21�

Main Statistics Canada Building............................................................................... 22�

Jean Talon Building .................................................................................................. 23�

Brooke Claxton Building .......................................................................................... 25�

Applicable Jurisdictional Considerations, Codes and Standards.................................. 28�

Vulnerability Assessment ............................................................................................... 30�

Objectives and Methodology ........................................................................................ 30�

Findings ........................................................................................................................ 32�

Consultations and Building Tour Findings ............................................................... 32�

Main Statistics Canada Building............................................................................... 33�

Jean Talon Building .................................................................................................. 37�

Brooke Claxton Building .......................................................................................... 37�

Summary of Findings................................................................................................ 38�

Other Potential Changes............................................................................................ 38�

Data Sufficiency and Limitations ............................................................................. 39�

Conclusions & Recommendations ................................................................................. 41�

Applicability to other buildings .................................................................................... 44�

Recommendations to Improve the Protocol.................................................................. 45�

The Protocol.............................................................................................................. 45�

Climate Data/Scenarios............................................................................................. 47�

References........................................................................................................................ 49�

Acknowledgements ......................................................................................................... 51�

Appendix A – Climate Change in Canada, climate scenarios for the public

infrastructure vulnerability assessment: Ottawa Buildings case study ..................... 52�


HOK Canada 3:128

Appendix B – Completed Worksheets and Other Working Material ....................... 53�

Appendix C – Draft PIEVC Engineering Protocol for Climate Change

Infrastructure Vulnerability Assessment (Version 7.1) ............................................ 128�


HOK Canada 4:128

Executive Summary It is widely accepted that the emissions generated by human activity (e.g. the burning of

fossil fuels) are rapidly increasing the concentration of Greenhouse Gases (GHGs) in the

atmosphere. There is scientific consensus that these rising concentrations will increase

the average temperature of the Earth resulting in rising sea levels, shifts in climatic zones

and increased frequency and severity of weather extremes. To respond to these expected

changes, Engineers Canada established the Public Infrastructure Engineering

Vulnerability Committee (PIEVC) to oversee the planning and execution of a broad-

based National Engineering Assessment of the vulnerability of Canadian public

infrastructure to changing climatic conditions. The National Engineering Assessment will

evaluate the changes anticipated to the risks to Canadian public infrastructure posed by

climate change. Using a draft engineering protocol to assess the vulnerability of

infrastructure to potential future climatic changes, Engineers Canada has conducted a

pilot study and several case studies on different types of infrastructure, including roads,

stormwater and wastewater systems and water resource systems. This case study is the

last in this series and applies the draft protocol to assess the vulnerability of buildings to

climate change.

Public Works and Government Services Canada (PWGSC) is collaborating in this effort

and chairs the Buildings Experts Working Group (BEWG) that is part of PIEVC. To

complete the vulnerability assessment, PWGSC agreed to consider three public buildings

located on the Federal Government Campus of Tunney’s Pasture in Ottawa, Ontario.

Tunney’s Pasture is a 46-hectare Campus located approximately three kilometres west of

Downtown Ottawa and Parliament Hill. Within Tunney’s Pasture, the roads and servicing

infrastructure are owned and maintained by the federal government and connected to off-

site city owned services. The three test buildings selected for the case study are:

� Main Statistics Canada Building was built in 1952 and is 20 years into it’s 2nd

life

cycle phase and is of low rise masonry construction;

� Brooke Claxton Building was built in 1964 and is 10 years into it’s 2nd

life cycle

phase and is a high rise with first generation curtain wall construction; and

� Jean Talon Building was built in 1979 and is at the end of its 1st life cycle phase

and is a high rise of precast concrete panel construction.

All three test buildings are connected to the Campus’s Central Heating and Cooling Plant

that provides steam and chilled water for their heating and cooling. HOK Canada with

support from Nielsen Design Consulting Inc. conducted the vulnerability assessment of

the three test buildings according to the PIEVC Draft Engineering Protocol for Climate

Change Infrastructure Vulnerability Assessment. The project team received excellent

support from SNC-Lavalin-Profac, the building managers under contract with PWGSC.

SNC-Lavalin-Profac assisted in the assessment by providing building tours, review and

development of the vulnerability assessments and evidence of current and past building

performance and condition. In addition, detailed building condition reports were used to

understand the current state of repair and integrity of the key building components and

systems for all three buildings.


HOK Canada 5:128

The project team used climate change projections completed by Ouranos and other

research to determine the expected changes in the regional climate for two time horizons

of 2020 and 2050. The main expected changes in climate for these time horizons are:

� Increase in temperatures throughout the year;

� More precipitation in spring, winter and fall in the form of rain and snow;

� Less precipitation (rain) in June, July and August;

� Increase in rain on snow events;

� Increase in freeze-thaw events;

� Significantly shorter frost season where temperatures are below 0°C;

� Significantly less Heating Degree Days below 18°C; and

� Significantly more Cooling Degree Days above 18°C.

To understand the possible affects of these changes, the PIEVC Engineering Protocol was

used to identify and rank the vulnerability of building components and systems to climate

change. The assessment found that the highest priority considerations for the three

buildings due to climate change are:

• The walkways, parking areas, stairs and ramps are vulnerable due to increased

freeze-thaw cycles and higher temperatures. The accelerated deterioration of these

building components can pose potential risk to human health, safety, injury,

falling etc.

• Building envelops are vulnerable due to increased precipitation in fall, winter and

spring, increased temperatures in summer and increased freeze-thaw cycles.

Accelerated deterioration of the envelops will affect the structural integrity of the

buildings.

• The cooling systems may be vulnerable in terms of its adequacy of meeting

demand of increased spring, summer and fall temperatures. The chilled water

cooling system provided by the Central Heating and Cooling Plant and roof-top

units will see increased loads. Increased internal building temperatures can

directly affect occupant comfort and productivity while the increased cooling

loads could also pose significant cost increases to PWGSC.

• Finally, the reliability and provision of power (electricity) to the building may be

vulnerable due to increased temperatures in spring, summer and fall. These

increased temperatures will create increased electricity demand (for cooling)

throughout the region on Hydro Ottawa. The reliability and provision of

electricity is critical to the daily work and productivity of occupants and the

operation of the computer/LAN room.

This being said, the project team found that the current building management processes

can help ensure that many building components (e.g. stairs, walkways, ramps, windows,

doors) adversely affected by climate change (i.e. premature deterioration) will be

identified and subsequent remedial action taken to reduce or eliminate any specific

impacts. In other words, this management approach indirectly guards against climate

change vulnerabilities for several building components and systems. This is because


HOK Canada 6:128

Federal buildings are managed under a rigorous process that includes Asset Management

Plans, Building Condition Reports and Building Management Plans, to name a few.

From these high level findings, several recommendations were developed that address

these as well as the gaps in information and data identified during the project. These are

summarized below:

A. In the Main Statistics Canada building, the building envelop is high priority area

that warrants the research and application of a building envelop technology that

can mitigate freezing pipes in winter as well as manage the affects of increased

precipitation and potential moisture migration into the envelop due to climate

change.

B. The Brooke Claxton Building’s envelop will require the application of a

technology that will keep the interior warm and dry, without affecting its

structural integrity.

C. PWGSC should investigate and determine the optimum flat roof technology,

design options, mitigation strategies that will accommodate the potential effects

of increased freeze thaw and ice build-up.

D. A detailed engineering evaluation needs to be conducted on the anticipated

cooling loads due to climate change and the optimum solution for each building

on the Campus. Such an evaluation should assess the suitability of various

adaptive measures/technologies such as exterior shading devices, passive cooling

techniques, etc. It should also recognize potential changes/engineering options for

the building envelop to ensure systems are optimally sized for the existing and

projected loads.

E. A separate or integrated cooling load evaluation based on the “Campus as a

system of buildings” should be conducted for the Central Heating and Cooling

Plant. The evaluation/assessment should model and consider various

technologies/adaptive measures for the CHCP itself such as co-generation and

geothermal heating and cooling, the ability to meet or exceed the Government of

Canada’s objectives to reduce GHG emissions and Air Pollutants and potential

changes to the Ottawa River (used by the Plant for cooling) such as water

temperature, flow, height etc. that may be due to climate change.

F. PWGSC should begin working with the local electrical utility (e.g. Hydro Ottawa)

to study and plan for the cumulative effects on electricity loads, demand,

consumption, etc. during spring, summer and fall from all the buildings at the

Tunney’s Pasture Campus.

G. A detailed research study should be conducted that investigates the loads from

potential increases in precipitation on the site rain and storm water drains and

tunnels. This would address a data and information gap identified during the

assessment.

H. In conjunction to the above recommendation, PWGSC should consider and assess

how climate change will affect Federal Real Property that is in close proximity to

the Ottawa River, its watershed and flood plain.


HOK Canada 7:128

I. PWGSC should maintain current practices and budget for snow/ice clearing and

Building Condition Reporting will help ensure occupant and public safety for all

walkways, stairs, and parking areas.

While the Vulnerability Assessment focused on the three test buildings, the project team

believes that particular elements of the findings and recommendations can be applicable

to other buildings in the region, especially those of similar vintages and construction.

These are threefold:

• First, increased freeze-thaw cycles will likely have similar effects on buildings

and other types of infrastructure in the region. Landlords and owners would be

prudent to ensure close monitoring of site drainage, roof systems and building

envelops and components that may be affected by these expected changes.

• Second, increases in precipitation in the form of rain particularly in fall, winter

and spring will put increased loads on building envelops and flat roofs in the

region. Again, landlords and owners should pay particular attention to the state of

repair of these systems.

• Third – and perhaps most important from a climate change perspective – the

increases in spring, summer and fall temperatures in the region will put higher

demands on cooling systems and utilities during these seasons. The projet team

believes strategies will need to be implemented at various levels in order to

manage the demand and ensure that increases in electricity consumption do not

result in increased GHG emissions – resulting in further climate change.

Finally, the project team was asked by PIEVC and PWGSC to evaluate the overall

Protocol and the climate change data provided by Ouranos and their applicability to the

building sector. The Team found that improvements can be made to aid applicability and

ease of use of the Protocol and climate change data in future Assessments of buildings.

The following suggestions should be considered by PIEVC prior to undertaking the

broader National Engineering Assessment:

• The Project Team believes there is potential to align the terminology in the

Protocol to that used by climate and weather specialists as well as engineers and

architects (e.g. National Building Code, CSA, ISO and ASHRAE). For example,

the protocol uses such terms as “climate change factor” and “climate change

parameter” while Environment Canada and Ouranos refer to changes in “climatic

indices” (e.g. change in average annual maximum temperature) that is expected in

the future. The Project Team recognizes that for future assessments of buildings,

specific climatic indices that relate to such things moisture infiltration, freeze-

thaw cycles, temperature and humidity extremes could become important to

ensure consistency in application of the overall Assessment and Protocol.

• Readability and ease of use of the Protocol needs to be considered. For example,

repetition of terms and data fields in the Protocol and supporting Worksheets were

also found to create confusion. Elimination of repeated terms, including

illustrations, diagrams and examples, and consistency in terminology are other

areas that will ease of use and readability.


HOK Canada 8:128

• Finally, there is potential to improve the utility or presentation of the climate

change indices and scenarios. Engineers and architects could benefit from a

layperson’s indication of what climate would be like in 10, 20, 50 year time

horizon. This would allow research and comparison of building codes and best

design practices of these regions to understand what may or may not work in

terms of adaptation or mitigation techniques and technologies.


HOK Canada 9:128

Introduction

Project Background

It is widely accepted that the emissions generated by human activity (e.g. the burning of

fossil fuels) are rapidly increasing the concentration of Greenhouse Gases (GHGs) in the

atmosphere. There is scientific consensus that these rising concentrations will increase

the average temperature of the Earth resulting in rising sea levels, shifts in climatic zones

and increased frequency and severity of weather extremes.

Baseline historical climatic data is used in engineering and architecture professions to

design buildings and other infrastructure to suit their regional climate. However, under a

changing climate, this data may not be appropriate and could result in buildings that do

not have the “resiliency” to accommodate new climatic norms or weather extremes.

Furthermore, these factors may create vulnerabilities in existing buildings as well.

Engineers Canada established the Public Infrastructure Engineering Vulnerability

Committee (PIEVC) to oversee the planning and execution of a broad-based National

Engineering Assessment of the vulnerability of Canadian public infrastructure to

changing climatic conditions. This is a priority for the engineering profession since the

uncertainty caused by changing climatic conditions may be undermining the

meteorological data used to design infrastructure.

The National Engineering Assessment will evaluate the changes anticipated to the risks to

Canadian public infrastructure posed by climate change. In order to determine how best

to tackle this large and complex assessment, the PIEVC completed a pilot study using a

draft engineering protocol to assess the vulnerability of a water supply system to the

impacts of future potential climate changes. Following this pilot, several case studies

using the methodologies and protocols were conducted on other types of infrastructure,

including roads, stormwater and wastewater systems and water resource systems. This

case study is the last in this series and applies the draft engineering protocol to assess the

vulnerability of buildings to climate change.

Public Works and Government Services Canada (PWGSC) is collaborating in this effort

and chairs the Buildings Experts Working Group (BEWG) that is part of PIEVC. PIEVC

and the BEWG believe that there are likely common impacts of climate change on

buildings across Canada that will increase their vulnerability and will require remedial

action. In addition, members of the BEWG have been involved in developing the draft

PIEVC Engineering Protocol used in the pilot and case studies.

PIEVC Protocol

The PIEVC Engineering Protocol for Climate Change Infrastructure Vulnerability

Assessment (hereafter the Protocol) is a procedure to analyze specific climatic and

infrastructure information to understand the potential interactions between a changing

climate and the components of the infrastructure. The Protocol outlines a series of steps

for defining, analyzing, evaluating and prioritizing both infrastructure information and

climate information to understand the potential vulnerability of the infrastructure to


HOK Canada 10:128

climate change. The outcomes of applying the Protocol are intended to inform decision-

making about the infrastructure’s operation, maintenance, planning and development –

facilitating the effective management of a changing climate on the infrastructure.

The key steps of the protocol are:

1. Project Definition

2. Data Gathering and Sufficiency

3. Vulnerability Assessment (Qualitative Assessment)

4. Vulnerability Assessment (Quantitative Assessment)

5. Recommendations

A copy of the full draft Protocol as used in this case study is provided in Appendix C.

Study Scope and Time Frame

To complete the vulnerability assessment, PWGSC agreed to consider three buildings

located on the Tunney’s Pasture campus in Ottawa. Tunney’s Pasture is a 46-hectare

Federal Government Campus located in the City of Ottawa, Ontario. The Campus is

approximately three kilometres west of Downtown Ottawa and Parliament Hill. The

Campus is bounded by the Ottawa River Parkway (and the Ottawa River) to the north,

Parkdale Avenue to the east, Scott Street to the south and Northwestern Avenue on the

west. The buildings on the campus offer excellent views of the Ottawa River and

Gatineau Hills, as well as convenient access to the Ottawa River Parkway. Within

Tunney’s Pasture, the roads and servicing infrastructure are owned and maintained by the

federal government and connected to off-site city owned services. The figure below

provides an illustration of the overall Campus layout and indicates the location of the

three test buildings.

Figure 1 Site plan of Tunney's Pasture Campus.


HOK Canada 11:128

The three test buildings selected for the Project are:

� Main Statistics Canada Building, 150 Promenade Tunney's Pasture Driveway

� Jean Talon Building, 170 Promenade Tunney's Pasture Driveway

� Brooke Claxton Building, 70 Promenade Columbine Driveway

The boundary and scope delineation for this project was very important given that the

campus has a Central Heating and Cooling Plant (CHCP) to deliver steam and chilled

water. For this reason the project boundary is limited to the near vicinity of the building

and did not include the heating plant. The Project Team, however, recognizes that the

Central Heating and Cooling Plant is integral element in the daily operation of these

buildings and the findings in this assessment should be recognized in this context.


HOK Canada 12:128

The time frame selected for this study is 2020 and 2050 because they align with the

projected design life of the buildings in this study. Further future time horizons such as

2080 (as provided by Ouranos in the climate change assumptions) was considered outside

the expected life cycle of any of the buildings tested. Furthermore the uncertainty of the

use, overall long term plan and future investments for Tunney’s Pasture Campus by the

Federal Government did not warrant consideration of time horizons past 2050.

Project Team

This project is a joint initiative between Engineers Canada (through PIEVC) and Public

Works and Government Services Canada.

HOK Architects is the lead consultant with support from Nielsen Design Consulting Inc.

The project team acknowledges the excellent support of SNC-Lavalin-Profac staff who

participated in interviews, led tours and a workshop.

The Project Team is as follows:

Organization Role Individuals

PIEVC National Engineering Assessment Funding Partner

David Lapp

Public Works and Government Services Canada

Building Owner Funding Partner

Brian Kyle Ed Morofsky Ed Kutrowski

HOK Canada Prime Consultant Vince Catalli Greg Allen

Nielsen Design Consulting Sub-Consultant Ralf Nielsen

SNC-Lavalin-Profac Building Manager Susan Kehoe Shelly LeBlanc Peter Morris Michael Murawnik Brian Drier Brent Dagg

Ouranos Climate Change Data Caroline Larrivee Travis Logan Diane Chaumont

Project Approach

The overall approach of the Team to the project was as follows:

1. Determination of test buildings for assessment;

2. Building tours and facility management meetings;

3. Review of Building Condition Reports and Investment Plans;

4. Building infrastructure component identification;

5. Identification of relevant climate change factors;


HOK Canada 13:128

6. Vulnerability assessment using the PIEVC Engineering Protocol; and

7. Development of recommendations and report development.

The PIEVC Engineering Protocol for Climate Change Infrastructure Vulnerability

Assessment was applied by HOK on the three test buildings located on the Tunney’s

Pasture – Federal Government Campus in Ottawa and included: the Brooke Claxton, Jean

Talon and Main Statistics Canada Building. The Project Team applied the Protocol first

to the Main Statistics Canada Building as it was the oldest building of the representative

sample used for this case study. The protocol was then applied to the other two buildings,

Brooke Claxton and Jean Talon. However, during this process the project team found that

the majority of data and analysis required for Steps 1, 2 duplicated the work already done

for the Main Statistics Canada Building. It also found that the most critical step of the

Protocol was the climate change vulnerability assessment (Step 3) and the development

of recommendations (Step 5). Thus, for the Brooke Claxton and Jean Talon buildings, the

team used only the critical steps of the PIEVC process while avoiding duplication of

effort in other steps of the Protocol.

It is important to note that for all buildings the project approach included review of the

Building Condition Reports; interviewing the Property Managers and Maintenance Team

Leader; touring the facility; conducting the Vulnerability Assessment; analyzing the

assessment and developing conclusions and recommendations.


HOK Canada 14:128

Climate Change

Current Climate

Ottawa has a humid continental climate with a range of temperatures from a average

daily maximum of 26.3 °C in July to average daily minimums of -16.4 °C in January.

Snow and ice are dominant during the winter season. Ottawa receives on average 714

mm of rain and 208 mm (snow water equivalent) of snowfall annually. The winter and

snow season is quite variable; in an average winter, a lasting snow cover is on the ground

from mid-December until early April. Freeze-thaw cycles occur in the winter with some

days well above freezing followed by nights well below 0 °C. Freezing rain and high

wind chills are also common in the winter.

Summers are fairly warm and humid in Ottawa, although they are typically short in

length. The average July maximum temperature is 26.3 °C although temperatures of 30

°C or higher occur frequently. Cool northerly air can drop humidity levels. Ottawa

annually averages 41 days with humidex readings above 30 °C. Extreme summer weather

events such as tornadoes, major flash floods, extreme heat waves, severe hail and

remnant effects from hurricanes are rare, but all have occurred in the region.

Spring and fall are again variable with hot days above 30 °C occurring as early as March

or as late as October. Although unusual, snow has been seen into May and early in

October. There are about 2,060 hours of average sunshine annually (47% of possible).

Expected Changes

The Fourth Assessment Report on the Physical Science Basis of Climate Change released

by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) in 2007 describes how

climate change is expected to evolve differently globally and regionally. The changes in

climate conditions in Canada are expected to be different across its regions. In general

however, the expected climatic changes in Canada are as follows1:

� Nearly all of Canada is expecting increases in temperature.

� More moisture from storm tracks in Northern regions.

� The coastal regions are expecting rising sea levels.

� The frequency and longevity of heat waves is expected to increase.

� The frequency and intensity of heavy precipitation events and thunderstorms is

expected to increase.

� Winter snowfalls will likely increase due to more atmospheric moisture

particularly in the lee of the Great Lakes.

� Permafrost will likely be severely impacted by climate change particularly in

southern portions of the semi-discontinuous and discontinuous permafrost zones

where permafrost might outright disappear.

1 Auld, H. and D. MacIver, Changing weather patterns, uncertainty and infrastructure risks: Emerging

adaptation requirements. 2007, Adaptation and Impacts Research Division, Environment Canada: Toronto.


HOK Canada 15:128

Variation in these changes across Canada’s regions is also expected and is primarily due

to such factors as proximity to oceans, topographical features and patterns of atmospheric

processes.

Geography of the Study Area

As mentioned above, Tunney’s Pasture is situated in the western sector of Ottawa

approximately 3km west-south-west of Downtown. The campus is bounded on the north

by the Ottawa River Parkway and the Ottawa River whose flow is largely dominated by

snowmelt and rainfall. The southern most point of the Gatineau Hills (100-450m above

sea level) are approximately 3km North of the Campus, across the Ottawa River. The

campus, and the City of Ottawa are situated in the Ottawa River Valley (75-100m above

sea level) that stretches to the northwest and east of the city, eventually flowing to meet

the St. Lawrence River just west of Montreal.

Climate Factors

Only the climate data that is relevant to the design, development and ongoing operation

of the buildings are considered in this study. Based on the consideration of the buildings

and the baseline climate data, the following climate factors were deemed relevant to the

study:

� Temperature – average monthly and annual max and min

� Rain – average total rain

� Rain - frequency of 6h and 1 day rain events

� Wetspell conditions

� Dryspell/drought conditions

� Snow – average total snow

� Rain on Snow events

� Frost Season Length

� Heating Degree Days

� Cooling Degree Days

� Wind speed

� Humidity

It is noted that this list includes both extreme weather events and climatic conditions.

Climate Change Assumptions

A data request was made to Ouranos in the early part of the study to determine the

baseline values and projected change in climate values for the time frames of the study.

Ouranos provided both historical norms from Environment Canada for the study area and

projections based on two climate change models. The modelling parameters and

conditions used by Ouranos are:

� Geographic area of 45 km around the study area was used to include 5

Environment Canada reporting stations (temp, rain, snow).

� Minimum data series length of 20 years to calculate baseline norms.


HOK Canada 16:128

� There was only one Environment Canada station that recorded wind over the 20

year period.

� Modelling included projections for the 2020, 2050, 2080 forecast horizons

The following table provides a summary of the projected changes in climatic values for

the area in which the three buildings in this study are located and the 2020 and 2050 time

horizons. The full Ouranos report with detailed seasonal data and projections for the 2080

time horizon as well is provided in Appendix A.

Table 1 Summary of expected change in climatic values for the study area.

Climate Factor and Baseline

Expected Change Comment and Summary

Temperature

Temperature – monthly avg. tmax Observed baseline (°C): See Apppendix A for detailed monthly baselines

2020: 0.5 to 3 degrees warmer 2050: 2.3 – 4.4 degrees warmer

Varies by month, but overall average monthly maximum temperatures expected to be higher.

Temperature – Monthly avg. tmin Observed baseline (°C): See Appendix A for detailed monthly baselines

2020: 1.0 – 3.7 degrees warmer 2050: 2.4 – 5.8 degrees warmer

Varies by month, but generally, average monthly minimum temperatures expected to be higher.

Temperature – annual max and min Observed baseline (°C): Annual max: 33.43 Annual min: -32.24

Annual Max: 2020: 1.67 – 2.33 degrees warmer 2050: 3.55 – 4.12 degrees warmer Annual Min: 2020: 2.14 - 2.30 degrees warmer 2050: 5.01 – 5.58 degrees warmer

Generally, annual minimum and maximums expected to be higher.

Rain

Rain – Avg. total rain Observed baseline (mm): 713.98

Annual: 2020: 6-9% increase 2050: 14-18% increase

Fall, winter and spring rain fall totals will increase. Summer (June, July, August) expected to be drier.

Rain – dry spells/wet spells Observed baseline (days): Avg. max dryspell: 8.19 Avg. max wetspell: 2.81

Avg. Max Dryspell: 2020: inconclusive 2050: 0.13 to 1.18 days shorter (2-15%) Avg. Max Wetspell 2020: 0.09 to 0.12 days shorter (3-4%) 2050: inconclusive

By 2050, dryspells will be shorter. Wetspells expected to be minimally shorter by 2020. Other time horizons are inconclusive.


HOK Canada 17:128

Climate Factor and Baseline

Expected Change Comment and Summary

Rain – Avg. Max rain Observed baseline (mm) 1 day period: 46.66

1 day period: 2020: 2-8% increase 2050: 3-14% increase

In general, there will be an increase in 1 day period rain amounts. Similar increases are expected for 2 and 5 day period amounts (See Appendix A).

Rain – 6h frequency Observed baseline (frequency): 5mm cutoff: 0.023

5mm cutoff: 2020: 6-10% increase 2050: 19-23% increase

Increases are expected in the frequency of 6h rain events, however the baseline frequency is very low and therefore any change will not be very noticeable.

Rain – 1 day frequency Observed baseline (frequency): 5mm cutoff: 0.12

5mm cutoff: 2020: 6-7% increase 2050: 15-16% increase 2080: 20-23% increase

Increases are expected in the frequency of 1 day rain events. Similar increases are seen for 10 and 20 mm cutoff values (see Appendix A).

Rain – Simple Daily intensity index Observed baseline (mm/day): 8.42

2020: 2-4% increase 2050: 6-9% increase

Increases are expected in rain intensity for both time horizons.


HOK Canada 18:128

Snow

Snow – average total snow Observed baseline (Snow-water-equivalent in mm): Annual: 208.69

Annual: 2020: 10-11% decrease 2050: 16-22% decrease

There are expected to be decreases in the overall amount of snow. Largest decreases will occur in the fall.

Snow – annual max snow Observed baseline (mm): 1 day period: 21.21

1 day period: 2020: inconclusive 2050: 0-2% increase

No noticeable changes are expected in annual maximum snow in 1 day periods.

Snow – 1 day frequency Observed frequency: 5mm SWE cutoff: 0.038

5mm SWE cutoff: 2020: 7-21% decrease 2050: 17-27% decrease

Decreases are expected in the frequency of 1-day snow events, however the baseline frequency is very low and therefore any change will not be very noticeable.

Snow – simple daily intensity index Observed baseline (mm/day): 5.39

2020: 0-1% decrease 2050: inconclusive

No noticeable changes are expected in daily intensity of snow.

Snow – Rain on Snow events Observed baseline (frequency): 5mm cutoff: 0.015

5mm rain cutoff: 2020: 8% increase 2050: 11-23% increase

Increases are expected in rain on snow events. However the baseline frequency low and therefore any change may not be noticeable. Similar increases are seen for 10 mm cutoff values (see Appendix A).

Wind

Wind – Monthly avg wind6h Observed baseline: see Appendix A

Generally projected change varies between a decrease of 9% to an increase of 11% in observed wind speed in km/h for avg. 6h period. See Appendix A for details

Varies by month and time horizon. Generally windier winters, calmer summers. However, this is inconclusive as the models are based on only one station’s historical wind data.

Wind – Avg. annual max wind6h Observed baseline: 48.03 km/h

2020: inconclusive 2050: 1-2% decrease

Small decreases in average annual maximum 6h wind events speeds.


HOK Canada 19:128

Frost, Freeze-thaw

Frost Season Length – days Observed baseline: 125.14 days

2020: 16-24 days less 2050: 28-38 days less

Significant decreases in the frost season length.

Freeze Thaw Events – frequency Observed baseline: 0.21 frequency

2020: 2-6 % decrease 2050: 5-8% decrease Historical trend indicates increase in freeze-thaw events between December and March.

2

The models and historical trend contradict each other. To err on the side of caution, an increase in the number of freeze-thaw events was assumed in the assessment.

Heating, Cooling and Humidity

Heating Degree Days – Observed baseline: 4376.73 HDD

2020: 567-810 days less 2050: 1178-1287 days less

Significant decreases in heating degree days. This corresponds with frost season length decreases.

Cooling Degree Days: Observed baseline: 234 CDD

2020: 95-121 days more 2050: 216 days more

Significant increases in cooling degree days. This corresponds with frost season length decreases.

Humidity: Observed baseline: see Appendix A

2020: 0-7% increase during fall, winter and spring, 0-1% decrease in summer 2050: 0-7% increase in fall, winter, spring and 0-2% decrease in summer

Slightly more humid in fall, winter and spring and slightly drier conditions in summer. This corresponds to the general increases expected in precipitation.

Summary of Climate Change Assumptions

Based on the climate change projections completed by Ouranos and other research for

this project, the main regional affects in the Ottawa region are likely to be as follows:

� Increase in temperatures throughout the year.

� More precipitation in spring, winter and fall in the form of rain and snow.

� Less precipitation (rain) in June, July and August.

� Increase in rain on snow events.

� Increase in freeze-thaw events.

� Significantly shorter frost season where temperatures are below 0°C.

� Significantly less Heating Degree Days below 18°C.

� Significantly more Cooling Degree Days above 18°C

2 Heather Auld, personal communication with Vince Catalli and Environmental Canada historical data for

Ottawa, CDA, Number of Days in Dec-Mar with Max >0ºC and Min<0ºC (1940-2004).


HOK Canada 20:128

The above assumptions, detailed climate change information and expected changes in

specific climate factors were used by the Project Team throughout the Vulnerability

Assessment of the three test buildings.


HOK Canada 21:128

Buildings

Rationale for Selecting Test Buildings

As mentioned above, three buildings in the Tunney’s Pasture Campus have been selected

for Assessment using the PIVEC Engineering Protocol for Climate Change Infrastructure

Vulnerability Assessment. The project team selected these test buildings (over the other

possible buildings on the Campus) together with PWGSC and based on information

provided by SNC-Lavalin Profac. The following provides the general rationale for

selecting these buildings:

� They comprise a range of building years, for example:

o Main Statistics Canada Building was built in 1952 and is 20 years into it’s

2nd

life cycle phase;

o Brooke Claxton Building was built in 1964 and is 10 years into it’s 2nd

life

cycle phase; and

o Jean Talon Building was built in 1979 and is at the end of its 1st life cycle

phase.

� They exhibit varying types of construction that includes both low rise and high

rise office towers. Specifically, the buildings exhibit the following:

o Main Statistics Canada Building uses low rise masonry construction;

o Brooke Claxton Building uses high rise first generation curtain wall

construction; and

o Jean Talon Building uses high rise precast concrete panel construction

� They exhibit a range of occupant populations:

o 814 occupants for Brooke Claxton; and

o 1700 each for Jean Talon and Main Statistics Canada Building.

� There are “as built” construction drawings currently available for the Jean Talon

and Main Statistics Canada Building and drawings related to subsequent

renovations for all buildings.

� They exhibit a mix of general building form and site positioning. The Main

Statistics and Jean Talon have a campus/cluster type layout generally oriented

North-South, while the Brooke Claxton Building is an isolated tower at the

northern edge of the Campus.

Overview of the Test Buildings and their Components

This section of the case study provides a general overview of the current state of each of

the buildings tested. The insights and understanding of the buildings was obtained by the

project team through several building tours and meetings with the SNC-Lavalin Profac

managers. A desktop review of the latest Building Condition Reports and Investment

Plans followed by discussions with SNC-Lavalin Profac and PWGSC experts assisted the

team in identifying an initial set of building components that may be vulnerable to

climate change. This section also provide a general indication of key inputs the team used

in the first steps of applying the PIEVC Engineering Protocol.


HOK Canada 22:128

Main Statistics Canada Building

The Main Stats Building comprises 39,445.9 m2 useable floor area and was built in 1952.

In 2005 the Federal Heritage Buildings Review Office designated the building as a

heritage building. It is a two-storey building with a full basement and partial third and

fourth floors. Overall it is considered to be in “average” condition and is reasonably

functional. It has received periodic upgrades and refurbishments over the years and in

recent years various tenant and common areas have been upgraded to meet current

accommodation standards.

The building is occupied primarily by Statistics Canada and is part of a larger node for

that tenant which includes the adjacent (and internally linked) Jean Talon (to the North)

and R.H. Coats (to the South) buildings. The building provides space for roughly 1,700

full-time equivalent civil service employees and a dedicated computer / LAN room

(fourth floor). Other building occupants include Health Canada, SNC-Lavalin Profac and

PWGSC. The building serves many functions that include office space, some storage,

class/training rooms, a daycare centre, cafeteria and gym.

Building Envelope:

The exterior brick masonry with terracotta backup walls was constructed without proper

drainage. Thus, water or moisture can become trapped within the wall system. According

to the original construction documents, the wall insulation consists of 50 mm of cork.

Property management has indicated that during the various repairs on the exterior wall,

they have found little evidence of the cork. During cold weather, the lack of sufficient

insulation affects both the comfort level for the occupants and the performance of the

mechanical hot water radiators located on the perimeter walls. With only minimum

insulation between the radiator and the exterior brick, the supply/return piping can freeze.

Granite stone surrounds the window and the main entrances and is predominant on the

eight end wings of the building. There are few random cracks in the stone pieces and

some of the windowsills have spalled on the exterior surface. Mortar joints are in varying

condition with some cracked and some being replaced with sealant that has failed in

many areas and requires replacement. The windows, main and secondary entrance doors

and curtainwall assembly above the entrance doors were replaced in 1993-1994 and are

in fair to good condition.

Based on the above building envelope information, the exterior wall construction is

considered thermally deficient and requires comprehensive upgrading, including new air

barrier, insulation and retrofit of the heating system. Assessment of the window systems

(i.e. window sills) should also be considered in the retrofit.

There are 16 different roof areas associated with the building. They vary in age from 1 to

over 20 years with their condition varying from excellent to fair. Due to their varying

age, replacement will be staggered throughout the next 30 years. There have been no

recent reports of moisture infiltration.


HOK Canada 23:128

Structural:

The structural system is generally in average condition with no apparent sign of

significant problems. Recently, seismic screening has been performed with the intent to

identify buildings where “reasonable doubt” as to the seismic adequacy exists. Base on

the screening the Structural Index is 17.15 and Non-structural Index is 9.0 with the

Seismic Priority Index being 26.15. As such, the SPI indicates a high priority and further

investigation is warranted at this time.

Exterior Elements:

Although we could not physically inspect the exterior site conditions (due to snow cover

at time of assessment), based on the building condition report the site components are

generally in fair condition. However, some of the grass covered areas adjacent to the

building have a reverse slope towards the building foundation walls and are known to

require prompt attention. The settlement around foundations walls has caused the

reversed slopes around the building. Other exterior elements of note that need to be

examined as part of the assessment are as follows:

� Concrete and masonry walls, including retaining walls

� Stairs (both in metal and concrete)

� Plazas, decks and loading bays

� Window and stair wells

� Manhole and other access point to site services and mechanical systems

� Exterior mechanical units (i.e. generators, etc.)

� Areas of storm water discharge being too close to the building

� Walkways and areas (bituminous, concrete and pavers)

� Parking lots

� Some foundation walls have areas of water infiltration

Mechanical Systems:

The central air handling systems have been replaced between 1997 and 2007 with only a

few systems that have not been replaced yet. Some of the computer room cooling units

were replaced in 2006. Washroom fixtures and piping have been replaced since 2001, and

is ongoing. The majority of the chilled water piping has been replaced in 1995.

Electrical Systems:

The building voltage was converted to 347/600V 3ph 4W in the late 90’s and the lighting

is being converted to 347V (about 60% completed) the exit lighting and emergency

lighting has been reviewed and upgraded in 2006. One of the original generators was

removed in the generator room, and a new 1250 KW generator set added adjacent to the

building in the courtyard, for the fourth floor data centre.

Jean Talon Building

The Jean Talon Building is also located on the Tunney’s Pasture campus at 170

Promenade Tunney's Pasture Driveway and is connected (internally) to both the Main

Statistics Canada Building. The structure was built in 1979 and consists of a 13-storey

office tower with a Mechanical penthouse on the 14th level. Statistics Canada is the sole


HOK Canada 24:128

tenant of the Jean Talon Building with a total useable area of the building of 60,907 m2

and accommodating roughly 1,700 full time employees.

Building Envelope:

The roofs are comprised of inverted membrane assemblies, with waterproofing

completely hidden by insulation and ballast. The existing roof has a service life of

approximately 25 years with a replacement required in 2019. With the exception of the

sloped glazing, the window systems are the original and should be scheduled for

complete replacement in 2029. Window coverings throughout the building are either

horizontal metal slat blinds or roller sunshades. The primary entrance doors have a

remaining life expectancy of just over twenty years. Service doors are in good condition

with replacement required between 15 to 25 years. The cladding of the building is a

precast concrete curtain-wall. Localized bowing was evident along with failed joint

sealant.

Exterior Elements:

Site components are generally in fair condition. Some of the areas adjacent to the

building have a reverse slope towards the building foundation walls and require prompt

attention.

Structural:

The structural system is generally in good condition with no apparent sign of significant

problems. According to the drawings provided, all footings bear on limestone bedrock

having allowable bearing pressure capacity as follows: Columns – 120 ksf; Elevator

Core, Stairs, Elevator Pits - 50 ksf ; Perimeter Wall, Retaining Walls – 15 ksf.

The drawings available for review did not indicate design loading of the concrete slabs.

Therefore maximum floor loading is not known. The building has been in service for 28

years with no reporting or evidence of problems with respect to floor or roof loading.

Recently, seismic screening has been performed with the intent to identify buildings

where “reasonable doubt” as to the seismic adequacy exists. Base on the screening the

Structural Index is 3.04 and Non-structural Index is 1.2 with the Seismic Priority Index

being 4.24. As such, the SPI indicates a low priority and further investigation is not

warranted at this time.

Mechanical:

Most of the mechanical equipment and materials are original from 1976, thus making

them 32 years old at the time of this report. Generally, setpoints, flow rates, temperatures

and capacities have all changed since the building was originally designed. Thus all

replacement equipment might be resized to a different capacity from original.

The building is equipped with sprinklers throughout. The sprinkler and standpipe systems

are combined above grade but separate below grade.

Mechanical equipment is being run to Treasury Board Secretariat standards. Based on

this requirement a random sample was performed on the 6th

floor with supply air from all

systems at about 21,236 l/sec (45,000 cfm) and the approximate general airflow rate at


HOK Canada 25:128

about 5.87l/sec per m2 (1.15 cfm/ft

2). These flow rates are conventional and do not

indicate an insufficient overall airflow rate. Carbon dioxide levels are monitored with

sensors that control outdoor air dampers through the Building Automation System (BAS)

so that carbon dioxide levels don’t reach unacceptable levels and that outdoor air is

maintained to all floors.

Electrical:

The electrical systems in the building are in good condition. The base building lighting

fixtures have been upgraded to T-8 fluorescent fixtures. The emergency diesel generator

is regularly tested and in good condition. Variable speed drives for the air-handling units

will have to be replaced with new drives. The fire alarm and voice communication

system is relatively new and should continue to provide reliable service for many years to

come.

Brooke Claxton Building

The Brooke Claxton Building is a 19-storey office tower, including a single level podium

and two mechanical penthouse levels. Constructed in 1964, the building serves as the

Headquarters for Health Canada with the upper two floors housing the Minister, Deputy

Minister and other executive offices. In total, the building comprises a rentable floor area

of approximately 21,089.4 m2 and accommodates approximately 815 full time

employees.

The main office floors (2-16) each have a useable floor area of 1,045 m2 and are

primarily dedicated to office space with a central service core. The basement podium (all

on one level) is substantially larger than the typical floor plate for the office tower having

5,624.2 m2. Most of the podium is finished and dedicated into office space. It also houses

a cafeteria, fitness centre, print shop, Health Canada Crisis Centre and the main

boardroom facility. An aboriginal ‘wellness lodge’ is also located in this area. The

podium is at grade on the north end of the site and has exterior and dock loading

facilities, as well as a small amount of storage space. The south end of the site is oriented

toward pedestrian entry into the office building.

It is in good condition, having undergone a major modernization program between 1990

and 1995 with new interior finishes and mechanical / electrical systems.

In 2004, the Brooke Claxton Building was declared a “Classified” Federal Heritage

Building because of its historical associations, and its architectural and environmental

values. The designation is confined to the footprint of the building.

Building Envelope:

The office tower is clad with a combination of precast concrete panels finished with a

rough slate green finish and smooth finished light granite column covers none of which

exhibit evidence of generalized distress or movement. There is some minor deterioration

of the granite, with one soffit piece previously fallen. Brick walls are used around the

mechanical areas on the roof top. Regular maintenance of the brick will help to maintain

these components and will also reduce leakage into the building by installing through-


HOK Canada 26:128

wall flashing. The mechanical area wells are visible only from the roof level or from

within the area wells. These wells should (recommended in the Building Condition

Report) be covered with a roof to reduce further deterioration while potentially gaining

use of the area.

The windows are in fair condition. The windows are double glazed clear anodized

aluminium windows with fixed uppers and formerly operable awning style lower lights

that have been fixed shut and hardware removed. The basement level windows are of

similar construction. The glazing system has a remaining service life of less than 10 years

and as such requires ongoing maintenance. There is reported to be damage of ground

level glazing panels due to the damage from high winds while condensation and breakage

of window seals is also problematic throughout the building. Continued deterioration of

the sealed units, possible air or water infiltration, which may eventually affect other

building components, can result in more costly repairs/replacement. Reduce visibility

through failed sealed units and reduced aesthetics in the lobby and on the Minister’s floor

is taking place. The cafeteria window wall in the basement is about the only window

fully replaced in 2001. The main entrance doors on the south side of the ground floor

consist of two sets of four single glazed – clear anodized aluminium doors in clear

anodized aluminium frames creating an enclosed vestibule. There are also two single

glazed aluminium doors to the 16th

floor terrace however the terrace is no longer accessed

by tenants and the doors are locked and only used for maintenance access. The main and

basement entrance doors were repaired in the major renovation in 1995 and this extends

the life of these doors. Other doors have no major signs of deterioration and appear to be

serviced regularly. During the winter, ice formation due to condensation increases the

door maintenance requirements. The overhead doors are in good condition and were

replaced in 1997.

The tower roof is comprised of inverted loose laid reinforced PVC Sarnafil membrane

system with concrete topped (CT) insulation and was last replaced in 1990. Deterioration

of the CT boards have made them susceptible to wind blow-off. The podium level is

comprised of an inverted modified bitumen membrane system with type 4 polystyrene

and precast panels and was last replaced in 1997. The 16th

floor terrace was recently

retro-fitted in 2007 with an inverted modified bitumen system. A gutter system is located

along the north edge of the podium overlooking the parking area and was last replaced in

1995.

Site Features:

Items requiring attention in the short term include asphalt crack sealing in the north

parking lots, re-finishing of all exterior steel railings and repair/replacement of loading

dock lift table. Surface drainage at the site include area drains on the podium, catch

basins located in the parking lots and on the City streets and to drainage swales located

between adjacent properties. These storm water management systems were last replaced

in 1996. Between 1993 and 1998 concrete walkways/areaways, paved parking lots and

roadways were replaced.


HOK Canada 27:128

Exterior stairs, ramps and loading docks are in good condition due to their recent

replacement. Podium stairs and exterior concrete ramp replaced in 2004; loading dock

and stairs replaced in 1995.

Structural:

The building is in good condition. The tower structure is concrete encased steel columns

around the perimeter and reinforced shearwalls in the core of the building that support

concrete encased steel beams. The core of the building is the only interior structure that

minimizes remodelling impacts of the building and thus there is significant flexibility in

this regard. The podium level structure consists of reinforced concrete columns and

basement walls that support reinforced concrete beams. It is anticipated that the frame

will last the life of the building (beyond the next 30 years).

The foundation systems consists of reinforced concrete spread footings and foundation /

basement walls. The reinforced concrete basement walls on the north side of the building

are exposed on the exterior and regular, routine repairs are imminent. The exterior

finishes are average with some stains from moisture runoff primarily from the podium

level. Overall the foundations are considered to be in good condition.

The roof structure consists of reinforced concrete slabs on concrete encased steel beams.

The podium structure consists of reinforced concrete slabs on concrete beams. There is

some deterioration along the edge of the podium slab walls and potentially this area is

subject to greater deterioration that will require regular maintenance.

There is some deterioration and leakage around the perimeter of the podium slab. The

terracotta wall cover in the penthouse exhibits movement, which should be reviewed. The

seismic system of the building does not comply with the most recent building code and

will require reinforcement during any major renovation to the building.

Mechanical:

The building is heated and cooled via a perimeter 2 pipe induction system and interior

variable air volume systems. Controls are pneumatic, with Direct Digital Control front-

end controls of the main equipment. The induction system was installed in 1994, as were

the lobby and cafeteria air handling systems. The systems are in good condition;

however, the tower air handling systems have insufficient capacity during the shoulder

seasons and peak summer cooling loads.

Electrical:

Much of the power distribution system has been replaced starting in about 1995, however

some of the original cabling and conduit for the distribution from the main secondary

switchboard remains in service. The electrical distribution system can be generally

characterized as in good condition. The emergency power system was installed in 1985

and is in average condition. Extensive renovations have been undertaken to the indoor

lighting and emergency lighting systems. The overall condition is considered good, with

adequate free space for expansions or additions.


HOK Canada 28:128

Applicable Jurisdictional Considerations, Codes and Standards

To inform the project team in terms of how the test buildings are managed, an overview

and scan was conducted on the jurisdictions and instruments used to oversee, plan and

manage the buildings on the Campus. This section of the case study provides an overview

of the Acts, Policies, Codes and Standards that apply to the test buildings. Federal

Government of Canada via Public Works and Government Services Canada has

jurisdiction and direct control or influence on the planning, operation and daily

maintenance of the buildings in Tunney’s Pasture. The following Government of Canada

Legislation applies to the legal structure for the buildings:

� Financial Administration Act;

� Federal Real Property and Federal Immovables Act;

� Surplus Crown Assets Act; and

� Public Works and Government Services Act.

Note: The National Capital Commission, under the National Capital Act, also has

legislated responsibilities for real property within the National Capital Region (NCR).

These responsibilities include the approval of all sales or transfers of federal lands within

the NCR, approval of demolition of buildings on federal lands within the NCR, approval

of land use or development plans, approvals for exterior alterations and additions to

buildings on federal lands in the NCR.

The following Building compliance acts/regulations are applicable to all the buildings

considered in this Assessment:

� Canada Labour Code – Part II (1985);

� Canada Occupational Safety and Health Regulations (SOR/86-304);

� National Building Code of Canada (2005); and

� National Fire Code of Canada (2005).

A range of standards provided by Canadian Standards Association (CSA) and American

Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE) support

the Labour Code and Canada Occupational Safety and Health Regulations. Of note as it

relates to the health, safety and comfort of the building occupants are:

� ASHRAE Standard 55-1981, Thermal Environmental Conditions for Human

Occupancy; and

� ASHRAE Standard 62-2001n, Ventilation for Acceptable Indoor Air Quality

NOTE: The Treasury Board of Canada Secretariat Occupational Safety and Health

Directive (effective January 1st 2006) stipulates that for in office accommodation, air (dry

bulb) temperatures during working hours should be maintained within the 20-26 °C

range. Temperatures between 17-20 °C and above 26 °C can be uncomfortable, and

occupancy should not exceed 3 hours daily or 120 hours annually in each of these


HOK Canada 29:128

extremes. Temperatures above 26 °C are deemed to be uncomfortable when the humidex

reading to a given temperature equals 40 or less.

SNC-Lavalin-Profac, the building managers, are contracted by PWGSC to be primarily

responsible for daily operation and maintenance of all the test buildings. They are also

involved in assisting and informing the development of the Building Condition Reports

every 5 years that are then used to budget and plan for upgrades, renovations, rebuilding,

etc. through Investment Plans.

In addition to the above Acts, Policies, Codes and Standards, the the following federal

environmental Acts apply to all buildings on the Tunney’s Pasture site:

� Federal Real Property Act, brought into force on September 15, 1992.

� Canadian Environmental Assessment Act (CEAA), January 19, 1995.

� Canadian Environmental Protection Act (CEPA), 1988 (currently under review)

� Auditor General Act

� Fisheries Act

� Migratory Birds Convention Act

These Acts, however, are more applicable when new buildings are constructed or when

major renovations are planed on existing facilities or Campuses.


HOK Canada 30:128

Vulnerability Assessment As outlined above in the Project Approach section, the Project Team used the PIEVC

Protocol to assess the vulnerability of the three test buildings to climate changes. This

section of the report, primarily discusses how the Team applied Steps 3 through 5 of the

Protocol (the Climate Change and Buildings sections above have already discussed the

main elements of Steps 1 and 2). Step 3 can be considered to be the “heart” of the

Vulnerability Assessment, whereas Steps 4 and 5 are intended to screen through,

prioritize and develop recommendations for the infrastructure (building) components that

have been identified to be vulnerable to climate change.

Objectives and Methodology

Appendix C provides the full PIEVC Engineering Protocol and an explanation of the

overall Vulnerability Assessment methodology. The project team followed the main steps

in the Protocol where possible by using the PIEVC provided Worksheets. A copy of the

completed Worksheets for the Main Statistics Canada Building are provided in Appendix

B. A full application of the Steps 1 and 2 in the protocol was not conducted for the Jean

Talon or Brooke Claxton Buildings as it would be for the most part identical to the Main

Statistics Canada Building (see Project Approach above). Instead, emphasis was placed

on Step 3, 4 and 5 of the Assessment in order to identify the core differences in possible

vulnerability of components between the three buildings. As well, the team noted any

possible recommendations for the Main Statistics Canada Building that would not be

applicable to the Jean Talon or Brooke Claxton Buildings.

Step 3 primarily involves a qualitative assessment in which professional judgement is

used to determine the likely affect of changes in the climate factors (identified in Step 2)

will have on the building components (also identified in Step 2). To achieve this the

project team developed a Vulnerability Assessment Matrix based on the template

provided in Step 4.3.6 of the PIEVC Protocol. As per the Protocol, the Probability (SC)

and Severity Scale (SR) factors were used to calculate the priority of the affect of climate

change factor on each building component. The team selected values along the 0 to 7

scale based on the probability of the expected climate change factor influencing the

building component and severity of the potential impact this change would have on the

component. Method A and Method E were used to select values for probability and

severity respectively as shown in Table 2 below.

Table 2 Probability and Severity Scale Factor methodologies used in the Vulnerability Assessment of

the three test buildings.

Scale Probability Scale (Sc) Factor - “Method A”

Severity Scale (SR) Factor – “Method E”

0 negligible or negligible or

not applicable not applicable

1 improbable / very low / unlikely / rare /


HOK Canada 31:128

highly unlikely measurable change

2 remote low / seldom / marginal /

change in serviceability

3 occasional occasional

loss of some capability

4 moderate / moderate

possible loss of some capacity

5 often likely regular / loss of capacity

and loss of some function

6 probable major / likely / critical /

loss of function

7 certain / highly extreme/ frequent/ continuous

probable /loss of asset

This method was chosen to align with current prioritization schemes and risk

management methodologies used by Public Works and Government Services Canada in

the management of its Real Property portfolio.

The Vulnerability Assessment Matrix automatically calculated the “priority of climate

change effect” (Pc) for each building component. As per the Protocol this calculation was

done following the formula of Pc = Sc x SR. The building components were then ranked

according to their Pc values as follows:

• Pc values between 12 and 35 identified building components where climate

change will possibly have a major effect; and

• Pc values 36 and above indicated components that have a strong probability of

severe effect.

Those building components with Pc values between 12 and 35 were then subjected to an

“indicator analysis” according to Step 4 in the Protocol (see Worksheet 4 in Appendix B).

The outcomes of Step 4 and the building component that obtained Pc values of 36 or

higher, formed the input into Step 5 – Recommendations (See Worksheet 5 in Appendix

B). Step 5 in the Protocol structured the development of recommendations for each of the

building components that:

• Are identified as having a strong probability of severe effect due to climate

change; and

• Are identified as having a lack of adaptive capacity due to climate change.


HOK Canada 32:128

In addition to relying on the outcomes of Step 3 and 4 of the Protocol to develop

recommendations, the project team relied on the data from the building condition reports

(e.g. current conditions of building components), interviews and building tours.

Findings

Consultations and Building Tour Findings

The project team had several consultation meetings with representatives from SNC-

Lavalin Profac – the building managers contracted by PWGSC – to gather more

information and data concerning:

• details on the buildings, the important components and the current interactions

between these components and the weather and climate;

• current condition, state of repair, construction, materials and expected life cycle of

building components;

• anecdotal evidence of interactions of building components with the weather and

climate;

• current capacities and loads on specific building components; and

• the rating of probability and severity scale factors for specific building

components.

The key observations and outcomes from these consultations and meetings are:

• Building operators have excellent experience with the current status of building

components and the affects of weather and climate on their deterioration and

expected remaining life cycle.

• Current patterns and strength of winds affects the snowdrift patterns at the

building envelope and along the parapet such that snow needs to be moved so as

to not cause damage and danger to pedestrians below.

• Water staining was observed at the windowsill and lintel (precast and stone) that

is affecting the integrity of these systems (Main Statistics Canada Building)

• Operators have observed extended and more extreme periods of hot, humid

weather in summer that need to be factored into the probability/severity ratings of

some components.

• The heating and cooling systems needed to maintain the humidity and

temperature levels for LAN/computer rooms are critical to ensure the security of

computer services to employees.

• Operators are very concerned about increased freeze thaw cycles and their effect

on masonry mortar, walkways, parking area and building envelops where joints

and different materials are fastened together.

• Soil settling combined with potentially increased rain/snow may decrease the

ability to manage storm water.

The above and other more detailed information gained during these meetings and tours

are integrated into this report. In particular the observations and outcomes of building

tours helped the project team to determine the Probability and Severity Scale factors

required in Step 3 – Vulnerability Assessment (see Table 2). For example, the

observation by Building Managers that extended and more extreme periods of hot, humid


HOK Canada 33:128

weather in summer are having an affect, provided the project team with additional

rationale to increase the probability/severity ratings of building components relating to

cooling, humidity and ventilation. Specific details can be found in Appendix B,

Worksheets 1, 2 and 3.

Main Statistics Canada Building

The major findings regarding the Main Statistics Canada Building are that there are a

range of different building components that are, to varying degrees, vulnerable to climate

change. Table 3 shows the outcomes of the Vulnerability Assessment Matrix applied to

the Main Statistics Canada Building. Building components were assigned a “priority of

climate change effect” score (Pc) using professional judgement in rating the Probability

and Severity Scale factors for each building component. Building components with a Pc

value of 36 or higher were identified as having a strong probability of severe effect due to

climate change (indicated by * in Table 3). Building components with Pc values between

12 and 35 were identified for further analysis in Step 4 to understand the possible

vulnerability due to climate change.

Table 3 List of building components identified in Step 3 – Vulnerability Assessment of the Protocol as

potentially vulnerable to climate change.

Building Component Priority of climate change effect (Pc)

Exterior Systems

• Site Drainage 12

• Storm Drains* 36

• Tunnels, manholes and access doors 35

• Freestanding walls – concrete and masonry 20-25

• Retaining Walls 12

• Walkways – asphalt, concrete, unit pavers* 42

• Stairs – concrete and metal* 30-36

• Ramps* 36

• Parking Areas – asphalt, concrete, unit pavers* 42

Building Systems

• Masonry walls* 36

• Stone Panels* 36

• Precast Concrete Window Sills 30

• Glazed Curtain Wall 16

• Metal Cladding 16

• Windows – aluminium 16

• Doors – steel and aluminium 12

• Flat Roof Systems 30

Mechanical and Electrical Systems

• Heating System and Adequacy 12

• Cooling System and Adequacy* 42

• Provision/Supply and Reliability of Electrical Power: 35

Based on Steps 3 and 4 of the Protocol and the building condition reports, results from

interviews and building tour, the Project Team determined a set of findings for the

Vulnerability Assessment of the Main Statistics Canada Building. These are discussed

below according to the main groupings of building components.


HOK Canada 34:128

Main findings, Exterior Systems:

1. Storm Drains: Although the design parameters of the storm drains were not

available, the Project Team used professional judgment and civil engineering

input3 to determine that the existing storm drains meet and are potentially at full

capacity. Based on projected increased precipitation, these systems will

potentially be inadequate and as such may need to be supplemented with storm

water retention areas or with ground water recharge systems.

2. Tunnels, manholes and access doors: This infrastructure component is below

grade and throughout the campus supplying all buildings with critically needed

steam and chilled water. Although the Tunnels are currently being maintained and

managed by PWGSC, no technical information was available for this system at

the time of the assessment. Due to the sites proximity to the river and increase in

precipitation year round, ground water issues may affect this infrastructure so

much so that it could require draining / pumping systems.

3. Walkways and Parking Areas: Due to increased freeze thaw and rain over the

winter months it can be expected that there will be more ice build-up on

walkways. The Tunney’s Pasture campus has well over 10,000 people with only

about 1000 parking spots. It therefore has a strong pedestrian component given its

proximity to the transit way and parking restrictions. Health and safety of

pedestrians and prevention of injury on ice is very important. At the same time the

freeze thaw cycle will cause heaving and material deterioration making the

condition of the walkways prone to tripping hazards. This will pose a significant

risk and cost to maintaining this infrastructure component. Higher Temperatures

will affect walkways especially asphalt walkways as it will cause the material to

soften thus affecting its wear. For example, shoe heels will puncture into the

walkway and create crevices that in the winter will be subjected to freeze thaw

and cause the walkway to breakdown.

4. Stairs: Increased freeze thaw cycles will cause heaving and material deterioration

making the stair areas prone to occupant tripping/falling/injury. This could pose a

significant risk during emergencies and evacuations. Stairs should be kept clear

of snow and ice during winter months to ensure dry conditions and prevent

material deterioration. Note, because of the public nature of this building and the

unionized civil service occupants, snow clearing on steps is promptly dealt with in

accordance with PWGSC standards.

5. Ramps: Increased freeze thaw cycles will cause heaving and material

deterioration making the ramps an area prone to occupant tripping/falling/injury.

This could pose a significant risk during emergencies and evacuations. Stairs

should be kept clear of snow and ice during winter months to ensure dry

conditions and prevent material deterioration. Note, because of the public nature

of this building and the unionized civil service occupants, snow clearing on ramps

is promptly dealt with in accordance with PWGSC standards.

Main findings, Building Systems:

3 Trevor Kealey, R.V. Anderson Associates Ltd., Ottawa.


HOK Canada 35:128

6. Building Envelop: Due to increased rain over the year, moisture will make its way

into the building envelope. The result of this will mean increased brick failure.

Building Management is currently seeing some evidence of this. With no drainage

cavity it will make it more difficult to keep the envelop dry. The only means of

drying out the envelop is through building heat migrating out and solar radiation

throughout the year. In the winter months any moisture within the envelope will

be subjected to freeze thaw cycles therefore affecting the structural integrity of the

building envelop materials. Higher humidity levels in the summer months may

have the same effect in that moisture will migrate into the envelop that can cause

damage. Alterations on the interior and exterior side of the building envelop will

require serious consideration before any action is taken as it can significantly alter

the performance and negatively impact the system. In addition such changes will

have significant affects on heating, cooling and ventilation loads and requirements

for the building.

7. Flat Roof Systems: Given that flat roofs will retain some water and that freeze

thaw cycles are expected to increase over the winter months, this will pose a

significant strain on the integrity of the system so much so that the life cycle will

be shortened. Unexpected leaks may take place and therefore compromise the

structure and finishes below. This system is vital to the well being of a building’s

operations and as such is critical system that requires constant monitoring. NHote

that current building management practices require annual review of this system

such that it will safeguard the system.

Main findings, Mechanical Systems:

8. Heating System and Adequacy: It was found that at times during the winter the

hot water heating system (supply from the CHCP) has a hard time keeping up

with the interior heating demands causing the interior environment to be cold and

uncomfortable. This is primarily due to the fact that there is little to no insulation

in exterior walls often resulting in the heating pipes freezing. However, based on

the projected increases in temperature during the winter months, and a reduced

frost season, the adequacy of the system to meet demands may prove to be

reduced or eliminated. It should be noted that currently, because of a lack of

insulation, the exterior building envelop relies on a certain amount of heat to keep

it warm and dry, that in turn ensures the envelops structural integrity. Therefore

the heating system and its adequacy are intimately linked to the condition and

technology of building envelop. Therefore, the main weakness related to heating

the building is actually the building envelop itself.

9. Cooling System and Adequacy: Climate change impacts the capability of the

cooling system to meet loads for the Tunney’s Pasture facilities in two ways:

a. Outdoor temperature and humidity increases load through higher sensible

and latent cooling of make-up air supply and infiltration as well as

increases in envelope conduction gains. As the relative humidity

projections are relatively constant, the projected rises in temperature result

in increases of make-air and infiltration loads at a rate of about 5kJ/m3 or

5W/l/s, mostly latent. Assuming a combined air change rate of 1 ACH, the


HOK Canada 36:128

load increase can be estimated thus: building floor area (m2) x

temperature rise (0K) x 5 (W) = additional cooling load (W). Building

envelope gains are smaller and require envelope areas and U-values. The

cooling coils and air distribution may be insufficient to maintain

acceptable conditions.

b. The central chilling plant depends on sufficiently cool water and pumping

rates from the Ottawa River to maintain capacity and possibly operation.

A combined effect of lower summer rainfall and higher ambient

temperatures will raise temperatures and lower flow rates of the Ottawa

River. Increased usage for heat rejection and urbanization upstream will

have similar effects. Although current capacity exceeds demand by a 50%

margin currently, the combination of lower capacity due to condenser

temperature rise and higher loads may reduce the margin to criticality. The

older steam turbines will be called in to duty more frequently and shorten

their serviceable life.

10. Provision/Supply and Reliability of Electrical Power: As temperature and

humidity levels will increase, electrical demands will also increase with no

guarantee that the utility will be able to supply enough power city wide. Power

supply and reliability is therefore very vulnerable. This element is not reviewed as

part of typical building condition management practices and therefore will require

special attention and monitoring.

The project team also found through Step 4 of the Protocol – Indicator Analysis – that the

following building components have adaptive capacity through typical building science

best practices that could be implemented as part of the building management program

through regular scheduled building maintenance activities:

Exterior Systems:

1. Site Drainage – related to slopes away from the building and includes soil

permeability and hard surfaces like stairs / ramps

2. Freestanding walls - concrete and masonry

3. Retaining walls – concrete

4. Stairs – metal

Envelop Systems:

1. Precast Concrete - Window Sills

2. Glazed Curtain wall

3. Metal Cladding

4. Aluminium windows and steel doors

In summary, for the Main Statistics Canada Building, the project team found that the

highest priority building components due to climate change are:

• the walkways, parking areas, stairs and ramps because of potential risk to human

health, safety, injury, falling etc.


HOK Canada 37:128

• the building envelop because accelerated deterioration will affect the structural

integrity of the building

• the adequacy of the cooling system because is poses significant costs to PWGSC

and directly affects occupant comfort and productivity

• the reliability of power (electricity) to the building because it is critical to the

daily work and productivity of occupants and the operation of the computer/LAN

room.

Jean Talon Building

The main findings with respect to the Jean Talon building were very similar to the Main

Statistics Canada Building. The highest priority considerations are similar in that the

exterior systems (e.g. walkways, ramps, parking areas and stairs), building envelop,

cooling systems and reliability of power are the key vulnerabilities. However, there are

specific differences in the findings:

1. Retaining Concrete Walls – This element is one difference when compared to the

other 2 test sites. The loading area for this building requires that there is a

retaining wall on the north side of the building. The wall is easily 1.5 stories in

height. Freeze thaw cycles and increases in moisture content in the earth along

with water infiltration at grade between the earth and wall structure could cause

movement or deterioration.

2. Building Envelop – The most note worthy element is the precast detailing at the

parapet level. It was observed that snow was making its way behind the precast

panel and between the structure that supports the panel. Upon closer observation,

at the top of the parapet wall there is no cap to neither cover the cavity nor shed

water away from this cavity. As well, bowing precast walls were observed in

several locations and must be noted as unique to the 3 buildings studied. Both of

these situations are not necessarily climate change related but are rooted in

buildings science. Through typical building management practices, these issues

should be adequately monitored and hopefully resolved.

3. High Parapet Walls – Typically, a parapet well is not greater than 2 feet high. In

the case of Jean Talon some of the parapets are easily the height of one storey.

The high parapet wall produces unique situations for snow drifts and wind

patterns that would require further study. At this point we can not be conclusive

about this unique building condition.

Brooke Claxton Building

The main findings with respect to the Brooke Claxton building were very similar to the

Main Statistics Canada Building. The highest priority considerations are similar in that

the exterior systems (e.g. walkways, ramps, parking areas and stairs), building envelop,

cooling systems and reliability of power are the key vulnerabilities. However, there are

specific differences in the findings:


HOK Canada 38:128

1. Metal Gutters - Unlike most buildings at Tunney’s Pasture, the Brooke Claxton

building uses metal gutters on the north end of the podium so as to not drain

directly on the users of the building entry points and loading dock facility located

below. Over the winter months ice accumulation can form along the edge of the

podium not only on the north side but also the west and east side. From a building

science perspective this can case deterioration of the roof and exterior wall. On a

health and safety level this may also pose some risk to pedestrians especially on

the north side. Generally, typical building management practices should guard

against this risk and in our professional opinion is part of standard building best

practices currently underway.

2. Tunnels, manholes, access doors – The elevation of the tunnel system at Brooke

Claxton is at a slightly lower elevation and is in closer proximity to the Ottawa

River. Due to greater levels of precipitation year round and like all tunnels on site

it will be affected by water infiltration as was evident during the Brooke Claxton

building tour.

3. Building Envelop – Like the Main Stats Building, Brooke Claxton has an aging

building envelope that is mostly of the original construction vintage. It is over 40

years into its life cycle and as such will require maintenance and upgrades to

preserve its integrity especially since this building has an exterior based structural

system. Current building science places the structure on the interior so that it is

kept warm and dry.

4. Podium Roof – Generally, the podium roof has been detailed in such a way that

there is little to no roof overhang. With this existing scenario, rain water drains

directly on the east podium wall as staining is evident on this elevation. This

condition is unique yet similar to the Jean Talon building which has a similar

podium walk-up for ground floor entry to the building. Deterioration on the wall,

especially over the winter months, can take place and can be accelerated due to

increased freeze thaw cycles.

Summary of Findings

As mentioned above, the findings and highest priority considerations resulting form the

Vulnerability Assessment are very similar across all three test buildings in that the

exterior systems (e.g. walkways, ramps, parking areas and stairs), building envelop,

cooling systems and reliability of power are the key vulnerabilities. There is however,

differences in considerations regarding roofs, building envelop, tunnels and retaining

walls that are specific to each building. Details of the Vulnerability Assessment (Step 3)

for each building can be found at the end of Appendix B.

Other Potential Changes

The project team identified three main potential changes/variables that may affect the

vulnerability of the three test buildings due to climate change. The first, is that changes

occupant/employee density and space dedicated to computers/servers/mainframes will

affect the loads put on the building power, ventilation, heating and cooling systems. The


HOK Canada 39:128

future changes in occupancy and space usage are currently unknown and therefore this

can also be seen as a limitation of the Assessment.

Second, the Tunney’s Pasture Campus is currently the focus of a Master Planning

exercise being undertaken by Public Works and Government Services Canada. The

outcomes of this study are unknown at this time and difficult to predict. However, they

may affect the investment plans and budgets and resulting priorities for the three test

buildings.

Finally, there is uncertainty and fluctuating budgets surrounding the investment and long-

term capital plans for these buildings as administered by Public Works and Government

Services Canada. This can result in deferred maintenance that can affect the ability to

maintain the building to the required performance standards. They can also change the

operating and maintenance priorities for the building as well as planned capital upgrades.

Thus, the planned upkeep and replacement of specific building components is difficult to

predict. However, one can see that the results of this assessment could inform the future

development and prioritization of these budgets, reports and plans for the test buildings

and the Tunney’s Pasture Campus in general.

Data Sufficiency and Limitations

The building data from the 2007 and 2008 building condition reports are assumed to be

accurate. Current building management practices by PWGSC and SNC-Lavalin Profac

ensure that all building components are reviewed on a 5-year cycle. The resulting

Building Condition Reports inform the planning, prioritization and budgeting of service,

upgrades, renovations, rehabilitation etc. for the buildings. These reports and supporting

processes as well as qualified and informed building managers provided the project team

with high quality information to inform the vulnerability assessment.

With respect to limitations of the climate change data, the models used can be considered

to be the best available estimates. Most of climate change factors relevant to the test

buildings and their performance were provided by Ouranos (see Appendix A). However

because sensitivity or uncertainty analysis is still under development in the climate

change modelling field, the expected changes developed through the climate change

models and scenarios were considered to be general estimates in the assessment.

In terms of other limitations, the Project Team identified the following:

• Making predictions about the service life of building materials and components

requires in-depth knowledge of materials, their composition, manufacture and

their response to a number of different weather and climate related factors. This

in-depth knowledge is outside the scope and areas of expertise of the project team

and the purpose of this assessment. That being said, the team has identified the

building components that require additional analysis or research.

• The inability to predict the occurrence of extreme weather events that cause

building components or materials to fail prematurely.

• The Heritage designation of the Main Statistics Canada and Brooke Claxton

Buildings could affect the potential priorities and plans to improve, upgrade or


HOK Canada 40:128

refurbish the building, particularly the building envelop. This factor was not

included or researched as part of this assessment.

• Because the test buildings rely on the Central Heating and Cooling Plant (CHCP)

for heating and cooling for much of their space, the efficiency and affects of

increased loads on the CHCP need to be studied further. The central heating and

cooling plant was recently modernized, one would assume that they did take into

account more recent data. This is a major limitation of the current assessment as

the building and its components should be considered to be an integrated system

working to provide the necessary functions for its occupants, for example changes

to the building envelope will impact heating and cooling loads. This in turn can

affect the demands placed on the CHCP and roof-top units for the computer/LAN

rooms.


HOK Canada 41:128

Conclusions & Recommendations First, for the three buildings, the project team found that the highest priority

considerations due to climate change are:

• the walkways, parking areas, stairs and ramps because of potential risk to human

health, safety, injury, falling etc.

• the building envelop because of accelerated deterioration will affect the structural

integrity of the building.

• the adequacy of the cooling system because is poses significant costs to PWGSC

and directly affects occupant comfort and productivity.

• the reliability of power (electricity) to the building because it is critical to the

daily work and productivity of occupants and the operation of the computer/LAN

room.

Specific recommendations for the three buildings include:

J. A detailed research study should be conducted that investigates the loads from

potential increases in precipitation on the site rain and storm water drains and

tunnels. The study should consider the existing site drainage capacity, soil types,

site slopes/topography, ground water tables and bedrock topography to investigate

if there are any possible risks/vulnerabilities to these component. As well the

study should have a scope that examines the potential effects on the function of

the buildings, footings, foundation walls, slab on grade and retaining walls.

Ideally the study should also consider any possible future changes to the overall

plan/layout/building density (i.e. Master Plan) of the Campus and explore the

optimum engineering solution such as ground water recharge or storm water

retention areas.

K. In conjunction to the above recommendation, PWGSC should consider and assess

how climate change will affect Federal Real Property that is in close proximity to

the Ottawa River, its watershed and flood plain. This may warrant that PWGSC

initiate or involve themselves in studies on the climate change effects on the

Gatineau River, Rideau River or Rideau Canal. In either case, this would also

provide more information for subsequent assessments on the Campus that could

include flood plain considerations/risk.

L. It is crucial that all walkways, stairs, and parking areas be kept clear of snow and

ice in the winter in accordance with current building management practices. This

will help ensure an optimal life cycle and structural integrity for these asphalt,

concrete and unit paver surfaces. Maintaining current practices and budget for

snow/ice clearing will help ensure occupant and public safety in these areas. As

these surfaces reach the end of their life cycle, PWGSC should consider

replacement with materials that will withstand increased freeze-thaw cycles.

These materials should also try to minimize heat gain in the areas surrounding the

building in order to reduce possible cooling loads on the building during the

summer.


HOK Canada 42:128

M. In the Main Statistics Canada building, the heating system pipes can freeze and

burst in the winter months, resulting in building envelop water damage. This in

turn can affect the structural integrity of the building. This is high priority area

that warrants the research and application of a building envelop technology that

can mitigate this problem as well as manage the affects of increased precipitation

and potential moisture migration into the envelop due to climate change. It should

be emphasized that changes to the building envelop will affect the performance

and loads on the heating, cooling and ventilation systems. Thus, any changes to

the envelop will require modification of the heating, cooling and ventilation

systems to ensure optimum building performance in line with current building

science and codes. As mentioned above, the building’s Heritage status may need

to be considered in any changes to the structure or envelop.

N. The Brooke Claxton Building, as with the Main Statistics Canada Building, has an

aging building envelope that is mostly of the original construction vintage. It is

over 40 years into its life cycle and as such will require maintenance and upgrades

to preserve its integrity especially since this building has an exterior based

structural system. Research and application of a envelop technology that will keep

the interior warm and dry, without affecting structural integrity is recommended.

As mentioned above, the building’s Heritage status may need to be considered in

any changes to the structure or envelop.

O. The flat roof systems will be particularly vulnerable to climate change due to

increase freeze-thaw cycles and summer temperatures. Roof deterioration is likely

to be accelerated. Therefore, PWGSC should investigate and determine the

optimum flat roof technology, design options, mitigation strategies that will

accommodate the potential effects of increased freeze thaw and ice build-up. It is

recommended that such a study should investigate current best practices in

climates that are currently similar to the predicted climate change for the Ottawa

Region (i.e. warmer, more freeze thaw) and also investigate the feasibility of

adapting a technology that sheds more easily/reliably moisture, snow and rain.

P. The potential increased spring, summer and fall temperatures due to climate

change can have a direct affect on all the buildings cooling systems. A detailed

engineering evaluation needs to be conducted on the anticipated loads due to

climate change and the optimum solution for each building. Such an evaluation

should evaluate the suitability of various adaptive measures/technologies such as

exterior shading devices, passive cooling techniques, etc. It should also recognize

potential changes/engineering options for the building envelop (discussed above)

to ensure systems are optimally sized for the existing and projected loads.

Secondly, PWGSC should conduct a separate or integrated evaluation based on

the Campus as a system of buildings, each presenting differing loads and

responses to climate change to the Plant. This could be in the form of a climate

change vulnerability assessment based on the PIEVC Protcol on the Central

Heating and Cooling Plant. In any case, the evaluation/assessment should model

and consider:

a. the projected loads on each building and as a Campus;

b. current and future CHCP capacities;


HOK Canada 43:128

c. the various technology options/adaptive measures for the buildings on the

Campus;

d. the future Master Plan for the Campus;

e. various technologies/adaptive measures for the CHCP itself such as co-

generation and geothermal heating and cooling; and

f. that the engineering solution meet or exceed the Government of Canada’s

objectives to reduce GHG emissions and Air Pollutants.

g. Any potential changes to the Ottawa River (used by the Plant for cooling)

such as water temperature, flow, height etc. that may be due to climate

change.

Q. PWGSC should being working with the local electrical utility (e.g. Hydro Ottawa)

to study and plan for the cumulative effects on electricity loads, demand,

consumption, etc. during spring, summer and fall from all the buildings at the

Tunney’s Pasture Campus. This work should also be done in conjunction or at

least consider the evaluation/assessment of the CHCP and the potential

technologies (e.g. co-generation) that can reduce demands and loads on the local

electrical utiliy. These efforts will help ensure that the electrical power supply is

reliable for the buildings on the Campus and in the region.

R. PWGSC and other building landlords and operators should begin to plan for the

expected changes in climate. This is particularly the case for buildings of similar

vintages and construction types as the test buildings. Those owners and operators

with buildings requiring renewal, major renovation or complete rebuilding within

the next 10-15 years, should be planning and designing these buildings to meet

future climatic conditions.

Action on these recommendations should be initiated within the next 6-18 month

timeframe.

Secondly, the Project Team recommends that the current building management processes

be maintained to help ensure that many building components (e.g. stairs, walkways,

ramps, windows, doors) adversely affected by climate change (i.e. premature

deterioration) will be identified and subsequent remedial action taken to reduce or

eliminate any specific impacts. In other words, we find that this management approach

indirectly guards against climate change vulnerabilities for several building components

and systems. This is because Federal buildings are managed under a rigorous process that

includes Asset Management Plans, Building Condition Reports and Building

Management Plans, to name a few. This building management process is based on sound

financial and building science best practices and overall ensures that the building asset is

kept in the best condition, practically speaking. The review of these reports and

subsequent meetings and consultations with PWGSC and SNC-Lavalin Profac provided

excellent sources of data and practical information about the buildings and their

components, current state of repair and expected lifespan.

Thirdly, despite the rigorous building management processes in place and utilized by

PWGSC and SNC-Lavalin-Profac, there are gaps in the Building Condition Reports

related to how the building operates as a system. In other words, current emphasis in


HOK Canada 44:128

condition reporting and operations is focused on a “component by component” basis,

whereas, a “building as a system” approach (Figure 2) could prove beneficial in terms of

planning and responding to changes in climate that affect numerous building

components/systems simultaneously. For example the inter-relationship between heating

and cooling systems and the building envelop, insulation levels and ventilation could be

further elaborated in order to prioritize building investments and budgets.

Figure 2 Building as an interrelated group of systems.

Finally, the project team recognizes that the Main Statistics Canada and Brooke Claxton

Buildings have Heritage designation. The Project Team recommends that this be

considered when possible engineering solutions are evaluated and implemented.

Mitigation and adaptation techniques will need to factor in this designation. This may be

particularly important for changes required in the building envelop that may or may not

affect the building façades, profiles and aesthetics.

Applicability to other buildings

While the Vulnerability Assessment focused on the three test buildings, particular

elements of the findings and recommendations can be applicable to other buildings in the

region, especially of similar vintages and construction. First, increased freeze-thaw cycles

will likely have similar effects on buildings and other types of infrastructure in the

region. The Project Team, in the course of the assessment noted that the City of Ottawa

has been studying and responding to increases in freeze-thaw cycles with respect to

sidewalk and road clearing activities.


HOK Canada 45:128

Second, increases in precipitation in the form of rain particularly in fall, winter and spring

will put increased loads on building envelops and flat roofs in the region. It could be

anticipated that many landlords and building managers will be addressing problems

associated with increased moisture infiltration into building envelops either through

failed roofing systems or cladding systems, sills, etc.

Third – and perhaps most important from a climate change perspective – the increases in

spring, summer and fall temperatures in the region will put higher demands on cooling

systems. This in turn will increase loads on the electrical utilities during these seasons.

Strategies will need to implemented at various levels in order to manage the demand and

ensure that increases in electricity consumption do not result in increased GHG emissions

– resulting in further climate change. The Project Team believes that increases in cooling

demand could be managed by a combination of building technologies (e.g. external

shading, envelop upgrades, passive cooling, ground source heat pumps), changing

occupant behaviour, increased utility capacity and renewable/green electricity generation,

etc.

Finally, it should be noted that the availability of data and information for the test

buildings and commitment of the building managers aided the vulnerability assessment

process. However, this may not be the case with other buildings, landlords or

jurisdictions. The Project Team believes that the amount and quality of building

component information should be well evaluated and their limitations identified if similar

assessments are conducted on other buildings.

Recommendations to Improve the Protocol

As discussed above, the project team applied the PIEVC Engineering Protocol for

Climate Change Infrastructure Vulnerability Assessment to the buildings in this project.

The team was asked by PIEVC and PWGSC to evaluate the overall Protocol and the

climate change data provided by Ouranos and their applicability to the building sector.

This section of the case study summarizes the Project Teams evaluation of the Protocol

and the cliamte change data.

The Protocol

The following points summarize the evaluation of the Protocol and suggest specific

improvements that may also be applicable to other infrastructure sectors.

The Project Team believes there is potential to align the terminology in the Protocol to

that used by climate and weather specialists as well as engineers and architects (e.g.

National Building Code, CSA, ISO and ASHRAE). For example, the protocol uses such

terms as “climate change factor” and “climate change parameter” while Environment

Canada and Ouranos refer to changes in a climatic indices (e.g. change in average annual

maximum temperature) that is expected in the future. The Team recommends that the

Protocol and Worksheets be revised to ensure consistency in terminology between

climatologists and the engineering profession. Where possible the revision should use

established terminology being used in the disciplines to aid future project teams in


HOK Canada 46:128

understanding the Protocol and the basic methodology. A second step could be a

collaboration, through PIEVC, between CSA, ASHRAE and climate change

modelers/scenario developers such as Ouranos to revise the Protocol specific to the

infrastructure sectors being assessed.

Also in relation to terminology, the Protocol and Worksheets also use such terms as

“climate change baseline” and “climate change trends” that are not properly defined in

the Glossary. Thus, it is recommended that PIEVC create a revised Glossary of Terms

that encompasses all the terminology being used in the Protocol and supporting

Worksheets.

Repetition of terms and data fields in Protocol and supporting Worksheets were also

found to create confusion as to their meaning. For example, the Protocol asks the user to

consider and document “Jurisdictional Considerations” in Step 1 and Step 2.

Furthermore, Step 5 requires a restatement of “Limitations” that have previously been

documented in Steps 1, 2. Furthermore, the Protocol does not clearly explain what is

being requested in these different Steps or why data from one Step should also be copied

or reiterated in another. Other terms that appear frequently that warrant some clarification

include “limitations, data sufficiency, other change factors and infill data.” The Team

recommends that the Protocol be reviewed in order to assess where repetition of these

and other terms and data fields can be reduced and/or simplified along with an

explanation of the significance of the data field.

To aid readability, clarity and understanding around the considerations, tasks or analysis

the user of the Protocol should undertake at different Steps, the Team recommends that a

set of illustrations or text examples be inserted into the Protocol. The existing Protocol

does include several flowcharts to assist the reader in understanding the methodology and

logic, however, these too could be improved by making references in the charts to the

numbered Steps and sub-Steps. For example, in Step 3 when trying to assess the

probability and severity it is initially not apparent what is being looked at. Is the analysis

about the probability and severity of climate change or is it about the effect of climate

and the impact that it will have on the infrastructure component? Upon reflection the later

made more sense even though initial the former was what came to mind based on Step 2

work completed.

Finally, at times, the Protocol and Worksheets are unclear in their instructions and/or

there is an inconsistency in terminology. For example, in Step 4.2.1, Data Gathering and

Sufficiency in the Protocol, the bulleted items “a, b and c” should relate to Table 4.2.1 in

Worksheet 2. However there is discrepancy in terminology between these bulleted items

and the columns in the table. Bulleted item “c” states “provide references,” whereas the

corresponding column in Table 4.2.1 states “References and Assumptions: on data and

infill data.” To eliminate confusion and between the Protocol and the Worksheets, it is

recommended that a thorough revision of both be undertaken to ensure consistency.


HOK Canada 47:128

Climate Data/Scenarios

The Project Team found that the current set of climate change data, models and scenarios

as provided by Ouranos for this case study are particularly relevant to the building sector.

The key climate indices investigated in the Assessment (Temperature, Rain, Snow, Wind,

HDDays, CDDays, Frost Season, Rain on Snow) are adequate to do a high-level

vulnerability assessment of buildings in Canada. However, it was recognized and

accepted that there are specific limitations regarding the uncertainty of extreme weather

events, freeze-thaw cycles, humidity and solar radiation/cloud cover that would aid the

assessment of other buildings. It should be mentioned that some of these could be

extrapolated from long (+25 year) trends and data sources not specific to Environment

Canada climatic data.

Of key interest to the assessment of buildings are: the potential for moisture infiltration

into the envelop; freeze-thaw cycles that deteriorate building materials, especially roof

membrane, concrete and masonry; and temperature and humidity extremes that can affect

the ability of HVAC systems to maintain an acceptable indoor environment. The Project

Team recognizes that for future assessments of buildings, specific climatic indices that

relate to these key interests could become important to ensure consistency in application

of the overall Assessment and Protocol. As discussed above, such indices should be

aligned to current ASHRAE modeling/design data tools, codes or standards. Possible

additional indices include: dew point frequency distribution; enthalpy frequency

distribution; wind speed frequency distribution; a dry/wet bulb-wind joint index; and a

humidity-temp joint index.

In addition, there is potential to improve the utility or presentation of the climate change

indices and scenarios. First, engineers and architects could benefit from a layperson’s

indication of what climate would be like in 10, 20, 50 year time horizon (e.g. in 2050

Ottawa’s climate will be roughly similar to Philadelphia). This would allow research and

comparison of building codes and best design practices of these regions to understand

what may or may not work in terms of adaptation or mitigation techniques and

technologies.

The project team found that that the spatial parameter of a 20-50km radius around the test

buildings was very reasonable and that micro climatic factors would be too

detailed/focused for the level of the assessment. However, the factors of

elevation/topography data would be important for buildings closer to rivers, streams,

lakes etc. Naturally, the climate data and scenarios did not address or encompass changes

to the Ottawa River or water table/ground water. Availability to this data is important as

Tunney’s Pasture Campus relies on the Ottawa River given that the central heating and

cooling plant is connected to this natural resource. This is outside the scope of such

scenarios, but indicates a need for future assessment projects to look at the affects

changes in climate indices will have on other natural systems that may in turn affect the

infrastructure.

In terms of temporal climate change horizons/scenarios, the +10, 25, 50 year time

horizons are also reasonable at this time, given the typical design life of the majority of


HOK Canada 48:128

Canada’s building stock. However it is recognized that historical or culturally valuable

buildings may need longer time horizons.


HOK Canada 49:128

References Adaptation Options for Infrastructure Under Changing Climate Conditions. Occasional

Paper 10. Heather Auld, Don MacIver, Joan Klassen. Adaptation and Impacts Research

Division, Environment Canada. Toronto, Canada, 2007.

Assessment of the Need to Adapt Buildings in New Zealand to the Impacts of Climate

Change, Study Report 197. J. Bengtsson, R. Hargreaves and I.C. Page. Branz Ltd., New

Zealand, 2007.

Building Condition Report: Statistics Canada Building #3 – Tunney’s Pasture Ottawa

4520354. PWGSC/TPSGC, Ottawa, Canada. December 28, 2007.

Building Condition Report: Brooke Claxton Building #7 – Tunney’s Pasture Ottawa

4520353. PWGSC/TBPSGC, Ottawa, Canada. March 2008.

Changing Weather Patterns, Uncertainty and Infrastructure Risks: Emerging Adaptation

Requirements. Occasional Paper 9. Heather Auld, Don MacIver. Adaptation and Impacts

Research Division, Environment Canada. Toronto, Canada, 2007.

City of Portage La Prairie Water Resources Infrastructure Assessment – Phase II Pilot

Study, Executive Summary. Genivar in association with TetrES Consultants Inc.

November, 2007.

Climate change in Canada: Climate scenarios for the public infrastructure vulnerability

assessment. Ouranos. Ottawa, Canada, February 2008.

Climate change in Canada: Climate scenarios for the public infrastructure vulnerability

assessment. Addendum. Ouranos. Ottawa, Canada, April 2008.

Condition Assessment: Jean Talon Building #5 – Tunney’s Pasture Ottawa 4520365.

PWGSC/TPSGC, Ottawa, Canada, January 22, 2008.

PIEVC Engineering Protocol for Climate Change Infrastructure Vulnerability

Assessment. PIEVC-CVIIP, Engineers Canada, Revision 7.1 October 31, 2007.

Estimation of potential impact of climate change on the heating energy use of existing

houses. Radu Zmeureanu, Guillaume Renaud. Energy Policy 36, 2008, Elsevier. pp 303-

310.

Infrastructure Vulnerability to Climate Change – Vancouver Sewerage Area, Draft

Report. Kerr Wood Leidal Associates Ltd. Vancouver, Canada. February 2008.

Planning for Atmospheric Hazards and Disaster Management Under Changing Climate

Conditions. Occasional Paper 12. Heather Auld, Don MacIver, Joan Klassen, Neil


HOK Canada 50:128

Comer, Bryan Tugwood. Adaptation and Impacts Research Division, Environment

Canada. Toronto, Canada, 2007.

Public Buildings – Infrastructure Impacts, Vulnerabilities and Design Considerations for

Future Climate Change. Canadian Council of Professional Engineers. Prepared by Paul

Steenhof, Ph.D. Ottawa, Canada, March 2008.

Weathering of Building Infrastructure and the Changing Climate: Adaptation Options.

Occasional Paper 11. Heather Auld, Joan Klassen, Neil Comer. Adaptation and Impacts

Research Division, Environment Canada. Toronto, Canada, 2007.


HOK Canada 51:128

Acknowledgements The case study team would like to thank the participation and contribution of the

following people:

Michael Murawnik, Property Manager, SNC-Lavalin Profac

Shelley LeBlanc, Property Manager, SNC-Lavalin Profac

Peter Morris, Property Manager, SNC-Lavalin Profac

Susan Kehoe, Director Quality & Performance Management, SNC-Lavalin Profac

Brian Drier, Maintenance Team Leader, SNC-Lavalin Profac

Brent Dagg, Maintenance Team Leader, SNC-Lavalin Profac

Brian Kyle, Acting Director, Innovations and Solutions Directorate, Public Works and

Government Services Canada

Edward Morofsky, Buildings Control Engineer Specialist, Public Works and Government

Services Canada

Ed Kutrowski, Portfolio Manager, Public Works and Government Services Canada


HOK Canada 52:128

Appendix A – Climate Change in Canada, climate scenarios for the public infrastructure vulnerability assessment: Ottawa Buildings case study

Ouranos, a research consortium on regional climatology and adaptation to climate change, is a joint initiative of the Government of Québec, Hydro-Québec, and the Meteorological Service of Canada with the participation of UQAM, Université Laval, McGill University, and the INRS. Valorisation Recherche Québec collaborated on the establishment and financing of Ouranos. The opinions and results presented in this publication are the sole responsibility of Ouranos and do not reflect in any way those of the aforementioned organizations.

CClliimmaattee cchhaannggee iinn CCaannaaddaa

CClliimmaattee sscceennaarriiooss ffoorr tthhee ppuubblliicc iinnffrraassttrruuccttuurree

vvuullnneerraabbiilliittyy aasssseessssmmeenntt

OOttttaawwaa BBuuiillddiinnggss ccaassee ssttuuddyy

Produced for the Public Infrastructure Engineering Vulnerability Committee (PIEVC)

By Ouranos

February 2008

Climate scenarios for PIEVC case studies 2 Ottawa (ON) – Buildings Call-up offer # 06 Ouranos, March 2008

Report prepared by:

Travis Logan Specialist – Climate change scenarios

Caroline Larrivée Specialist – Climate change and infrastructure

Diane Chaumont Coordinator – Climate Change Scenarios


Table of contents

1. Introduction ......................................................................................................................4 2. Methodology .....................................................................................................................5

2.1. Selection of weather stations .....................................................................................5 2.2. Choice of climate model .............................................................................................6 2.3. Climate model simulations and time periods ..............................................................8 2.4. Description of climate indices .....................................................................................8 2.5. Regionalization of climate indices ............................................................................12

3. Results ............................................................................................................................13 3.1 Climate scenarios for Temperature, Rain, Snow, Wind, Frost and Other indices ....13 3.2 Literature review for other climate indices ................................................................19

4 Conclusion......................................................................................................................22 5 References ......................................................................................................................23


1. Introduction

The Canadian Council of Professional Engineers set up the Public Infrastructure Engineering Vulnerability Committee (PIEVC) to examine the vulnerability of public infrastructure to climate change across the nation. A series of case studies serve to assess infrastructure vulnerability with the protocol proposed in Phase 1 of the PIEVC initiative and provide feedback on the state of different categories of infrastructure throughout the country. The current study is located in the Ottawa region (Ontario) and focuses on buildings.

The draft engineering protocol requires information on a variety of climatic elements to use as input towards estimating the vulnerability of infrastructure to climate change. Estimates of climatic elements enable quantitative estimations of the exposure of the infrastructure and help identify which changes in climatic conditions will have the most impact on its vulnerability.

In order to provide coherent and comparable results for all of the case studies, the vulnerability analyses must be based on plausible and equi-probable scenarios of climate change for the various regions of the country where the case studies are being conducted. Ouranos has been mandated to provide this data.

This report provides historical climate data and climate change scenarios for the Ottawa region on the vulnerability of a government building complex.

The data provided in this report is intended for the use of this case study only and should not be used for any other purpose because the results are specific to the characteristics of this project (location, timeframe, etc.).


2. Methodology

2.1. Selection of weather stations

Observed weather station data was obtained from Environment Canada’s national archives for the area of interest. Archived data were screened in order to select stations deemed to have a sufficiently long/complete record. Selection criteria included: a data series minimum length of 20 years, with less than 10% missing data and a final year being no earlier than 1995. A summary of the selected stations is presented in Table 2.1. The distribution of the stations within the study region is shown in Figure 2.1.

Table 2.1 Selected Environment Canada station data for variables of Temperature, Precipitation, Snow and Wind

(Selection was based on the criteria of a minimum record length of 20 years and a maximum of 10% missing data, and final year no earlier than 1995).

Climatic Variables

IDTMAX TMIN SNOWFALL RAINFALL

SNOW ON GROUND

WIND

6105976 yes yes yes yes yes no

6106000 yes yes yes yes yes yes





Figure 2.1 Canadian Regional Climate Model (CRCM4) grid and location of selected climate stations within the study area.

2.2. Choice of climate model

Impacts and adaptation projects should be based on projections of multiple climatic simulations in order to ensure that uncertainty of future climate projections is fully explored and incorporated in decision-making processes. Furthermore, in a regional context, such as the current PIEVC case study, downscaling of coarse resolution Global Circulation Model (GCM) output is desirable. Regional climate modeling employing the commonly termed approach of dynamical downscaling is one area of expertise covered by the Ouranos consortium and its research partners. Ouranos has contributed to the development of the Canadian Regional Climate Model (CRCM; Caya and Laprise, 1999) which, like other regional climate models (RCMs), uses principles of conservation on energy, mass and movement to generate temporal series of physically coherent climatic variables. Developed using the same physical principles as GCMs, RCMs concentrate on a portion of the globe and allow production of simulations at higher spatial resolution (approximately 45km for the CRCM compared to the several hundred seen with typical GCMs). Dynamical downscaling can have a particular advantage in simulating meso-scale weather events when compared with global models. As such, extreme events (particularly precipitation events) are typically better reproduced by regional modeling


efforts. Plummer et al. (2006) showed that general observed patterns of precipitation and temperature are relatively well reproduced over North America by the CRCM (version 3.7.1). In a study by Mailhot et al. (2007), regional comparison of CRCM precipitation output (again version 3.7.1) and corresponding intensity-duration-frequency curves showed favourable results versus observed values for southern Quebec. Mailhot et al.(2007) also state that there is good indication that CRCM results are statistically consistent with observations in terms of extreme rainfall estimates.

In general, the majority of CRCM simulations produced by Ouranos for impacts and adaptation purposes focus on the future period of 2041-2070 (termed horizon 2050). However, due to increasing demand for climatic scenarios for different future periods a small number of continuous simulations have been produced for the period 1961-2100. Two of these simulations have been selected for use in this case study. The simulations were produced using the CRCM, version 4.1.1 (Music and Caya, 2007; Brochu and Laprise, 2007). This selection was based on the advantages of having increased spatial resolution (compared to GCMs), the availability of continuous future daily series for the period 1961-2100 (the future horizons of interest in the case study being horizons 2020, 2050 and 2080). The choice was also due to the time constraints imposed for completion of the project.

NB - it is important to note that, due to the restricted number of simulations, caution is required in the interpretation of any modeling effort or analysis based on the scenarios provided. Use of only 2 simulations is sufficient for sensitivity analyses but lacks the robustness provided by the use of a large ensemble of simulations (recommended for decision-making or policy planning; see Conclusions - section 4 of this report).

The two simulations (CRCM 4.1.1 ACU; CRCM4.1.1 ADC) were carried out for a domain centred over Québec and covering an area of approximately 5,050 km by 4,000 km with a horizontal grid-size mesh of 45 km (true at 60 degrees north latitude) for the period 1961-2100. The simulations were driven at their boundaries by atmospheric fields taken from simulation output of the 4th and 5th members of the third generation coupled Canadian Global Climate Model (CGCM3) (Scinocca and MacFarlane, 2004). Both global and regional simulations were performed using the IPCC SRES A2 greenhouse gas (GHG) and aerosol projected evolution1. Figure 2.2 shows the simulated mean global temperature evolution according to the multiple GCM output grouped under various SRES scenarios. It is interesting to note that the emissions scenarios diverge very little before approximately 2050.

1 “The A2 storyline and scenario family describes a very heterogeneous world. The underlying

theme is self-reliance and preservation of local identities. Fertility patterns across regions converge very slowly, which results in continuously increasing population. Economic development is primarily regionally oriented and per capita economic growth and technological change more fragmented and slower than other storylines.” (Nakicenovic et al., 2000)


Figure 2.2 Mean global temperature evolution according to the multiple GCM output grouped under various SRES different scenarios.

2.3. Climate model simulations and time periods

A total of 9 CRCM grid cells, centred on the study area of interest (see figure 2.1), were selected for analysis. Corresponding grid cell data from the two CRCM 4.1.1 simulations described in section 2.2 (ACU and ADC) were extracted and used to calculate the climate indices listed in section 2.4. Future changes in indices were determined for three future periods or horizons: horizon 2020 (2011 – 2040); horizon 2050 (2041-2070); and horizon 2080 (2071-2100) with respect to the present period (1961-1990).

Changes (or deltas) in indices are calculated as either the difference or ratio between simulated future conditions and simulated present day conditions. Deltas can then be applied to calculated observed values either through addition (difference) or multiplication (ratio).

2.4. Description of climate indices

The choice and priority of climate indices was made in consultation with the client in terms of project needs as well as in terms of the limitations of the climate model simulations. Calculated indices were chosen from those having been known and used in the climate literature in the past.

Temperature indices

a. Monthly average maximum temperature (Monthly AVG TMAX): - average daily maximum temperature for a given month over the time period


b. Monthly average minimum temperature (Monthly AVG TMIN): - average daily minimum temperature for a given month over the time period

c. Average annual daily maximum temperature (annual_max):

IitannualI

i/)365max(max_

1

��

��

��

�

Calculated as the sum of it 365max for years i through I divided by the

number of years. Where it 365max is the highest daily temperature for a

given year i

d. Average annual daily minimum temperature (annual_min):

IitannualI

i/)365min(min_

1

��

��

��

�

Calculated as the sum of it 365min for years i through I divided by the

number of years. Where it 365min is the lowest daily temperature for a given

year i

Rain indices *Rain indices refer in all cases to precipitation in liquid form

a. Rainfall Frequency 6 hour (6h_frequency) - cutoff values of 5, 10 and 20 mm- frequency of events that are greater than cutoff(s)

b. Rainfall Frequency 1 day (1day_frequency) - cutoff values of 5, 10 and 20 mm- frequency of events that are greater than cutoff(s)

c. Yearly Max. Rainfall (annual_max_rain):

- average maximum yearly rainfall event for 1, 2 and 5-day periods

IixrainrainannualI

i/)365(max__

1

��

��

��

�

Calculated as the sum of ixrain365 for years i through I divided by the

number of years. Where ixrain365 is the highest rainfall amount for a given

year i summed over period of x days.

d. Average total annual / seasonal rainfall (Avg_total_rain) - average sum of liquid precip for the year and 4 seasons (DJF, MAM, JJA, SON)


e. Simple Daily Intensity Index (SDII) - mean rainfall amount per wet day (wet day > 1mm)

f. Drought : Average maximum annual dryspell length (Avg_max_dryspell - average yearly maximum number of consecutive ‘no rain days’ (< 1mm) for the season April 1 – Oct 31st

IdSPELLidryspellMAXAvgI

i/)(__

1

��

��

��

�

Calculated as the sum of dSPELLi for years i through I divided by the

number of years. Where dSPELLi is the maximum dryspell length for a given

year i.

g. Wetspell: Average maximum annual wetspell length (Avg_max_wetspell) - average yearly maximum number of consecutive ‘rain days’ (> 1 mm) for the season April 1 – Oct 31st

IwSPELLiwetspellMAXAvgI

i/)(__

1

��

��

��

�

Calculated as the sum of wSPELLi for years i through I divided by the

number of years. Where wSPELLi is the maximum wetspell length for a

given year i.

Snow indices *Snow index values in mm indicate values of Snow Water Equivalent (SWE) in all cases.**Observed snowfall values from EC stations had units of cm of snow and were converted to SWE using an assumed conversion ratio of 10:1 (i.e. 10 mm of fresh snow = 1mm SWE)

a. Snowfall Frequency 1 day (1day_frequency) - cutoff values of 5, 10 and 20 mm- frequency of events that are greater than cutoff(s)

b. Yearly Max. Snowfall (annual_max_snow): - average maximum yearly rainfall event for 1, 2 and 5-day periods

IixsnowsnowannualI

i/)365(max__

1

��

��

��

�

Calculated as the sum of ixsnow365 for years i through I divided by the

number of years. Where ixsnow365 is the highest rainfall amount for a given

year i summed over period of x days.


c. Average Total annual / seasonal rainfall (Avg_total) - average sum of solid precipitation for the year and 4 seasons (DJF, MAM, JJA, SON)

d. Simple Daily Intensity Index (SDII) - mean snowfall amount per wet day (wet day > 1mm)

e. Rain on snow events - occurrence defined as presence liquid precipitation > 1mm combined with presence of snow on ground (> 0) - cutoff values of 1, 5 and 10 mm- frequency of events that are greater that cutoff(s) over 1-day period

Wind indices *Wind index values in m/s indicate values of average wind speed over a 6h period. **NB – A 6hour timestep was used as this is the minimum timestep available for analysis for the CRCM4 data.

a. Monthly average 6h Windspeed (Monthly AVG WIND6h): - average 6h windspeed for a given month over the time period

b. Yearly Max. 6hour Wind (Avg annual MAX6h):

- average maximum yearly 6h Wind

IiwindhMAXannualAvgI

i/)365(6__

1

��

��

��

�

Calculated as the sum of iwind365 for years i through I divided by the

number of years. Where iwind365 is the highest 6h mean windspeed for a

given year i.

Frost indices

a. Frost Season (fr_seas_dys) - average annual max length in days that the 30 day moving average of daily average temperature remains consecutively below 0 degrees celsius

b. Freeze Thaw Cycles (frz_thw_freq) - frequency of days where tmax > 0 degrees C and tmin < 0 degrees C


Other indices

c. Heating Degree Days (HDD) - average annual heating degree days with a reference temperature of 18°C

Calculated as :

XxTavgDAILYiHDDi

X

x/)18(

365

11

��

��

��

��

Where HDD is the average annual heating degree days and xTavgDAILYi is

the average daily temperature (°C) for day i of a given year x.

2.5. Regionalization of climate indices

Climate indices listed in section 3.1 were calculated for each climate station and each RCM grid cell individually. A regional value for each index is then determined by taking the average of all stations (grid points) within the study area. These regional values are presented in the results section of this report.


3. Results

3.1 Climate scenarios for Temperature, Rain, Snow, Wind, Frost and Other indices

TEMPERATURE indices

TEMPERATURE : Monthly AVG TMAX

Future Change ACU Future Change ADC

2020 2050 2080 2020 2050 2080 MonthObserved

(°C) (°C) (°C) (°C) (°C) (°C) (°C)

January -6.20 0.43 2.99 4.77 2.00 4.16 5.76

February -4.24 1.57 3.13 4.90 2.92 4.40 5.15

March 1.72 1.34 2.81 4.23 2.43 2.62 4.34

April 10.75 1.54 3.15 5.31 2.05 2.68 4.03

May 18.64 1.82 2.36 4.63 1.95 3.87 6.13

June 23.85 1.35 3.20 4.88 1.84 3.14 4.55

July 26.36 1.38 3.64 5.34 2.65 3.59 5.95

August 25.07 2.05 3.62 6.26 1.66 3.34 5.22

September 19.99 0.88 2.46 4.94 1.49 3.11 4.94

October 12.75 1.24 2.77 4.61 2.13 2.93 5.04

November 4.78 1.26 2.32 2.98 1.28 2.34 4.13

December -3.09 1.26 3.03 4.22 2.56 3.24 4.32

TEMPERATURE : Monthly AVG TMIN


2020 2050 2080 2020 2050 2080 MonthObserved

(°C) (°C) (°C) (°C) (°C) (°C) (°C)

January -16.43 1.30 4.57 7.50 2.54 5.21 8.24

February -15.36 2.69 4.62 7.46 3.70 5.88 8.02

March -8.54 2.69 4.65 7.39 3.44 4.26 6.87

April -0.22 2.34 4.32 6.78 2.58 3.66 5.40

May 6.33 2.06 3.19 5.23 2.59 4.33 6.21

June 11.69 1.22 2.82 4.40 1.61 2.83 4.02

July 14.24 1.70 3.33 4.88 2.32 3.11 5.04

August 13.10 2.08 3.39 5.47 1.63 3.13 4.53

September 8.63 1.04 2.52 4.82 1.71 3.08 4.84

October 2.73 1.39 2.45 4.42 1.92 2.98 5.10

November -2.87 1.12 2.40 3.33 1.61 2.70 4.45

December -11.71 1.63 3.79 5.48 2.73 4.19 5.95


TEMPERATURE : annual max /annual min


2020 2050 2080 2020 2050 2080 MonthObserved

(°C) (°C) (°C) (°C) (°C) (°C) (°C)

annual maximum 33.43 1.67 3.55 5.73 2.33 4.12 5.94

annual minimum -32.24 2.30 5.01 8.99 2.14 5.58 9.14

RAIN indices

RAIN : 6h_Frequency

Future Change ACU Future Change ADC Cutoff(mm)

Observed(frequency) 2020

(ratio)2050(ratio)

2080(ratio)

2020(ratio)

2050(ratio)

2080(ratio)

5 0.023 1.06 1.23 1.35 1.10 1.19 1.37

10 0.009 1.21 1.58 1.74 1.13 1.26 1.69

20 0.002 1.55 2.13 2.90 1.24 1.67 2.73

RAIN : 1day_Frequency


2020 2050 2080 2020 2050 2080 Cutoff(mm)

Observed(frequency)

(ratio) (ratio) (ratio) (ratio) (ratio) (ratio)

5 0.12 1.06 1.16 1.20 1.07 1.15 1.23

10 0.06 1.06 1.21 1.31 1.09 1.18 1.37

20 0.02 1.18 1.57 1.76 1.20 1.27 1.77

RAIN: Avg_Max_rain


2020 2050 2080 2020 2050 2080 Period(days)

Observed(mm)


1 46.66 1.08 1.14 1.18 1.02 1.03 1.15

2 55.52 0.97 1.06 1.10 1.03 1.07 1.20

5 72.41 1.00 1.06 1.09 1.01 1.05 1.15


RAIN : Avg_total_rain


2020 2050 2080 2020 2050 2080 Total rain Observed

(mm) (ratio) (ratio) (ratio) (ratio) (ratio) (ratio)

Annual 713.98 1.06 1.18 1.25 1.09 1.14 1.28

DJF 63.80 1.31 2.11 2.46 1.48 1.75 2.60

MAM 169.76 1.13 1.40 1.56 1.35 1.40 1.60

JJA 257.01 1.00 0.97 0.95 0.91 0.95 0.91

SON 224.22 1.02 1.10 1.18 1.09 1.10 1.30

RAIN : Simple Daily Intensity Index (SDII)


2020 2050 2080 2020 2050 2080 Observed(mm/day)


8.42 1.04 1.09 1.12 1.02 1.06 1.15

RAIN : Dry spells / Wet_spells


2020 2050 2080 2020 2050 2080 Observed

(days) (days) (days) (days) (days) (days) (days)

Avg MAX Dryspell 8.19 0.30 -0.13 0.58 -0.83 -1.18 -0.21

Avg MAX Wetspell 2.81 -0.09 -0.01 0.16 -0.12 0.07 -0.07

SNOW indices

SNOW : 1day_Frequency


2020 2050 2080 2020 2050 2080 SWE cutoff

(mm) Observed

(frequency) (ratio) (ratio) (ratio) (ratio) (ratio) (ratio)

5 0.038 0.79 0.73 0.59 0.93 0.83 0.68

10 0.013 0.83 0.86 0.76 0.96 0.82 0.75

20 0.002 1.67 1.11 1.63 0.74 1.02 0.84


SNOW`: Annual_Max_snow


2020 2050 2080 2020 2050 2080 Period(days)

Observed(mm)


1 21.21 1.07 1.02 1.09 0.86 1.00 0.87

2 25.95 1.04 1.04 1.07 0.88 1.01 0.88

5 33.07 1.03 1.05 1.03 0.87 0.97 0.83

SNOW : Avg_total_snow


2020 2050 2080 2020 2050 2080 Total snowfall

(SWE)Observed

(mm) (ratio) (ratio) (ratio) (ratio) (ratio) (ratio)

Annual 208.69 0.89 0.78 0.67 0.90 0.84 0.71

DJF 146.02 0.90 0.81 0.78 0.95 0.97 0.85

MAM 41.46 0.85 0.77 0.45 0.87 0.73 0.57

JJA 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

SON 20.64 0.86 0.60 0.51 0.69 0.40 0.32

SNOW : Simple Daily Intensity Index (SDII)


2020 2050 2080 2020 2050 2080 Observed(mm/day)


5.39 0.99 0.99 1.03 1.00 1.01 1.02

SNOW : Rain_on_Snow_events


2020 2050 2080 2020 2050 2080 Rain cutoff

(mm) Observed


1 0.030 0.95 1.05 1.04 1.05 0.98 1.08

5 0.015 1.08 1.23 1.17 1.08 1.11 1.26

10 0.007 1.08 1.33 1.23 1.23 1.18 1.61


WIND indices

WIND : Monthly AVG WIND6h


2020 2050 2080 2020 2050 2080 MonthObserved

(km/h) (ratio) (ratio) (ratio) (ratio) (ratio) (ratio)

January 15.38 0.97 1.04 1.08 1.02 1.08 1.11

February 15.24 0.99 0.95 1.01 1.05 1.03 1.06

March 15.57 0.99 1.04 1.04 1.08 1.05 1.06

April 15.94 1.03 1.07 1.11 1.00 1.03 1.08

May 13.93 1.02 1.01 1.05 1.06 1.06 1.04

June 12.48 0.98 0.99 0.96 0.99 0.96 0.98

July 11.33 0.96 0.95 0.93 1.00 1.00 0.99

August 10.92 0.96 0.91 0.92 1.00 0.97 0.94

September 12.06 0.98 0.98 0.94 0.96 0.95 0.94

October 13.35 0.97 1.01 0.98 0.97 1.00 0.98

November 14.58 1.03 1.04 1.06 1.02 0.99 1.06

December 14.76 0.97 1.03 1.04 1.04 0.97 1.02

WIND : AVG Annual MAX WIND6h


2020 2050 2080 2020 2050 2080 Observed(km/h) (ratio) (ratio) (ratio) (ratio) (ratio) (ratio)

48.03 0.96 0.99 0.97 1.01 0.98 0.96

FROST indices

FROST SEASON LENGTH : fr_seas_dys


2020 2050 2080 2020 2050 2080 Observed

(days) (days) (days) (days) (days) (days) (days)

125.14 -16.66 -38.28 -61.29 -24.77 -28.58 -51.59


FREEZE THAW EVENTS: fr_thw_freq


2020 2050 2080 2020 2050 2080 Observed


0.21 0.94 0.92 0.86 0.98 0.95 0.87

OTHER indices

HEATING DEGREE DAYS: HDD


2020 2050 2080 2020 2050 2080 Observed

(HDD) (HDD) (HDD) (HDD) (HDD) (HDD) (HDD)

4376.73 -567 -1178 -1889 -810 -1287 -1950


3.2 Literature review for other climate indices

While climate scenarios for temperature changes and changes in precipitation patterns are quite reliable, there is far greater uncertainty linked to projections for relatively small-scale or very localized atmospheric phenomena. Most authors agree that GHG concentrations do have an effect on these events; however, it remains difficult to find reliable projections that indicate future trends of intensity, direction or frequency for events such as storms, intense winds or other extreme events (Maarten, 2006). Climate scenarios are therefore difficult to produce for certain very localized events (wind gusts, tornadoes, thunderstorms) or events where processes are complex and depend on a number of factors (hurricanes, ice storms). The observed data is insufficient to validate the model outputs for these events.

Moreover, any seemingly apparent trend stemming from the observed data must be interpreted carefully as an increase could result from a combination of factors such as:

- increased weather station coverage - improved quality of the data collected - changes in land use (and corresponding increases in damage claims).

Consequently, among the list of climate elements that were requested for the Ottawa case study, it is not possible to provide sound numerical climate scenarios that could be used for the infrastructure vulnerability assessment. The following is the list of climate variables that fall under this category with a review of the literature explaining possible changes.

WIND (hurricanes, tornadoes, thunderstorms, winds gusts)

According to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC, 2007), it is “more likely than not” that the observed trend of hurricane intensification since the 1970s is linked to human-induced greenhouse gas emissions. The report also claims that “it is likely that future tropical cyclones (typhoons and hurricanes) will become more intense, with larger peak wind speeds and more heavy precipitation associated with ongoing increases of tropical sea surface temperatures.” However, there is no clear trend in terms of the frequency of tropical cyclones. Although some authors claim that there has been an increase in the frequency of hurricanes, namely in the North Atlantic (Holland et al. 2007, Webster et al. 2005), there remains much debate as to the possible mechanisms explaining this.

Results from some model simulations suggest that the atmosphere over mid-latitude land areas could become more unstable in the future, suggesting that an increase in convective activity is quite probable (Balling et al. 2003). However, researchers have been unable to identify significant increases in overall severe storm activity as measured in the magnitude and/or frequency of thunderstorms, hail events, tornadoes, hurricanes, and winter storm activity in North America. Increasing trends in damages caused by these events seem to be more closely linked to changes in demography and land use (Balling et al. 2003)


ICE (ice build-up, ice accretion, freezing rain)

Ice build-up, caused by melting blocks of ice that accumulate and obstruct water ways or pile up around infrastructure components, can be triggered by: - rapid melt events when there is a significant accumulation of snow and ice - heavy precipitation events in spring when there is still a cover of ice - heavy rain on snow events

Warmer average temperatures throughout the year (see climate scenarios in section 3.1) suggest that the length and severity of the cold season will decrease. However, depending on precipitation patterns, this could mean either an increase or decrease in river or lake ice build-up, because of the nature of the precipitation as well as the intensity of the events that cause ice build-up.

Very few studies have been conducted on the possible impacts of climate change on freezing rain events and ice storms. A study conducted over northern and eastern Ontario (Cheng et al. 2007) suggests that freezing rain events could move further north as the boundary between snowfall and rainfall shifts northward. However, as the temperatures increase in the Fall and Spring (beginning and end of the winter season), freezing rain events could decrease since precipitation falling as freezing rain could fall as liquid rain under warmer conditions. At present, it remains unknown how climate change could affect the frequency and severity of freezing rain events and ice storms (Irland, 2000, Cheng et al. 2007).

SNOW (rapid melt events)

Variations and trends in temperature significantly influence snow covered areas, namely by determining whether precipitation falls as snow or rain and determining snowmelt (IPCC, 2007). However rapid snowmelt events are difficult to predict because they depend on a number of factors, including: - temperature and precipitation conditions at the time of the melt - total amount of snow on the ground

Because these events occur as the result of a combination of factors and can be very localized (in both time and space), it is difficult to establish reliable scenarios of change in future climate conditions. Moreover, the inherent variability of the climate makes it difficult to predict whether this type of event will occur more frequently or more intensely, as a change in only one of the determining factors can determine whether rapid snowmelt will happen or not.

Nevertheless, it is recognized that changes in average temperature will impact precipitation and wind patterns and influence the change in probability distributions of many atmospheric processes. Indeed, a warmer atmosphere increases the chances for convective activity. This is already the case in warmer regions of the world during warmer seasons (Balling et al. 2003). This will impact the frequency, intensity, duration and direction of extreme events such as tornadoes, hailstorms, thunderstorms. However, it remains difficult to determine quantitatively precisely how these events will change.


Climate change will also influence the variability of the climate, including inter-annual events such as El Nino. However, climate scenarios on this type of climate phenomenon or event have not yet been developed.

To assess the vulnerability of infrastructure to changes in these parameters where numerical scenarios are not reliable, it can be useful to conduct “what if” scenarios, using a plausible factor of change to add to historical trend data and local knowledge of climate events. These sensitivity analyses help to determine at what threshold the infrastructure can become vulnerable to climatic events and estimate the likelihood of such events happening based on the physics of climate change and on local observations of climate events.


4 Conclusion

The case studies carried out within the PIEVC initiative to assess infrastructure vulnerability to climate change using the protocol developed in Phase 1 of the initiative require plausible and reliable climate scenarios based on similar methodologies in order to compare the relative vulnerability of various infrastructures throughout the country.

This report provides historical climate data and climate change scenarios for the Ottawa region case study on the vulnerability of a government building complex.

Prudence is required in the interpretation of analyses based on the future scenarios provided. Climate scenario production was limited to the use of only 2 simulations.Furthermore, these simulations were produced by the same regional climate model(CRCM 4.1.1), driven by two runs of the same GCM (CGCM3) and the same GHG emissions scenario (SRES A2). In short, the predicted changes cover only a small portion of the spectrum or envelope of changes that would be produced via the use of multiple SRES scenarios and multiple driving models (or even multiple RCMs). As such, it is recommended that any decision or policy making activities be based on an expanded version of the present case study.

At present, large ensemble analyses using strictly RCM output are not possible over North America. However, Ouranos continues to produce RCM simulations, and is also actively involved in the North American Regional Climate Change Assessment Program (NARCCAP http://www.narccap.ucar.edu/), an international program that will serve the high resolution climate scenario needs of the United States, Canada, and northern Mexico, using regional climate model, coupled global climate model, and time-slice experiments. The needs of the PIEVC (i.e. simulations with a fine spatial resolution, and inclusion of a number of extreme indices) would be best addressed using an ensemble of multiple RCM driven by multiple pilot GCMs such as will be produced with NARCCAP project This approach would allow a large inclusion of possible futures and thus better cover the envelope of uncertainty. Further research continues to be needed in climate modeling and climate scenarios in order to provide reliable data for climate change vulnerability and impacts assessments.


5 References

Balling, R. C. and R. S. Cerveny (2003) “Compilation and Discussion of Trends in Severe Storms in the United States: Popular Perception v. Climate Reality”, Natural Hazards 29(2), pp.103 - 112.

Brochu, R., and R. Laprise. 2007. Surface Water and Energy Budgets over the Mississippi and Columbia River Basins as Simulated by Two Generations of the Canadian Regional Climate Model. Atmos.-Ocean, 45(1), 19-35.

Caya, D. and R. Laprise (1999) “A semi-implicit semi-lagrangian regional climate model: The Canadian RCM”, Monthly Weather Review, 127(3), pp.341-362.

Cheng, C.S., H. Auld, G. Li, J. Klaassen, Q. Li (2007) “Possible impacts of freezing rain in south central Canada using downscaled future climate scenarios”, Natural Hazards and Earth Systems Science, 7, pp.71-87.

Emanuel, K. (2005) “Increasing destructiveness of tropical cyclones over the past 30 years” Nature v. 436.

Holland, G.J., P.J. Webster (2007) “Heightened tropical cyclone activity in the North Atlantic: natural variability or climate trend?”, Philosphical Transactions of the Royal Society A., Published online.

Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (2007) Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change.

Irland, L. C. (2000) “Ice storms and forest impacts”, Science of the Total Environment 262(3), pp.231-242.

Knuston, T.R., R.E. Tuleya (2004) “Impact of CO2-Induced Warming on Simulated Hurricane Intensity and Precipitation: Sensitivity to the Choice of Climate Model and Convective Parameterization”, Journal of Climate, Vol. 17(18), pp.3477-3495.

Mailhot, A., S. Duchesne, D. Caya et G. Talbot (2007). Assessment of future change in Intensity-Duration-Frequency (IDF) curves for Southern Quebec using the Canadian Regional Climate Model (CRCM). Journal of Hydrology, 347(1-2): 197-210.

Music, B., and D. Caya (2007) “Evaluation of the Hydrological Cycle over the Mississippi River Basin as Simulated by the Canadian Regional Climate Model (CRCM)”, Journal of Hydrometeorology, 8(5), 969-988.

Nakicenovic, N., J. Alcamo, G. Davis, B. de Vries, J. Fenhann, S. Gaffin, K. Gregory, A. Grübler, T.Y. Jung, T. Kram, E.L. La Rovere, L. Michaelis, S. Mori, T. Morita, W. Pepper, H. Pitcher, L. Price, K. Raihi, A. Roehrl, H.-H. Rogner, A. Sankovski, M. Schlesinger, P. Shukla, S. Smith, R. Swart, S. van Rooijen, N. Victor et Z. Dadi (2000) Emissions Scenarios. Special report by Working Group III of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 599p.

Plummer, D.A., D. Caya, A. Frigon, H. Côté, M. Giguère, D. Paquin, S. Biner, R. Harvey, and R. de Elia, (2006) “Climate and Climate Change over North America as Simulated by the Canadian RCM”, Journal of Climate, vol.19(13), pp.3112-3132.

Scinocca, J. F., N.A. McFarlane (2004) “The Variability of Modeled Tropical Precipitation”, Journal of Atmospheric Sciences, 61(16), pp.1993-2015.


Van Aalst, Maarten K. (2006) “The impacts of climate change on the risk of natural disasters”, Disasters, v.30(1), pp.5–18.

Webster, P.J., G.J. Holland, J.A. Curry, and H.-R. Chang (2005) “Changes in Tropical Cyclone Number, Duration, and Intensity in a Warming Environment”, Science, v.309(5742), pp.1844–1846.

Ouranos, a research consortium on regional climatology and adaptation to climate change, is a joint initiative of the Government of Québec, Hydro-Québec, and the Meteorological Service of Canada with the participation of UQAM, Université Laval, McGill University, and the INRS. Valorisation Recherche Québec collaborated on the establishment and financing of Ouranos. The opinions and results presented in this publication are the sole responsibility of Ouranos and do not reflect in any way those of the aforementioned organizations.

AADDDDEENNDDUUMM TTOO

CClliimmaattee cchhaannggee iinn CCaannaaddaa

CClliimmaattee sscceennaarriiooss ffoorr tthhee ppuubblliicc iinnffrraassttrruuccttuurree

vvuullnneerraabbiilliittyy aasssseessssmmeenntt

OOttttaawwaa BBuuiillddiinngg ccaassee ssttuuddyy

Produced for the Public Infrastructure Engineering Vulnerability Committee (PIEVC)

By Ouranos

April 2008

ADDENDUM to climate scenarios report

Climate scenarios for PIEVC case studies Addendum-1 Ottawa (ON) – Buildings Call-up offer # 06 Ouranos, April 2008

Scenarios for relative humidity and solar radiation were considered important for the vulnerability assessment of buildings in the Ottawa case study. This addendum report provides scenarios of change for these two variables developed using the same methodology described in the final report for climate scenarios.

Other indices

a. Monthly average relative humidity (Monthly AVG RH) - Average daily relative humidity for a given month over the time period

b. Monthly average solar radiation (Monthly AVG SR) - Average daily solar radiation (direct and diffuse received on a horizontal surface) for a given month over the time period

c. Cooling Degree Days (CDD)

- Average annual cooling degree days with a reference temperature of 18°C . Calculated as :

if TavgDAILYix > 18 XxTavgDAILYiHDDi

X

x/)18(

365

11

��

��

��

��

Where CDD is the average annual cooling degree days and TavgDAILYix is the average daily temperature ( °C) for day i of a given year x. NB – calculated only for days when TavgDAILYix is greater than 18 degrees C.

HUMIDITY indices

RELATIVE HUMIDITY : Monthly AVG RH


2020 2050 2080 2020 2050 2080 MonthObserved

(%) (ratio) (ratio) (ratio) (ratio) (ratio) (ratio)

January 70 1.01 1.00 1.02 1.02 1.02 1.02

February 67 1.01 0.99 1.00 1.02 1.01 1.01

March 65.5 1.01 1.02 1.03 1.01 1.04 1.03

April 61.5 1.02 1.07 1.11 1.07 1.08 1.11

May 62 1.01 1.04 1.03 1.02 1.02 1.02

June 65.5 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.99 0.99 0.99

July 67.5 1.00 0.99 0.98 0.99 0.98 0.96

August 71 1.00 0.99 0.97 1.00 0.99 0.97

September 73.5 1.01 1.00 0.99 1.00 0.99 0.99

October 72 1.02 1.01 1.02 1.01 1.02 1.03

November 76 1.00 1.01 1.02 1.01 1.02 1.03

December 76 1.01 1.01 1.02 1.03 1.04 1.03

ADDENDUM to climate scenarios report

Climate scenarios for PIEVC case studies Addendum-1 Ottawa (ON) – Buildings Call-up offer # 06 Ouranos, April 2008

SOLAR RADIATON indices

SOLAR RADIATION : Monthly AVG SR


2020 2050 2080 2020 2050 2080 MonthObserved

(MJ/m2/day)


January 5.51 0.98 0.926 in progress 0.975 0.93 in progress

February 9.29 0.95 0.997 in progress 0.954 1.00 in progress

March 13.10 0.96 0.95 in progress 0.96 0.95 in progress

April 16.70 1.00 0.95 in progress 1.00 0.95 in progress

May 19.30 0.99 0.94 in progress 0.99 0.94 in progress

June 21.38 1.02 1.03 in progress 1.02 1.03 in progress

July 21.10 0.99 1.04 in progress 0.99 1.04 in progress

August 17.71 1.02 1.05 in progress 1.02 1.05 in progress

September 12.89 1.00 1.04 in progress 1.00 1.04 in progress

October 8.39 0.98 1.03 in progress 0.98 1.03 in progress

November 4.72 1.02 0.97 in progress 1.02 0.97 in progress

December 3.89 0.96 0.94 in progress 0.96 0.94 in progress

COOLING DEGREE DAYS indices

COOLING DEGREE DAYS: CDD


2020 2050 2080 2020 2050 2080 Observed

(CDD) (CDD) (CDD) (CDD) (CDD) (CDD) (CDD)

234 95 216 397 121 217 386


HOK Canada 53:128

Appendix B – Completed Worksheets and Other Working Material

Worksheet 1 Project Definition – Main Statistics Canada Building

4.1.1 Identify Infrastructure which is to be evaluated for climate change vulnerability

Choose Infrastructure: Main Statistics Canada Building #3 150 Promenade Tunney's Pasture Driveway Ottawa, Ontario Canada

General Description: The Main Stats Building (Building #3) is located in Tunney’s Pasture, a 46 hectare federal government campus, in the western sector of the City of Ottawa. Bounded by the Ottawa River Parkway (north), Parkdale Avenue (east), Scott Street (south) and Northwestern Avenue (west). This location offers excellent views of the Ottawa River and Gatineau Hills, as well as convenient access to the Ottawa River Parkway. Within Tunney’s Pasture, the roads and servicing infrastructure are owned and maintained by the federal government and connected to off-site city owned services. The asset comprises 39,445.9 m2 rentable area and was built in 1952. In 2005 the building was designated as a FHBRO heritage building. It is a two-storey building with a full basement and partial third and fourth floors. Overall the asset is considered to be in “average” condition and is reasonably functional. It has received periodic upgrades and refurbishments over the years and in recent years various tenant and common areas have been upgraded to meet current accommodation standards. The building is occupied primarily by Statistics Canada and is part of a larger node for that tenant which includes the adjacent (and internally linked) Jean Talon and R.H. Coats buildings. Other building occupants include Health Canada, BLJC and PWGSC. The building serves many functions that include office space, some storage, class/training rooms, a daycare centre, cafeteria and gym.

Additional background & detailed information sources

Links and references

Asset Management Plan (September 2003)

Building Condition Report (December 2007)

4.1.2 Identify Climate Factors of Interest

State general Climate factors to be considered

Temperature – average monthly, annual max and min

Rain – average total rain, average seasonal rain

Rain - frequency of 6h and 1 day rain events

Snow – average total snow

Rain on Snow – frequency of events

Frost Season – length of frost season


HOK Canada 54:128

Heating Degree Days – average annual number of HDD, and days above 18 degrees Celsuis

Humidity – average monthly, average seasonal

Ground water, water table

Flood events - from Ottawa River

Additional background & detailed information sources

Ouranos – Climate Scenarios Report (February 2008)

4.1.3 Identify the Time Frame

Three separate time horizons were used for assessing the climate change vulnerability of this building: horizon 2020 (2011-2040 in the model); horizon 2050 (2041-2070 in the model); and horizon 2080 (2071-2100 in the model). Baseline climate data with respect to the present period (1961-1990) was developed as follows: Observed weather station data was obtained from Environment Canada’s national archives for the area of interest. Archived data were screened in order to select stations deemed to have a sufficiently long/complete record. Selection criteria included: a data series minimum length of 20 years, with less than 10% missing data and a final year being no earlier than 1995.

Notes: The following climate factors where not covered by the Ouranos Climate Scenarios Report: Humidity – average monthly, average seasonal Ground water, water table Flood events - from Ottawa River However, the other climate factors were deemed to have an impact on these

4.1.4 Identify the Geography

Building: The Main Statistics Canada Building is situated in Tunney’s Pasture, a Government of Canada campus of federal buildings that has been planned and landscaped with generous green space between buildings. It is flanked on the North by the Jean Talon Building and on the South by the R.H. Coats Building, both occupied by Statistics Canada. The building foundation is believed to be sitting on limestone bedrock. At its closest point, the Ottawa River is approximately 610 metres to the NNW of the building. The Ottawa River Parkway (vehicle roadway) separates the Tunney’s Pasture campus and partially manicured/maintained public green space along the Ottawa River. The site geography is flat although other, more recent buildings (1970s/80s) seem to be situated higher than the Main Statistics Canada Building. Geographic coverage of climate change scenarios: The future climate change scenarios were developed based on a spatial area as follows: Two modelling simulations (CRCM 4.1.1 ACU; CRCM4.1.1 ADC) were carried out for a domain centred over Québec and covering an area of approximately 5,050 km by 4,000 km with a horizontal grid-size mesh of 45 km (true at 60 degrees north latitude) for the periods 1961-2100. Greater spatial resolution is not currently available in the climate change models.


HOK Canada 55:128

Notes:

4.1.5 Identify the Jurisdictional Considerations

Notes:

The following Building compliance acts/regulations are applicable to the Main Statistics Canada Buiding: ASHRAE Standard 55-1981, Thermal Environmental Conditions for Human Occupancy ASHRAE Standard 62-2001n, Ventilation for Acceptable Indoor Air Quality Canada Labour Code – Part II (Labour Code) Canada Occupational Safety and Health Regulations National Building Code of Canada (2005) National Fire Code of Canada (2005)

The following federal environmental Acts apply to all buildings on the Tunney’s Pasture site including the Main Statistics Canada Building: Federal Real Property Act, brought into force on September 15, 1992. Canadian Environmental Assessment Act (CEAA), January 19, 1995. Canadian Environmental Protection Act (CEPA), 1988 (currently under review) Auditor General Act Fisheries Act Migratory Birds Convention Act

No provincial acts or regulations apply to federal real property including this building.

4.1.6 Site Visit

Summary of findings from interviews

4

Summer months have extended and more extreme periods of hot, humid weather.

Due to Space Optimization there is an increased occupancy load well beyond what the buildings were designed for.

During the summer, energy conservation measures are implemented building wide. These include reduced lighting levels, slight increases in air temperature (i.e. chilled water temperature was typically 4 degrees now is 7 degrees to conserve energy).

Power outages and energy reliability are of concern. During the summer months this is likely to happen once per year.

Has observed changes in vegetation, for example some trees lose leaves earlier – end of August.

Soil settlement is due to truck drivers who access two courtyard areas that is causing soil settlement.

Roof top condensing units are used to keep the LAN Room cool. 45% RH is maintained in this space.

Non climate change related - Acid content in rainwater is affecting material durability like metal siding.

Proximity of Transit Way to R. H. Coats and in particular air intakes can affect air quality.

4 Notes from interviews shall be kept by Consultant for future reference. There will be no need to append

these documents to the Worksheets.


HOK Canada 56:128

Masonry mortar has very course sand, as such is being affected by acid rain. No weeping holes exist therefore freeze thaw cycles affect the building envelop.

Water quality is being affected by heavy rain or quick thaw which causes lots of turbulence in Ottawa River such that it affects taste and smell. Had an incident in 2002.

NCC is responsible for snow removal at Tunney’s Pasture.

Combined sanitary and storm water systems due to building vintage. In heavy storms you can get flooding. As well, because the road elevation is higher than the building, storm water tends to run towards the building. The building has storm water related pumps to deal with this problem.

Wind tends to come from the river to Tunneys Pasture. Generally the campus is very windy.

4th floor Computer / LAN Room is critical to the operation. This room is kept at 45% RH throughout the year. Power

outages cripple operations and regularly happen about once per year. It is feared to be an increasing problem due to general power reliability.

Ultra Violet light is believed to affect materials and their durability

Key Observations

Building operator has very good experience with the site and is knowledgeable. He is keen on being Green / Sustainable which helps with our work and being successful.

Wind affects the snow drift patterns at the building envelop and along the parapet such that snow needs to be moved so as to not cause damage.

Water staining was observed at the window sill and lintel (precast and stone) which is affecting the integrity of these systems.

Areas for follow-up in subsequent steps

� Observed extended periods and more extreme periods of hot, humid weather in summer will be noted and may be factored into the probability/severity rating for some building components.

� Increased occupancy load well beyond what the buildings were designed may be factored in Step 3. � The potentially increased load on the heating and cooling system to maintain the humidity and

temperature levels for the LAN/computer room will try to be assessed in subsequent steps. � Increased freeze thaw cycles and its effect on masonry mortar will try to be assessed in subsequent steps. � Soil settling combined with potentially increased rain/snow may increase vulnerability to manage

melt/storm water – to be noted in subsequent steps.

4.1.7 Assess Data Sufficiency

State Assumptions proposed for the assessment, if any

Rationale

Building data is assumed to be accurate. Building condition reports are current to Dec. 2007.

Climate baseline and climate change projections for temperature, rain, snow, frost season and heating degree days are assumed to be best available.

Ouranos used best available data and models in producing baseline and future estimates.

Historical data on humidity is considered accurate. Data gathered from Environment Canada databases for McDonald Cartier station(ID 6106000), Ottawa. Canadian Climate Normals (1971-2000)


HOK Canada 57:128

4.1.7 Assess Data Sufficiency

Where insufficient information currently available

Identify process to develop data Process

Future projections for humidity are not currently available and insufficient.

Climate change models factor in humidity, but data cannot be extracted from the current method of developing simulations.

Baseline flood plain data and water table, ground water/water table were not available at the time of the case study.

Project schedule did not allow data gathering from relevant sources.

Where data cannot be developed, identify the data gap as a finding in Step 5 of the Protocol – Recommendations. List Data Gap as findings to be sent to STEP 5 (Worksheet 5: Section 4.5.2)

1. Future projections for humidity are not currently available and insufficient.

2. Baseline (historical) flood plain data and water table, ground water/water table were not available at the time of the case study.

3. Future projected flood plain and water table, ground water/water table information was not available at the time of the case study.

Date: March 20, 2008

Prepared by:

Vince Catalli

En

gin

ee

rin

g V

uln

era

bili

ty A

sse

ssm

en

t o

f th

e M

ain

Sta

tistics C

an

ad

a B

uild

ing

to

th

e I

mp

acts

of

Clim

ate

Ch

an

ge

HO

K C

an

ad

a

5

8:1

28

Wo

rksh

ee

t 2

Da

ta G

ath

erin

g a

nd

Su

ffic

ien

cy –

Ma

in S

tatistics C

an

ad

a B

uild

ing

4

.2.1

Sta

te I

nfr

as

tru

ctu

re C

om

po

ne

nts

wh

ich

are

to

be

ev

alu

ate

d f

or

cli

ma

te c

ha

ng

e v

uln

era

bil

ity

5

(r

efe

ren

ce

Ap

pe

nd

ix A

– G

lob

al

Infr

as

tru

ctu

re L

isti

ng

)

Ge

ne

ral

De

sc

rip

tio

n

Da

ta

Infi

ll M

iss

ing

Da

ta u

sin

g r

ea

so

na

ble

a

ss

um

pti

on

s

Re

fere

nc

e a

nd

As

su

mp

tio

ns

on

da

ta a

nd

in

fill

da

ta

EX

TE

RIO

R S

YS

TE

MS

Ex

teri

or

sy

ste

ms

are

on

e o

f th

e k

ey

in

fra

str

uc

ture

co

mp

on

en

ts t

ha

t in

terf

ac

e

dir

ec

tly

wit

h c

lim

ate

ch

an

ge

.

1.1

S

ite

Dra

ina

ge

– r

ela

ted

to

slo

pe

s a

wa

y

fro

m t

he

bu

ildin

g a

nd

in

clu

de

s s

oil

pe

rme

ab

ility

a

nd

ha

rd s

urf

ace

s lik

e s

tair

s /

ra

mp

s

Be

ca

use

th

ere

is a

n in

cre

ase

in

pre

cip

ita

tio

n o

ve

r th

e y

ea

r e

xce

pt

for

the

su

mm

er,

it

is u

ncle

ar

wh

at

imp

act

this

will

ha

ve

on

so

il co

nd

itio

ns a

rou

nd

an

d

un

de

r th

e b

uild

ing

. T

rackin

g c

ha

ng

es in

so

il co

nd

itio

ns is a

mu

st

as s

tru

ctu

ral a

nd

be

low

gra

de

syste

ms w

ill b

e a

ffe

cte

d.

At

this

tim

e s

oil

rela

ted

d

ata

is a

ga

p.

1.2

S

ite

Dra

ins –

sto

rm/r

ain

wa

ter

T

he

de

sig

n p

ara

me

ters

fo

r site

dra

ins a

re

un

kn

ow

n a

nd

we

re u

na

va

ilab

le.

Du

e t

o a

p

roje

cte

d in

cre

ase

in

pre

cip

ita

tio

n o

f u

p t

o 3

0%

a

lon

g w

ith

a s

ub

sta

ntia

l in

cre

ase

in

extr

em

e

eve

nts

it

is c

ritica

l to

in

ve

stig

ate

th

is ite

m f

urt

he

r.

Syste

ms r

ela

ted

to

site

dra

ina

ge

are

cri

tica

l to

e

nsu

re t

ha

t w

ate

r in

filtra

tio

n w

ill n

ot

take

pla

ce

. W

ate

r in

filtra

tio

n c

an

ca

use

sig

nific

an

t d

am

ag

e

to v

ari

ou

s b

uild

ing

syste

ms a

nd

ca

n p

ose

a

sig

nific

an

t ri

sk.

2.0

W

alls

2

.1

Fre

esta

nd

ing

Th

e M

ain

Sta

ts B

uild

ing

use

s f

ree

sta

nd

ing

wa

lls

as a

n a

rch

ite

ctu

ral fe

atu

re t

o d

efin

e v

ari

ou

s

co

urt

ya

rds (

i.e

. e

ntr

y c

ou

rtya

rd,

de

live

ry a

rea

).

2.1

.1

co

ncre

te

De

pe

nd

ing

on

ha

irlin

e c

racks c

om

bin

ed

with

an

in

cre

ase

in

win

d d

rive

n r

ain

an

d f

ree

ze

th

aw

cycle

s m

ate

ria

l sta

bili

ty is o

f co

nce

rn.

Clim

ate

Fre

esta

nd

ing

wa

lls a

re a

sp

ecia

l b

ree

d o

f w

alls

th

at

are

exp

ose

d t

o w

ea

the

r a

ll-ro

un

d.

Win

d

dri

ve

n r

ain

alo

ng

with

fre

eze

th

aw

cycle

s w

ill

5 W

here

ava

ilabl

e, r

evie

w o

pera

tions

inci

dent

rep

orts

, dai

ly lo

gs. I

nter

view

infr

astr

uctu

re o

wne

rs a

nd o

pera

tors

to id

entif

y hi

stor

ical

eve

nts

that

may

not

be

docu

men

ted

or r

etrie

vabl

e fr

om d

atab

ases

.

En

gin

ee

rin

g V

uln

era

bili

ty A

sse

ssm

en

t o

f th

e M

ain

Sta

tistics C

an

ad

a B

uild

ing

to

th

e I

mp

acts

of

Clim

ate

Ch

an

ge

HO

K C

an

ad

a

5

9:1

28

ch

an

ge

will

mo

re t

ha

n lik

ely

ha

ve

an

im

pa

ct

on

d

ura

bili

ty o

f m

ate

ria

ls o

ve

r a

life

cycle

th

at

ma

y b

e

red

uce

d.

Info

rma

tio

n o

n m

ate

ria

l w

ea

the

rin

g d

ue

to

clim

ate

ch

an

ge

is u

nkn

ow

n w

ith

no

da

ta t

o

su

pp

ort

it.

2.1

.2

ma

so

nry

In

th

e c

ase

of

the

bri

ck m

aso

nry

wa

lls w

hic

h h

ave

n

o w

ee

pin

g h

ole

s t

o a

llow

fo

r d

rain

ag

e it

is

un

cle

ar

on

th

e r

ate

of

ma

teri

al d

ete

rio

ratio

n t

ha

t is

ta

kin

g p

lace

ba

se

d o

n t

od

ay’s

sta

nd

ard

bu

ildin

g

scie

nce

kn

ow

ho

w.

It m

ay b

e a

cce

lera

ted

as a

re

su

lt o

f clim

ate

ch

an

ge

fa

cto

rs (

refe

r to

ite

m

ab

ove

).

aff

ect

the

ma

teri

al sta

bili

ty o

f th

ese

wa

lls g

ive

n

tha

t b

oth

co

ncre

te a

nd

bri

ck m

aso

nry

are

re

lative

ly p

oro

us m

ate

ria

ls t

ha

t w

ill a

llow

m

ois

ture

to

pe

ne

tra

te.

If d

ete

rio

ratio

n is t

akin

g

pla

ce

(d

ue

to

sig

nific

an

t sn

ow

fa

ll w

e c

ou

ld n

ot

exa

min

e)

the

n t

he

str

uctu

ral in

teg

rity

of

the

se

w

alls

ma

y c

om

e in

to q

ue

stio

n a

nd

eve

ntu

ally

b

eco

me

a s

afe

ty h

aza

rd.

2

.2

Re

tain

ing

Th

ere

are

a n

um

be

r o

f re

tain

ing

wa

ll sce

na

rio

s

at

all

thre

e s

tud

y s

ite

s.

Th

ese

in

clu

de

win

do

w

an

d e

xit s

tair

we

lls a

nd

lo

ad

ing

do

ck r

ela

ted

w

alls

du

e t

o b

elo

w g

rad

e a

cce

ss.

All

are

co

ncre

te b

uilt

.

2.2

.1

co

ncre

te

Siz

ab

le c

on

cre

te w

alls

th

at

reta

in s

ign

ific

an

t e

art

h

loa

ds e

xis

t o

n s

ite

. In

on

e c

ase

be

twe

en

Ma

in

Sta

ts a

nd

th

e R

.H.

Co

ats

bu

ildin

g t

he

wa

ll is

m

ovin

g a

t th

e t

op

. F

ree

ze

th

aw

ma

y b

e t

he

cu

lpri

t d

ue

to

in

cre

ase

in

mo

istu

re c

on

ten

t in

th

e e

art

h

alo

ng

with

wa

ter

infiltra

tio

n a

t g

rad

e b

etw

ee

n t

he

e

art

h a

nd

wa

ll str

uctu

re.

Info

rma

tio

n o

n c

ha

ng

ing

so

il co

nd

itio

ns w

ou

ld b

e h

elp

ful to

un

de

rsta

nd

th

is

situ

atio

n.

A r

eta

inin

g w

all

wa

s o

bse

rve

d t

o b

e s

hiftin

g.

As

a r

esu

lt,

this

issu

e m

eri

ts f

urt

he

r a

na

lysis

an

d

stu

dy.

3.0

W

alk

wa

ys

W

alk

wa

ys a

re a

n im

po

rta

nt

me

an

s o

f a

cce

ssin

g

the

site

at

a p

ed

estr

ian

le

ve

l. A

t th

e s

am

e t

ime

, clim

ate

ch

an

ge

ma

y p

ose

a h

ea

lth

an

d s

afe

ty

risk (

ice

re

late

d)

wh

ile a

lso

aff

ect

ma

teri

al

sta

bili

ty a

nd

du

rab

ility

.

3

.1

Asp

ha

lt

Ma

teri

al p

rop

ert

y in

form

atio

n a

nd

th

e im

pa

ct

tha

t clim

ate

ch

an

ge

will

ha

ve

on

th

ese

ma

teri

als

is

un

kn

ow

n.

Mo

re d

ata

wo

uld

be

be

ne

ficia

l so

th

at

be

tte

r d

ecis

ion

s c

an

ta

ke

pla

ce

.

Incre

ase

s in

te

mp

era

ture

, e

sp

ecia

lly in

th

e

su

mm

er,

ma

y im

pa

ct

asp

ha

lt s

urf

ace

s d

ue

to

in

cre

ase

s in

he

at

ga

in.

Th

is a

ffe

cts

th

e m

ate

ria

l sta

bili

ty w

hile

it

ma

y a

lso

aff

ect

the

life

cycle

. M

ate

ria

l p

rop

ert

y in

form

atio

n d

ue

to

acce

lera

ted

w

ea

the

rin

g c

ase

d b

y c

lima

te c

ha

ng

e is

En

gin

ee

rin

g V

uln

era

bili

ty A

sse

ssm

en

t o

f th

e M

ain

Sta

tistics C

an

ad

a B

uild

ing

to

th

e I

mp

acts

of

Clim

ate

Ch

an

ge

HO

K C

an

ad

a

6

0:1

28

un

kn

ow

n.

In a

dd

itio

n w

he

n w

e c

ou

ple

th

e

su

mm

er

eve

nt

with

win

ter

rain

eve

nts

an

d f

ree

ze

th

aw

we

ma

y f

ind

th

at

ma

teri

al d

ete

rio

ratio

n w

ill

be

acce

lera

ted

an

d p

rod

uce

tri

pp

ing

ha

za

rds f

or

use

rs.

Incre

ase

d ice

on

pa

thw

ays a

lon

g w

ith

sa

lt

usa

ge

will

ag

ain

ma

ke

ma

teri

al sta

bili

ty w

ors

e.

3

.2

Co

ncre

te

Ha

irlin

e c

racks in

co

ncre

te a

lon

g w

ith

win

ter

rain

a

nd

fre

eze

th

aw

will

aff

ect

the

ma

teri

al sta

bili

ty /

d

ura

bili

ty.

Re

fer

to a

bo

ve

an

d b

elo

w f

or

rela

ted

in

form

atio

n.

3

.3

Un

it p

ave

rs

Incre

ase

s in

win

ter

rain

eve

nts

co

up

led

with

fr

ee

ze

th

aw

ma

y r

esu

lt in

sh

iftin

g u

nit p

ave

rs.

Th

is m

ay t

he

n c

au

se

tri

pp

ing

ha

za

rds f

or

use

rs.

Ma

teri

al p

rop

ert

y c

on

sid

era

tio

ns a

s p

er

Asp

ha

lt

ab

ove

wo

uld

als

o a

pp

ly.

4.0

S

tair

s

E

xte

rio

r sta

irs a

re t

he

pri

ma

ry m

ea

ns o

f e

nte

rin

g

all

thre

e b

uild

ing

s.

Th

ey a

re a

lso

a m

ea

ns o

f e

gre

ss in

em

erg

en

cy s

itu

atio

ns.

Th

ey a

re c

ritica

l to

th

e e

ffe

ctive

op

era

tio

n o

f th

ese

fe

de

ral o

ffic

es.

4

.1

Co

ncre

te

Ha

irlin

e c

racks in

co

ncre

te a

lon

g w

ith

win

ter

rain

a

nd

fre

eze

th

aw

will

aff

ect

the

ma

teri

al sta

bili

ty /

d

ura

bili

ty.

Incre

ase

d ice

on

sta

irs a

lon

g w

ith

sa

lt

usa

ge

will

ag

ain

ma

ke

ma

teri

al sta

bili

ty w

ors

e.

As w

ell,

an

y e

art

h b

en

ea

th t

he

sta

ir m

ay r

esu

lt in

h

ea

vin

g a

ga

inst

the

sta

ir t

ha

t w

ill f

urt

he

r im

pa

ct

the

sta

ir’s

str

uctu

ral sta

bili

ty /

du

rab

ility

.

4

.2

Me

tal

Ma

teri

al p

rop

ert

y in

form

atio

n a

nd

th

e im

pa

ct

tha

t clim

ate

ch

an

ge

will

ha

ve

on

th

ese

ma

teri

als

is

un

kn

ow

n.

Mo

re d

ata

wo

uld

be

be

ne

ficia

l so

th

at

be

tte

r d

ecis

ion

s c

an

ta

ke

pla

ce

.

Incre

ase

s in

pre

cip

ita

tio

n y

ea

r ro

un

d a

lon

g w

ith

h

igh

er

leve

ls o

f h

um

idity m

ay im

pa

ct

the

ma

teri

al

sta

bili

ty o

f th

e m

eta

l sta

irs.

Sin

ce

th

ese

sta

irs a

re

pa

inte

d in

da

rk c

olo

urs

it

will

acce

lera

te t

he

m

eltin

g o

f sn

ow

an

d ice

. In

ye

ars

of

he

avy s

no

w

it m

ay t

ake

mo

re t

ime

to

acco

mp

lish

me

ltin

g.

Use

of

sa

lt w

ill a

gg

rava

te t

he

situ

atio

n b

y

ca

usin

g in

cre

ase

d le

ve

ls o

f m

ate

ria

l d

ete

rio

ratio

n.

5.0

Ra

mp

s

E

xte

rio

r ra

mp

s a

re t

he

pri

ma

ry m

ea

ns f

or

acce

ssib

le e

ntr

y t

o t

he

bu

ildin

gs a

nd

as s

uch

En

gin

ee

rin

g V

uln

era

bili

ty A

sse

ssm

en

t o

f th

e M

ain

Sta

tistics C

an

ad

a B

uild

ing

to

th

e I

mp

acts

of

Clim

ate

Ch

an

ge

HO

K C

an

ad

a

6

1:1

28

the

y a

re a

vita

l in

fra

str

uctu

re c

om

po

ne

nt.

Re

fer

to 3

.2 a

nd

4.1

ab

ove

fo

r m

ore

de

tails

.

6.0

L

oa

din

g d

ock

A

ll th

ree

ca

se

stu

dy b

uild

ing

s r

ely

he

avily

on

use

o

f th

e lo

ad

ing

do

ck.

In a

ll ca

se

s t

he

se

are

as a

re

slo

pe

d d

ow

n b

elo

w g

rad

e a

nd

are

exp

ose

d t

o

we

ath

er

co

nd

itio

ns y

ea

r ro

un

d.

Giv

en

in

cre

ase

d

pre

cip

ita

tio

n,

sto

rm w

ate

r d

rain

ag

e is im

po

rta

nt.

7.0

W

ind

ow

/ S

tair

we

lls

W

ind

ow

an

d s

tair

we

lls a

re s

un

ke

n a

rea

s t

ha

t ca

n b

e s

en

sitiv

e t

o s

no

w a

nd

wa

ter

accu

mu

latio

n.

In t

he

ca

se

of

the

Ma

in S

tats

B

uild

ing

, h

ea

t lo

ss d

uri

ng

th

e w

inte

r ca

n c

au

se

sn

ow

me

ltin

g n

ea

r th

e b

uild

ing

wh

ich

th

en

will

fr

ee

ze

ove

rnig

ht.

Du

e t

o in

cre

ase

d p

recip

ita

tio

n

thro

ug

ho

ut

the

ye

ar

exce

pt

for

the

su

mm

er

mo

nth

s,

flo

od

ing

an

d w

ate

r in

filtra

tio

n m

ay t

ake

p

lace

. T

his

in

fra

str

uctu

re a

lso

re

tain

s e

art

h o

n

on

e s

ide

th

at

ma

y c

om

plic

ate

th

e s

itu

atio

n a

s

ind

ica

ted

ab

ove

in

th

e r

eta

inin

g w

all

se

ctio

n

2.2

.1.

7

.1

Co

ncre

te

Re

fer

to 2

.2.1

ab

ove

8.0

P

ark

ing

, ve

hic

le a

rea

s

P

ark

ing

an

d v

eh

icle

acce

ss a

re a

n im

po

rta

nt

me

an

s o

f a

cce

ssin

g t

he

site

wh

ile it

als

o h

as a

p

ed

estr

ian

le

ve

l fu

nctio

n.

At

the

sa

me

tim

e,

clim

ate

ch

an

ge

ma

y p

ose

a h

ea

lth

an

d s

afe

ty

risk (

ice

re

late

d)

wh

ile a

lso

aff

ectin

g t

he

syste

m’s

m

ate

ria

l sta

bili

ty a

nd

du

rab

ility

.

8

.1

Asp

ha

lt

Re

fer

to 3

.1 a

bo

ve

8

.2

Co

ncre

te

Re

fer

to 3

.2 a

bo

ve

8

.3

Un

it p

ave

rs

Re

fer

to 3

.3 a

bo

ve

9.0

M

an

ho

les/a

cce

ss d

oo

rs

With

an

in

cre

ase

in

pre

cip

ita

tio

n,

it is e

xp

ecte

d

tha

t w

ate

r in

filtra

tio

n w

ill in

cre

ase

. T

he

cu

rre

nt

tun

ne

l h

as a

sto

rm w

ate

r syste

m in

pla

ce

an

d it

is

un

cle

ar

wh

eth

er

it w

ill b

e a

de

qu

ate

. M

ore

da

ta

ab

ou

t th

e s

torm

wa

ter

syste

m in

th

e t

un

ne

l is

re

qu

ire

d.

Tu

nn

ey’s

Pa

stu

re r

elie

s o

n t

un

ne

ls t

ha

t d

eliv

er

he

atin

g p

lan

t ste

am

an

d c

hill

ed

wa

ter.

At

va

rio

us

loca

tio

ns o

n c

am

pu

s t

he

re a

re e

xte

rio

r a

nd

in

teri

or

acce

ss p

oin

ts t

o t

he

tu

nn

el syste

m f

or

rou

tin

e o

pe

ratio

n a

nd

ma

na

ge

me

nt

co

nsid

era

tio

ns.

En

gin

ee

rin

g V

uln

era

bili

ty A

sse

ssm

en

t o

f th

e M

ain

Sta

tistics C

an

ad

a B

uild

ing

to

th

e I

mp

acts

of

Clim

ate

Ch

an

ge

HO

K C

an

ad

a

6

2:1

28

BU

ILD

ING

SY

ST

EM

S

10

.0

Fo

un

da

tio

n,

Flo

ors

an

d R

oo

fs

10

.1

Fo

otin

gs –

co

ncre

te

10

.2

Wa

lls -

co

ncre

te

10

.3

Sla

b o

n g

rad

e -

co

ncre

te

Be

ca

use

th

ere

is a

n in

cre

ase

in

pre

cip

ita

tio

n o

ve

r th

e y

ea

r e

xce

pt

for

the

su

mm

er,

it

is u

ncle

ar

wh

at

imp

act

this

will

ha

ve

on

so

il co

nd

itio

ns a

rou

nd

an

d

un

de

r th

e b

uild

ing

. T

rackin

g c

ha

ng

es in

so

il co

nd

itio

ns is a

mu

st

as s

tru

ctu

ral a

nd

be

low

gra

de

syste

ms w

ill b

e a

ffe

cte

d.

At

this

tim

e s

oil

rela

ted

d

ata

is a

ga

p.

Be

low

gra

de

str

uctu

re h

as a

str

on

g c

on

ne

ctio

n

to a

nu

mb

er

of

clim

ate

ch

an

ge

im

pa

cts

. H

igh

er

leve

ls o

f p

recip

ita

tio

n w

ill a

ffe

ct

site

dra

ina

ge

is

su

es a

rou

nd

th

e b

uild

ing

pe

rim

ete

r. H

igh

er

pre

cip

ita

tio

n w

ill a

ffe

ct

be

low

gra

de

so

il co

nd

itio

ns a

s w

e c

an

exp

ect

hig

he

r le

ve

ls o

f m

ois

ture

co

nte

nt

ag

ain

st

fou

nd

atio

n w

alls

. B

eca

use

th

e b

uild

ing

fo

un

da

tio

n is b

elie

ve

d t

o

rest

on

be

dro

ck,

an

y c

ha

ng

es (

incre

ase

) in

th

e

wa

ter

tab

le m

ay a

ffe

ct

hyd

rosta

tic p

ressu

re

ag

ain

st

the

fo

un

da

tio

n w

alls

. A

ny c

racks in

th

e

fou

nd

atio

n m

ay a

llow

wa

ter

infiltra

tio

n.

W

arm

er

win

ters

alo

ng

with

fre

eze

th

aw

cycle

s

will

aff

ect

su

rfa

ce

le

ve

l g

rou

nd

co

nd

itio

ns.

A

ll o

f th

ese

will

aff

ect

the

in

teg

rity

of

be

low

gra

de

str

uctu

ral syste

ms.

10

.4

Pre

ca

st

Lig

ht

We

igh

t C

on

cre

te P

an

el

Ro

of

Th

e r

oo

f m

em

bra

ne

is o

ne

of

the

ke

y c

om

po

ne

nts

o

f th

e r

oo

f syste

m.

In

form

atio

n g

ap

s e

xis

t in

te

rms o

f ro

of

me

mb

ran

e w

ea

the

rin

g d

ue

to

clim

ate

ch

an

ge

. T

he

ro

of

me

mb

ran

e h

as a

dir

ect

rela

tio

nsh

ip t

o t

he

ro

of

str

uctu

re m

ostly in

te

rms o

f ke

ep

ing

th

e s

tru

ctu

re d

ry.

If m

ois

ture

ma

ke

s its

w

ay in

to t

he

ro

of

str

uctu

re t

he

n t

he

str

uctu

re m

ay

exp

eri

en

ce

fre

eze

th

aw

re

late

d s

tre

ss n

ot

to

me

ntio

n w

ate

r d

am

ag

e t

o t

he

off

ice

sp

ace

be

low

. T

he

Je

an

Ta

lon

bu

ildin

g is a

n e

xa

mp

le o

f th

is

situ

atio

n h

avin

g r

ece

ntly t

o d

ea

l w

ith

a w

inte

r ro

of

lea

k.

Ro

ofin

g s

tru

ctu

res a

re s

tro

ng

ly t

ied

to

oth

er

co

mp

on

en

ts o

f th

e r

oo

fin

g s

yste

m.

Th

is in

clu

de

s

the

ro

of

me

mb

ran

e,

insu

latio

n,

ba

llast

ma

teri

al,

roo

f d

rain

s,

pa

rap

et

wa

lls,

win

do

w w

ash

ing

a

nch

ors

, ro

oft

op

un

its,

me

ch

an

ica

l p

en

tho

use

co

nn

ectio

ns,

etc

. It

is c

ritica

l to

un

de

rsta

nd

th

at

oth

er

syste

ms m

ay im

pa

ct

the

ro

of

str

uctu

re s

o

the

re is a

n in

terd

ep

en

de

ncy a

mo

ng

diffe

ren

t syste

ms.

EN

VE

LO

P S

YS

TE

MS

11

.0

Cla

dd

ing

T

he

we

tte

r fa

ll, w

inte

r a

nd

sp

rin

g a

lon

g w

ith

th

e

mo

re h

um

id s

um

me

r m

ay r

esu

lt in

mo

re /

a

cce

lera

ted

cla

dd

ing

syste

m f

ailu

res.

Th

e a

cid

ic

pro

pe

rtie

s o

f th

e p

recip

ita

tio

n m

ay a

lso

pla

y in

to

Pri

ma

ry f

un

ctio

n o

f th

e b

uild

ing

cla

dd

ing

syste

m

is t

o d

elin

ea

te in

teri

or

an

d e

xte

rio

r co

nd

itio

ns s

o

tha

t a

co

mfo

rta

ble

wo

rk e

nvir

on

me

nt

is

pro

du

ce

d.

Sin

ce

clim

ate

ch

an

ge

is t

akin

g p

lace

En

gin

ee

rin

g V

uln

era

bili

ty A

sse

ssm

en

t o

f th

e M

ain

Sta

tistics C

an

ad

a B

uild

ing

to

th

e I

mp

acts

of

Clim

ate

Ch

an

ge

HO

K C

an

ad

a

6

3:1

28

this

sce

na

rio

. D

ata

ga

ps e

xis

t o

n a

ma

teri

al

pro

pe

rty le

ve

l to

un

de

rsta

nd

th

ese

co

nd

itio

ns f

ully

, w

hile

at

the

sa

me

tim

e k

no

win

g t

he

ch

em

ica

l p

rop

ert

ies o

f th

e p

recip

ita

tio

n m

ay a

llow

fo

r m

ore

a

ccu

rate

ju

dg

em

en

t o

n t

he

im

pa

ct

the

se

co

nd

itio

ns w

ill h

ave

on

th

e c

lad

din

g.

this

syste

m w

ill b

e a

ffe

cte

d b

y t

em

pe

ratu

re,

rain

, w

ind

dri

ve

n s

no

w,

fre

eze

th

aw

, re

du

ce

d h

ea

tin

g

de

gre

e d

ays a

nd

in

cre

ase

d h

um

idity le

ve

ls.

In

su

mm

ary

th

e h

ott

er,

we

tte

r, h

um

id c

on

ditio

n

alo

ng

with

fre

eze

th

aw

cycle

s in

th

e w

inte

r w

ill

ha

ve

im

pa

ct

on

th

e c

lad

din

g.

1

1.1

P

reca

st

Co

ncre

te

Da

ta g

ap

s e

xis

t w

ith

win

d d

rive

n r

ain

an

d s

no

w

esp

ecia

lly d

uri

ng

th

e w

inte

r. I

t is

cri

tica

l to

ge

t a

b

ett

er

un

de

rsta

nd

ing

on

th

is e

sp

ecia

lly w

he

n

fre

eze

th

aw

is f

acto

red

in

. M

ate

ria

l p

rop

ert

y d

ata

is

als

o m

issin

g,

esp

ecia

lly r

ela

ted

to

ma

teri

al

we

ath

eri

ng

wh

ich

ma

y b

e a

cce

lera

ted

du

e t

o m

ore

p

recip

ita

tio

n a

nd

oth

er

clim

ate

ch

an

ge

im

pa

cts

.

At

the

pe

nth

ou

se

le

ve

l o

f Je

an

Ta

lon

bu

ildin

g

sn

ow

wa

s o

bse

rve

d b

etw

ee

n t

he

pre

ca

st

co

ncre

te p

an

el a

nd

th

e b

uild

ing

str

uctu

re.

Th

is

ind

ica

tes t

ha

t th

ere

is r

ain

an

d s

no

w m

akin

g its

w

ay b

eh

ind

th

e p

reca

st

co

ncre

te c

lad

din

g t

ha

t ca

n a

ffe

ct

the

syste

m a

dve

rse

ly a

t th

e a

nch

ors

a

nd

with

th

e o

ffic

e s

pa

ce

be

low

. T

his

situ

atio

n

ca

lls t

o q

ue

stio

n d

eta

ilin

g issu

es a

t th

e p

ara

pe

t w

all.

Fu

rth

er

an

aly

sis

is r

eq

uir

ed

. In

ad

ditio

n t

he

jo

ints

be

twe

en

pa

ne

ls w

ill n

ee

d t

o b

e lo

oke

d a

t a

s c

alk

ing

de

tails

are

a lim

itin

g f

acto

r w

ith

th

is

cla

dd

ing

syste

m.

Hig

he

r te

mp

era

ture

s a

lon

g w

ith

th

e in

cre

ase

s in

te

mp

era

ture

ra

ng

e c

an

ca

use

p

reca

st

syste

ms t

o b

ow

with

so

me

evid

en

ce

of

this

at

the

Je

an

Ta

lon

bu

ildin

g.

La

stly,

wa

ll ca

vity

dra

ina

ge

is a

lso

cri

tica

l to

allo

w f

or

mo

istu

re a

nd

w

ate

r to

esca

pe

.

1

1.2

G

laze

d C

urt

ain

wa

ll

T

he

re a

re s

ma

ll a

rea

s o

f cu

rta

in w

all

at

the

Ma

in

Sta

ts B

uild

ing

th

at

we

re r

ep

lace

d in

19

93

-19

94

a

lon

g w

ith

all

win

do

ws.

At

the

Je

an

Ta

lon

b

uild

ing

, w

ith

th

e e

xce

ptio

n o

f th

e s

lop

ed

g

lazin

g,

all

of

it’s

ori

gin

al w

ind

ow

s a

re s

till

in

pla

ce

. T

yp

ica

lly g

laze

d s

yste

ms a

re d

esig

ne

d t

o

tole

rate

a c

ert

ain

am

ou

nt

of

wa

ter

infiltra

tio

n d

ue

to

win

d d

rive

n s

no

w a

nd

ra

in.

No

issu

es h

ave

b

ee

n r

ais

ed

in

th

e B

uild

ing

Co

nd

itio

n R

ep

ort

s

rela

ted

to

wa

ter

infiltra

tio

n.

1

1.3

M

aso

nry

wa

ll G

ive

n in

cre

ase

d w

ind

dri

ve

n p

recip

ita

tio

n o

ve

r th

e

win

ter

mo

nth

s it

is u

ncle

ar

wh

at

will

ta

ke

pla

ce

w

ith

th

e m

ate

ria

l in

teg

rity

of

the

Ma

in S

tats

Ma

so

nry

wa

lls a

re u

se

d a

t th

e M

ain

Sta

ts

bu

ildin

g o

nly

an

d a

re m

ad

e u

sin

g a

Fle

mis

h

bo

nd

te

ch

niq

ue

th

at

relie

s o

n a

do

ub

le la

ye

r o

f

En

gin

ee

rin

g V

uln

era

bili

ty A

sse

ssm

en

t o

f th

e M

ain

Sta

tistics C

an

ad

a B

uild

ing

to

th

e I

mp

acts

of

Clim

ate

Ch

an

ge

HO

K C

an

ad

a

6

4:1

28

exte

rio

r m

aso

nry

wa

lls.

Th

ere

is m

ois

ture

re

late

d

sta

inin

g o

n t

he

wa

lls a

t th

e p

rese

nt

tim

e t

ha

t w

ill

no

t b

e h

elp

ed

by t

he

win

do

w s

ills t

ha

t a

re c

racke

d

an

d g

en

era

lly in

po

or

co

nd

itio

n.

An

y m

ois

ture

th

at

en

ters

th

e m

aso

nry

wa

ll h

as n

o e

asy w

ay o

ut

oth

er

tha

n t

o r

ely

on

so

lar

rad

iatio

n a

nd

/or

the

h

ea

tin

g s

yste

m t

o d

ry t

he

wa

ll o

ut.

bri

ck w

ith

alte

rna

tin

g b

ricks b

ein

g u

se

d

len

gth

wis

e t

o b

on

d t

he

tw

o la

ye

rs.

On

th

e in

sid

e

face

of

the

exte

rio

r w

all

is a

th

ird

la

ye

r m

ad

e u

p

of

terr

aco

tta

blo

ck.

Th

e e

xte

rio

r w

all

ha

s n

eith

er

dra

ina

ge

ca

vity n

or

an

y w

ee

pin

g h

ole

s t

o a

llow

fo

r w

ate

r /

mo

istu

re t

o d

rain

.

11

.4

Sto

ne

Pa

ne

ls (

inclu

din

g lin

tels

an

d s

ills)

Incre

ase

s in

win

d d

rive

n p

recip

ita

tio

n o

ve

r th

e

win

ter

mo

nth

s w

ill a

ffe

ct

the

ma

teri

al in

teg

rity

of

the

Ma

in S

tats

exte

rio

r sto

ne

wa

lls.

Sig

ns o

f m

ois

ture

re

late

d s

tain

ing

is v

isib

le.

Th

e s

itu

atio

n is

sim

ilar

to t

he

ma

so

nry

wa

ll situ

atio

n (

refe

ren

ce

1

1.3

ab

ove

).

Sto

ne

is u

se

d o

n t

he

Ma

in S

tats

bu

ildin

g a

s a

n

arc

hite

ctu

ral a

cce

nt.

Th

ere

ap

pe

ars

to

be

no

d

rain

ag

e c

avity a

s t

he

se

exte

rio

r w

alls

are

bu

ilt

sim

ilar

to t

he

ma

so

nry

wa

lls 1

1.3

ab

ove

. E

vid

en

ce

of

ma

teri

al cra

ckin

g a

nd

wa

ter

infiltra

tio

n s

tain

ing

are

re

su

ltin

g in

th

e s

yste

m’s

w

ea

the

rin

g t

ha

t m

ay s

tart

to

sh

ow

fa

ilure

an

d

ca

use

oth

er

da

ma

ge

.

1

1.5

M

eta

l C

lad

din

g

M

eta

l cla

dd

ing

is u

se

d a

t th

e p

en

tho

use

le

ve

l o

f th

e M

ain

Sta

ts B

uild

ing

. It

sh

ow

s m

od

est

sig

ns

of

ma

teri

al str

ess t

ha

t re

late

s t

o s

tain

ing

fro

m

pre

cip

ita

tio

n.

12

.0

Win

do

ws /

Do

ors

T

he

re is lim

ite

d t

ech

nic

al in

form

atio

n t

ha

t id

en

tifie

s h

ow

th

ese

syste

ms a

re b

ein

g a

ffe

cte

d b

y

ch

an

gin

g c

lima

te.

Win

do

ws a

nd

do

ors

are

pa

rt o

f th

e e

xte

rio

r w

all

syste

m a

nd

as s

uch

are

aff

ecte

d b

y s

imila

r w

ea

the

r re

late

d c

on

ditio

ns.

Un

like

pre

ca

st

co

ncre

te,

ma

so

nry

an

d s

ton

e,

win

do

ws a

nd

d

oo

rs m

ayb

e a

ffe

cte

d le

ss b

y w

ind

dri

ve

n

pre

cip

ita

tio

n.

Ho

we

ve

r, in

cre

ase

s in

te

mp

era

ture

w

ill e

xp

ose

th

e s

yste

m a

nd

ca

use

oth

er

failu

res

to t

ake

pla

ce

. F

or

exa

mp

le t

he

me

tal w

ind

ow

sp

ace

r a

nd

se

al w

ill u

nd

erg

o e

xp

an

sio

n a

nd

co

ntr

actio

n t

ha

t m

ay a

cce

lera

te t

he

fa

ilure

of

the

syste

m.

1

2.1

A

lum

inu

m W

ind

ow

s

Re

fer

to 1

1.2

ab

ove

. R

efe

r to

11

.2 a

bo

ve

.

1

2.2

D

oo

rs (

Ste

el /

Alu

min

um

) R

efe

r to

12

.0 a

bo

ve

R

efe

r to

12

.0 a

bo

ve

.

13

.0

Fla

t R

oo

f S

yste

ms

Th

e a

ffe

ct

of

fre

eze

th

aw

an

d h

igh

er

tem

pe

ratu

res,

inclu

din

g t

em

pe

ratu

re s

win

gs in

w

inte

r m

ay r

esu

lt in

mo

re a

cce

lera

ted

ra

tes o

f m

ate

ria

l d

ete

rio

ratio

n.

Co

nclu

siv

e d

ata

on

th

e r

oo

f

Th

e f

lat

roo

f syste

m is m

ad

e u

p o

f va

rio

us

ma

teri

al la

ye

rs t

ha

t in

clu

de

ro

of

me

mb

ran

e,

ba

llast

ma

teri

al, r

oo

f str

uctu

re,

insu

latio

n a

nd

so

me

tim

es c

eili

ng

fin

ish

ma

teri

als

. T

he

mo

st

En

gin

ee

rin

g V

uln

era

bili

ty A

sse

ssm

en

t o

f th

e M

ain

Sta

tistics C

an

ad

a B

uild

ing

to

th

e I

mp

acts

of

Clim

ate

Ch

an

ge

HO

K C

an

ad

a

6

5:1

28

me

mb

ran

e a

nd

th

e im

pa

ct

tha

t clim

ate

ch

an

ge

will

h

ave

on

th

e m

em

bra

ne

is u

nkn

ow

. A

s w

ell,

th

e

eff

ect

of

ba

llast

ma

teri

al to

mitig

ate

in

cre

ase

s in

te

mp

era

ture

is u

nkn

ow

n.

Mo

re d

ata

wo

uld

he

lp t

o

eva

lua

te t

his

syste

m.

cri

tica

l co

mp

on

en

t o

f th

e s

yste

m is t

he

m

em

bra

ne

th

at

sh

ed

s w

ate

r a

wa

y f

rom

th

e

bu

ildin

g s

tru

ctu

re a

nd

in

teri

or.

Fre

eze

th

aw

cycle

s w

ill a

ffe

ct

the

du

rab

ility

of

the

ro

of

me

mb

ran

e t

ha

t ca

n r

esu

lt in

syste

m f

ailu

res.

ME

CH

AN

ICA

L S

YS

TE

MS

14

.0

HV

AC

Th

e C

en

tra

l H

ea

tin

g P

lan

t is

a k

ey s

yste

m t

ha

t su

pp

lies T

un

ne

y’s

Pa

stu

re w

ith

ste

am

an

d

ch

ille

d w

ate

r. T

he

pla

nt

ha

s r

ece

ntly b

ee

n

mo

de

rniz

ed

an

d u

pd

ate

d t

o t

od

ay’s

sta

nd

ard

s in

o

rde

r to

ke

ep

up

with

ca

mp

us r

eq

uir

em

en

ts.

It

dra

ws u

po

n a

na

tura

l g

as e

ne

rgy s

up

ply

in

ord

er

to f

un

ctio

n.

Th

e O

tta

wa

riv

er

pla

ys a

ke

y r

ole

as

the

pla

nt

use

s t

he

bo

dy o

f w

ate

r to

co

nd

itio

n

wa

ter

use

d o

n t

he

ca

mp

us.

14

.1

He

atin

g S

yste

m a

nd

Ad

eq

ua

cy

Th

e b

uild

ing

is c

on

ne

cte

d t

o t

he

Tu

nn

ey’s

Pa

stu

re

ce

ntr

al h

ea

tin

g a

nd

co

olin

g p

lan

t. T

he

pla

nt

relie

s

on

th

e O

tta

wa

riv

er

to c

on

ditio

n w

ate

r u

se

d o

n

ca

mp

us.

Ove

rall,

riv

er

wa

ter

tem

pe

ratu

res a

re

ge

ne

rally

in

cre

asin

g d

ue

to

a w

arm

er

clim

ate

an

d

is t

he

refo

re a

ffe

ctin

g t

he

he

atin

g a

nd

co

olin

g

pla

nt.

Cu

rre

nt

an

d s

om

e h

isto

ric d

ata

is a

va

ilab

le

on

riv

er

wa

ter

tem

pe

ratu

re c

ha

ng

es.

Th

e M

ain

Sta

ts B

uild

ing

is t

he

old

est

bu

ildin

g

(19

52

) th

at

is b

ein

g r

evie

we

d b

y t

his

stu

dy.

As

su

ch

it

ha

s little

to

no

in

su

latio

n a

nd

re

lies o

n a

ce

rta

in a

mo

un

t o

f h

ea

t to

ke

ep

th

e b

uild

ing

e

nve

lop

e w

arm

an

d d

ry s

o t

ha

t it m

ain

tain

s its

str

uctu

ral in

teg

rity

. A

t tim

es d

uri

ng

th

e w

inte

r th

e

ho

t w

ate

r h

ea

tin

g s

yste

m h

as a

ha

rd t

ime

ke

ep

ing

up

with

th

e in

teri

or

he

atin

g d

em

an

ds.

Oft

en

th

e p

ipe

s w

ill f

ree

ze

an

d c

au

se

th

e in

teri

or

en

vir

on

me

nt

to b

e c

old

an

d u

nco

mfo

rta

ble

. B

ase

d o

n p

roje

cte

d in

cre

ase

s in

te

mp

era

ture

th

is m

ay p

rove

to

be

re

du

ce

d o

r e

limin

ate

d.

14

.2

Co

olin

g S

yste

m a

nd

Ad

eq

ua

cy

Th

e b

uild

ing

is c

on

ne

cte

d t

o t

he

Tu

nn

ey’s

Pa

stu

re

ce

ntr

al h

ea

tin

g a

nd

co

olin

g p

lan

t. T

he

pla

nt

relie

s

on

th

e O

tta

wa

riv

er

to c

on

ditio

n w

ate

r u

se

d o

n

ca

mp

us.

Ove

rall,

riv

er

wa

ter

tem

pe

ratu

res a

re

ge

ne

rally

in

cre

asin

g d

ue

to

a w

arm

er

clim

ate

an

d

is t

he

refo

re a

ffe

ctin

g t

he

he

atin

g a

nd

co

olin

g

pla

nt.

Cu

rre

nt

an

d s

om

e h

isto

ric d

ata

is a

va

ilab

le

on

riv

er

wa

ter

tem

pe

ratu

re c

ha

ng

es.

Pro

jecte

d t

em

pe

ratu

res a

re e

xp

ecte

d t

o in

cre

ase

a

lon

g w

ith

th

e h

um

idity le

ve

ls.

As s

uch

th

is w

ill

ve

ry lik

ely

be

an

issu

e f

or

su

mm

er

bu

ildin

g

op

era

tio

ns a

s t

he

y a

re h

avin

g a

difficu

lt t

ime

of

ke

ep

ing

th

e s

pa

ce

co

ol a

nd

co

mfo

rta

ble

. A

t th

e

sa

me

tim

e,

the

fe

de

ral g

ove

rnm

en

t h

as in

stitu

ted

a

n e

ne

rgy c

on

se

rva

tio

n p

rog

ram

th

at

ha

s

resu

lte

d in

de

live

rin

g c

hill

ed

wa

ter

to a

ll fa

cili

tie

s

at

hig

he

r te

mp

era

ture

s.

Sp

ace

op

tim

iza

tio

n a

nd

h

igh

er

use

of

co

mp

ute

rs a

nd

oth

er

tech

no

log

ies

En

gin

ee

rin

g V

uln

era

bili

ty A

sse

ssm

en

t o

f th

e M

ain

Sta

tistics C

an

ad

a B

uild

ing

to

th

e I

mp

acts

of

Clim

ate

Ch

an

ge

HO

K C

an

ad

a

6

6:1

28

ha

ve

re

su

lte

d in

hig

he

r h

ea

t le

ve

ls b

ein

g

pro

du

ce

d w

ith

in t

he

sp

ace

. T

his

ha

s r

esu

lte

d in

m

akin

g t

he

sp

ace

ve

ry h

ard

to

ke

ep

co

ol a

nd

co

nd

itio

n,

esp

ecia

lly d

uri

ng

th

e s

um

me

r m

on

ths.

It

sh

ou

ld b

e n

ote

d t

ha

t th

e h

ea

tin

g p

lan

t re

lies o

n

rive

r w

ate

r fo

r co

olin

g a

nd

if

the

so

lar

rad

iatio

n is

aff

ectin

g r

ive

r w

ate

r te

mp

era

ture

s (

e.g

. in

cre

asin

g)

the

n t

he

co

olin

g c

ap

acity o

f th

e p

lan

t w

ill b

e a

ffe

cte

d a

nd

be

co

me

vu

lne

rab

le.

Th

is

ma

y b

e c

om

po

un

de

d b

y d

rye

r/lo

we

r ra

infa

ll co

nd

itio

ns in

su

mm

er

eff

ective

ly r

ed

ucin

g t

he

flo

w o

f th

e r

ive

r d

uri

ng

Ju

ne

, Ju

ly a

nd

Au

gu

st.

T

he

lo

we

r th

e w

ate

r le

ve

l th

e e

asie

r it w

ill b

e t

o

aff

ect

eve

n h

igh

er

wa

ter

tem

pe

ratu

res d

uri

ng

th

e

su

mm

er.

Th

is is a

clim

ate

ch

an

ge

aff

ect

tha

t re

qu

ire

s m

ore

in

form

atio

n a

nd

stu

dy t

ha

t is

o

uts

ide

th

e s

co

pe

of

this

asse

ssm

en

t.

EL

EC

TR

ICA

L S

YS

TE

MS

15

.0

Em

erg

en

cy p

ow

er

syste

ms /

ge

ne

rato

rs

(in

clu

din

g f

ue

l su

pp

ly)

E

me

rge

ncy p

ow

er

syste

ms a

re a

va

ilab

le o

n t

his

ca

mp

us s

tric

tly t

o k

ee

p v

ita

l syste

ms o

pe

ratio

na

l.

It is n

ot

a b

acku

p s

yste

m f

or

10

0%

of

the

b

uild

ing

fu

nctio

ns b

ut

rath

er

se

rve

s s

uch

fu

nctio

ns a

s t

he

ma

in d

ata

ce

ntr

e,

em

erg

en

cy

ligh

tin

g,

etc

. T

his

ele

me

nt

ha

s a

dir

ect

rela

tio

nsh

ip w

ith

16

.0 b

elo

w.

16

.0

Po

we

r S

up

ply

an

d R

elia

bili

ty

Po

we

r su

pp

ly is n

ot

just

a f

un

ctio

n o

f th

e T

un

ne

y’s

P

astu

re C

am

pu

s in

fra

str

uctu

re a

s it

is a

mo

re f

ar

rea

ch

ing

co

mp

on

en

t th

at

is c

ity w

ide

. T

he

sco

pe

o

f th

is s

tud

y f

ocu

se

s s

tric

tly o

n t

he

bo

un

da

rie

s o

f th

e b

uild

ing

an

d r

elie

s o

n a

ve

ry r

elia

ble

en

erg

y

su

pp

ly (

ele

ctr

icity,

na

tura

l g

as,

oil,

etc

.).

Ove

rall,

p

ow

er

su

pp

ly a

nd

re

liab

ility

is d

ifficu

lt t

o e

va

lua

te

as a

ris

k a

s it

wo

uld

re

qu

ire

fu

rth

er

rese

arc

h a

nd

d

iscu

ssio

n w

ith

th

e v

ari

ou

s lo

ca

l u

tilit

y c

om

pa

nie

s.

Po

we

r su

pp

ly a

nd

re

liab

ility

is a

ke

y c

on

ce

rn f

or

the

Sta

tistics C

an

ad

a o

pe

ratio

n a

t T

un

ne

y’s

P

astu

re.

Du

rin

g t

he

su

mm

er

mo

nth

s,

du

e t

o

hig

he

r te

mp

era

ture

s a

nd

mo

re h

um

id c

on

ditio

ns,

use

of

air

co

nd

itio

nin

g is v

ery

pre

va

len

t th

rou

gh

ou

t th

e c

ity o

f O

tta

wa

. S

o m

uch

so

th

at

po

we

r re

liab

ility

will

be

co

mp

rom

ise

d a

nd

ha

s f

ail

du

rin

g t

he

su

mm

er

for

pe

rio

ds o

f u

p t

o 4

8 h

ou

rs.

Sta

tistic C

an

ad

a r

elie

s o

n t

he

ma

in d

ata

ce

ntr

e

as its

co

re b

usin

ess f

un

ctio

n.

With

ou

t p

ow

er

em

plo

ye

es a

re s

en

t h

om

e a

s t

he

ir o

pe

ratio

n

En

gin

ee

rin

g V

uln

era

bili

ty A

sse

ssm

en

t o

f th

e M

ain

Sta

tistics C

an

ad

a B

uild

ing

to

th

e I

mp

acts

of

Clim

ate

Ch

an

ge

HO

K C

an

ad

a

6

7:1

28

gri

nd

s t

o a

ha

lt.

4.2

.2 S

tate

Cli

ma

te B

as

eli

ne

S

tate

ge

ne

ral

Cli

ma

te P

ara

me

ters

fo

r u

se

in

ST

EP

3 o

f A

ss

es

sm

en

t (R

efe

ren

ce

Ap

pe

nd

ix B

– C

lim

ate

Ch

an

ge

Pa

ram

ete

rs L

ist)

(A

dd

itio

na

l R

efe

ren

ce

– P

IEV

C D

ata

In

teg

rity

an

d A

va

ila

bil

ity

Re

vie

w)

Cli

ma

te i

nfo

rma

tio

n s

ou

rce

Te

mp

era

ture

pa

ram

ete

rs

a.

Mo

nth

ly a

ve

rag

e m

axim

um

te

mp

era

ture

(M

on

thly

AV

G T

MA

X):

b

. M

on

thly

ave

rag

e m

inim

um

te

mp

era

ture

(M

on

thly

AV

G T

MIN

):

c.

Ave

rag

e a

nn

ua

l d

aily

ma

xim

um

te

mp

era

ture

(a

nn

ua

l_m

ax):

d

. A

ve

rag

e a

nn

ua

l d

aily

min

imu

m t

em

pe

ratu

re (

an

nu

al_

min

):

Ou

ran

os –

Clim

ate

Sce

na

rio

s R

ep

ort

(F

eb

rua

ry

20

08

)

Ra

in p

ara

me

ters

(p

recip

ita

tio

n in

liq

uid

fo

rm)

a.

Ra

infa

ll F

req

ue

ncy 6

ho

ur

(6h

_fr

eq

ue

ncy)

b

. R

ain

fall

Fre

qu

en

cy 1

da

y (

1d

ay_

fre

qu

en

cy)

c.

Ye

arl

y M

ax.

Ra

infa

ll (a

nn

ua

l_m

ax_

rain

) d

. A

ve

rag

e t

ota

l a

nn

ua

l /

se

aso

na

l ra

infa

ll (A

vg

_to

tal_

rain

) -

ave

rag

e s

um

of

liqu

id p

recip

fo

r th

e

ye

ar

an

d 4

se

aso

ns

e.

Sim

ple

Da

ily I

nte

nsity I

nd

ex (

SD

II)

- m

ea

n s

no

wfa

ll a

mo

un

t p

er

we

t d

ay (

we

t d

ay >

1m

m)

f.

Dro

ug

ht

: A

ve

rag

e m

axim

um

an

nu

al d

rysp

ell

len

gth

(A

vg

_m

ax_

dry

sp

ell)

- a

ve

rag

e y

ea

rly

ma

xim

um

nu

mb

er

of

co

nse

cu

tive

‘n

o r

ain

da

ys’ (<

1m

m)

for

the

se

aso

n A

pri

l 1

– O

ct

31

st

g

. W

ets

pe

ll: A

ve

rag

e m

axim

um

an

nu

al w

ets

pe

ll le

ng

th (

Avg

_m

ax_

we

tsp

ell)

- a

ve

rag

e y

ea

rly

ma

xim

um

nu

mb

er

of

co

nse

cu

tive

‘ra

in d

ays’ (>

1 m

m)

for

the

se

aso

n A

pri

l 1

– O

ct

31

st

Ou

ran

os –

Clim

ate

Sce

na

rio

s R

ep

ort

(F

eb

rua

ry

20

08

)

Sn

ow

pa

ram

ete

rs

a.

Sn

ow

fall

Fre

qu

en

cy 1

da

y (

1d

ay_

fre

qu

en

cy)

b.

Ye

arl

y M

ax.

Sn

ow

fall

(an

nu

al_

ma

x_

sn

ow

):

c.

Ave

rag

e T

ota

l a

nn

ua

l /

se

aso

na

l ra

infa

ll (A

vg

_to

tal)

d

. S

imp

le D

aily

In

ten

sity I

nd

ex (

SD

II)

e.

Ra

in o

n s

no

w e

ve

nts

Ou

ran

os –

Clim

ate

Sce

na

rio

s R

ep

ort

(F

eb

rua

ry

20

08

)

Win

d p

ara

me

ters

a

. M

on

thly

ave

rag

e 6

h W

ind

sp

ee

d (

Mo

nth

ly A

VG

WIN

D6

h)

b.

Ye

arl

y M

ax.

6h

ou

r W

ind

(A

vg

an

nu

al M

AX

6h

)

Ou

ran

os –

Clim

ate

Sce

na

rio

s R

ep

ort

(F

eb

rua

ry

20

08

)

Fro

st

pa

ram

ete

rs

a.

Fro

st

Se

aso

n (

fr_

se

as_

dys)

b.

Fre

eze

Th

aw

Cycle

s (

frz_

thw

_fr

eq

) -

fre

qu

en

cy o

f d

ays w

he

re t

ma

x >

0

Ou

ran

os –

Clim

ate

Sce

na

rio

s R

ep

ort

(F

eb

rua

ry

20

08

)

He

atin

g D

eg

ree

Da

ys (

HD

D)

pa

ram

ete

r a

ve

rag

e a

nn

ua

l h

ea

tin

g d

eg

ree

da

ys w

ith

a r

efe

ren

ce

O

ura

no

s –

Clim

ate

Sce

na

rio

s R

ep

ort

(F

eb

rua

ry

En

gin

ee

rin

g V

uln

era

bili

ty A

sse

ssm

en

t o

f th

e M

ain

Sta

tistics C

an

ad

a B

uild

ing

to

th

e I

mp

acts

of

Clim

ate

Ch

an

ge

HO

K C

an

ad

a

6

8:1

28

tem

pe

ratu

re o

f 1

8°C

20

08

)

Hu

mid

ex (

mo

nth

ly a

ve

rag

e):

�

Extr

em

e H

um

ide

x

�

Da

ys w

ith

Hu

mid

ex >

= 3

0

�

Da

ys w

ith

Hu

mid

ex >

= 3

5

�

Da

ys w

ith

Hu

mid

ex >

= 4

0 R

ela

tive

hu

mid

ity

Hu

mid

ity (

mo

nth

ly a

ve

rag

e):

�

Ave

rag

e V

ap

ou

r P

ressu

re (

kP

a)

�

Ave

rag

e R

ela

tive

Hu

mid

ity -

06

00

LS

T (

%)

�

Ave

rag

e R

ela

tive

Hu

mid

ity -

15

00

LS

T (

%)

Da

ta g

ath

ere

d f

rom

En

vir

on

me

nt

Ca

na

da

d

ata

ba

se

s f

or

McD

on

ald

Ca

rtie

r sta

tio

n (

ID

61

06

00

0),

Ott

aw

a.

Ca

na

dia

n C

lima

te N

orm

als

(1

97

1-2

00

0)

Lis

t E

xtr

em

e C

lim

ate

ev

en

t

Fre

qu

en

cy

D

ura

tio

n

Sta

te J

us

tifi

ca

tio

n

for

infill

of

mis

sin

g d

ata

No

extr

em

e c

lima

tic e

ve

nts

co

nsid

ere

d in

th

is

asse

ssm

en

t d

ue

to

th

e u

nce

rta

inty

of

futu

re

pro

jectio

ns o

f e

xtr

em

e e

ve

nts

.

En

gin

ee

rin

g V

uln

era

bili

ty A

sse

ssm

en

t o

f th

e M

ain

Sta

tistics C

an

ad

a B

uild

ing

to

th

e I

mp

acts

of

Clim

ate

Ch

an

ge

HO

K C

an

ad

a

6

9:1

28

4

.2.3

Sta

te C

lim

ate

Ch

an

ge

As

su

mp

tio

ns

Re

lev

an

ce

& a

pp

lic

ab

ilit

y o

f O

bs

erv

ed

glo

ba

l o

r re

gio

na

l c

lim

ate

ch

an

ge

tre

nd

s

Inc

rem

en

tal

ch

an

ge

s

to in

fra

str

uctu

re

% i

nc

rea

se

or

de

cre

as

e t

o

Cli

ma

te C

ha

ng

e B

as

eli

ne

ba

se

d

on

TR

EN

DS

Infi

ll d

ata

(w

he

re a

pp

rop

ria

te)

&

refe

ren

ce

so

urc

es

-

Pro

vid

e w

ritt

en

ju

stifica

tio

n

Re

lev

an

ce

& a

pp

lic

ab

ilit

y o

f O

bs

erv

ed

glo

ba

l o

r re

gio

na

l c

lim

ate

ch

an

ge

tre

nd

s

Inc

rem

en

tal

ch

an

ge

s

to in

fra

str

uctu

re

% i

nc

rea

se

or

de

cre

as

e t

o

Cli

ma

te C

ha

ng

e B

as

eli

ne

ba

se

d

on

SE

NS

ITIT

Y A

NA

LY

SIS

Infi

ll d

ata

(w

he

re a

pp

rop

ria

te)

&

refe

ren

ce

so

urc

es

-

Pro

vid

e w

ritt

en

ju

stifica

tio

n

Clim

ate

ch

an

ge

fu

ture

s n

ot

asse

sse

d u

sin

g s

en

sitiv

ity a

na

lysis

. T

he

refo

re,

no

tre

nd

s in

clu

de

d in

th

is

se

ctio

n.

Sta

te a

nd

De

sc

rib

e C

lim

ate

Ch

an

ge

Mo

de

ls u

se

d,

if a

ny

Th

ree

se

pa

rate

tim

e h

ori

zo

ns w

ere

use

d f

or

asse

ssin

g t

he

clim

ate

ch

an

ge

vu

lne

rab

ility

of

this

b

uild

ing

: h

ori

zo

n 2

02

0 (

20

11

-20

40

in

th

e m

od

el)

;

ho

rizo

n 2

05

0 (

20

41

-20

70

in

th

e m

od

el)

; a

nd

h

ori

zo

n 2

08

0 (

20

71

-21

00

in

th

e m

od

el)

. B

ase

line

clim

ate

da

ta w

ith

re

sp

ect

to t

he

pre

se

nt

pe

rio

d (

19

61

-19

90

) w

as d

eve

lop

ed

as f

ollo

ws:

Ob

se

rve

d w

ea

the

r sta

tio

n d

ata

wa

s o

bta

ine

d f

rom

En

vir

on

me

nt

Ca

na

da

’s n

atio

na

l a

rch

ive

s f

or

the

are

a o

f in

tere

st.

Arc

hiv

ed

da

ta w

ere

scre

en

ed

in

ord

er

to s

ele

ct

sta

tio

ns d

ee

me

d t

o h

ave

a

su

ffic

ien

tly lo

ng

/co

mp

lete

re

co

rd.

Se

lectio

n c

rite

ria

in

clu

de

d:

a d

ata

se

rie

s m

inim

um

le

ng

th o

f 2

0

ye

ars

, w

ith

le

ss t

ha

n 1

0%

mis

sin

g d

ata

an

d a

fin

al ye

ar

be

ing

no

ea

rlie

r th

an

19

95

. G

eo

gra

ph

ic c

ove

rag

e o

f clim

ate

ch

an

ge

sce

na

rio

s:

Th

e f

utu

re c

lima

te c

ha

ng

e s

ce

na

rio

s w

ere

de

ve

lop

ed

ba

se

d o

n a

sp

atia

l a

rea

as f

ollo

ws:

Tw

o

mo

de

llin

g s

imu

latio

ns (

CR

CM

4.1

.1 A

CU

; C

RC

M4

.1.1

AD

C)

we

re c

arr

ied

ou

t fo

r a

do

ma

in

ce

ntr

ed

ove

r Q

ué

be

c a

nd

co

ve

rin

g a

n a

rea

of

ap

pro

xim

ate

ly 5

,05

0 k

m b

y 4

,00

0 k

m w

ith

a

ho

rizo

nta

l g

rid

-siz

e m

esh

of

45

km

(tr

ue

at

60

de

gre

es n

ort

h la

titu

de

) fo

r th

e p

eri

od

s 1

96

1-2

10

0.

Re

fere

nc

e

Ou

ran

os –

Clim

ate

Sce

na

rio

s R

ep

ort

(F

eb

rua

ry

20

08

)

En

gin

ee

rin

g V

uln

era

bili

ty A

sse

ssm

en

t o

f th

e M

ain

Sta

tistics C

an

ad

a B

uild

ing

to

th

e I

mp

acts

of

Clim

ate

Ch

an

ge

HO

K C

an

ad

a

7

0:1

28

Gre

ate

r sp

atia

l re

so

lutio

n is n

ot

cu

rre

ntly a

va

ilab

le in

th

e c

lima

te c

ha

ng

e m

od

els

.

Cli

ma

te F

ac

tor

Po

ss

ible

Im

pa

ct

on

in

fra

str

uc

ture

In

cre

as

e o

r d

ec

rea

se

to

Cli

ma

te

Ch

an

ge

Ba

se

lin

e b

as

ed

on

m

od

ell

ing

Re

fere

nc

e

Te

mp

era

ture

– m

on

thly

avg

. tm

ax

Ob

se

rve

d b

ase

line

(°C

):

Se

e O

ura

no

s R

ep

ort

Incre

ase

d c

oo

ling

re

qu

ire

me

nts

d

uri

ng

su

mm

er.

D

ecre

ase

d h

ea

tin

g r

eq

uir

em

en

ts in

w

inte

r.

Ba

se

d o

n c

lima

te m

od

els

. V

ari

es b

y

mo

nth

, b

ut

ove

rall:

F

or

20

20

: 0

.5 t

o 3

de

gre

es w

arm

er

F

or

20

50

: 2

.3 –

4.4

de

gre

es w

arm

er

Fo

r 2

08

0:

2.9

– 6

.1 d

eg

ree

s w

arm

er

Ou

ran

os –

Clim

ate

Sce

na

rio

s

Re

po

rt (

Fe

bru

ary

20

08

)

Te

mp

era

ture

– M

on

thly

avg

. tm

in

Ob

se

rve

d b

ase

line

(°C

):

Se

e O

ura

no

s R

ep

ort

Incre

ase

d c

oo

ling

re

qu

ire

me

nts

d

uri

ng

su

mm

er.

D

ecre

ase

d h

ea

tin

g r

eq

uir

em

en

ts in

w

inte

r.

Va

rie

s b

y m

on

th,

bu

t o

ve

rall:

F

or

20

20

: 1

.0 –

3.7

de

gre

es w

arm

er

Fo

r 2

05

0:

2.4

– 5

.8 d

eg

ree

s w

arm

er

Fo

r 2

08

0:

3.3

– 8

.2 d

eg

ree

s w

arm

er

Ou

ran

os –

Clim

ate

Sce

na

rio

s

Re

po

rt (

Fe

bru

ary

20

08

)

Te

mp

era

ture

– a

nn

ua

l m

ax a

nd

min

O

bse

rve

d b

ase

line

(°C

):

An

nu

al m

ax:

33

.43

A

nn

ua

l m

in:

-32

.24

Incre

ase

d c

oo

ling

re

qu

ire

me

nts

d

uri

ng

su

mm

er.

D

ecre

ase

d h

ea

tin

g r

eq

uir

em

en

ts in

w

inte

r.

An

nu

al M

ax:

Fo

r 2

02

0:

1.6

7 –

2.3

3 d

eg

ree

s

wa

rme

r F

or

20

50

: 3

.55

– 4

.12

de

gre

es

wa

rme

r F

or

20

80

: 5

.73

- 5

.94

de

gre

es

wa

rme

r A

nn

ua

l M

in:

Fo

r 2

02

0:

2.1

4 -

2.3

0

de

gre

es w

arm

er

Fo

r 2

05

0:

5.0

1 –

5.5

8 d

eg

ree

s

wa

rme

r F

or

20

80

: 8

.99

– 9

.14

de

gre

es

wa

rme

r

Ou

ran

os –

Clim

ate

Sce

na

rio

s

Re

po

rt (

Fe

bru

ary

20

08

)

En

gin

ee

rin

g V

uln

era

bili

ty A

sse

ssm

en

t o

f th

e M

ain

Sta

tistics C

an

ad

a B

uild

ing

to

th

e I

mp

acts

of

Clim

ate

Ch

an

ge

HO

K C

an

ad

a

7

1:1

28

Ra

in –

Avg

. to

tal ra

in

Ob

se

rve

d b

ase

line

(m

m):

A

nn

ua

l: 7

13

.98

D

JF

: 6

3.8

0

MA

M:

16

9.7

6

JJA

: 2

57

.01

S

ON

: 2

24

.22

Sh

ed

an

d d

rain

in

cre

asin

g a

mo

un

ts

of

rain

.

Incre

ase

d w

ate

r ta

ble

/pre

ssu

re o

n

fou

nd

atio

n a

nd

fo

otin

gs.

Dro

ug

ht

imp

act

on

site

flo

ra d

uri

ng

su

mm

er.

An

nu

al:

20

20

: 6

-9%

in

cre

ase

2

05

0:

14

-18

% in

cre

ase

2

08

0:

25

-28

% in

cre

ase

D

JF

: 2

02

0:

31

-48

% in

cre

ase

2

05

0:

75

-11

1%

in

cre

ase

2

08

0:

14

6-2

60

% in

cre

ase

M

AM

:

20

20

: 1

3-3

5%

in

cre

ase

2

05

0:

40

% in

cre

ase

2

08

0:

56

-60

% in

cre

ase

JJA

: 2

02

0:

0-9

% d

ecre

ase

2

05

0:

3-5

% d

ecre

ase

2

08

0:

5-9

% d

ecre

ase

S

ON

: 2

02

0:

2-9

% in

cre

ase

2

05

0:

10

% in

cre

ase

2

08

0:

18

-30

% in

cre

ase

Ra

in –

dry

sp

ells

/we

t sp

ells

O

bse

rve

d b

ase

line

(d

ays):

A

vg

. m

ax d

rysp

ell:

8.1

9

Avg

. m

ax w

ets

pe

ll: 2

.81

Pla

nt

se

lectio

n f

or

lan

dsca

pin

g a

nd

n

ee

d f

or

irri

ga

tio

n.

A

vg

. M

ax D

rysp

ell:

2

02

0:

inco

nclu

siv

e

20

50

: 0

.13

to

1.1

8 d

ays s

ho

rte

r (2

-1

5%

) 2

08

0:

inco

nclu

siv

e

Avg

. M

ax W

ets

pe

ll 2

02

0:

0.0

9 t

o 0

.12

da

ys s

ho

rte

r (3

-4

%)

20

50

: in

co

nclu

siv

e

20

80

: in

co

nclu

siv

e

Wh

ere

th

e f

utu

re c

ha

ng

e m

od

els

of

AC

U a

nd

AD

C d

isa

gre

ed

in

te

rms

of

an

in

cre

ase

or

de

cre

ase

, th

e

pro

jectio

n w

as a

ssu

me

d t

o b

e

inco

nclu

siv

e.

Ra

in –

Avg

. M

ax r

ain

O

bse

rve

d b

ase

line

(m

m)

1 d

ay p

eri

od

: 4

6.6

6

2 d

ay p

eri

od

: 5

5.5

2

5 d

ay p

eri

od

: 7

2.4

1

Incre

ase

d d

em

an

d o

n h

an

dlin

g

vo

lum

e o

f ra

inw

ate

r fr

om

ro

of

an

d

site

.

1 d

ay p

eri

od

: 2

02

0:

2-8

% in

cre

ase

2

05

0:

3-1

4%

in

cre

ase

2

08

0:

15

-18

% in

cre

ase

2

da

y p

eri

od

:

En

gin

ee

rin

g V

uln

era

bili

ty A

sse

ssm

en

t o

f th

e M

ain

Sta

tistics C

an

ad

a B

uild

ing

to

th

e I

mp

acts

of

Clim

ate

Ch

an

ge

HO

K C

an

ad

a

7

2:1

28

20

20

: in

co

nclu

siv

e

20

50

: 6

-7%

in

cre

ase

2

08

0:

10

-20

% in

cre

ase

5

da

y p

eri

od

: 2

02

0:

0-1

% in

cre

ase

2

05

0:

5-6

% in

cre

ase

2

08

0:

9-1

5%

in

cre

ase

Ra

in –

6h

fre

qu

en

cy

Ob

se

rve

d b

ase

line

(fr

eq

ue

ncy):

5

mm

cu

toff

: 0

.02

3

10

mm

cu

toff

: 0

.00

9

20

mm

cu

toff

: 0

.00

2

Incre

ase

d d

em

an

d o

n h

an

dlin

g

sh

ort

bu

rsts

of

hig

h v

olu

me

ra

inw

ate

r fr

om

ro

of

an

d s

ite

.

5m

m c

uto

ff:

20

20

: 6

-10

% in

cre

ase

2

05

0:

19

-23

% in

cre

ase

2

08

0:

35

-37

% in

cre

ase

1

0m

m c

uto

ff:

20

20

: 1

3-2

1%

in

cre

ase

2

05

0:

26

-58

% in

cre

ase

2

08

0:

69

-74

% in

cre

ase

2

0 m

m c

uto

ff:

20

20

: 2

4-5

5%

in

cre

ase

2

05

0:6

7-1

13

% in

cre

ase

2

08

0:

17

3-1

90

% in

cre

ase

No

te t

ha

t th

e o

bse

rve

d (

ba

se

line

fr

eq

ue

ncy is v

ery

lo

w,

ma

kin

g t

he

se

in

cre

ase

s r

ela

tive

ly in

sig

nific

an

t).

Ra

in –

1 d

ay f

req

ue

ncy

Ob

se

rve

d b

ase

line

(fr

eq

ue

ncy):

5

mm

cu

toff

: 0

.12

1

0m

m c

uto

ff:

0.0

6

20

mm

cu

toff

: 0

.02

Incre

ase

d d

em

an

d o

n h

an

dlin

g

sh

ort

bu

rsts

of

hig

h v

olu

me

ra

inw

ate

r fr

om

ro

of

an

d s

ite

.

5m

m c

uto

ff:

20

20

: 6

-7%

in

cre

ase

2

05

0:

15

-16

% in

cre

ase

2

08

0:

20

-23

% in

cre

ase

1

0m

m c

uto

ff:

20

20

: 6

-9%

in

cre

ase

2

05

0:

18

-21

% in

cre

ase

2

08

0:

31

-37

% in

cre

ase

2

0m

m c

uto

ff:

20

20

: 1

8-2

0%

in

cre

ase

2

05

0:

27

-57

% in

cre

ase

2

08

0:

76

-77

% in

cre

ase

No

te t

ha

t th

e o

bse

rve

d (

ba

se

line

fr

eq

ue

ncy is v

ery

lo

w,

ma

kin

g t

he

se

in

cre

ase

s r

ela

tive

ly in

sig

nific

an

t).

Ra

in –

Sim

ple

Da

ily in

ten

sity in

de

x

Ob

se

rve

d b

ase

line

(m

m/d

ay):

8.4

2

Incre

ase

d d

em

an

d o

n h

an

dlin

g o

ne

d

ay e

ve

nts

of

rain

wa

ter

fro

m r

oo

f a

nd

site

.

20

20

: 2

-4%

in

cre

ase

2

05

0:

6-9

% in

cre

ase

2

08

0:

12

-15

% in

cre

ase

Sn

ow

– a

ve

rag

e t

ota

l sn

ow

O

bse

rve

d b

ase

line

(S

WE

):

An

nu

al: 2

08

.69

De

cre

ase

d s

no

w lo

ad

on

ro

ofin

g

syste

ms.

An

nu

al:

20

20

: 1

0-1

1%

de

cre

ase

2

05

0:

16

-22

% d

ecre

ase

En

gin

ee

rin

g V

uln

era

bili

ty A

sse

ssm

en

t o

f th

e M

ain

Sta

tistics C

an

ad

a B

uild

ing

to

th

e I

mp

acts

of

Clim

ate

Ch

an

ge

HO

K C

an

ad

a

7

3:1

28

DJF

: 1

46

.02

M

AM

: 4

1.4

6

JJA

: 0

S

ON

: 2

0.6

4

20

80

: 2

9-3

3%

de

cre

ase

D

JF

: 2

02

0:

5-1

0%

de

cre

ase

2

05

0:

3-1

9%

de

cre

ase

2

08

0:

15

-22

% d

ecre

ase

M

AM

: 2

02

0:

13

-15

% d

ecre

ase

2

05

0:

23

-27

% d

ecre

ase

2

08

0:

43

-55

% d

ecre

ase

JJA

:

Ze

ro c

ha

ng

e f

or

all

futu

res (

ze

ro

sn

ow

) S

ON

: 2

02

0:

14

-31

% d

ecre

ase

2

05

0:

40

-60

% d

ecre

ase

2

08

0:

49

-68

% d

ecre

ase

Sn

ow

– a

nn

ua

l m

ax s

no

w

Ob

se

rve

d b

ase

line

(m

m):

1

da

y p

eri

od

: 2

1.2

1

2 d

ay p

eri

od

: 2

5.9

5

5 d

ay p

eri

od

: 3

3.0

7

Ab

ility

to

ha

nd

le s

ho

rt in

ten

se

sn

ow

fall

eve

nts

– s

no

wcle

ari

ng

, sn

ow

loa

d.

1 d

ay p

eri

od

: 2

02

0:

inco

nclu

siv

e

20

50

: 0

-2%

in

cre

ase

2

08

0:

inco

nclu

siv

e

2 d

ay p

eri

od

: 2

02

0:

inco

nclu

siv

e

20

50

: 1

-4%

in

cre

ase

2

08

0:

inco

nclu

siv

e

5 d

ay p

eri

od

: in

co

nclu

siv

e f

or

all

futu

res

Wh

ere

th

e f

utu

re c

ha

ng

e m

od

els

of

AC

U a

nd

AD

C d

isa

gre

ed

in

te

rms

of

an

in

cre

ase

or

de

cre

ase

, th

e

pro

jectio

n w

as a

ssu

me

d t

o b

e

inco

nclu

siv

e.

Sn

ow

– 1

da

y f

req

ue

ncy

Ob

se

rve

d f

req

ue

ncy:

5m

m S

WE

cu

toff

: 0

.03

8

10

mm

SW

E c

uto

ff:

0.0

13

2

0m

m S

WE

cu

toff

: 0

.00

2

De

cre

ase

d d

em

an

d t

o h

an

dle

sh

ort

in

ten

se

sn

ow

fall

eve

nts

–

sn

ow

cle

ari

ng

, sn

ow

loa

d.

5m

m S

WE

cu

toff

: 2

02

0:

7-2

1%

de

cre

ase

2

05

0:

17

-27

% d

ecre

ase

2

08

0:

32

-41

% d

ecre

ase

1

0m

m S

WE

cu

toff

: 2

02

0:

4-1

7%

de

cre

ase

2

05

0:

14

-18

% d

ecre

ase

2

08

0:

24

-25

% d

ecre

ase

2

0m

m S

WE

cu

toff

: 2

02

0:

inco

nclu

siv

e

20

50

: 2

-11

% in

cre

ase

Wh

ere

th

e f

utu

re c

ha

ng

e m

od

els

of

AC

U a

nd

AD

C d

isa

gre

ed

in

te

rms

of

an

in

cre

ase

or

de

cre

ase

, th

e

pro

jectio

n w

as a

ssu

me

d t

o b

e

inco

nclu

siv

e.

N

ote

th

at

the

ob

se

rve

d (

ba

se

line

fr

eq

ue

ncy is v

ery

lo

w,

ma

kin

g t

he

se

in

cre

ase

s r

ela

tive

ly in

sig

nific

an

t).

En

gin

ee

rin

g V

uln

era

bili

ty A

sse

ssm

en

t o

f th

e M

ain

Sta

tistics C

an

ad

a B

uild

ing

to

th

e I

mp

acts

of

Clim

ate

Ch

an

ge

HO

K C

an

ad

a

7

4:1

28

20

80

: in

co

nclu

siv

e

Sn

ow

– s

imp

le d

aily

in

ten

sity in

de

x

Ob

se

rve

d b

ase

line

(m

m/d

ay):

5

.39

Sn

ow

cle

ari

ng

an

d s

no

wlo

ad

d

em

an

d o

n r

oo

f a

nd

site

.

20

20

: 0

-1%

de

cre

ase

2

05

0:

inco

nclu

siv

e

20

80

: 2

-3%

in

cre

ase

Wh

ere

th

e f

utu

re c

ha

ng

e m

od

els

of

AC

U a

nd

AD

C d

isa

gre

ed

in

te

rms

of

an

in

cre

ase

or

de

cre

ase

, th

e

pro

jectio

n w

as a

ssu

me

d t

o b

e

inco

nclu

siv

e.

Sn

ow

– R

ain

on

Sn

ow

eve

nts

O

bse

rve

d b

ase

line

(fr

eq

ue

ncy):

1

mm

cu

toff

: 0

.03

0

5m

m c

uto

ff:

0.0

15

1

0m

m c

uto

ff:

0.0

07

Incre

ase

d n

ee

d t

o s

he

d/d

rain

ra

in

du

rin

g w

inte

r/co

ld d

ays.

1

mm

ra

in c

uto

ff:

20

20

: in

co

nclu

siv

e

20

50

: in

co

nclu

siv

e

20

80

: 4

-8%

in

cre

ase

5

mm

ra

in c

uto

ff:

20

20

: 8

% in

cre

ase

2

05

0:

11

-23

% in

cre

ase

2

08

0:

17

-26

% in

cre

ase

1

0m

m r

ain

cu

toff

: 2

02

0:

8-2

3%

in

cre

ase

2

05

0:

18

-33

% in

cre

ase

2

08

0:

23

-61

% in

cre

ase

Wh

ere

th

e f

utu

re c

ha

ng

e m

od

els

of

AC

U a

nd

AD

C d

isa

gre

ed

in

te

rms

of

an

in

cre

ase

or

de

cre

ase

, th

e

pro

jectio

n w

as a

ssu

me

d t

o b

e

inco

nclu

siv

e.

Win

d –

Mo

nth

ly a

vg

win

d6

h

Ob

se

rve

d b

ase

line

: S

ee

Ou

ran

os R

ep

ort

Win

d d

rive

n s

no

w a

nd

ra

in d

uri

ng

w

inte

r a

ga

inst

faça

de

an

d w

alls

.

Le

ss w

ind

dri

ve

n r

ain

in

su

mm

ers

.

Va

rie

s b

y m

on

th a

nd

fu

ture

. G

en

era

lly p

roje

cte

d c

ha

ng

e v

ari

es

be

twe

en

a d

ecre

ase

of

9%

to

an

in

cre

ase

of

11

% in

ob

se

rve

d w

ind

sp

ee

d in

km

/h f

or

avg

. 6

h p

eri

od

.

Ge

ne

rally

win

die

r w

inte

rs,

ca

lme

r su

mm

ers

.

Win

d –

Avg

. a

nn

ua

l m

ax w

ind

6h

O

bse

rve

d b

ase

line

: 4

8.0

3 k

m/h

Le

ss w

ind

lo

ad

on

ph

ysic

al

str

uctu

re,

win

do

ws a

nd

wa

lls,

do

ors

, e

tc.

20

20

: in

co

nclu

siv

e

20

50

: 1

-2%

de

cre

ase

2

08

0:

3-4

% d

ecre

ase

Wh

ere

th

e f

utu

re c

ha

ng

e m

od

els

of

AC

U a

nd

AD

C d

isa

gre

ed

in

te

rms

of

an

in

cre

ase

or

de

cre

ase

, th

e

pro

jectio

n w

as a

ssu

me

d t

o b

e

inco

nclu

siv

e.

Fro

st

Se

aso

n L

en

gth

– d

ays

Ob

se

rve

d b

ase

line

: 1

25

.14

da

ys

Incre

ase

d g

row

ing

se

aso

n a

ffe

cts

ty

pe

s o

f flo

ra f

or

lan

dsca

pin

g.

Le

ss d

em

an

d f

or

he

atin

g d

uri

ng

w

inte

r.

20

20

: 1

6-2

4 d

ays le

ss

20

50

: 2

8-3

8 d

ays le

ss

20

80

: 5

1-6

1 d

ays le

ss

Fre

eze

Th

aw

Eve

nts

– f

req

ue

ncy

Ob

se

rve

d b

ase

line

: L

ess f

rost

he

avin

g o

f w

alk

wa

ys,

sta

irs,

pa

ve

rs,

ma

so

nry

2

02

0:

2-6

% d

ecre

ase

2

05

0:

5-8

% d

ecre

ase

En

gin

ee

rin

g V

uln

era

bili

ty A

sse

ssm

en

t o

f th

e M

ain

Sta

tistics C

an

ad

a B

uild

ing

to

th

e I

mp

acts

of

Clim

ate

Ch

an

ge

HO

K C

an

ad

a

7

5:1

28

0.2

1 f

req

ue

ncy

de

teri

ora

tio

n,

etc

. 2

08

0:

13

-14

% d

ecre

ase

He

atin

g D

eg

ree

Da

ys –

O

bse

rve

d b

ase

line

:

43

76

.73

HD

D

De

cre

ase

d h

ea

tin

g lo

ad

du

rin

g

win

ter.

In

cre

ase

d g

row

ing

se

aso

n a

ffe

cts

ty

pe

s o

f flo

ra f

or

lan

dsca

pin

g.

20

20

: 5

67

-81

0 d

ays le

ss

20

50

: 1

17

8-1

28

7 d

ays le

ss

20

80

: 1

88

9-1

95

0 d

ays le

ss

Hu

mid

ex (

mo

nth

ly a

ve

rag

e):

E

xtr

em

e H

um

ide

x

Da

ys w

ith

Hu

mid

ex >

= 3

0

Da

ys w

ith

Hu

mid

ex >

= 3

5

Da

ys w

ith

Hu

mid

ex >

= 4

0 R

ela

tive

h

um

idity

Ob

se

rve

d b

ase

line

: S

ee

Ott

aw

a C

lima

te N

orm

als

19

71

-2

00

0.x

ls

De

cre

ase

d a

bili

ty f

or

CH

CP

an

d

roo

f to

p u

nits t

o m

ain

tain

ad

eq

ua

te

co

olin

g t

o b

uild

ing

du

rin

g s

um

me

r.

No

fu

ture

pro

jectio

ns a

va

ilab

le.

Hu

mid

ity (

mo

nth

ly a

ve

rag

e):

A

ve

rag

e V

ap

ou

r P

ressu

re (

kP

a)

A

ve

rag

e R

ela

tive

Hu

mid

ity -

0

60

0L

ST

(%

)

Ave

rag

e R

ela

tive

Hu

mid

ity -

1

50

0L

ST

(%

) O

bse

rve

d b

ase

line

: S

ee

Ott

aw

a C

lima

te N

orm

als

19

71

-2

00

0.x

ls

De

cre

ase

d a

bili

ty f

or

CH

CP

an

d

roo

f to

p u

nits t

o m

ain

tain

ad

eq

ua

te

co

olin

g t

o b

uild

ing

du

rin

g s

um

me

r.

No

fu

ture

pro

jectio

ns a

va

ilab

le.

Pra

cti

tio

ne

r D

efi

ne

d C

lim

ate

Ch

an

ge

As

su

mp

tio

ns

R

ati

on

ale

En

gin

ee

rin

g V

uln

era

bili

ty A

sse

ssm

en

t o

f th

e M

ain

Sta

tistics C

an

ad

a B

uild

ing

to

th

e I

mp

acts

of

Clim

ate

Ch

an

ge

HO

K C

an

ad

a

7

6:1

28

4

.2.4

Sta

te T

ime

Fra

me

In

fra

str

uc

ture

Sa

fe O

pe

rati

on

Tim

e P

eri

od

Tim

e (

Ye

ars

)

De

sig

n L

ife

of

Infr

as

tru

ctu

re c

om

po

ne

nts

Infr

as

tru

ctu

re C

om

po

ne

nt

Infr

as

tru

ctu

re C

om

po

ne

nt/

Sy

ste

m

SE

RV

ICE

LIF

E

(Ye

ars

)

SE

RV

ICE

LIF

E

RE

MA

ININ

G

(Ye

ars

)

EX

TE

RIO

R S

YS

TE

MS

Site

Dra

ina

ge

– r

ela

ted

to

slo

pe

s a

wa

y

fro

m t

he

bu

ildin

g a

nd

in

clu

de

s s

oil

pe

rme

ab

ility

a

nd

ha

rd s

urf

ace

s lik

e s

tair

s /

ra

mp

s

30

to

60

1

0 t

o 2

5

Site

Dra

ins –

sto

rm/r

ain

wa

ter

[ a

dd

ed

] 8

0

25

Wa

lls

F

ree

sta

nd

ing

co

ncre

te

80

3

5

ma

so

nry

7

5

35

R

eta

inin

g

co

ncre

te

40

1

0 t

o 2

0

En

gin

ee

rin

g V

uln

era

bili

ty A

sse

ssm

en

t o

f th

e M

ain

Sta

tistics C

an

ad

a B

uild

ing

to

th

e I

mp

acts

of

Clim

ate

Ch

an

ge

HO

K C

an

ad

a

7

7:1

28

4.2

.4 S

tate

Tim

e F

ram

e

ma

so

nry

n

ot

ap

plic

ab

le

Wa

lkw

ays

A

sp

ha

lt

22

3

to

20

C

on

cre

te

30

3

to

15

U

nit p

ave

rs

30

1

8

Sta

irs

C

on

cre

te

30

2

0

M

eta

l 2

0

20

Ra

mp

s

30

2

5

Lo

ad

ing

do

ck

20

1

5

Win

do

w /

Sta

ir w

ells

C

on

cre

te

40

1

0 t

o 2

0

M

aso

nry

n

ot

ap

plic

ab

le

Gu

tte

rs -

me

tal

Pa

rkin

g,

ve

hic

le a

rea

s

A

sp

ha

lt

20

1

0

C

on

cre

te

no

t a

pp

lica

ble

U

nit p

ave

rs

no

t a

pp

lica

ble

Ma

nh

ole

s/a

cce

ss d

oo

rs

BU

ILD

ING

SY

ST

EM

S

Fo

un

da

tio

n F

loo

rs a

nd

Ro

ofs

F

oo

tin

gs –

co

ncre

te

11

0

55

W

alls

- c

on

cre

te

11

0

55

S

lab

on

gra

de

- c

on

cre

te

11

0

55

P

reca

st

Lig

ht

We

igh

t C

on

cre

te

P

an

el R

oo

f 1

10

5

5

En

gin

ee

rin

g V

uln

era

bili

ty A

sse

ssm

en

t o

f th

e M

ain

Sta

tistics C

an

ad

a B

uild

ing

to

th

e I

mp

acts

of

Clim

ate

Ch

an

ge

HO

K C

an

ad

a

7

8:1

28

4.2

.4 S

tate

Tim

e F

ram

e

En

ve

lop

Syste

ms

P

reca

st

Co

ncre

te

no

t a

pp

lica

ble

G

laze

d C

urt

ain

wa

ll

50

3

5

M

aso

nry

wa

ll 7

5

plu

s 3

0

S

ton

e P

an

els

(in

clu

din

g h

ea

de

r a

nd

sill

s)

50

to

90

2

5 t

o 3

5

M

eta

l C

lad

din

g

50

1

0 t

o 1

5

Win

do

ws /

Do

ors

A

lum

inu

m W

ind

ow

s

50

3

5

D

oo

rs (

Ste

el /

Alu

min

um

) 4

5 t

o 5

0

25

to

40

Fla

t R

oo

f S

yste

ms

20

to

25

1

to

20

ME

CH

AN

ICA

L S

YS

TE

MS

He

atin

g S

yste

m a

nd

Ad

eq

ua

cy

25

to

40

1

to

25

Co

olin

g S

yste

m a

nd

Ad

eq

ua

cy

25

4

to

15

EL

EC

TR

ICA

L S

YS

TE

MS

Em

erg

en

cy p

ow

er

syste

ms /

ge

ne

rato

rs

(in

clu

din

g f

ue

l su

pp

ly)

25

to

35

1

0 t

o 3

5

Po

we

r S

up

ply

an

d R

elia

bili

ty

Oth

er

Re

lev

an

t C

om

me

nts

De

sig

n life

an

d e

xp

ecte

d s

erv

ice

life

re

ma

inin

g b

ase

d o

n B

uild

ing

Co

nd

itio

n R

ep

ort

, D

ece

mb

er

20

07

.

En

gin

ee

rin

g V

uln

era

bili

ty A

sse

ssm

en

t o

f th

e M

ain

Sta

tistics C

an

ad

a B

uild

ing

to

th

e I

mp

acts

of

Clim

ate

Ch

an

ge

HO

K C

an

ad

a

7

9:1

28

4

.2.5

Ge

og

rap

hy

M

ajo

r C

om

po

ne

nts

of

loc

al

ge

og

rap

hy

Re

fere

nc

e

Fo

r in

tro

du

cti

on

, s

ee

4.1

.4

Mic

roclim

ate

aro

un

d t

he

in

fra

str

uctu

re is in

flu

en

ce

d b

y p

roxim

ity t

o t

he

Ott

aw

a R

ive

r. T

his

is

assu

me

d t

o c

rea

te a

mo

de

ratio

n o

f th

e t

em

pe

ratu

re d

uri

ng

sp

rin

g t

ime

wh

ile ice

an

d c

old

me

lt

wa

ter

flo

w.

In t

he

fa

ll, t

he

eff

ect

is a

ssu

me

d t

o b

e r

eve

rse

, e

leva

tin

g t

he

te

mp

era

ture

slig

htly.

Ho

we

ve

r, t

he

se

eff

ects

are

pro

ba

bly

min

or

in n

atu

re a

nd

he

avily

de

pe

nd

an

t u

po

n t

he

win

d.

- n

on

e -

It w

as n

ote

d t

ha

t w

ind

s c

an

be

pa

rtic

ula

rly s

tro

ng

on

th

e s

ite

du

e t

o t

he

la

yo

ut

of

the

Tu

nn

ey’s

P

astu

re c

am

pu

s a

nd

th

e N

NW

-SS

E a

xis

ori

en

tatio

n o

f P

rom

en

ad

e T

un

ne

y's

Pa

stu

re D

rive

wa

y

alo

ng

wh

ich

ma

ny o

f th

e c

am

pu

se

s b

uild

ing

s a

re o

rie

nte

d.

By in

terv

iew

with

SN

C-L

ava

lin P

rofa

c b

uild

ing

m

an

ag

ers

an

d P

WG

SC

re

pre

se

nta

tive

s.

4

.2.6

Sp

ec

ific

Ju

ris

dic

tio

na

l C

on

sid

era

tio

ns

Fo

r in

tro

du

ctio

n,

se

e 4

.1.5

Ju

ris

dic

tio

n t

ha

t h

av

e d

ire

ct

co

ntr

ol

or

infl

ue

nc

e o

n i

nfr

as

tru

ctu

re

Fe

de

ral G

ove

rnm

en

t o

f C

an

ad

a v

ia P

ub

lic W

ork

s a

nd

Go

ve

rnm

en

t S

erv

ice

s C

an

ad

a

Se

cti

on

s o

f la

ws

an

d b

yla

ws

th

at

es

tab

lis

h l

eg

al

str

uc

ture

fo

r th

e i

nfr

as

tru

ctu

re

Re

fere

nc

e

Th

e f

ollo

win

g G

ove

rnm

en

t o

f C

an

ad

a L

eg

isla

tio

n a

pp

lies t

o t

he

le

ga

l str

uctu

re f

or

the

b

uild

ing

s:

•

Fin

an

cia

l A

dm

inis

tra

tio

n A

ct

•

Fe

de

ral R

ea

l P

rop

ert

y a

nd

Fe

de

ral Im

mo

va

ble

s A

ct

•

Su

rplu

s C

row

n A

sse

ts A

ct

•

Pu

blic

Wo

rks a

nd

Go

ve

rnm

en

t S

erv

ice

s A

ct

No

te:

Th

e N

atio

na

l C

ap

ita

l C

om

mis

sio

n,

un

de

r th

e N

atio

na

l C

ap

ita

l A

ct,

ha

s le

gis

late

d

resp

on

sib

ilitie

s f

or

rea

l p

rop

ert

y w

ith

in t

he

Na

tio

na

l C

ap

ita

l R

eg

ion

(N

CR

). T

he

se

re

sp

on

sib

ilitie

s in

clu

de

th

e a

pp

rova

l o

f a

ll sa

les o

r tr

an

sfe

rs o

f fe

de

ral la

nd

s w

ith

in t

he

N

CR

, a

pp

rova

l o

f d

em

olit

ion

of

bu

ildin

gs o

n f

ed

era

l la

nd

s w

ith

in t

he

NC

R,

ap

pro

va

l o

f

En

gin

ee

rin

g V

uln

era

bili

ty A

sse

ssm

en

t o

f th

e M

ain

Sta

tistics C

an

ad

a B

uild

ing

to

th

e I

mp

acts

of

Clim

ate

Ch

an

ge

HO

K C

an

ad

a

8

0:1

28

4.2

.6 S

pe

cif

ic J

uri

sd

icti

on

al

Co

ns

ide

rati

on

s

la

nd

use

or

de

ve

lop

me

nt

pla

ns,

ap

pro

va

ls f

or

exte

rio

r a

lte

ratio

ns a

nd

ad

ditio

ns t

o

bu

ildin

gs o

n f

ed

era

l la

nd

s in

th

e N

CR

.

Se

cti

on

s o

f re

gu

lati

on

s t

ha

t e

sta

bli

sh

le

ga

l s

tru

ctu

re f

or

the

in

fra

str

uc

ture

R

efe

ren

ce

Th

e f

ollo

win

g f

ed

era

l re

gu

latio

ns a

pp

ly t

o t

he

le

ga

l str

uctu

re o

f th

e M

ain

Sta

tistics

Ca

na

da

bu

ildin

g:

•

Fe

de

ral R

ea

l P

rop

ert

y R

eg

ula

tio

ns

•

Pro

cu

rem

en

t T

rad

e R

eg

ula

tio

ns

•

Go

ve

rnm

en

t C

on

tra

cts

Re

gu

latio

ns

Re

al P

rop

ert

y M

an

ag

em

en

t, T

rea

su

ry B

oa

rd o

f C

an

ad

a

Se

cre

tari

at.

U

RL

: h

ttp

://w

ww

.tb

s-s

ct.

gc.c

a/r

pm

-gb

i/site

/ho

me

-accu

eil.

asp

x

Re

lev

an

t S

tan

da

rds

to

th

e d

es

ign

, o

pe

rati

on

an

d m

ain

ten

an

ce

of

the

in

fra

str

uc

ture

R

efe

ren

ce

Na

tio

na

l B

uild

ing

Co

de

of

Ca

na

da

20

05

Ca

na

da

La

bo

ur

Co

de

, P

art

II

(19

85

) a

nd

th

e s

up

po

rtin

g C

an

ad

a O

ccu

pa

tio

na

l H

ea

lth

a

nd

Sa

fety

Re

gu

latio

ns (

SO

R/8

6-3

04

).

Th

e L

ab

ou

r C

od

e a

nd

Re

gu

latio

ns a

re s

ub

se

qu

en

tly s

up

po

rte

d b

y a

ra

ng

e o

f sta

nd

ard

s p

rovid

ed

by C

an

ad

ian

Sta

nd

ard

s A

sso

cia

tio

n (

CS

A)

an

d A

me

rica

n S

ocie

ty

of

He

atin

g,

Re

frig

era

tin

g a

nd

Air

-Co

nd

itio

nin

g E

ng

ine

ers

(A

SH

RA

E).

De

taile

d lis

tin

g o

f th

ese

ap

plic

ab

le s

tan

da

rds t

o a

ll th

e e

lem

en

ts o

f th

e b

uild

ing

is b

eyo

nd

th

e s

co

pe

of

this

pro

ject.

Sp

ecific

ally

: •

AS

HR

AE

Sta

nd

ard

55

-19

81

, T

he

rma

l E

nvir

on

me

nta

l C

on

ditio

ns f

or

Hu

ma

n

Occu

pa

ncy

•

AS

HR

AE

Sta

nd

ard

62

-20

01

n,

Ve

ntila

tio

n f

or

Acce

pta

ble

In

do

or

Air

Qu

alit

y

De

pa

rtm

en

t o

f Ju

stice

Ca

na

da

: C

an

ad

a L

ab

ou

r C

od

e (

19

85

):

htt

p:/

/la

ws.ju

stice

.gc.c

a/e

n/L

-2/

Occu

pa

tio

na

l H

ea

lth

an

d S

afe

ty R

eg

ula

tio

ns (

SO

R/8

6-3

04

):

htt

p:/

/la

ws.ju

stice

.gc.c

a/e

n/L

-2/S

OR

-86

-30

4/in

de

x.h

tml

No

te,

oth

er

fed

era

l o

rga

niz

atio

ns p

lay a

ro

le in

th

e d

esig

n a

nd

op

era

tio

n o

f fe

de

ral

bu

ildin

gs,

su

ch

as:

•

Pa

rks C

an

ad

a e

sta

blis

he

s n

atio

na

l g

oa

ls t

o p

rote

ct

fed

era

l h

eri

tag

e b

uild

ing

s

an

d n

atio

na

l h

isto

ric s

ite

s.

It

als

o d

eve

lop

s p

olic

ies,

sta

nd

ard

s a

nd

gu

ide

line

s

in c

on

su

lta

tio

n w

ith

oth

er

de

pa

rtm

en

ts.

Th

rou

gh

th

e F

ed

era

l H

eri

tag

e B

uild

ing

s

En

gin

ee

rin

g V

uln

era

bili

ty A

sse

ssm

en

t o

f th

e M

ain

Sta

tistics C

an

ad

a B

uild

ing

to

th

e I

mp

acts

of

Clim

ate

Ch

an

ge

HO

K C

an

ad

a

8

1:1

28

4.2

.6 S

pe

cif

ic J

uri

sd

icti

on

al

Co

ns

ide

rati

on

s

Re

vie

w O

ffic

e,

Pa

rks C

an

ad

a p

rovid

es c

rite

ria

an

d a

pro

ce

ss f

or

eva

lua

tin

g

an

d d

esig

na

tin

g h

eri

tag

e c

ha

racte

r, p

rovid

es a

dvic

e a

nd

re

co

mm

en

da

tio

ns t

o

oth

er

de

pa

rtm

en

ts,

an

d m

ain

tain

s a

re

gis

ter

of

fed

era

l h

eri

tag

e b

uild

ing

s.

Th

e

min

iste

r re

sp

on

sib

le f

or

the

Ag

en

cy is r

esp

on

sib

le f

or

ap

pro

vin

g t

he

he

rita

ge

d

esig

na

tio

ns f

or

fed

era

l b

uild

ing

s b

ase

d o

n t

he

re

co

mm

en

da

tio

n o

f a

n

inte

rde

pa

rtm

en

tal a

dvis

ory

bo

ard

. •

Th

e C

an

ad

ian

En

vir

on

me

nta

l A

sse

ssm

en

t A

ge

ncy a

dm

inis

ters

th

e C

an

ad

ian

E

nvir

on

me

nta

l A

sse

ssm

en

t A

ct

an

d a

dvis

es f

ed

era

l d

ep

art

me

nts

(i.e

. P

WG

SC

) o

f th

eir

ob

liga

tio

ns u

nd

er

the

Act.

•

En

vir

on

me

nt

Ca

na

da

pro

vid

es a

dvic

e t

o P

WG

SC

on

en

vir

on

me

nta

l m

att

ers

, in

clu

din

g c

on

tam

ina

ted

site

s,

sp

ecie

s a

t ri

sk a

nd

en

vir

on

me

nta

l a

sse

ssm

en

t.

Th

rou

gh

a f

ull

co

nsu

lta

tive

pro

ce

ss,

the

de

pa

rtm

en

t a

lso

wo

rks w

ith

d

ep

art

me

nts

to

esta

blis

h f

ed

era

l e

nvir

on

me

nta

l g

oa

ls a

nd

ob

jective

s a

nd

to

d

eve

lop

re

gu

latio

ns,

dir

ective

s,

gu

ide

line

s,

sta

nd

ard

s,

or

co

de

s t

ha

t a

ffe

ct

the

m.

In c

o-o

pe

ratio

n w

ith

pa

rtn

ers

, th

e d

ep

art

me

nt

de

ve

lop

s e

nvir

on

me

nta

l q

ua

lity c

rite

ria

, site

asse

ssm

en

t p

roto

co

ls a

nd

oth

er

en

vir

on

me

nta

l to

ols

an

d

tech

no

log

ies.

•

Th

e D

ep

art

me

nt

of

Fis

he

rie

s a

nd

Oce

an

s C

an

ad

a,

un

de

r th

e F

ish

eri

es A

ct,

h

as a

re

gu

lato

ry f

un

ctio

n w

ith

re

sp

ect

to t

he

pro

tectio

n o

f fish

ha

bita

t a

nd

th

e

pre

ve

ntio

n o

f p

ollu

tio

n.

Fis

he

rie

s a

nd

Oce

an

s C

an

ad

a p

rovid

es a

dvic

e a

nd

su

pp

ort

to

En

vir

on

me

nt

Ca

na

da

an

d c

usto

dia

n d

ep

art

me

nts

co

nce

rnin

g,

am

on

g o

the

r th

ing

s,

the

im

pa

ct

of

co

nta

min

atio

n a

nd

re

me

dia

tio

n s

tra

teg

ies o

n

fish

ha

bita

ts.

Th

e d

ep

art

me

nt

is a

lso

th

e c

om

pe

ten

t m

inis

try f

or

aq

ua

tic

sp

ecie

s a

t ri

sk u

nd

er

the

Sp

ecie

s a

t R

isk A

ct.

•

Hu

ma

n R

eso

urc

es a

nd

Skill

s D

eve

lop

me

nt

Ca

na

da

is r

esp

on

sib

le f

or

an

d

en

su

res c

om

plia

nce

with

th

e C

an

ad

a L

ab

ou

r C

od

e,

Pa

rt 2

an

d a

tte

nd

an

t h

ea

lth

an

d s

afe

ty r

eg

ula

tio

ns w

ith

re

sp

ect

to f

ed

era

l w

ork

pla

ce

s.

Fir

e

pro

tectio

n s

erv

ice

s a

re d

eliv

ere

d b

y t

he

de

pa

rtm

en

t's L

ab

ou

r P

rog

ram

, w

hic

h

ha

s a

s its

ma

nd

ate

"e

nsu

rin

g t

he

pro

tectio

n,

co

nse

rva

tio

n a

nd

min

imiz

atio

n o

f ri

sks t

o life

, p

rop

ert

y a

nd

th

e G

ove

rnm

en

t's f

ina

ncia

l p

ositio

n".

No

te t

ha

t P

WG

SC

co

ntr

acts

with

Pri

va

te S

ecto

r B

uild

ing

Ma

na

ge

me

nt

Fir

ms t

o

op

era

te a

nd

ma

na

ge

a la

rge

po

rtio

n o

f th

e F

ed

era

l G

ove

rnm

en

t’s r

ea

l p

rop

ert

y

po

rtfo

lio.

Fo

r th

e M

ain

Sta

tistics C

an

ad

a B

uild

ing

th

is f

irm

is S

NC

-La

va

lin-P

rofa

c.

En

gin

ee

rin

g V

uln

era

bili

ty A

sse

ssm

en

t o

f th

e M

ain

Sta

tistics C

an

ad

a B

uild

ing

to

th

e I

mp

acts

of

Clim

ate

Ch

an

ge

HO

K C

an

ad

a

8

2:1

28

4.2

.6 S

pe

cif

ic J

uri

sd

icti

on

al

Co

ns

ide

rati

on

s

S

pe

cific

te

rms o

f th

e c

on

tra

ct

be

twe

en

PW

GS

C a

nd

SN

C-L

ava

lin-P

rofa

c w

ere

no

t a

va

ilab

le a

t th

e t

ime

of

this

asse

ssm

en

t. H

ow

eve

r, it

is u

nd

ers

too

d t

ha

t th

e t

erm

s

inclu

de

th

e d

esig

n,

op

era

tio

n a

nd

ma

inte

na

nce

of

the

Ma

in S

tatistics C

an

ad

a B

uild

ing

to

be

in

co

mp

lian

ce

with

all

rele

va

nt

leg

isla

tio

n,

reg

ula

tio

n,

sta

nd

ard

s,

gu

ide

line

s a

nd

p

olic

ies f

or

fed

era

l re

al p

rop

ert

y.

No

te a

lso

th

at

SN

C-L

ava

lin-P

rofa

c h

as c

on

tin

uo

use

a

cce

ss t

o P

WG

SC

ma

na

ge

me

nt

an

d s

taff

to

en

su

re p

rop

er

ma

na

ge

me

nt

of

the

b

uild

ing

an

d h

as a

cce

ss t

o P

WG

SC

Pro

fessio

na

l &

Te

ch

nic

al S

erv

ice

s G

rou

p,

the

C

en

tre

of

Exp

ert

ise

fo

r re

al p

rop

ert

y m

an

ag

em

en

t.

Re

lev

an

t G

uid

eli

ne

s f

or

de

sig

n,

op

era

tio

n a

nd

ma

inte

na

nc

e o

f th

e i

nfr

as

tru

ctu

re

Re

fere

nc

e

Th

e g

uid

elin

es t

ha

t in

form

th

e d

esig

n,

op

era

tio

n a

nd

ma

inte

na

nce

of

the

bu

ildin

gs a

re

pri

ma

rily

: •

He

alth

Ca

na

da

Gu

ide

line

s

•

Ca

na

da

La

bo

ur

Co

de

(1

98

5)

•

Th

e C

an

ad

ian

Occu

pa

tio

na

l S

afe

ty a

nd

He

alth

Re

gu

latio

ns (

CO

HS

R),

Pa

rt I

I,

Div

isio

n I

II -

HV

AC

Syste

ms

No

te t

ha

t th

e T

rea

su

ry B

oa

rd o

f C

an

ad

a S

ecre

tari

at

Occu

pa

tio

na

l S

afe

ty a

nd

He

alth

D

ire

ctive

(e

ffe

ctive

Ja

nu

ary

1st

20

06

) is

ap

plic

ab

le t

o in

off

ice

acco

mm

od

atio

n.

It

sp

ecifie

s t

ha

t th

e a

ir (

dry

bu

lb)

tem

pe

ratu

res d

uri

ng

wo

rkin

g h

ou

rs s

ho

uld

be

m

ain

tain

ed

with

in t

he

20

-26

°C r

an

ge

. T

em

pe

ratu

res b

etw

ee

n 1

7-2

0°C

an

d a

bo

ve

26

°C

ca

n b

e u

nco

mfo

rta

ble

, a

nd

occu

pa

ncy s

ho

uld

no

t e

xce

ed

3 h

ou

rs d

aily

or

12

0 h

ou

rs

an

nu

ally

in

ea

ch

of

the

se

extr

em

es.

Te

mp

era

ture

s a

bo

ve

26

°C a

re d

ee

me

d t

o b

e

un

co

mfo

rta

ble

wh

en

th

e h

um

ide

x r

ea

din

g t

o a

giv

en

te

mp

era

ture

eq

ua

ls 4

0 o

r le

ss.

Gu

ide

to

th

e M

an

ag

em

en

t o

f R

ea

l P

rop

ert

y,

Tre

asu

ry B

oa

rd o

f C

an

ad

a S

ecre

tari

at.

Tre

asu

ry B

oa

rd o

f C

an

ad

a S

ecre

tari

at.

UR

L:

htt

p:/

/ww

w.t

bs-

sct.

gc.c

a/r

pm

-gb

i/g

mrp

-gg

bi/g

mrp

-gg

bi_

e.a

sp

En

vir

on

me

nta

l G

uid

e f

or

Fe

de

ral R

ea

l P

rop

ert

y M

an

ag

ers

, T

rea

su

ry B

oa

rd o

f C

an

ad

a

Se

cre

tari

at.

T

rea

su

ry B

oa

rd o

f C

an

ad

a S

ecre

tari

at.

UR

L:

htt

p:/

/ww

w.t

bs-

sct.

gc.c

a/p

ub

s_

po

l/d

cg

pu

bs/t

b_

g3

/en

vir

o_

e.a

sp

Gu

ide

to

th

e M

on

ito

rin

g o

f R

ea

l P

rop

ert

y M

an

ag

em

en

t (C

ha

pte

r 2

-3),

Tre

asu

ry B

oa

rd

of

Ca

na

da

Se

cre

tari

at.

T

rea

su

ry B

oa

rd o

f C

an

ad

a S

ecre

tari

at.

UR

L:

htt

p:/

/ww

w.t

bs-

sct.

gc.c

a/p

ub

s_

po

l/d

cg

pu

bs/R

ea

lPro

pe

rty/a

bh

2-3

t-1

_e

.asp

En

gin

ee

rin

g V

uln

era

bili

ty A

sse

ssm

en

t o

f th

e M

ain

Sta

tistics C

an

ad

a B

uild

ing

to

th

e I

mp

acts

of

Clim

ate

Ch

an

ge

HO

K C

an

ad

a

8

3:1

28

4.2

.6 S

pe

cif

ic J

uri

sd

icti

on

al

Co

ns

ide

rati

on

s

Infr

as

tru

ctu

re o

wn

er/

op

era

tor

ad

min

istr

ati

ve

pro

ce

ss

es

an

d p

oli

cie

s a

s t

he

y

ap

ply

to

th

e i

nfr

as

tru

ctu

re

Re

fere

nc

e

Th

e f

ollo

win

g p

olic

ies a

pp

ly f

or

the

ad

min

istr

atio

n o

f re

al p

rop

ert

y w

ith

in t

he

fe

de

ral

Go

ve

rnm

en

t o

f C

an

ad

a:

Po

licy o

n I

nve

stm

en

t P

lan

nin

g –

Asse

ts a

nd

Acq

uir

ed

Se

rvic

es,

Tre

asu

ry B

oa

rd

of

Ca

na

da

Se

cre

tari

at,

Ju

ne

7,

20

07

(to

be

fu

lly im

ple

me

nte

d A

pri

l 1

, 2

01

1).

T

rea

su

ry B

oa

rd o

f C

an

ad

a S

ecre

tari

at.

UR

L:

htt

p:/

/ww

w.t

bs-

sct.

gc.c

a/p

ub

s_

po

l/d

cg

pu

bs/T

BM

_1

22

/ip

aa

s-p

iasa

_e

.asp

Po

licy o

n t

he

Ma

na

ge

me

nt

of

Re

al P

rop

ert

y,

Tre

asu

ry B

oa

rd o

f C

an

ad

a S

ecre

tari

at.

Tre

asu

ry B

oa

rd o

f C

an

ad

a S

ecre

tari

at.

UR

L:

htt

p:/

/ww

w.t

bs-

sct.

gc.c

a/p

ub

s_

po

l/d

cg

pu

bs/a

as-g

asa

/pm

rp-p

gb

i/p

mrp

-p

gb

i_e

.asp

Po

licy o

n F

ire

Pro

tectio

n,

Inve

stig

atio

n a

nd

Re

po

rtin

g,

Tre

asu

ry B

oa

rd o

f C

an

ad

a

Se

cre

tari

at.

Tre

asu

ry B

oa

rd o

f C

an

ad

a S

ecre

tari

at.

UR

L:

htt

p:/

/ww

w.t

bs-

sct.

gc.c

a/P

ub

s_

po

l/d

cg

pu

bs/R

ea

lPro

pe

rty/C

HA

P2

-5_

e.a

sp

Po

licy o

n L

on

g-t

erm

Ca

pita

l P

lan

s,

Tre

asu

ry B

oa

rd o

f C

an

ad

a S

ecre

tari

at.

T

rea

su

ry B

oa

rd o

f C

an

ad

a S

ecre

tari

at.

UR

L:

htt

p:/

/ww

w.t

bs-

sct.

gc.c

a/p

ub

s_

po

l/d

cg

pu

bs/R

ea

lPro

pe

rty/ltc

p-p

ilt_

e.a

sp

Po

licy F

ram

ew

ork

fo

r th

e M

an

ag

em

en

t o

f A

sse

ts a

nd

Acq

uir

ed

Se

rvic

es,

Tre

asu

ry

Bo

ard

of

Ca

na

da

Se

cre

tari

at

Tre

asu

ry B

oa

rd o

f C

an

ad

a S

ecre

tari

at.

UR

L:

htt

p:/

/ww

w.t

bs-

sct.

gc.c

a/p

ub

s_

po

l/d

cg

pu

bs/a

as-g

asa

/fm

aa

s-c

pg

asa

/fm

aa

s-

cp

ga

sa

_e

.asp

Po

licy o

n P

roje

ct

Ma

na

ge

me

nt,

Tre

asu

ry B

oa

rd o

f C

an

ad

a S

ecre

tari

at

Tre

asu

ry B

oa

rd o

f C

an

ad

a S

ecre

tari

at.

UR

L:

htt

p:/

/ww

w.t

bs-

sct.

gc.c

a/p

ub

s_

po

l/d

cg

pu

bs/t

bm

_1

22

/CH

AP

T2

-2_

e.a

sp

Co

mm

on

Se

rvic

es P

olic

y,

Tre

asu

ry B

oa

rd o

f C

an

ad

a S

ecre

tari

at.

Tre

asu

ry B

oa

rd o

f C

an

ad

a S

ecre

tari

at.

UR

L:

htt

p:/

/ww

w.t

bs-

sct.

gc.c

a/P

ub

s_

po

l/d

cg

pu

bs/T

B_

93

/csp

-psc_

e.a

sp

Ad

ditio

na

l m

an

da

tory

re

qu

ire

me

nts

fo

r th

e m

an

ag

em

en

t o

f re

al p

rop

ert

y a

re s

et

ou

t in

th

e f

ollo

win

g p

olic

y in

str

um

en

ts:

•

Dir

ective

on

th

e S

ale

or

Tra

nsfe

r o

f S

urp

lus R

ea

l P

rop

ert

y;

•

Acce

ssib

ility

Sta

nd

ard

fo

r R

ea

l P

rop

ert

y;

•

Ap

pra

isa

ls a

nd

Estim

ate

s S

tan

da

rd f

or

Re

al P

rop

ert

y;

an

d

•

Re

po

rtin

g S

tan

da

rd f

or

Re

al P

rop

ert

y.

Tre

asu

ry B

oa

rd o

f C

an

ad

a S

ecre

tari

at.

Se

e:

htt

p:/

/ww

w.t

bs-

sct.

gc.c

a f

or

de

taile

d d

escri

ptio

ns a

nd

lis

tin

gs o

f th

ese

p

olic

ies.

En

gin

ee

rin

g V

uln

era

bili

ty A

sse

ssm

en

t o

f th

e M

ain

Sta

tistics C

an

ad

a B

uild

ing

to

th

e I

mp

acts

of

Clim

ate

Ch

an

ge

HO

K C

an

ad

a

8

4:1

28

4.2

.6 S

pe

cif

ic J

uri

sd

icti

on

al

Co

ns

ide

rati

on

s

N

ote

: th

ere

are

exce

ptio

ns t

o t

he

se

po

licie

s in

th

at

the

y a

re n

ot

rele

va

nt

to s

om

e o

f th

e

pro

vin

cia

l e

mp

loye

es w

ork

ing

in

Fe

de

ral sp

ace

. F

urt

he

rmo

re,

PW

GS

C/S

NC

-La

va

lin-

Pro

fac h

ave

th

e p

ractice

of

follo

win

g m

ost

str

ing

en

t le

gis

latio

n.

4

.2.7

Oth

er

Ch

an

ge

Eff

ec

ts

Ch

an

ge

s i

n u

se

pa

tte

rn t

ha

t in

cre

as

e/d

ec

rea

se

th

e c

ap

ac

ity

of

the

in

fra

str

uc

ture

R

efe

ren

ce

PW

GS

C is c

on

tin

uo

usly

op

tim

izin

g s

pa

ce

usa

ge

with

it’s r

ea

l p

rop

ert

y h

old

ing

s a

nd

in

co

nso

rt

with

SN

C-L

ava

lin P

rofa

c.

Th

ese

ch

an

ge

s d

o a

ffe

ct

the

ca

pa

city o

f th

e in

fra

str

uctu

re t

o m

ain

tain

o

ptim

um

wo

rk e

nvir

on

me

nts

fo

r b

uild

ing

occu

pa

nts

. H

ow

eve

r, t

he

cu

rre

nt

sta

nd

ard

s a

pp

lied

to

o

ccu

pa

ncy d

en

sity w

ith

th

e M

ain

Sta

tistics C

an

ad

a b

uild

ing

are

still

with

in t

he

ab

ility

of

the

b

uild

ing

syste

ms t

o c

rea

te e

nvir

on

me

nts

th

at

me

et

the

ap

plic

ab

le c

od

es a

nd

sta

nd

ard

s (

i.e

. C

an

ad

a L

ab

ou

r C

od

e a

nd

Occu

pa

tio

na

l H

ea

lth

an

d S

afe

ty R

eg

ula

tio

ns).

F

urt

he

rmo

re,

incre

ase

d u

se

(th

rou

gh

hig

he

r e

mp

loye

e/o

ccu

pa

nt

de

nsitie

s)

with

in t

he

bu

ildin

g w

ill

ha

ve

an

eff

ect

on

th

e h

ea

tin

g a

nd

co

olin

g lo

ad

s p

lace

d o

n t

he

bu

ildin

g s

yste

ms a

nd

th

e c

en

tra

l h

ea

tin

g a

nd

co

olin

g p

lan

t. H

igh

er

de

nsity o

f IT

/IM

eq

uip

me

nt

als

o h

as d

ire

ct

eff

ects

on

he

atin

g,

co

olin

g a

nd

ve

ntila

tio

n s

yste

ms,

oft

en

re

qu

irin

g a

dd

itio

na

l co

olin

g,

ve

ntila

tio

n a

nd

hu

mid

ity c

on

tro

l to

be

im

ple

me

nte

d.

Th

e r

atio

be

twe

en

em

plo

ye

e/w

ork

sta

tio

n s

pa

ce

an

d I

T/I

M s

pa

ce

ca

n h

ave

co

nsid

era

ble

aff

ect

on

th

e b

uild

ing

syste

ms,

pa

rtic

ula

rly h

ea

tin

g,

ve

ntila

tio

n a

nd

hu

mid

ity c

on

tro

l.

Op

era

tio

n a

nd

ma

inte

na

nc

e p

rac

tic

es

th

at

inc

rea

se

/de

cre

as

e c

ap

ac

ity

of

infr

as

tru

ctu

re

Re

fere

nc

e

Th

e f

req

ue

ncy o

f m

ain

ten

an

ce

an

d q

ua

lity o

f m

ain

ten

an

ce

pra

ctice

s h

ave

in

flu

en

ce

on

th

e

ca

pa

city o

f th

e b

uild

ing

, p

art

icu

larl

y o

n t

he

lo

ng

evity o

f b

uild

ing

co

mp

on

en

ts a

nd

syste

ms.

De

ferr

ed

ma

inte

na

nce

an

d lo

w q

ua

lity m

ate

ria

ls w

ill a

cce

lera

te d

ete

rio

ratio

n o

f b

uild

ing

syste

ms.

Th

is is p

art

icu

larl

y im

po

rta

nt

for

bu

ildin

gs t

ha

t a

re r

ea

ch

ing

th

e e

nd

of

the

ir d

esig

n life

sp

an

.

Ch

an

ge

s i

n m

an

ag

em

en

t p

oli

cy

th

at

aff

ec

t th

e l

oa

d p

att

ern

on

th

e i

nfr

as

tru

ctu

re

Re

fere

nc

e

En

gin

ee

rin

g V

uln

era

bili

ty A

sse

ssm

en

t o

f th

e M

ain

Sta

tistics C

an

ad

a B

uild

ing

to

th

e I

mp

acts

of

Clim

ate

Ch

an

ge

HO

K C

an

ad

a

8

5:1

28

Ch

an

ge

s t

o t

he

po

licie

s g

ove

rnin

g in

ve

stm

en

ts in

ma

inte

na

nce

an

d r

eca

pita

liza

tio

n o

f fe

de

ral

bu

ildin

gs m

ay a

cce

lera

te t

he

re

fitt

ing

an

d/o

r co

mp

lete

re

bu

ildin

g o

f th

e M

ain

Sta

tistics C

an

ad

a

Bu

ildin

g.

Su

ch

ch

an

ge

s m

ay a

lso

in

dic

ate

th

e n

ee

d t

o d

eco

mm

issio

n t

he

bu

ildin

g (

as it

is n

ea

r th

e

en

d o

f its d

esig

n life

) a

nd

bu

ild a

ne

w f

acili

ty.

Ho

we

ve

r, m

ee

tin

g w

ith

PW

GS

C a

nd

SN

C-L

ava

lin

Pro

fac in

dic

ate

d t

ha

t th

is w

as u

nlik

ely

in

th

e n

ea

r fu

ture

(5

-10

ye

ars

).

Ch

an

ge

s i

n L

aw

s,

Re

gu

lati

on

s a

nd

Sta

nd

ard

s t

ha

t a

ffe

ct

the

lo

ad

pa

tte

rn o

n t

he

in

fra

str

uc

ture

R

efe

ren

ce

No

ch

an

ge

s in

th

e la

ws r

eg

ula

tio

n o

r sta

nd

ard

s a

re e

xp

ecte

d t

o a

ffe

ct

the

lo

ad

pa

tte

rn o

n t

he

in

fra

str

uctu

re.

4.2

.8 A

ss

es

s D

ata

Su

ffic

ien

cy

C

om

me

nt

on

us

ing

re

lati

ve

ly s

ho

rt t

erm

me

as

ure

me

nts

to

ma

ke

lo

ng

te

rm p

red

icti

on

s

Lim

ita

tio

ns

Th

e B

uild

ing

Co

nd

itio

n R

ep

ort

s t

ha

t a

re p

rod

uce

d f

or

PW

GS

C a

nd

SN

C-L

ava

lin P

rofa

c f

acto

r in

th

e

life

cycle

s o

f m

ajo

r a

nd

min

or

bu

ildin

g m

ate

ria

ls a

nd

co

mp

on

en

ts.

Alth

ou

gh

th

ese

re

po

rts a

re

pro

du

ce

d t

hro

ug

h s

ho

rt t

erm

ob

se

rva

tio

ns,

the

scie

nce

of

bu

ildin

g m

ain

ten

an

ce

an

d c

on

ditio

n

rep

ort

ing

is s

uch

th

at

bu

ildin

g o

pe

rato

rs a

nd

ma

na

ge

rs c

an

eff

ective

ly s

ch

ed

ule

an

d b

ud

ge

t m

ain

ten

an

ce

du

tie

s t

o m

ain

tain

th

e b

uild

ing

sta

nd

ard

s a

nd

op

era

tio

na

l p

ara

me

ters

to

su

it its

o

ccu

pa

nts

.

In t

erm

s o

f clim

ate

ch

an

ge

fa

cto

rs,

the

cu

rre

nt

mo

de

ls a

re b

ase

d o

n in

pu

t fr

om

25

ye

ar

his

tori

ca

l d

ata

/b

ase

line

s t

o m

ake

pre

dic

tio

ns t

ha

t a

re 1

2,

32

an

d 6

2 y

ea

rs in

to t

he

fu

ture

.

A k

ey lim

ita

tio

n t

o e

nsu

rin

g a

nd

ma

kin

g

pre

dic

tio

ns a

bo

ut

se

rvic

e life

of

bu

ildin

g m

ate

ria

ls

an

d c

om

po

ne

nts

is t

he

ava

ilab

le/f

ore

ca

ste

d

bu

dg

et.

Un

ce

rta

inty

an

d f

luctu

atin

g b

ud

ge

ts c

an

re

su

lt in

de

ferr

ed

ma

inte

na

nce

th

at

ca

n in

tu

rn

aff

ect

the

ab

ility

to

ma

inta

in t

he

bu

ildin

g t

o t

he

re

qu

ire

d p

erf

orm

an

ce

sta

nd

ard

s.

A s

eco

nd

lim

ita

tio

n is t

he

in

ab

ility

to

pre

dic

t th

e o

ccu

rre

nce

o

f a

ccid

en

ts a

nd

extr

em

e w

ea

the

r e

ve

nts

th

at

ca

use

bu

ildin

g c

om

po

ne

nts

or

ma

teri

als

to

fa

il p

rem

atu

rely

.

With

re

sp

ect

to lim

ita

tio

ns o

f th

e c

lima

te c

ha

ng

e

mo

de

ls,

the

mo

de

ls u

se

d c

an

be

co

nsid

ere

d t

o

be

th

e b

est

ava

ilab

le e

stim

ate

s.

Ho

we

ve

r se

nsitiv

ity o

r u

nce

rta

inty

an

aly

sis

is s

till

un

de

r d

eve

lop

me

nt

in t

he

clim

ate

ch

an

ge

mo

de

ling

En

gin

ee

rin

g V

uln

era

bili

ty A

sse

ssm

en

t o

f th

e M

ain

Sta

tistics C

an

ad

a B

uild

ing

to

th

e I

mp

acts

of

Clim

ate

Ch

an

ge

HO

K C

an

ad

a

8

6:1

28

fie

ld.

Da

ta E

va

lua

tio

n

C

om

me

nt

Eff

ec

t o

n A

ss

es

sm

en

t

Da

ta G

ap

s

Th

ere

are

no

cu

rre

nt

estim

ate

s a

rou

nd

th

e f

req

ue

ncy a

nd

in

ten

sity o

f e

xtr

em

e w

ea

the

r e

ve

nts

fo

r th

e O

tta

wa

Re

gio

n.

It is

un

ce

rta

in if

the

se

will

in

cre

ase

, d

ecre

ase

or

if t

he

re w

ill b

e

ch

an

ge

s a

s t

o t

he

typ

es o

f e

ve

nts

(i.e

. h

ail

sto

rms,

torn

ad

oe

s,

etc

).

Po

ssib

le c

ha

ng

es in

so

il co

nd

itio

ns a

nd

wa

ter

tab

les a

re c

urr

en

t d

ata

ga

ps –

th

is r

ela

tes t

o t

he

ab

ility

fo

r th

e s

ite

to

dra

in r

ain

an

d

sto

rm w

ate

r a

nd

hyd

rosta

tic p

ressu

res a

ga

inst

fou

nd

atio

n

foo

tin

gs a

nd

wa

lls.

W

ind

dri

ve

n r

ain

in

de

x/f

acto

r is

a c

urr

en

t d

ata

ga

p t

ha

t re

late

s t

o

the

bu

ildin

g e

nve

lop

’s a

bili

ty t

o s

he

d a

nd

re

dir

ect

rain

an

d s

no

w.

Ch

an

ge

s in

riv

er

wa

ter

tem

pe

ratu

re w

ill a

ffe

ct

the

use

of

rive

r w

ate

r a

t a

ce

ntr

al p

lan

t th

at

relie

s o

n it

to c

on

ditio

n w

ate

r u

se

d o

n

a c

am

pu

s lik

e T

un

ne

y’s

Pa

stu

re.

It is a

ssu

me

d t

ha

t th

e f

req

ue

ncy a

nd

in

ten

sity o

f e

xtr

em

e w

ea

the

r e

ve

nts

will

be

with

in t

he

ca

pa

city o

f th

e b

uild

ing

to

with

sta

nd

. In

ad

ditio

n,

su

ch

estim

atio

n a

nd

mo

de

llin

g is e

xtr

em

ely

tim

e

an

d r

eso

urc

e in

ten

siv

e a

nd

wo

uld

re

qu

ire

a

dd

itio

na

l p

roje

cts

in

ord

er

to p

red

ict

in a

ma

nn

er

tha

t w

ou

ld b

e v

alu

ab

le t

o in

form

in

ve

stm

en

t,

op

era

tio

n a

nd

ma

inte

na

nce

de

cis

ion

s.

C

ha

ng

es in

so

il co

nd

itio

ns a

nd

wa

ter

tab

le w

ere

n

ot

facto

red

in

to t

he

asse

ssm

en

t.

Ch

an

ge

s in

win

d d

rive

n r

ain

we

re a

ssu

me

d t

o

incre

ase

ba

se

d o

n t

he

clim

ate

ch

an

ge

sce

na

rio

s

ind

ica

tin

g a

n in

cre

ase

in

to

tal ra

in a

nd

in

ten

se

ra

in e

ve

nts

. It

wa

s a

ssu

me

d in

ten

se

ra

in e

ve

nts

co

incid

e w

ith

hig

he

r w

ind

s,

ca

usin

g w

ind

dri

ve

n

rain

. W

arm

er

rive

r w

ate

r te

mp

era

ture

s w

ere

assu

me

d

su

ch

th

at

it w

ill c

om

pro

mis

e t

he

co

olin

g c

ap

acity

at

Tu

nn

ey’s

Pa

stu

re e

sp

ecia

lly d

uri

ng

th

e

su

mm

er

mo

nth

s.

Da

ta Q

ua

lity

Da

ta q

ua

lity f

rom

th

e B

uild

ing

Co

nd

itio

n R

ep

ort

an

d s

ite

vis

it w

as

co

nsid

ere

d e

xce

llen

t.

Da

ta p

rovid

ed

fro

m t

he

clim

ate

ch

an

ge

mo

de

llin

g w

as

co

nsid

ere

d t

he

be

st

ava

ilab

le f

or

the

re

gio

n.

Da

ta A

cc

ura

cy

Da

ta a

ccu

racy f

rom

th

e B

uild

ing

Co

nd

itio

n R

ep

ort

an

d s

ite

vis

it

wa

s c

on

sid

ere

d e

xce

llen

t.

Da

ta a

ccu

racy in

th

e c

lima

te c

ha

ng

e m

od

elli

ng

wa

s c

on

sid

ere

d

to b

e t

he

be

st

ava

ilab

le e

stim

ate

s/p

red

ictio

ns p

ossib

le.

En

gin

ee

rin

g V

uln

era

bili

ty A

sse

ssm

en

t o

f th

e M

ain

Sta

tistics C

an

ad

a B

uild

ing

to

th

e I

mp

acts

of

Clim

ate

Ch

an

ge

HO

K C

an

ad

a

8

7:1

28

Ap

pli

ca

bil

ity

of

Tre

nd

s

Re

lia

bil

ity

of

se

lec

ted

cli

ma

te

mo

de

ls

Re

liab

ility

of

the

clim

ate

mo

de

ls is s

till

un

ce

rta

in a

t th

is t

ime

. H

ow

eve

r, t

he

mo

de

ls u

se

d h

ave

be

en

esta

blis

he

d t

hro

ug

h a

co

nse

nsu

s b

ase

d a

pp

roa

ch

in

vo

lvin

g in

tern

atio

na

l clim

ate

ch

an

ge

exp

ert

s.

Th

ese

mo

de

ls u

se

d a

re g

en

era

lly a

cce

pte

d

with

in t

he

fie

ld t

o b

e a

pp

lica

ble

to

Ca

na

da

th

e r

eg

ion

.

Re

lia

bil

ity

of

cli

ma

te c

ha

ng

e

as

su

mp

tio

ns

/sc

en

ari

os

R

elia

bili

ty o

f th

e c

lima

te c

ha

ng

e s

ce

na

rio

s is s

till

un

ce

rta

in a

t th

is

tim

e.

Ho

we

ve

r, t

he

clim

ate

ch

an

ge

fa

cto

rs t

ha

t w

ere

ge

ne

rate

d

fro

m t

he

mo

de

ls f

or

the

re

gio

n a

re in

ag

ree

me

nt

with

ma

ny o

f th

e

ke

y c

ha

ng

es n

ote

d b

y t

he

IP

CC

an

d c

lima

te c

ha

ng

e e

xp

ert

s f

or

Ca

na

da

.

Oth

er

Fa

cto

rs

- n

on

e n

ote

d -

4.2

.8 p

art

c

Es

tab

lis

h P

rio

rity

in

re

fere

nc

ed

do

cu

me

nts

R

efe

ren

ce

Do

cu

me

nt

R

efe

ren

ce

Pri

ori

ty

(hig

he

st

reli

an

ce

fir

st)

Bu

ildin

g C

on

ditio

n R

ep

ort

, D

ece

mb

er

20

07

.

1st

pri

ori

ty

Clim

ate

ch

an

ge

in

Ca

na

da

: C

lima

te s

ce

na

rio

s f

or

the

pu

blic

in

fra

str

uctu

re v

uln

era

bili

ty

asse

ssm

en

t –

Ott

aw

a B

uild

ing

Ca

se

Stu

dy.

Ou

ran

os,

Qu

eb

ec,

Fe

bru

ary

20

08

.

2

nd

pri

ori

ty

Clim

ate

ch

an

ge

in

Ca

na

da

: C

lima

te s

ce

na

rio

s f

or

the

pu

blic

in

fra

str

uctu

re v

uln

era

bili

ty

asse

ssm

en

t –

Ott

aw

a B

uild

ing

Ca

se

Stu

dy,

Ad

de

nd

um

. O

ura

no

s,

Qu

eb

ec,

Ap

ril 2

00

8.

3rd

pri

ori

ty

Pla

nn

ing

fo

r A

tmo

sp

he

ric H

aza

rds a

nd

Dis

aste

r M

an

ag

em

en

t u

nd

er

Ch

an

gin

g C

lima

te

Co

nd

itio

ns.

En

vir

on

me

nt

Ca

na

da

, O

cca

sio

na

l P

ap

er

12

, 2

00

7.

4

th

Ch

an

gin

g W

ea

the

r P

att

ern

s,

Un

ce

rta

inty

an

d I

nfr

astr

uctu

re R

isks:

Em

erg

ing

Ad

ap

tatio

n

Re

qu

ire

me

nts

. E

nvir

on

me

nt

Ca

na

da

, O

cca

sio

na

l P

ap

er

9,

20

07

.

5th

Win

ter

Op

era

tio

ns U

pd

ate

. C

ity o

f O

tta

wa

.

6th

We

ath

eri

ng

of

Bu

ildin

g I

nfr

astr

uctu

re a

nd

th

e C

ha

ng

ing

Clim

ate

: A

da

pta

tio

n O

ptio

ns.

En

vir

on

me

nt

Ca

na

da

, O

cca

sio

na

l P

ap

er

11

, 2

00

7.

7

th

4.2

.8 p

art

d

Da

ta S

uff

icie

nc

y

En

gin

ee

rin

g V

uln

era

bili

ty A

sse

ssm

en

t o

f th

e M

ain

Sta

tistics C

an

ad

a B

uild

ing

to

th

e I

mp

acts

of

Clim

ate

Ch

an

ge

HO

K C

an

ad

a

8

8:1

28

Ide

nti

fy p

roc

es

s t

o d

ev

elo

p d

ata

, w

he

re i

ns

uff

icie

nt

Da

ta N

ee

de

d

Pro

ce

ss

Mo

re in

form

atio

n w

as n

ee

de

d o

n u

nd

ers

tan

d t

he

ch

an

ge

in

fre

eze

-th

aw

cycle

s.

In

form

atio

n w

as p

rovid

ed

by H

ea

the

r A

uld

fro

m E

nvir

on

me

nt

Ca

na

da

an

d

the

City o

f O

tta

wa

’s D

ep

art

me

nt

of

Pu

blic

Wo

rks t

o u

nd

ers

tan

d t

he

ch

an

ge

s in

th

ese

cycle

s o

ve

r th

e c

om

ing

ye

ars

. T

his

in

form

atio

n w

as u

se

d

in S

tep

3 o

f th

e a

sse

ssm

en

t

Hu

mid

ity w

as o

f in

tere

st

to t

he

te

am

be

ca

use

it

pla

ys a

ke

y f

acto

r in

th

e

eff

icie

ncy o

f a

ir c

on

ditio

n a

nd

co

olin

g s

yste

ms.

Th

e c

lima

te c

ha

ng

e f

acto

rs

pro

vid

ed

by t

he

clim

ate

mo

de

ls d

id n

ot

inclu

de

hu

mid

ity.

Ou

ran

os w

as c

on

tacte

d t

o p

rovid

e h

um

idity in

dic

es f

or

the

clim

ate

ch

an

ge

sce

na

rio

s.

Th

is w

as p

rovid

ed

th

rou

gh

an

ad

de

nd

um

to

th

e in

itia

l (s

ee

a

bo

ve

re

fere

nce

do

cu

me

nts

).

So

lar

rad

iatio

n in

dic

es w

ere

als

o o

f in

tere

st

to t

he

stu

dy t

ea

m a

s t

his

ca

n

aff

ect

so

lar

he

at

ga

in o

f b

uild

ing

s.

Th

e c

lima

te c

ha

ng

e f

acto

rs p

rovid

ed

by

the

clim

ate

mo

de

ls d

id n

ot

inclu

de

so

lar

rad

iatio

n.

Ou

ran

os w

as c

on

tacte

d t

o p

rovid

e s

ola

r ra

dia

tio

n in

dic

es f

or

the

clim

ate

ch

an

ge

sce

na

rio

s.

Th

is w

as p

rovid

ed

th

rou

gh

an

ad

de

nd

um

to

th

e in

itia

l (s

ee

ab

ove

re

fere

nce

do

cu

me

nts

).

Co

olin

g d

eg

ree

da

ys w

ere

als

o o

f in

tere

st

be

ca

use

th

ey w

ill a

llow

p

red

ictio

ns t

o b

e m

ad

e a

s t

o t

he

ove

rall

“co

olin

g s

ea

so

n”

for

the

bu

ildin

g.

Th

e c

lima

te c

ha

ng

e f

acto

rs p

rovid

ed

by t

he

clim

ate

mo

de

ls d

id n

ot

inclu

de

co

olin

g d

eg

ree

da

ys.

Ou

ran

os w

as c

on

tacte

d t

o p

rovid

e c

oo

ling

de

gre

e d

ays in

dic

es f

or

the

clim

ate

ch

an

ge

sce

na

rio

s.

Th

is w

as p

rovid

ed

th

rou

gh

an

ad

de

nd

um

to

th

e

initia

l (s

ee

ab

ove

re

fere

nce

do

cu

me

nts

).

Wh

ere

da

ta c

an

no

t b

e d

ev

elo

pe

d,

ide

nti

fy t

he

da

ta g

ap

as

a f

ind

ing

in

Ste

p 5

of

the

Pro

toc

ol

– R

ec

om

me

nd

ati

on

s.

Lis

t D

ata

Ga

p a

s f

ind

ing

s t

o b

e s

en

t to

ST

EP

5 (

Wo

rks

he

et

5:

Se

cti

on

4.5

.2)

4.

Fu

rth

er

info

rma

tio

n a

nd

mo

de

llin

g n

ee

ds t

o b

e d

on

e t

o p

red

ict

ch

an

ge

s in

extr

em

e w

ea

the

r e

ve

nts

in

th

e r

eg

ion

. If

it

is g

en

era

lly a

cce

pte

d t

ha

t th

ere

will

be

in

cre

ase

s in

extr

em

e w

ea

the

r e

ve

nts

, cu

rre

nt

bu

ildin

g c

od

es t

ha

t a

pp

ly s

ho

uld

be

re

vie

we

d t

o d

ete

rmin

e if

the

y a

re s

uff

icie

nt.

5.

Po

ssib

le c

ha

ng

es in

so

il co

nd

itio

ns a

nd

wa

ter

tab

les a

re c

urr

en

t d

ata

ga

ps –

th

is r

ela

tes t

o t

he

ab

ility

fo

r th

e s

ite

to

dra

in r

ain

an

d s

torm

wa

ter

an

d h

yd

rosta

tic p

ressu

res a

ga

inst

fou

nd

atio

n f

oo

tin

gs a

nd

wa

lls.

6.

Win

d d

rive

n r

ain

in

de

x/f

acto

r is

a c

urr

en

t d

ata

ga

p t

ha

t re

late

s t

o t

he

bu

ildin

g e

nve

lop

’s a

bili

ty t

o s

he

d a

nd

re

dir

ect

rain

an

d s

no

w.

7.

Ch

an

ge

s in

riv

er

wa

ter

tem

pe

ratu

re is a

da

ta g

ap

th

at

will

aff

ect

the

co

olin

g c

ap

acity a

t fa

cili

tie

s t

ha

t re

ly o

n t

his

me

tho

d.

Dat

e:

Mar

ch 2

0, 2

008

Pre

par

ed b

y:

V

ince

Cat

alli


HOK Canada 89:128

Worksheet 3 Vulnerability Assessment – Main Statistics Canada Building

In this step, the project team identified the building component responses to the most relevant

climate change factors determined through Step 2. This was done by first verifying that the

building components response to the climate change factors could affect the overall performance

of the building. This is discussed below in Step 4.3.1. Once the list of building components have

an associated performance response, a vulnerability assessment was conducted by assessing each

component against each climate change factor determined in Step 2. This was done through Step

4.3.2 and 4.3.3, a prioritization exercise that assessed the probability and severity of effect that

each climate change factor would have on each building component. This determined which

building components are expected to have negative/detrimental responses to climate change (i.e.

which are the most vulnerable).

Note: the method used in this Step of the Protocol has been modified from the October 31, 2007

version (7.1). The instructions in version 7.1 directed the practitioner to two different assessment

matrices with differing, but overlapping instructions. The project team determined that the

performance response relationship provided a “verification” check to understand the influence a

particular building component would have on overall building performance, if it is affected by

climate change. Second, the team determined, this verified list of components could then be used

in the vulnerability assessment matrix (Step 4.3.6 in version 7.1) as originally outlined. The

project team suggests this part of the Protocol and corresponding worksheet be revised to avoid

any confusion and simplify the process for future practitioners.

4.3.1 Initial assessment of performance response.

The project team created a matrix using spreadsheet software where the column headers were

comprised of what was determined as the key performance factors of the building. These were

in-line with the template provided in Step 4.3.6 in version 7.1 of the Protocol (Worksheet 3).

Although the generic performance factors generic provided in the Protocol were used, to aid the

assessment, they were defined the by the project team as follows:

• Structural Integrity: ability of the building structural system and its components (roof

trusses, floor trusses, floor panels, I-joists, or engineered beams) to withstand anticipated

loads.

• Serviceability: ability of property and building managers to perform regular scheduled

maintenance, service and repair on the building’s systems and components.

• Functionality: ability of the building to perform it’s primary functions of providing space

for building occupants in the form of offices, computer facilities, storage, class/training

rooms, a daycare centre, cafeteria and gym.

• Operations and Maintenance: regularly scheduled duties for property and building

managers to operate the building and maintain it’s systems.

• Emergency response risk: any risk posed to building managers, health and safety officers

and other first responders such as firefighters, police officers, and ambulance personnel

when responding to an emergency in or around the building.


HOK Canada 90:128

• Insurance Considerations: changes, effects, events or actions that may pose potential

insurance/legal liability to the landlord or building management.

• Policies and Procedures: a course or principle of action(s) adopted or used by the landlord

or building managers that direct individuals, business and other entities in the short and

long term operation and management of the building.

• Economics: a cost or benefit associated with day to day operation and management of the

building.

• Public Health and Safety: a cross-disciplinary area concerned with protecting the safety,

health and welfare of people engaged in work at the building and members of the public

who live in the communities nearby.

• Environmental Effects: the impact that the operation of the building - either positive or

negative – has on the natural environment including impacts to land, air, soil, water and

flora and fauna.

Once these performance factors were defined, the row titles of the matrix were completed based

on the key building components as identified and listed in Step 4.2.1 (see Worksht2_Main Stats).

Next the team completed the matrix, based on initial professional opinion, by determining if each

building component’s response to climate change would affect each key performance factor of

the building. Answers were provided as either yes or no. This method was deemed sufficient as a

screen or initial assessment to verify that the specific building components identified in Step

4.2.1 have an affect on one or more dimensions of the building’s performance. The total number

of “yes” responses were calculated in the final column in the matrix. It can be seen that all

components identified in Step 4.2.1 were verified to have an affect on at least 3 or more

dimensions of building performance. This was anticipated by the team, as the building can be

seen as a set of components of an integrated system (i.e. each component plays a separate, but

vital role in the overall function and performance of the whole building).


HOK Canada 91:128

4.3.1 Initial Assessment of Performance Response Relationship - building component response/affect on building performance


HOK Canada 92:128

4.3.2 Determine key climate change factors Using the key climate change factors listed in Step 4.2.3, the team developed a Vulnerability

Assessment Matrix. The following table was used to populate the column headers in the Matrix.

4.3.2 Key climate change factors (from Worksheet 2 – section 4.2.3)

Temperature - Increases in monthly tmax - Increases in monthly tmin - Increases in annual avg. max - Increases in annual avg. min

Rain - Avg. total rain increases DJF, MAM, SON - Decreases JJA - Avg. Max rain increases for 1, 2 and 5 day periods - 6h frequency increases - 1 day frequency increases - Simple daily intensity index increases

Snow - Average total snow increases - 1 day frequency increases - Rain on Snow events increases

Wind - Monthly avg wind6h increases in winter - Monthly avg. wind 6h decreases in summer - Avg. annual max wind6h - decreases

Frost Season Length - decreases - frequency of freeze/thaw events increases

Heating Degree Days - Less HDDays -

Cooling Degree Days - More CDDays -

Humidity - monthly average increases -

4.3.3 Vulnerability Assessment Matrix: Climate Change Effect vs Infrastructure Component

Performance Scaling

The Matrix was developed based on the template provided in Step 4.3.6 from version 7.1 of the

PIEVC Protocol. As per the Protocol, the Probability (Figure 7 (SC)) and Severity Scale (Figure

8 (SR)) factors were used to to calculate the priority of the affect of climate change factor on each

building component as per the following formula:

PC = SC � SR

Where:


HOK Canada 93:128

PC = Priority of Climate Effect

SC = Scale factor for Probability

SR = Scale factor for Severity

The project team prioritized a number of climate-infrastructure interactions, or relationships,

according to the default prioritization system is based on a scale of 1 to 10. The team selected

values along the scale based on probability and severity of outcomes. Method A and Method E

were used to select values for probability and severity respectively.

Figure 7: Probability Scale (Sc)Factors

Scale Probability

Method A (used) Method B Method C

0 negligible or <0.1 % negligible or

not applicable <0.1 / 20 not applicable

1 improbable / 5 % improbable

highly unlikely 1 / 20 1:1 000 000

2 remote 20 % remote

4 / 20 1:100 000

3 occasional 35 % occasional

7 / 20 1:10 000

4 moderate / 50 % moderate

possible 10 / 20 1:1 000

5 often 65 % probable

13 / 20 1:100

6 probable 80 % frequent

16 / 20 1:10

7 certain / highly >95 % continuous

probable >19 / 20 1:1

Figure 8: Severity Scale (Sr) Factors

Scale M a g n i t u d e Severity of Consequences and

Effects


HOK Canada 94:128

M e t h o d D

( u s e d ) Method E

0 no effect negligible or

not applicable

1 measurable very low / unlikely / rare /

0.0125 measurable change

2 minor low / seldom / marginal /

0.025 change in serviceability

3 moderate occasional

0.050 loss of some capability

4 major moderate

0.100 loss of some capacity

5 serious likely regular / loss of capacity

0.200 and loss of some function

6 hazardous major / likely / critical /

0.400 loss of function

7 catastrophic extreme/ frequent/ continuous

0.800 / loss of asset

This method was chosen to align with current prioritization schemes and risk management

methodologies currently used by Public Works and Government Services Canada in the

management of this and other buildings in its Real Property portfolio.

The Vulnerability Assessment Matrix was developed to automatically calculate the value of PC

in the corresponding cell for each building component. For ease of viewing, the Pc values are

colour coded, with scores between 12 and 35 as yellow and scores 36 and higher with red.

Potential Cumulative Effects

Where the team determined there was a cumulative impact of different climate change factors,

the possibility of compounded factors was given a higher weighting in the probabilyt and

severity scale factors based on professional judgement. The Matrix indicates, several of these

compound factors through gray cell shading in the column headers and individual matrix cells.


HOK Canada 95:128

4.3.4 Identify and prioritize vulnerable building components

The following building components had a Pc score of 36 or more for one or more climate change factors in the Vulnerability Assessment Matrix. These are also transferred to Step 5, section 4.5.2.

1. Exterior Systems: a. Site Drains – storm and rain water b. Walkways – concrete, asphalt, unit pavers c. Stairs – concrete d. Ramps – concrete e. Parking vehicle areas – concrete, asphalt, unit pavers

2. Building Systems: a. Envelop Systems:

i. masonry walls


HOK Canada 96:128

ii. stone panels (including headers and sills)

3. Mechanical Systems: a. Cooling System and Adequacy

For components and relationships with Pc score between 12 and 35 for one or more climate change factors in the Vulnerability Assessment Matrix, they were identified for further Indicator Analysis in Step 4 (Section 4.4.4 and 4.4.8 in Worksheet 4)

• Site Drainage – related to slopes away from the building and includes soil permeability and hard surfaces like stairs / ramps

• Exterior Systems: a. Walls:

i. Freestanding – concrete, masonry ii. Retaining – concrete

b. Stairs - metal c. Tunnels manholes/access doors

• Building Systems: a. Envelop Systems:

i. Precast Concrete - Window Sills ii. Glazed Curtain wall iii. Metal Cladding

b. Windows / Doors: i. Aluminium Windows ii. Doors (Steel / Aluminium)

c. Flat Roof Systems (including roof drains)

• Electrical Systems: a. Power Supply and Reliability

Date: May 5, 2008

Prepared by:

Vince Catalli

En

gin

ee

rin

g V

uln

era

bili

ty A

sse

ssm

en

t o

f th

e M

ain

Sta

tistics C

an

ad

a B

uild

ing

to

th

e I

mp

acts

of

Clim

ate

Ch

an

ge

HO

K C

an

ad

a

9

7:1

28

Wo

rksh

ee

t 4

In

dic

ato

r A

na

lysis

– M

ain

Sta

tistics C

an

ad

a B

uild

ing

The

pro

ject

tea

m d

eter

min

ed t

hat

key

build

ing

com

pone

nts

vuln

erab

le t

o cl

imat

e ch

ange

(in

Ste

p 4.

3) s

houl

d be

an

alys

ed in

Ste

p 4.

4 –

Indi

cato

r A

naly

sis.

How

ever

, as

illu

stra

ted

belo

w in

4.4

.4.,

the

capa

city

, lo

ads

and

ther

efor

e th

eir

vuln

erab

ility

, on

the

se b

uild

ing

com

pone

nts

coul

d no

t be

qua

ntifi

ed i

n m

eani

ngfu

l te

rms.

Thi

s is

due

to

a nu

mbe

r of

fact

ors:

1.

The

re i

s co

mpl

exity

to

the

varia

bles

tha

t ne

ed t

o be

con

side

red

to q

uant

ify l

oads

and

cap

aciti

es.

For

ex

ampl

e, t

he p

ossi

ble

load

s on

the

bui

ldin

g�s

enve

lop

syst

em/c

ompo

nent

are

gov

erne

d by

suc

h fa

ctor

s as

m

ater

ial c

hara

cter

istic

s, te

mpe

ratu

re, t

empe

ratu

re fl

uctu

atio

ns, s

olar

rad

iatio

n, in

cide

nt m

oist

ure

(rai

n/sn

ow),

fr

eeze

-tha

w c

ycle

s, w

ind

load

s, m

ass

of c

ompo

nent

s, t

herm

al e

xpan

sion

coe

ffici

ents

and

fas

teni

ng/jo

inin

g m

etho

ds w

ith o

ther

mat

eria

ls/c

ompo

nent

s, e

tc.

Thu

s, t

he c

alcu

latio

n of

loa

ds a

nd c

apac

ities

is

mul

ti-di

men

sion

al a

nd c

anno

t be

easi

ly c

alcu

late

d w

ithou

t det

aile

d sc

ienc

e ba

sed

mod

els.

2.

T

he c

ompl

exity

of

dete

rmin

ing

the

dete

riora

tion

rate

s an

d ex

pect

ed r

educ

tion

of l

ife c

ycle

of

the

mat

eria

ls

used

in

the

com

pone

nts.

Suc

h de

term

inat

ions

req

uire

in-

dept

h kn

owle

dge

of b

uild

ing

mat

eria

l sc

ienc

e an

d of

ten

invo

lves

the

com

pone

nt m

anuf

actu

rers

and

/or

test

ing

labo

rato

ries.

3.

T

he s

yste

ms

natu

re o

f ho

w b

uild

ing

com

pone

nts

are

conn

ecte

d an

d w

ork

toge

ther

to

ensu

re t

he p

rope

r fu

nctio

ning

and

per

form

ance

of t

he b

uild

ing

to m

eet t

he r

elev

ant s

tand

ards

. T

here

fore

an

appr

oach

was

tak

en b

y th

e te

am b

ased

on

prof

essi

onal

judg

emen

t as

to

dete

rmin

ing

the

key

build

ing

com

pone

nts

that

are

vul

nera

ble

to c

limat

e ch

ange

and

tho

se t

hat

have

ada

ptiv

e ca

paci

ty (

Ste

ps 4

.4.9

and

4.4

.10

belo

w).

En

gin

ee

rin

g V

uln

era

bili

ty A

sse

ssm

en

t o

f th

e M

ain

Sta

tistics C

an

ad

a B

uild

ing

to

th

e I

mp

acts

of

Clim

ate

Ch

an

ge

HO

K C

an

ad

a

9

8:1

28

4

.4.4

Ca

lcu

lati

on

of

To

tal

Lo

ad

(L

T)

Infr

as

tru

ctu

re C

om

po

ne

nt

(fro

m 4

.3.5

fro

m W

ork

Sh

ee

t 3

) 4

.4.1

Ex

isti

ng

Lo

ad

L

E

4.4

.2 C

lim

ate

Lo

ad

L

C

4.4

.3 O

the

r L

oa

d

LO

To

tal

Lo

ad

L

T =

LE+

LC+

LO

1.

Exte

rio

r S

yste

ms:

a.

Site

Dra

ina

ge

– r

ela

ted

to

slo

pe

s

aw

ay f

rom

th

e b

uild

ing

an

d

inclu

de

s s

oil

pe

rme

ab

ility

an

d

ha

rd s

urf

ace

s lik

e s

tair

s /

ra

mp

s

Th

e e

xis

tin

g lo

ad

ca

nn

ot

be

ca

lcu

late

d in

qu

an

tita

tive

te

rms.

Un

de

term

ine

d

U

nd

ete

rmin

ed

Un

de

term

ine

d

Re

fer

to B

CR

20

07

–

Pa

ge

s 2

5 a

nd

34

to

44

.

E

xis

tin

g d

rain

ag

e d

oe

s n

ot

se

em

to

be

ca

usin

g w

ate

r in

filtra

tio

n t

hro

ug

h t

he

fo

un

da

tio

n.

Exis

tin

g s

ite

d

rain

ag

e lo

ad

ca

lcu

latio

ns

wo

uld

re

qu

ire

a d

eta

iled

su

rve

y o

f so

il ty

pe

s,

slo

pe

s

an

d a

ud

it o

f site

dra

ins.

Ca

lcu

latio

n o

f clim

ate

lo

ad

wo

uld

re

qu

ire

d

eta

iled

mo

de

llin

g a

nd

a

na

lysis

th

at

is o

uts

ide

th

e s

co

pe

of

this

a

sse

ssm

en

t.

No

ne

kn

ow

n

2.

Exte

rio

r S

yste

ms:

a.

Wa

lls: i.

Fre

esta

nd

ing

- c

on

cre

te

an

d m

aso

nry

Th

e e

xis

tin

g lo

ad

ca

nn

ot

be

ca

lcu

late

d in

qu

an

tita

tive

te

rms.

Un

de

term

ine

d

U

nd

ete

rmin

ed

Un

de

term

ine

d

Re

fer

to B

CR

20

07

–

Pa

ge

s 2

0 a

nd

22

.

L

oa

ds o

n f

ree

sta

nd

ing

wa

lls

are

su

nlig

ht,

te

mp

era

ture

, ra

in/s

no

w/ice

, e

tc.

Estim

atio

n

of

su

ch

lo

ad

s is o

uts

ide

th

e

sco

pe

of

this

asse

ssm

en

t.

Ad

ditio

na

l lo

ad

s d

ue

to

clim

ate

wo

uld

pri

ma

rily

b

e in

th

e f

orm

of

incre

ase

d f

ree

ze

/th

aw

cycle

s,

tem

pe

ratu

re

extr

em

es a

nd

ra

in/s

no

w a

mo

un

ts.

Th

e e

stim

ate

d

ad

ditio

na

l lo

ad

on

th

e

wa

lls f

rom

th

ese

fa

cto

rs is o

uts

ide

th

e

sco

pe

of

this

a

sse

ssm

en

t.

No

ne

kn

ow

n

3.

Exte

rio

r S

yste

ms:

a.

Wa

lls:

Th

e e

xis

tin

g lo

ad

ca

nn

ot

be

ca

lcu

late

d in

qu

an

tita

tive

U

nd

ete

rmin

ed

Un

de

term

ine

d

U

nd

ete

rmin

ed

En

gin

ee

rin

g V

uln

era

bili

ty A

sse

ssm

en

t o

f th

e M

ain

Sta

tistics C

an

ad

a B

uild

ing

to

th

e I

mp

acts

of

Clim

ate

Ch

an

ge

HO

K C

an

ad

a

9

9:1

28

4.4

.4 C

alc

ula

tio

n o

f T

ota

l L

oa

d (

LT)

Infr

as

tru

ctu

re C

om

po

ne

nt

(fro

m 4

.3.5

fro

m W

ork

Sh

ee

t 3

) 4

.4.1

Ex

isti

ng

Lo

ad

L

E

4.4

.2 C

lim

ate

Lo

ad

L

C

4.4

.3 O

the

r L

oa

d

LO

To

tal

Lo

ad

L

T =

LE+

LC+

LO

i.

Re

tain

ing

- c

on

cre

te

term

s.

Re

fer

to B

CR

20

07

–

Pa

ge

s 3

0 t

o 3

2.

L

oa

ds o

n r

eta

inin

g w

alls

are

re

late

d t

o s

oil

typ

es,

so

il m

ois

ture

co

nte

nt,

fr

ee

ze

/th

aw

cycle

s,

rain

/sn

ow

/ice

, e

tc.

Estim

atio

n

of

su

ch

lo

ad

s is o

uts

ide

th

e

sco

pe

of

this

asse

ssm

en

t.

Ad

ditio

na

l lo

ad

s d

ue

to

clim

ate

wo

uld

pri

ma

rily

b

e in

th

e f

orm

of

incre

ase

d f

ree

ze

/th

aw

cycle

s,

tem

pe

ratu

re

extr

em

es a

nd

ch

an

ge

s

in s

oil

mo

istu

re

co

nte

nt.

Th

e e

stim

ate

d

ad

ditio

na

l lo

ad

on

th

e

wa

lls f

rom

th

ese

fa

cto

rs is o

uts

ide

th

e

sco

pe

of

this

a

sse

ssm

en

t.

No

ne

kn

ow

n

4.

Exte

rio

r S

yste

ms:

a.

Sta

irs –

me

tal

Th

e e

xis

tin

g lo

ad

ca

nn

ot

be

ca

lcu

late

d in

qu

an

tita

tive

te

rms.

Un

de

term

ine

d

U

nd

ete

rmin

ed

Un

de

term

ine

d

Re

fer

to B

CR

20

07

–

Pa

ge

29

.

L

oa

ds o

n s

tair

s a

re p

rim

ari

ly

use

an

d e

nvir

on

me

nt

rela

ted

(t

em

p,

su

nlig

ht,

pre

cip

ita

tio

n,

etc

). E

stim

atio

n o

f su

ch

lo

ad

s

wo

uld

re

qu

ire

de

taile

d

me

ch

an

ica

l a

nd

ma

teri

al

mo

de

llin

g,

wh

ich

is o

uts

ide

th

e s

co

pe

of

this

a

sse

ssm

en

t.

Ad

ditio

na

l clim

ate

re

late

d lo

ad

s o

n s

tair

s

are

mo

stly in

th

e f

orm

o

f in

cre

ase

d

pre

cip

ita

tio

n a

nd

fr

ee

ze

/th

aw

cycle

s t

ha

t m

ay a

cce

lera

te m

eta

l d

ete

rio

ratio

n a

nd

m

ea

ns o

f fa

ste

nin

g t

o

the

bu

ildin

g o

r su

bstr

ate

s u

se

d.

No

ne

kn

ow

5.

Exte

rio

r S

yste

ms:

a.

Tu

nn

els

ma

nh

ole

s/a

cce

ss d

oo

rs

Th

e e

xis

tin

g lo

ad

ca

nn

ot

be

ca

lcu

late

d in

qu

an

tita

tive

te

rms.

Un

de

term

ine

d

U

nd

ete

rmin

ed

Un

de

term

ine

d

Re

fer

to B

CR

20

07

–

Pa

ge

33

.

W

ate

r p

en

etr

atio

n in

to t

he

P

ossib

le in

filtra

tio

n o

f N

on

e k

no

wn

En

gin

ee

rin

g V

uln

era

bili

ty A

sse

ssm

en

t o

f th

e M

ain

Sta

tistics C

an

ad

a B

uild

ing

to

th

e I

mp

acts

of

Clim

ate

Ch

an

ge

HO

K C

an

ad

a

1

00

:12

8

4.4

.4 C

alc

ula

tio

n o

f T

ota

l L

oa

d (

LT)

Infr

as

tru

ctu

re C

om

po

ne

nt

(fro

m 4

.3.5

fro

m W

ork

Sh

ee

t 3

) 4

.4.1

Ex

isti

ng

Lo

ad

L

E

4.4

.2 C

lim

ate

Lo

ad

L

C

4.4

.3 O

the

r L

oa

d

LO

To

tal

Lo

ad

L

T =

LE+

LC+

LO

syste

m h

as n

ot

be

en

a

pro

ble

m t

o d

ate

. D

rain

ag

e

syste

ms in

th

e t

un

ne

l a

re

su

ffic

ien

t sh

ou

ld t

his

occu

r.

Th

e e

xis

tin

g lo

ad

co

uld

be

co

nsid

ere

d t

o b

e z

ero

.

wa

ter

in t

he

tu

nn

el

syste

ms c

ou

ld o

ccu

r if

gro

un

d w

ate

r ta

ble

ris

e

to e

xe

rt c

on

tin

uo

us

hyd

rosta

tic p

ressu

re

on

tu

nn

el w

alls

. H

ow

eve

r, t

his

a

dd

itio

na

l clim

ate

lo

ad

ca

nn

ot

be

ca

lcu

late

d in

q

ua

ntita

tive

te

rms d

ue

to

a la

ck o

f d

ata

fo

r g

rou

nd

wa

ter

tab

le

leve

ls o

n t

he

site

an

d

ca

mp

us.

6.

Bu

ildin

g S

yste

ms:

a.

En

ve

lop

Syste

ms:

i.

Pre

ca

st

Co

ncre

te -

W

ind

ow

Sill

s

Th

e e

xis

tin

g lo

ad

ca

nn

ot

be

ca

lcu

late

d in

qu

an

tita

tive

te

rms.

Un

de

term

ine

d

U

nd

ete

rmin

ed

Un

de

term

ine

d

Re

fer

to B

CR

20

07

–

Pa

ge

s 6

1 t

o 6

6.

F

un

ctio

n o

f w

ind

ow

sill

s is t

o

dra

in w

ate

r a

nd

su

pp

ort

w

ind

ow

lo

ad

s,

the

refo

re,

exis

tin

g lo

ad

ca

nn

ot

be

ca

lcu

late

d in

qu

an

tita

tive

te

rms.

Clim

ate

lo

ad

ca

nn

ot

be

ca

lcu

late

d in

q

ua

ntita

tive

te

rms.

No

ne

kn

ow

n

7.

Bu

ildin

g S

yste

ms:

a.

En

ve

lop

Syste

ms:

i.

Gla

ze

d C

urt

ain

wa

ll

Th

e e

xis

tin

g lo

ad

ca

nn

ot

be

ca

lcu

late

d in

qu

an

tita

tive

te

rms.

Un

de

term

ine

d

U

nd

ete

rmin

ed

Un

de

term

ine

d

Re

fer

to B

CR

20

07

–

Pa

ge

s 6

3 t

o 6

4.

T

he

ab

ility

of

the

cu

rta

in w

all

to m

ee

t its p

erf

orm

an

ce

re

qu

ire

me

nts

(i.e

. w

ate

r/ra

in

dra

ina

ge

, th

erm

al co

mfo

rt,

ve

ntila

tio

n,

with

sta

nd

win

d

Clim

ate

lo

ad

ca

nn

ot

be

ca

lcu

late

d in

q

ua

ntita

tive

te

rms

No

ne

kn

ow

n

En

gin

ee

rin

g V

uln

era

bili

ty A

sse

ssm

en

t o

f th

e M

ain

Sta

tistics C

an

ad

a B

uild

ing

to

th

e I

mp

acts

of

Clim

ate

Ch

an

ge

HO

K C

an

ad

a

1

01

:12

8

4.4

.4 C

alc

ula

tio

n o

f T

ota

l L

oa

d (

LT)

Infr

as

tru

ctu

re C

om

po

ne

nt

(fro

m 4

.3.5

fro

m W

ork

Sh

ee

t 3

) 4

.4.1

Ex

isti

ng

Lo

ad

L

E

4.4

.2 C

lim

ate

Lo

ad

L

C

4.4

.3 O

the

r L

oa

d

LO

To

tal

Lo

ad

L

T =

LE+

LC+

LO

loa

ds,

acce

ss t

o s

un

ligh

t)

an

d lo

ad

ca

nn

ot

be

ca

lcu

late

d in

qu

an

tita

tive

te

rms.

Th

is w

ou

ld r

eq

uir

ed

d

eta

iled

an

aly

sis

an

d

mo

de

ling

th

at

is o

uts

ide

th

e

sco

pe

of

this

asse

ssm

en

t.

8.

Bu

ildin

g S

yste

ms:

a.

En

ve

lop

Syste

ms:

i.

Me

tal C

lad

din

g

Th

e e

xis

tin

g lo

ad

ca

nn

ot

be

ca

lcu

late

d in

qu

an

tita

tive

te

rms.

Un

de

term

ine

d

U

nd

ete

rmin

ed

Un

de

term

ine

d

Re

fer

to B

CR

20

07

–

Pa

ge

s 6

6 t

o 6

7.

T

he

exis

tin

g lo

ad

(su

nlig

ht,

ra

in/s

no

w,

the

rma

l) o

n t

he

m

eta

l cla

dd

ing

ca

nn

ot

be

ca

lcu

late

d in

qu

an

tita

tive

te

rms.

Th

is w

ou

ld r

eq

uir

e

de

taile

d a

na

lysis

an

d

mo

de

ling

of

the

cla

dd

ing

m

ate

ria

l th

at

is o

uts

ide

th

e

sco

pe

of

this

asse

ssm

en

t.

Clim

ate

lo

ad

du

e t

o

incre

ase

d

tem

pe

ratu

res a

nd

p

recip

ita

tio

n c

an

no

t b

e

ca

lcu

late

d in

q

ua

ntita

tive

te

rms

No

ne

kn

ow

n

9.

Bu

ildin

g S

yste

ms:

a.

Win

do

ws /

Do

ors

: i.

Alu

min

um

Win

do

ws

Th

e e

xis

tin

g lo

ad

ca

nn

ot

be

ca

lcu

late

d in

qu

an

tita

tive

te

rms.

Un

de

term

ine

d

U

nd

ete

rmin

ed

Un

de

term

ine

d

Re

fer

to B

CR

20

07

–

Pa

ge

s 7

5 t

o 7

6.

E

xis

tin

g lo

ad

ca

nn

ot

be

ca

lcu

late

d in

qu

an

tita

tive

te

rms

Re

fer

to G

laze

d C

urt

ain

Wa

ll a

bo

ve

.

Clim

ate

lo

ad

ca

nn

ot

be

ca

lcu

late

d in

q

ua

ntita

tive

te

rms

No

ne

kn

ow

n

10

. B

uild

ing

Syste

ms:

a.

Win

do

ws /

Do

ors

: i.

Do

ors

(S

tee

l /

Alu

min

um

)

Th

e e

xis

tin

g lo

ad

ca

nn

ot

be

ca

lcu

late

d in

qu

an

tita

tive

te

rms.

Un

de

term

ine

d

U

nd

ete

rmin

ed

Un

de

term

ine

d

Re

fer

to B

CR

20

07

–

En

gin

ee

rin

g V

uln

era

bili

ty A

sse

ssm

en

t o

f th

e M

ain

Sta

tistics C

an

ad

a B

uild

ing

to

th

e I

mp

acts

of

Clim

ate

Ch

an

ge

HO

K C

an

ad

a

1

02

:12

8

4.4

.4 C

alc

ula

tio

n o

f T

ota

l L

oa

d (

LT)

Infr

as

tru

ctu

re C

om

po

ne

nt

(fro

m 4

.3.5

fro

m W

ork

Sh

ee

t 3

) 4

.4.1

Ex

isti

ng

Lo

ad

L

E

4.4

.2 C

lim

ate

Lo

ad

L

C

4.4

.3 O

the

r L

oa

d

LO

To

tal

Lo

ad

L

T =

LE+

LC+

LO

P

ag

es 6

8 t

o 7

4.

E

xis

tin

g lo

ad

ca

nn

ot

be

ca

lcu

late

d in

qu

an

tita

tive

te

rms

Re

fer

to G

laze

d C

urt

ain

Wa

ll a

bo

ve

.

Clim

ate

lo

ad

ca

nn

ot

be

ca

lcu

late

d in

q

ua

ntita

tive

te

rms

No

ne

kn

ow

n

11

. B

uild

ing

Syste

ms:

a.

Fla

t R

oo

f S

yste

ms (

inclu

din

g r

oo

f d

rain

s)

Th

e e

xis

tin

g lo

ad

ca

nn

ot

be

ca

lcu

late

d in

qu

an

tita

tive

te

rms.

Un

de

term

ine

d

U

nd

ete

rmin

ed

Un

de

term

ine

d

Re

fer

to B

CR

20

07

–

Pa

ge

s 7

8 t

o 8

0.

C

alc

ula

tio

ns o

f ro

of

dra

in

loa

ds c

ou

ld n

ot

be

ma

de

, a

s

exis

tin

g d

esig

n/a

s b

uilt

sp

ecific

atio

ns w

ere

no

t a

va

ilab

le.

T

he

ab

ility

of

the

ro

of

to m

ee

t its p

erf

orm

an

ce

re

qu

ire

me

nts

a

nd

lo

ad

(i.e

. sh

ed

w

ate

r/ra

in,

the

rma

l co

mfo

rt,

with

sta

nd

win

d u

plif

t,

with

sta

nd

su

nlig

ht

/ te

mp

era

ture

flu

ctu

atio

ns /

fr

ee

ze

th

aw

cycle

s,

ke

ep

m

ois

ture

ou

t to

pre

se

rve

str

uctu

re a

nd

in

teri

or

fin

ish

) ca

nn

ot

be

ca

lcu

late

d in

q

ua

ntita

tive

te

rms.

Th

is

wo

uld

re

qu

ire

d d

eta

iled

a

na

lysis

an

d m

od

elin

g t

ha

t is

o

uts

ide

th

e s

co

pe

of

this

a

sse

ssm

en

t.

Clim

ate

lo

ad

ca

nn

ot

be

ca

lcu

late

d in

q

ua

ntita

tive

te

rms

No

ne

kn

ow

n

12

. E

lectr

ica

l S

yste

ms:

a.

Po

we

r S

up

ply

an

d R

elia

bili

ty

Th

e e

xis

tin

g lo

ad

ca

nn

ot

be

ca

lcu

late

d in

qu

an

tita

tive

U

nd

ete

rmin

ed

Un

de

term

ine

d

U

nd

ete

rmin

ed

En

gin

ee

rin

g V

uln

era

bili

ty A

sse

ssm

en

t o

f th

e M

ain

Sta

tistics C

an

ad

a B

uild

ing

to

th

e I

mp

acts

of

Clim

ate

Ch

an

ge

HO

K C

an

ad

a

1

03

:12

8

4.4

.4 C

alc

ula

tio

n o

f T

ota

l L

oa

d (

LT)

Infr

as

tru

ctu

re C

om

po

ne

nt

(fro

m 4

.3.5

fro

m W

ork

Sh

ee

t 3

) 4

.4.1

Ex

isti

ng

Lo

ad

L

E

4.4

.2 C

lim

ate

Lo

ad

L

C

4.4

.3 O

the

r L

oa

d

LO

To

tal

Lo

ad

L

T =

LE+

LC+

LO

term

s.

Re

fer

to B

CR

20

07

–

Pa

ge

s 1

67

to

18

9.

T

he

exis

tin

g a

nd

his

tori

ca

l e

lectr

ica

l p

ow

er

co

nsu

mp

tio

n

of

the

bu

ildin

g is k

no

wn

. H

ow

eve

r, t

he

qu

an

tifica

tio

n

of

relia

bili

ty a

nd

pro

vis

ion

of

ele

ctr

ica

l su

pp

ly is t

oo

co

mp

lex t

o c

on

du

ct

with

in

th

e s

co

pe

of

this

a

sse

ssm

en

t. S

uch

an

e

xe

rcis

e w

ou

ld h

ave

to

in

vo

lve

th

e lo

ca

l e

lectr

ica

l u

tilit

ies a

nd

a m

od

elli

ng

of

su

ch

fa

cto

rs.

Po

we

r re

liab

ility

is

cri

tica

l o

ve

r th

e s

pri

ng

, su

mm

er

an

d f

all

esp

ecia

lly

wh

en

te

mp

era

ture

s a

nd

h

um

idity a

re h

igh

er.

It

ha

s a

d

ire

ct

rela

tio

nsh

ip w

ith

co

mm

un

ity u

sa

ge

city w

ide

a

s d

uri

ng

th

is t

ime

it

will

pe

ak

an

d n

ot

be

ab

le t

o s

atisfy

th

e

de

ma

nd

.

Th

e c

oo

ling

lo

ad

on

th

e b

uild

ing

is

exp

ecte

d t

o in

cre

ase

d

ue

to

hig

he

r te

mp

era

ture

s a

nd

h

um

idity le

ve

ls a

nd

th

ere

fore

th

e e

lectr

icity

co

nsu

mp

tio

n a

nd

lo

ad

o

f th

e b

uild

ing

. T

his

m

ay h

ave

an

aff

ect

on

p

art

icu

larl

y

da

ys/p

eri

od

s in

th

e

su

mm

er.

Su

ch

pe

rio

ds

wh

en

th

e r

eg

ion

al lo

ad

o

n t

he

ele

ctr

icity

utilit

ies c

ou

ld p

ut

po

we

r su

pp

ly a

nd

re

liab

ility

at

risk.

H

ow

eve

r th

is e

ffe

ct

is

difficu

lt t

o p

red

ict

or

mo

de

l d

ue

to

th

e

co

mp

lex n

atu

re o

f th

e

ele

ctr

icity g

rid

an

d

mitig

atio

n m

ea

su

res

un

de

rta

ke

n b

y c

urr

en

t u

tilit

y p

rovid

ers

. S

uch

p

red

ictio

ns a

re o

uts

ide

th

e s

co

pe

of

this

a

sse

ssm

en

t.

No

ne

kn

ow

n

En

gin

ee

rin

g V

uln

era

bili

ty A

sse

ssm

en

t o

f th

e M

ain

Sta

tistics C

an

ad

a B

uild

ing

to

th

e I

mp

acts

of

Clim

ate

Ch

an

ge

HO

K C

an

ad

a

1

04

:12

8

4.4

.8 C

alc

ula

tio

n o

f T

ota

l C

ap

ac

ity

(C

T)

Fo

r a

ll t

he

bu

ild

ing

co

mp

on

en

ts b

elo

w,

a c

alc

ula

tio

n o

f to

tal

ca

pa

cit

y c

ou

ld n

ot

be

ca

rrie

d o

ut.

Sin

ce

to

tal

loa

ds

(4

.4.4

) c

ou

ld n

ot

be

ca

lcu

late

d o

r e

sti

ma

ted

, to

tal

ca

pa

cit

y c

alc

ula

tio

ns

we

re n

ot

un

de

rta

ke

n.

Th

e r

ea

so

ns

fo

r th

is a

re p

rov

ide

d a

bo

ve

in

th

e

“b

as

is o

f d

ete

rmin

ati

on

ex

pla

na

tio

ns

” (

4.4

.1 a

nd

4.4

.2)

Infr

as

tru

ctu

re C

om

po

ne

nt

(fro

m s

ectio

n 4

.3.5

of

Wo

rk S

he

et

3)

4.4

.5 E

xis

tin

g

Ca

pa

cit

y

CE

4.4

.6 M

atu

rin

g

Ca

pa

cit

y

CM

4.4

.7

Ad

dit

ion

al

Ca

pa

cit

y

CA

To

tal

Ca

pa

cit

y

CT =

CE+

CM+

CA

1.

Exte

rio

r S

yste

ms:

a.

Site

Dra

ina

ge

– r

ela

ted

to

slo

pe

s a

wa

y

fro

m t

he

bu

ildin

g a

nd

in

clu

de

s s

oil

pe

rme

ab

ility

an

d h

ard

su

rfa

ce

s lik

e s

tair

s

/ ra

mp

s

Un

de

term

ine

d

U

nd

ete

rmin

ed

Un

de

term

ine

d

U

nd

ete

rmin

ed

E

xis

tin

g c

ap

acity

ca

nn

ot

be

ca

lcu

late

d in

q

ua

ntita

tive

te

rms

No

ma

turi

ng

ca

pa

city is

an

ticip

ate

d.

No

in

cre

ase

s o

r d

ecre

ase

s in

a

dd

itio

na

l ca

pa

city is

an

ticip

ate

d o

r b

ein

g p

lan

ne

d.

2.

Exte

rio

r S

yste

ms:

a.

Wa

lls:

i.

Fre

esta

nd

ing

- c

on

cre

te

an

d m

aso

nry

Un

de

term

ine

d

U

nd

ete

rmin

ed

Un

de

term

ine

d

U

nd

ete

rmin

ed

E

xis

tin

g c

ap

acity

ca

nn

ot

be

ca

lcu

late

d in

q

ua

ntita

tive

te

rms

No

ma

turi

ng

ca

pa

city is

an

ticip

ate

d.

No

in

cre

ase

s o

r d

ecre

ase

s in

a

dd

itio

na

l ca

pa

city is

an

ticip

ate

d o

r b

ein

g p

lan

ne

d.

3.

Exte

rio

r S

yste

ms:

a.

Wa

lls:

i.

Re

tain

ing

- c

on

cre

te

Un

de

term

ine

d

U

nd

ete

rmin

ed

Un

de

term

ine

d

U

nd

ete

rmin

ed

E

xis

tin

g c

ap

acity

ca

nn

ot

be

ca

lcu

late

d in

q

ua

ntita

tive

No

ma

turi

ng

ca

pa

city is

an

ticip

ate

d.

No

in

cre

ase

s o

r d

ecre

ase

s in

a

dd

itio

na

l ca

pa

city is

En

gin

ee

rin

g V

uln

era

bili

ty A

sse

ssm

en

t o

f th

e M

ain

Sta

tistics C

an

ad

a B

uild

ing

to

th

e I

mp

acts

of

Clim

ate

Ch

an

ge

HO

K C

an

ad

a

1

05

:12

8

4.4

.8 C

alc

ula

tio

n o

f T

ota

l C

ap

ac

ity

(C

T)

Fo

r a

ll t

he

bu

ild

ing

co

mp

on

en

ts b

elo

w,

a c

alc

ula

tio

n o

f to

tal

ca

pa

cit

y c

ou

ld n

ot

be

ca

rrie

d o

ut.

Sin

ce

to

tal

loa

ds

(4

.4.4

) c

ou

ld n

ot

be

ca

lcu

late

d o

r e

sti

ma

ted

, to

tal

ca

pa

cit

y c

alc

ula

tio

ns

we

re n

ot

un

de

rta

ke

n.

Th

e r

ea

so

ns

fo

r th

is a

re p

rov

ide

d a

bo

ve

in

th

e

“b

as

is o

f d

ete

rmin

ati

on

ex

pla

na

tio

ns

” (

4.4

.1 a

nd

4.4

.2)

Infr

as

tru

ctu

re C

om

po

ne

nt

(fro

m s

ectio

n 4

.3.5

of

Wo

rk S

he

et

3)

4.4

.5 E

xis

tin

g

Ca

pa

cit

y

CE

4.4

.6 M

atu

rin

g

Ca

pa

cit

y

CM

4.4

.7

Ad

dit

ion

al

Ca

pa

cit

y

CA

To

tal

Ca

pa

cit

y

CT =

CE+

CM+

CA

term

s

a

nticip

ate

d o

r b

ein

g p

lan

ne

d.

4.

Exte

rio

r S

yste

ms:

a.

Sta

irs –

me

tal

Un

de

term

ine

d

U

nd

ete

rmin

ed

Un

de

term

ine

d

U

nd

ete

rmin

ed

E

xis

tin

g c

ap

acity

ca

nn

ot

be

ca

lcu

late

d in

q

ua

ntita

tive

te

rms

No

ma

turi

ng

ca

pa

city is

an

ticip

ate

d.

No

in

cre

ase

s o

r d

ecre

ase

s in

a

dd

itio

na

l ca

pa

city is

an

ticip

ate

d o

r b

ein

g p

lan

ne

d.

5.

Exte

rio

r S

yste

ms:

a.

Tu

nn

els

ma

nh

ole

s/a

cce

ss d

oo

rs

Un

de

term

ine

d

U

nd

ete

rmin

ed

Un

de

term

ine

d

U

nd

ete

rmin

ed

E

xis

tin

g c

ap

acity

ca

nn

ot

be

ca

lcu

late

d in

q

ua

ntita

tive

te

rms

No

ma

turi

ng

ca

pa

city is

an

ticip

ate

d.

No

in

cre

ase

s o

r d

ecre

ase

s in

a

dd

itio

na

l ca

pa

city is

an

ticip

ate

d o

r b

ein

g p

lan

ne

d.

6.

Bu

ildin

g S

yste

ms:

a.

En

ve

lop

Syste

ms:

i.

Pre

ca

st

Co

ncre

te -

W

ind

ow

Sill

s

Un

de

term

ine

d

U

nd

ete

rmin

ed

Un

de

term

ine

d

U

nd

ete

rmin

ed

E

xis

tin

g c

ap

acity

ca

nn

ot

be

ca

lcu

late

d in

q

ua

ntita

tive

te

rms

No

ma

turi

ng

ca

pa

city is

an

ticip

ate

d.

No

in

cre

ase

s o

r d

ecre

ase

s in

a

dd

itio

na

l ca

pa

city is

an

ticip

ate

d o

r b

ein

g p

lan

ne

d.

7.

Bu

ildin

g S

yste

ms:

Un

de

term

ine

d

Un

de

term

ine

d

Un

de

term

ine

d

Un

de

term

ine

d

En

gin

ee

rin

g V

uln

era

bili

ty A

sse

ssm

en

t o

f th

e M

ain

Sta

tistics C

an

ad

a B

uild

ing

to

th

e I

mp

acts

of

Clim

ate

Ch

an

ge

HO

K C

an

ad

a

1

06

:12

8

4.4

.8 C

alc

ula

tio

n o

f T

ota

l C

ap

ac

ity

(C

T)

Fo

r a

ll t

he

bu

ild

ing

co

mp

on

en

ts b

elo

w,

a c

alc

ula

tio

n o

f to

tal

ca

pa

cit

y c

ou

ld n

ot

be

ca

rrie

d o

ut.

Sin

ce

to

tal

loa

ds

(4

.4.4

) c

ou

ld n

ot

be

ca

lcu

late

d o

r e

sti

ma

ted

, to

tal

ca

pa

cit

y c

alc

ula

tio

ns

we

re n

ot

un

de

rta

ke

n.

Th

e r

ea

so

ns

fo

r th

is a

re p

rov

ide

d a

bo

ve

in

th

e

“b

as

is o

f d

ete

rmin

ati

on

ex

pla

na

tio

ns

” (

4.4

.1 a

nd

4.4

.2)

Infr

as

tru

ctu

re C

om

po

ne

nt

(fro

m s

ectio

n 4

.3.5

of

Wo

rk S

he

et

3)

4.4

.5 E

xis

tin

g

Ca

pa

cit

y

CE

4.4

.6 M

atu

rin

g

Ca

pa

cit

y

CM

4.4

.7

Ad

dit

ion

al

Ca

pa

cit

y

CA

To

tal

Ca

pa

cit

y

CT =

CE+

CM+

CA

a.

En

ve

lop

Syste

ms:

i.

Gla

ze

d C

urt

ain

wa

ll

E

xis

tin

g c

ap

acity

ca

nn

ot

be

ca

lcu

late

d in

q

ua

ntita

tive

te

rms

No

ma

turi

ng

ca

pa

city is

an

ticip

ate

d.

No

in

cre

ase

s o

r d

ecre

ase

s in

a

dd

itio

na

l ca

pa

city is

an

ticip

ate

d o

r b

ein

g p

lan

ne

d.

8.

Bu

ildin

g S

yste

ms:

a.

En

ve

lop

Syste

ms:

i.

Me

tal C

lad

din

g

Un

de

term

ine

d

U

nd

ete

rmin

ed

Un

de

term

ine

d

U

nd

ete

rmin

ed

E

xis

tin

g c

ap

acity

ca

nn

ot

be

ca

lcu

late

d in

q

ua

ntita

tive

te

rms

No

ma

turi

ng

ca

pa

city is

an

ticip

ate

d.

No

in

cre

ase

s o

r d

ecre

ase

s in

a

dd

itio

na

l ca

pa

city is

an

ticip

ate

d o

r b

ein

g p

lan

ne

d.

9.

Bu

ildin

g S

yste

ms:

a.

Win

do

ws /

Do

ors

: i.

Alu

min

um

Win

do

ws

Un

de

term

ine

d

U

nd

ete

rmin

ed

Un

de

term

ine

d

U

nd

ete

rmin

ed

E

xis

tin

g c

ap

acity

ca

nn

ot

be

ca

lcu

late

d in

q

ua

ntita

tive

te

rms

No

ma

turi

ng

ca

pa

city is

an

ticip

ate

d.

No

in

cre

ase

s o

r d

ecre

ase

s in

a

dd

itio

na

l ca

pa

city is

an

ticip

ate

d o

r b

ein

g p

lan

ne

d.

10

. B

uild

ing

Syste

ms:

a.

Win

do

ws /

Do

ors

: i.

Do

ors

(S

tee

l /

Alu

min

um

)

Un

de

term

ine

d

U

nd

ete

rmin

ed

Un

de

term

ine

d

U

nd

ete

rmin

ed

En

gin

ee

rin

g V

uln

era

bili

ty A

sse

ssm

en

t o

f th

e M

ain

Sta

tistics C

an

ad

a B

uild

ing

to

th

e I

mp

acts

of

Clim

ate

Ch

an

ge

HO

K C

an

ad

a

1

07

:12

8

4.4

.8 C

alc

ula

tio

n o

f T

ota

l C

ap

ac

ity

(C

T)

Fo

r a

ll t

he

bu

ild

ing

co

mp

on

en

ts b

elo

w,

a c

alc

ula

tio

n o

f to

tal

ca

pa

cit

y c

ou

ld n

ot

be

ca

rrie

d o

ut.

Sin

ce

to

tal

loa

ds

(4

.4.4

) c

ou

ld n

ot

be

ca

lcu

late

d o

r e

sti

ma

ted

, to

tal

ca

pa

cit

y c

alc

ula

tio

ns

we

re n

ot

un

de

rta

ke

n.

Th

e r

ea

so

ns

fo

r th

is a

re p

rov

ide

d a

bo

ve

in

th

e

“b

as

is o

f d

ete

rmin

ati

on

ex

pla

na

tio

ns

” (

4.4

.1 a

nd

4.4

.2)

Infr

as

tru

ctu

re C

om

po

ne

nt

(fro

m s

ectio

n 4

.3.5

of

Wo

rk S

he

et

3)

4.4

.5 E

xis

tin

g

Ca

pa

cit

y

CE

4.4

.6 M

atu

rin

g

Ca

pa

cit

y

CM

4.4

.7

Ad

dit

ion

al

Ca

pa

cit

y

CA

To

tal

Ca

pa

cit

y

CT =

CE+

CM+

CA

E

xis

tin

g c

ap

acity

ca

nn

ot

be

ca

lcu

late

d in

q

ua

ntita

tive

te

rms

No

ma

turi

ng

ca

pa

city is

an

ticip

ate

d.

No

in

cre

ase

s o

r d

ecre

ase

s in

a

dd

itio

na

l ca

pa

city is

an

ticip

ate

d o

r b

ein

g p

lan

ne

d.

11

. B

uild

ing

Syste

ms:

a.

Fla

t R

oo

f S

yste

ms (

inclu

din

g r

oo

f d

rain

s)

Un

de

term

ine

d

U

nd

ete

rmin

ed

Un

de

term

ine

d

U

nd

ete

rmin

ed

E

xis

tin

g c

ap

acity

ca

nn

ot

be

ca

lcu

late

d in

q

ua

ntita

tive

te

rms

No

ma

turi

ng

ca

pa

city is

an

ticip

ate

d.

No

in

cre

ase

s o

r d

ecre

ase

s in

a

dd

itio

na

l ca

pa

city is

an

ticip

ate

d o

r b

ein

g p

lan

ne

d.

12

. E

lectr

ica

l S

yste

ms:

a.

Po

we

r S

up

ply

an

d R

elia

bili

ty

Un

de

term

ine

d

U

nd

ete

rmin

ed

Un

de

term

ine

d

U

nd

ete

rmin

ed

E

xis

tin

g c

ap

acity

ca

nn

ot

be

ca

lcu

late

d in

q

ua

ntita

tive

te

rms

No

ma

turi

ng

ca

pa

city is

an

ticip

ate

d.

No

in

cre

ase

s o

r d

ecre

ase

s in

a

dd

itio

na

l ca

pa

city is

an

ticip

ate

d o

r b

ein

g p

lan

ne

d.

En

gin

ee

rin

g V

uln

era

bili

ty A

sse

ssm

en

t o

f th

e M

ain

Sta

tistics C

an

ad

a B

uild

ing

to

th

e I

mp

acts

of

Clim

ate

Ch

an

ge

HO

K C

an

ad

a

1

08

:12

8

4

.4.9

Ev

alu

ate

Vu

lne

rab

ilit

y (

VR)

Sin

ce

To

tal

Lo

ad

(L

T)

an

d T

ota

l C

ap

ac

ity

(C

T)

co

uld

no

t b

e c

alc

ula

ted

(s

ee

ex

pla

na

tio

ns

ab

ov

e)

a c

alc

ula

tio

n o

f v

uln

era

bil

ity

wa

s n

ot

co

nd

uc

ted

. T

he

refo

re V

R i

s u

nd

ete

rmin

ed

at

this

tim

e f

or

all

th

e b

uil

din

g c

om

po

ne

nts

id

en

tifi

ed

th

rou

gh

Ste

p 3

to

be

vu

lne

rab

le t

o

cli

ma

te c

ha

ng

e a

nd

wit

h P

C s

co

res

be

twe

en

12

an

d 3

5.

Ho

we

ve

r, b

as

ed

on

pro

fes

sio

na

l ju

dg

em

en

t, c

om

me

nta

ry h

as

be

en

pro

vid

ed

to

h

igh

lig

ht

sy

ste

ms

th

at

are

ex

tre

me

ly v

uln

era

ble

. T

his

ma

trix

ha

s b

ee

n m

od

ifie

d t

o a

cc

om

mo

da

te t

he

ab

ov

e r

ea

lity

.

Infr

as

tru

ctu

re C

om

po

ne

nt

C

om

me

nts

1.

Exte

rio

r S

yste

ms:

a.

Site

Dra

ina

ge

– r

ela

ted

to

slo

pe

s a

wa

y f

rom

th

e

bu

ildin

g a

nd

in

clu

de

s s

oil

pe

rme

ab

ility

an

d h

ard

su

rfa

ce

s lik

e s

tair

s /

ra

mp

s

Ba

se

d o

n lim

ite

d b

uild

ing

sp

ecific

in

form

atio

n a

lon

g w

ith

th

e v

inta

ge

of

co

nstr

uctio

n,

it c

an

be

exp

ecte

d t

ha

t b

elo

w g

rad

e f

ou

nd

atio

ns a

nd

fo

otin

gs

ma

y h

ave

da

mp

pro

ofin

g p

rovis

ion

s.

Dra

ina

ge

aro

un

d t

he

bu

ildin

g

pe

rim

ete

r m

ay b

e in

pla

ce

bu

t is

lik

ely

to

be

in

ad

eq

ua

te.

Na

tive

so

ils m

ay

be

use

d a

s b

ackfill

alo

ng

th

e p

eri

me

ter

wa

ll a

nd

as s

uch

will

ha

ve

sa

tura

ted

so

ils d

ire

ctly o

n t

he

be

low

gra

de

syste

ms a

nd

pe

rmit e

ve

ntu

al

wa

ter

infiltra

tio

n.

Ho

we

ve

r, t

yp

ica

l b

uild

ing

scie

nce

an

d m

an

ag

em

en

t p

ractice

s w

ou

ld

sa

feg

ua

rd d

ete

rio

ratio

n o

f th

is s

yste

m.

Giv

en

th

at

PW

GS

C h

ave

a d

eta

iled

re

vie

w o

f th

e b

uild

ing

eve

ry 5

ye

ars

to

pro

du

ce

an

up

-to

-da

te B

uild

ing

C

on

ditio

n R

ep

ort

co

rre

ctive

me

asu

res w

ou

ld b

e n

ote

d a

nd

im

ple

me

nte

d

du

e t

o d

ay t

o d

ay p

ractice

s.

2.

Exte

rio

r S

yste

ms:

a.

Wa

lls: i.

Fre

esta

nd

ing

- c

on

cre

te a

nd

ma

so

nry

Giv

en

th

at

the

re is n

o t

ie in

with

th

is s

yste

m t

o h

ab

ite

d s

pa

ce

an

d t

ha

t th

is

syste

m h

as a

esth

etic a

nd

scre

en

ing

pro

pe

rtie

s it

wa

s d

ee

me

d t

o n

ot

be

a

vita

l in

fra

str

uctu

re c

om

po

ne

nt.

Ha

vin

g s

aid

th

is,

it c

an

po

se

a h

ea

lth

an

d

sa

fety

ris

k d

ue

to

co

llap

se

sh

ou

ld t

he

syste

m d

ete

rio

rate

. D

rain

ag

e o

f th

e

wa

ll syste

m is c

ritica

l a

lon

g w

ith

a c

ap

to

sh

ed

wa

ter

at

the

to

p o

f th

e w

all.

T

he

fo

un

da

tio

n s

yste

m t

o t

he

se

wa

lls c

an

no

t re

ly o

n t

he

in

teri

or

bu

ildin

g

he

at

to k

ee

p t

he

fo

un

da

tio

ns r

ea

so

na

bly

wa

rm lik

e t

he

ba

se

me

nt

fou

nd

atio

n w

alls

. A

s a

re

su

lt,

fre

eze

th

aw

cycle

s w

ith

ha

ve

a s

ign

ific

an

t im

pa

ct

on

th

e in

teg

rity

of

the

wa

ll. T

he

ma

in r

isk is t

he

str

uctu

ral in

teg

rity

of

the

wa

ll th

at

co

uld

fa

ll d

ue

to

de

teri

ora

tio

n a

nd

th

us b

e a

he

alth

an

d s

afe

ty

risk.

H

avin

g s

aid

th

is t

he

co

mm

en

ts u

nd

er

ite

m #

1 r

eg

ard

ing

th

e c

urr

en

t b

uild

ing

scie

nce

an

d m

an

ag

em

en

t p

ractice

s o

n s

ite

als

o a

pp

ly.

Th

ese

w

ou

ld s

afe

gu

ard

th

e d

ete

rio

ratio

n o

f th

is s

yste

m c

om

po

ne

nt.

En

gin

ee

rin

g V

uln

era

bili

ty A

sse

ssm

en

t o

f th

e M

ain

Sta

tistics C

an

ad

a B

uild

ing

to

th

e I

mp

acts

of

Clim

ate

Ch

an

ge

HO

K C

an

ad

a

1

09

:12

8

3.

Exte

rio

r S

yste

ms:

a.

Wa

lls: i.

Re

tain

ing

- c

on

cre

te

Giv

en

th

at

the

re is p

ote

ntia

lly s

atu

rate

d s

oil

co

nd

itio

n o

n o

ne

sid

e o

f th

e

reta

inin

g w

all,

it

will

be

cri

tica

l to

ke

ep

wa

ter

an

d m

ois

ture

aw

ay f

rom

th

e

wa

ll so

th

at

it is a

s d

ry a

s p

ossib

le.

If n

ot

fre

eze

th

aw

cycle

s w

ill h

ave

n

eg

ative

im

pa

ct

on

th

e r

eta

inin

g w

all.

H

ow

eve

r, c

om

me

nts

un

de

r ite

m #

1 r

eg

ard

ing

th

e c

urr

en

t b

uild

ing

scie

nce

a

nd

ma

na

ge

me

nt

pra

ctice

s o

n s

ite

als

o a

pp

ly.

Th

ese

wo

uld

sa

feg

ua

rd t

he

d

ete

rio

ratio

n o

f th

is s

yste

m c

om

po

ne

nt.

4.

Exte

rio

r S

yste

ms:

a.

Sta

irs –

me

tal

Re

gu

lar

bu

ildin

g m

an

ag

em

en

t p

ractice

s m

ust

pre

va

il in

wh

ich

th

e s

tair

is

pa

inte

d o

n a

5 y

ea

r cycle

in

ord

er

to p

rese

rve

its

in

teg

rity

.

Co

mm

en

ts u

nd

er

ite

m #

1 r

eg

ard

ing

th

e c

urr

en

t b

uild

ing

scie

nce

an

d

ma

na

ge

me

nt

pra

ctice

s o

n s

ite

als

o a

pp

ly.

Th

ese

wo

uld

sa

feg

ua

rd t

he

d

ete

rio

ratio

n o

f th

is s

yste

m c

om

po

ne

nt.

5.

Exte

rio

r S

yste

ms:

a.

Tu

nn

els

ma

nh

ole

s/a

cce

ss d

oo

rs

Th

is in

fra

str

uctu

re c

om

po

ne

nt

is b

elo

w g

rad

e a

nd

th

rou

gh

ou

t th

e c

am

pu

s

su

pp

lyin

g a

ll b

uild

ing

s w

ith

cri

tica

lly n

ee

de

d s

tea

m a

nd

ch

ille

d w

ate

r. D

ue

to

th

e s

ite

s p

roxim

ity t

o t

he

riv

er

an

d in

cre

ase

in

pre

cip

ita

tio

n y

ea

r ro

un

d,

gro

un

d w

ate

r is

su

es w

ill a

ffe

ct

this

in

fra

str

uctu

re s

o m

uch

so

th

at

it w

ill

req

uir

e d

rain

ing

/ p

um

pin

g s

yste

ms.

Th

e T

un

ne

ls h

ave

a d

rain

ag

e s

yste

m

tha

t w

ill h

ave

to

be

an

aly

se

d in

ord

er

to d

ete

rmin

e h

ow

via

ble

it

is.

No

in

form

atio

n w

as p

rovid

ed

as t

his

syste

m is b

ein

g m

an

ag

ed

by P

WG

SC

an

d

SN

C P

roF

ac h

ad

no

in

form

atio

n o

n t

he

tu

nn

el syste

m.

Fu

rth

er

wo

rk is

req

uir

ed

to

un

de

rsta

nd

th

e s

yste

m a

nd

its

po

ten

tia

l vu

lne

rab

ility

.

6.

Bu

ildin

g S

yste

ms:

a.

En

ve

lop

Syste

ms:

i.

Pre

ca

st

Co

ncre

te -

Win

do

w S

ills

Giv

en

th

at

the

re is a

tw

o la

ye

r b

rick w

all

with

no

dra

ina

ge

ca

vity,

the

w

ind

ow

sill

is c

ritica

l to

sh

ed

as m

uch

wa

ter

aw

ay f

rom

th

e b

rick w

all

be

low

. R

eg

ula

r b

uild

ing

ma

na

ge

me

nt

pra

ctice

s a

s c

arr

ied

ou

t b

y S

NC

P

roF

ac w

ill r

evie

w d

eficie

ncie

s a

nd

re

ctify

win

do

w s

ills t

ha

t h

ave

d

ete

rio

rate

d a

nd

ca

n p

ose

a r

isk.

Th

ese

wo

uld

sa

feg

ua

rd t

he

de

teri

ora

tio

n

of

this

syste

m c

om

po

ne

nt.

7.

Bu

ildin

g S

yste

ms:

a.

En

ve

lop

Syste

ms:

i.

Gla

ze

d C

urt

ain

wa

ll

Gla

ze

d c

urt

ain

wa

ll syste

ms a

re m

ad

e u

p o

f m

an

y c

om

po

ne

nts

th

at

exp

an

d a

nd

co

ntr

act

at

diffe

ren

t ra

tes a

nd

th

ere

fore

aff

ect

the

syste

m’s

in

teg

rity

/ p

erf

orm

an

ce

. O

lde

r cu

rta

in w

alls

ma

y n

ot

be

de

taile

d s

uch

th

at

mo

istu

re /

wa

ter

dra

ins e

ffe

ctive

ly o

ut

of

the

syste

m.

Re

gu

lar

bu

ildin

g

ma

na

ge

me

nt

pra

ctice

s,

as c

arr

ied

ou

t b

y S

NC

Pro

Fa

c,

will

re

vie

w

de

ficie

ncie

s a

nd

re

ctify

cu

rta

in w

all

co

mp

on

en

ts t

ha

t h

ave

de

teri

ora

ted

an

d

ca

n p

ose

a s

eri

ou

s r

isk.

Th

ese

wo

uld

sa

feg

ua

rd t

he

de

teri

ora

tio

n o

f th

is

syste

m c

om

po

ne

nt.

8.

Bu

ildin

g S

yste

ms:

a.

En

ve

lop

Syste

ms:

i.

Me

tal C

lad

din

g

Me

tal cla

dd

ing

is s

ub

jecte

d t

o t

yp

ica

l w

ea

the

rin

g d

ue

to

so

lar

rad

iatio

n,

tem

pe

ratu

re f

luctu

atio

ns a

nd

ra

in /

sn

ow

eve

nts

. A

s c

lima

te c

ha

ng

e is

mo

re e

xtr

em

e t

he

cla

dd

ing

is lik

ely

to

be

exp

ose

d t

o h

ars

he

r w

ea

the

rin

g

En

gin

ee

rin

g V

uln

era

bili

ty A

sse

ssm

en

t o

f th

e M

ain

Sta

tistics C

an

ad

a B

uild

ing

to

th

e I

mp

acts

of

Clim

ate

Ch

an

ge

HO

K C

an

ad

a

1

10

:12

8

su

ch

th

at

it m

ay f

ail

ea

rlie

r in

th

e life

cycle

. R

eg

ula

r b

uild

ing

ma

na

ge

me

nt

pra

ctice

s,

as c

arr

ied

ou

t b

y S

NC

Pro

Fa

c,

will

re

vie

w d

eficie

ncie

s a

nd

re

ctify

me

tal cla

dd

ing

co

mp

on

en

ts t

ha

t h

ave

de

teri

ora

ted

an

d c

an

po

se

a

se

rio

us r

isk.

Th

ese

wo

uld

sa

feg

ua

rd t

he

de

teri

ora

tio

n o

f th

is s

yste

m

co

mp

on

en

t.

9.

Bu

ildin

g S

yste

ms:

a.

Win

do

ws /

Do

ors

: i.

Alu

min

um

Win

do

ws

Co

mm

en

ts u

nd

er

ite

m #

1 r

eg

ard

ing

th

e c

urr

en

t b

uild

ing

scie

nce

an

d

ma

na

ge

me

nt

pra

ctice

s o

n s

ite

als

o a

pp

ly.

Th

ese

wo

uld

sa

feg

ua

rd t

he

d

ete

rio

ratio

n o

f th

is s

yste

m c

om

po

ne

nt.

As w

ell

refe

r to

ite

m #

7 a

bo

ve

.

10

. B

uild

ing

Syste

ms:

a.

Win

do

ws /

Do

ors

: i.

Do

ors

(S

tee

l /

Alu

min

um

)

Th

e n

um

be

r o

f d

oo

r o

pe

nin

gs is g

en

era

lly m

uch

sm

alle

r th

an

th

e a

mo

un

t o

f g

lazin

g t

hro

ug

ho

ut

the

bu

ildin

g.

Th

is e

lem

en

t p

ose

s le

ss r

isk t

o t

he

b

uild

ing

ow

ne

r, m

an

ag

er

an

d t

en

an

t. I

t is

cri

tica

l fo

r d

oo

rs t

o h

ave

a g

oo

d

se

al so

th

at

it m

itig

ate

s in

teri

or

an

d e

xte

rio

r e

nvir

on

me

nts

, e

sp

ecia

lly

du

rin

g t

he

su

mm

er

mo

nth

s.

Re

gu

lar

bu

ildin

g m

an

ag

em

en

t p

ractice

s,

as

ca

rrie

d o

ut

by S

NC

Pro

Fa

c,

will

re

vie

w d

eficie

ncie

s a

nd

re

ctify

exte

rio

r d

oo

r co

mp

on

en

ts t

ha

t h

ave

de

teri

ora

ted

an

d c

an

po

se

a s

eri

ou

s r

isk.

Th

ese

wo

uld

sa

feg

ua

rd t

he

de

teri

ora

tio

n o

f th

is s

yste

m c

om

po

ne

nt.

11

. B

uild

ing

Syste

ms:

a.

Fla

t R

oo

f S

yste

ms (

inclu

din

g r

oo

f d

rain

s)

Giv

en

th

at

fla

t ro

ofs

will

re

tain

so

me

wa

ter

an

d t

ha

t fr

ee

ze

th

aw

cycle

s w

ill

incre

ase

ove

r th

e w

inte

r m

on

ths,

it c

an

be

exp

ecte

d t

ha

t th

is w

ill p

ose

a

sig

nific

an

t str

ain

on

th

e in

teg

rity

of

the

syste

m s

o m

uch

so

th

at

the

life

cycle

will

be

sh

ort

en

ed

. U

ne

xp

ecte

d le

aks m

ay t

ake

pla

ce

an

d t

he

refo

re

co

mp

rom

ise

th

e s

tru

ctu

re a

nd

fin

ish

es b

elo

w.

Th

is s

yste

m is v

ita

l to

th

e

we

ll b

ein

g o

f a

bu

ildin

g’s

op

era

tio

ns a

nd

as s

uch

is c

ritica

l syste

m t

ha

t re

qu

ire

s c

on

sta

nt

mo

nito

rin

g.

Typ

ica

l m

an

ag

em

en

t p

ractice

s r

eq

uir

e

an

nu

al re

vie

w o

f th

is s

yste

m s

uch

th

at

it w

ill s

afe

gu

ard

th

e s

yste

m.

12

. E

lectr

ica

l S

yste

ms:

a.

Po

we

r S

up

ply

an

d R

elia

bili

ty

As t

em

pe

ratu

re a

nd

hu

mid

ity le

ve

ls w

ill in

cre

ase

, e

lectr

ica

l d

em

an

ds w

ill

als

o in

cre

ase

with

no

gu

ara

nte

e t

ha

t th

e u

tilit

y w

ill b

e a

ble

to

su

pp

ly

en

ou

gh

po

we

r city w

ide

. P

ow

er

su

pp

ly a

nd

re

liab

ility

is t

he

refo

re v

ery

vu

lne

rab

le.

Th

is e

lem

en

t is

no

t re

vie

we

d a

s p

art

of

typ

ica

l b

uild

ing

co

nd

itio

n m

an

ag

em

en

t p

ractice

s a

nd

th

ere

fore

will

re

qu

ire

sp

ecia

l a

tte

ntio

n

an

d m

on

ito

rin

g.

Wh

en

VR >

1,

the

in

fra

str

uc

ture

co

mp

on

en

t is

vu

lne

rab

le

Infr

as

tru

ctu

re C

om

po

ne

nt

sh

ow

ing

vu

lne

rab

ilit

y s

ho

uld

be

fo

rwa

rde

d t

o S

ec

tio

n 4

.5.2

in

Wo

rk S

he

et

5 f

or

ST

EP

5 R

ec

om

me

nd

ati

on

E

va

lua

tio

n.

Lis

t In

fra

str

uc

ture

Co

mp

on

en

ts f

orw

ard

ed

to

Se

cti

on

4.5

.2 o

f W

ork

Sh

ee

t 5

fo

r R

ec

om

me

nd

ati

on

As

se

ss

me

nt

be

low

:

En

gin

ee

rin

g V

uln

era

bili

ty A

sse

ssm

en

t o

f th

e M

ain

Sta

tistics C

an

ad

a B

uild

ing

to

th

e I

mp

acts

of

Clim

ate

Ch

an

ge

HO

K C

an

ad

a

1

11

:12

8

1.

Exte

rio

r S

yste

ms:

a.

Tu

nn

els

, M

an

ho

les,

Acce

ss D

oo

rs

- F

urt

he

r w

ork

is r

eq

uir

ed

to

un

de

rsta

nd

th

e s

yste

m a

nd

its

po

ten

tia

l vu

lne

rab

ility

.

2.

Bu

ildin

g S

yste

ms:

a.

Fla

t R

oo

f S

yste

ms -

Th

is s

yste

m is v

ita

l to

th

e w

ell

be

ing

of

a b

uild

ing

’s o

pe

ratio

ns a

nd

as s

uch

is c

ritica

l syste

m t

ha

t re

qu

ire

s c

on

sta

nt

mo

nito

rin

g t

o c

om

plim

en

t cu

rre

nt

an

nu

al re

vie

w p

ractice

s in

pla

ce

.

3.

Ele

ctr

ica

l S

yste

ms:

a.

Po

we

r S

up

ply

an

d R

elia

bili

ty -

Th

is e

lem

en

t is

no

t re

vie

we

d a

s p

art

of

typ

ica

l b

uild

ing

co

nd

itio

n m

an

ag

em

en

t p

ractice

s a

nd

th

ere

fore

w

ill r

eq

uir

e s

pe

cia

l a

tte

ntio

n a

nd

mo

nito

rin

g.

En

gin

ee

rin

g V

uln

era

bili

ty A

sse

ssm

en

t o

f th

e M

ain

Sta

tistics C

an

ad

a B

uild

ing

to

th

e I

mp

acts

of

Clim

ate

Ch

an

ge

HO

K C

an

ad

a

1

12

:12

8

4

.4.1

0 A

da

pti

ve

Ca

pa

cit

y (

AR)

Sin

ce

To

tal

Lo

ad

(L

T)

an

d T

ota

l C

ap

ac

ity

(C

T)

co

uld

no

t b

e c

alc

ula

ted

(s

ee

ex

pla

na

tio

ns

ab

ov

e)

a c

alc

ula

tio

n o

f A

da

pti

ve

Ca

pa

cit

y w

as

n

ot

co

nd

uc

ted

. T

he

refo

re A

R i

s u

nd

ete

rmin

ed

at

this

tim

e f

or

all

th

e b

uil

din

g c

om

po

ne

nts

id

en

tifi

ed

th

rou

gh

Ste

p 3

to

be

vu

lne

rab

le t

o

cli

ma

te c

ha

ng

e a

nd

wit

h P

C s

co

res

be

twe

en

12

an

d 3

5.

Ho

we

ve

r, d

ue

to

pro

fes

sio

na

l ju

dg

em

en

t, c

om

me

nta

ry h

as

be

en

pro

vid

ed

to

h

igh

lig

ht

sy

ste

ms

th

at

ha

ve

ad

ap

tiv

e c

ap

ac

ity

. T

he

fo

llo

win

g m

atr

ix h

as

be

en

mo

dif

ied

to

ac

co

mm

od

ate

th

e a

bo

ve

re

ali

ty.

Infr

as

tru

ctu

re C

om

po

ne

nt

C

om

me

nts

1.

Exte

rio

r S

yste

ms:

a.

Site

Dra

ina

ge

– r

ela

ted

to

slo

pe

s a

wa

y f

rom

th

e b

uild

ing

a

nd

in

clu

de

s s

oil

pe

rme

ab

ility

an

d h

ard

su

rfa

ce

s lik

e

sta

irs /

ra

mp

s

2.

Exte

rio

r S

yste

ms:

a.

Wa

lls: i.

Fre

esta

nd

ing

- c

on

cre

te a

nd

ma

so

nry

3.

Exte

rio

r S

yste

ms:

a.

Wa

lls: i.

Re

tain

ing

- c

on

cre

te

4.

Exte

rio

r S

yste

ms:

a.

Sta

irs –

me

tal

5.

Bu

ildin

g S

yste

ms:

a.

En

ve

lop

Syste

ms:

i.

Pre

ca

st

Co

ncre

te -

Win

do

w S

ills

6.

Bu

ildin

g S

yste

ms:

a.

En

ve

lop

Syste

ms:

i.

Gla

ze

d C

urt

ain

wa

ll

7.

Bu

ildin

g S

yste

ms:

a.

En

ve

lop

Syste

ms:

i.

Me

tal C

lad

din

g

8.

Bu

ildin

g S

yste

ms:

a.

Win

do

ws /

Do

ors

: i.

Alu

min

um

Win

do

ws

9.

Bu

ildin

g S

yste

ms:

a.

Win

do

ws /

Do

ors

: i.

Do

ors

(S

tee

l /

Alu

min

um

)

Th

ese

syste

ms h

ave

ad

ap

tive

ca

pa

city t

hro

ug

h t

yp

ica

l b

uild

ing

scie

nce

b

est

pra

ctice

s t

ha

t co

uld

be

im

ple

me

nte

d a

s p

art

of

the

bu

ildin

g

ma

na

ge

me

nt

pro

gra

m t

hro

ug

h r

eg

ula

r sch

ed

ule

d b

uild

ing

ma

inte

na

nce

a

ctivitie

s.

En

gin

ee

rin

g V

uln

era

bili

ty A

sse

ssm

en

t o

f th

e M

ain

Sta

tistics C

an

ad

a B

uild

ing

to

th

e I

mp

acts

of

Clim

ate

Ch

an

ge

HO

K C

an

ad

a

1

13

:12

8

4

.4.1

2 D

ata

Su

ffic

ien

cy

Id

en

tify

pro

ce

ss

to

de

ve

lop

da

ta,

Wh

ere

in

su

ffic

ien

t

Da

ta N

ee

de

d

Pro

ce

ss

Bu

ildin

g M

ate

ria

l P

rop

ert

ies

Re

gu

lar

bu

ildin

g c

on

ditio

n r

evie

ws,

se

rvic

e life

an

aly

sis

an

d

pro

fessio

na

l ju

dg

em

en

t.

Riv

er

Wa

ter

Ye

ar

Ro

un

d T

em

pe

ratu

res

Lik

e t

he

Clif

f S

tre

et

Pla

nt

– m

on

ito

r ri

ve

r w

ate

r te

mp

era

ture

re

gu

larl

y,

da

ily a

nd

th

rou

gh

ou

t th

e d

ay.

So

il C

ha

racte

ristic M

on

ito

rin

g

De

ve

lop

so

me

so

il m

on

ito

rin

g s

tatio

ns w

ith

in t

he

Ott

aw

a r

eg

ion

Gro

un

d W

ate

r M

on

ito

rin

g

De

ve

lop

so

me

gro

un

d w

ate

r m

on

ito

rin

g s

tatio

ns w

ith

in t

he

Ott

aw

a

reg

ion

.

Wh

ere

da

ta c

an

no

t b

e d

ev

elo

pe

d,

ide

nti

fy t

he

da

ta g

ap

as

a f

ind

ing

in

Ste

p 5

of

the

Pro

toc

ol

– R

ec

om

me

nd

ati

on

s.

Lis

t D

ata

Ga

p a

s f

ind

ing

s t

o b

e s

en

t to

ST

EP

5 (

Wo

rks

he

et

5:

Se

cti

on

3.5

.2)

8.

9.

10

.

11

.

D

ate:

M

ay 9

, 200

8 P

rep

ared

by:

Vin

ce C

atal

li

En

gin

ee

rin

g V

uln

era

bili

ty A

sse

ssm

en

t o

f th

e M

ain

Sta

tistics C

an

ad

a B

uild

ing

to

th

e I

mp

acts

of

Clim

ate

Ch

an

ge

HO

K C

an

ad

a

1

14

:12

8

Wo

rksh

ee

t 5

Re

co

mm

en

da

tio

ns –

Ma

in S

tatistics C

an

ad

a B

uild

ing

4.5

.1 S

tate

Lim

itati

on

s

MA

JO

R A

SS

UM

PT

ION

S6

A

va

ila

ble

in

fra

str

uc

ture

in

form

ati

on

an

d

so

urc

es

B

uild

ing

da

ta f

rom

th

e 2

00

7 b

uild

ing

co

nd

itio

n r

ep

ort

s is a

ssu

me

d t

o b

e a

ccu

rate

. H

ow

eve

r, b

eca

use

th

e a

sse

ssm

en

t is

fo

cu

se

d o

n f

utu

re s

ce

na

rio

s f

or

the

re

gio

na

l clim

ate

, a

ke

y

limita

tio

n t

o e

nsu

rin

g a

nd

ma

kin

g p

red

ictio

ns a

bo

ut

se

rvic

e life

of

bu

ildin

g m

ate

ria

ls a

nd

co

mp

on

en

ts is t

he

ava

ilab

le/f

ore

ca

ste

d a

nd

/or

pla

ns f

or

refu

rbis

hm

en

t, r

eh

ab

ilita

tio

n,

reco

nstr

uctio

n o

r d

em

olit

ion

an

d r

eb

uild

ing

of

the

bu

ildin

g.

T

he

un

ce

rta

inty

an

d f

luctu

atin

g b

ud

ge

ts o

f in

ve

stm

en

t a

nd

lo

ng

te

rm c

ap

ita

l p

lan

s o

f P

ub

lic W

ork

s

an

d G

ove

rnm

en

t S

erv

ice

s C

an

ad

a.

Th

is c

an

re

su

lt in

de

ferr

ed

ma

inte

na

nce

th

at

ca

n in

tu

rn a

ffe

ct

the

ab

ility

to

ma

inta

in t

he

bu

ildin

g t

o t

he

re

qu

ire

d p

erf

orm

an

ce

sta

nd

ard

s.

Th

ey c

an

als

o c

ha

ng

e

the

op

era

tin

g a

nd

ma

inte

na

nce

pri

ori

tie

s f

or

the

bu

ildin

g a

s w

ell

as p

lan

ne

d c

ap

ita

l u

pg

rad

es.

H

ow

eve

r, t

he

re

su

lts o

f th

is a

sse

ssm

en

t ca

n in

form

th

e f

utu

re d

eve

lop

me

nt

of

the

se

bu

dg

ets

an

d

pla

ns f

or

the

bu

ildin

g a

nd

th

e T

un

ne

y’s

Pa

stu

re C

am

pu

s in

ge

ne

ral.

A s

eco

nd

lim

ita

tio

n is t

he

in

ab

ility

to

pre

dic

t th

e o

ccu

rre

nce

of

extr

em

e w

ea

the

r e

ve

nts

th

at

ca

use

b

uild

ing

co

mp

on

en

ts o

r m

ate

ria

ls t

o f

ail

pre

ma

ture

ly.

Av

ail

ab

le c

lim

ate

an

d i

nfo

rma

tio

n

With

re

sp

ect

to lim

ita

tio

ns o

f th

e c

lima

te c

ha

ng

e m

od

els

, th

e m

od

els

use

d c

an

be

co

nsid

ere

d t

o b

e

the

be

st

ava

ilab

le e

stim

ate

s.

Ho

we

ve

r se

nsitiv

ity o

r u

nce

rta

inty

an

aly

sis

is s

till

un

de

r d

eve

lop

me

nt

in t

he

clim

ate

ch

an

ge

mo

de

ling

fie

ld.

Av

ail

ab

le O

the

r C

ha

ng

e I

nfo

rma

tio

n

an

d s

ou

rce

s

PW

GS

C is c

on

tin

uo

usly

op

tim

izin

g s

pa

ce

usa

ge

with

it’s r

ea

l p

rop

ert

y h

old

ing

s a

nd

in

co

nso

rt w

ith

S

NC

-La

va

lin P

rofa

c.

Th

ese

ch

an

ge

s d

o a

ffe

ct

the

ca

pa

city o

f th

e in

fra

str

uctu

re t

o m

ain

tain

o

ptim

um

wo

rk e

nvir

on

me

nts

fo

r b

uild

ing

occu

pa

nts

. H

ow

eve

r, t

he

cu

rre

nt

sta

nd

ard

s a

pp

lied

to

o

ccu

pa

ncy d

en

sity w

ith

th

e M

ain

Sta

tistics C

an

ad

a b

uild

ing

are

still

with

in t

he

ab

ility

of

the

bu

ildin

g

syste

ms t

o c

rea

te e

nvir

on

me

nts

th

at

me

et

the

ap

plic

ab

le c

od

es a

nd

sta

nd

ard

s (

i.e

. C

an

ad

a

La

bo

ur

Co

de

an

d O

ccu

pa

tio

na

l H

ea

lth

an

d S

afe

ty R

eg

ula

tio

ns).

F

urt

he

rmo

re,

incre

ase

d u

se

(th

rou

gh

hig

he

r e

mp

loye

e/o

ccu

pa

nt

de

nsitie

s)

with

in t

he

bu

ildin

g w

ill

ha

ve

an

eff

ect

on

th

e h

ea

tin

g a

nd

co

olin

g lo

ad

s p

lace

d o

n t

he

bu

ildin

g s

yste

ms a

nd

th

e c

en

tra

l h

ea

tin

g a

nd

co

olin

g p

lan

t. H

igh

er

de

nsity o

f IT

/IM

eq

uip

me

nt

als

o h

as d

ire

ct

eff

ects

on

he

atin

g,

co

olin

g a

nd

ve

ntila

tio

n s

yste

ms,

oft

en

re

qu

irin

g a

dd

itio

na

l co

olin

g,

ve

ntila

tio

n a

nd

hu

mid

ity c

on

tro

l

6 N

otio

nally

, the

se a

re th

e sa

me

maj

or a

ssum

ptio

ns th

at u

nder

lie th

e en

tire

asse

ssm

ent a

s de

term

ined

in S

tep

1 an

d S

tep

2 of

this

P

roto

col.

The

y m

ay in

clud

e bo

unda

ry c

ondi

tions

use

d to

def

ine

the

stud

y ar

ea, t

ime

fram

e, r

efur

bish

men

t sch

edul

es, e

tc.

En

gin

ee

rin

g V

uln

era

bili

ty A

sse

ssm

en

t o

f th

e M

ain

Sta

tistics C

an

ad

a B

uild

ing

to

th

e I

mp

acts

of

Clim

ate

Ch

an

ge

HO

K C

an

ad

a

1

15

:12

8

to b

e im

ple

me

nte

d.

Th

e r

atio

be

twe

en

em

plo

ye

e/w

ork

sta

tio

n s

pa

ce

an

d I

T/I

M s

pa

ce

ca

n h

ave

co

nsid

era

ble

aff

ect

on

th

e b

uild

ing

syste

ms,

pa

rtic

ula

rly h

ea

tin

g,

ve

ntila

tio

n a

nd

hu

mid

ity c

on

tro

l.

T

he

fre

qu

en

cy o

f m

ain

ten

an

ce

an

d q

ua

lity o

f m

ain

ten

an

ce

pra

ctice

s h

ave

in

flu

en

ce

on

th

e

ca

pa

city o

f th

e b

uild

ing

, p

art

icu

larl

y o

n t

he

lo

ng

evity o

f b

uild

ing

co

mp

on

en

ts a

nd

syste

ms.

De

ferr

ed

ma

inte

na

nce

an

d lo

w q

ua

lity m

ate

ria

ls w

ill a

cce

lera

te d

ete

rio

ratio

n o

f b

uild

ing

syste

ms.

Th

is is p

art

icu

larl

y im

po

rta

nt

for

bu

ildin

gs t

ha

t a

re r

ea

ch

ing

th

e e

nd

of

the

ir d

esig

n life

sp

an

.

Us

e o

f G

en

eri

c/s

pe

cif

ic e

xa

mp

les

to

re

pre

se

nt

po

pu

lati

on

n

on

e

Un

ce

rta

inty

an

d r

ela

ted

co

nc

ep

ts

Th

e T

un

ne

y’s

Pa

stu

re C

am

pu

s is c

urr

en

tly t

he

fo

cu

s o

f a

Ma

ste

r P

lan

nin

g e

xe

rcis

e b

ein

g

un

de

rta

ke

n b

y P

ub

lic W

ork

s a

nd

Go

ve

rnm

en

t S

erv

ice

s C

an

ad

a.

Th

e o

utc

om

es o

f th

is s

tud

y a

re

un

kn

ow

n a

t th

is t

ime

an

d d

ifficu

lt t

o p

red

ict.

Ho

we

ve

r, t

he

y m

ay a

ffe

ct

the

in

ve

stm

en

t p

lan

s a

nd

b

ud

ge

ts a

nd

re

su

ltin

g p

rio

ritie

s f

or

the

Ma

in S

tatistics C

an

ad

a B

uild

ing

.

Th

e H

eri

tag

e d

esig

na

tio

n o

f th

e M

ain

Sta

tistics C

an

ad

a B

uild

ing

co

uld

aff

ect

the

po

ten

tia

l p

rio

ritie

s

an

d p

lan

s t

o im

pro

ve

, u

pg

rad

e o

r re

furb

ish

th

e b

uild

ing

, p

art

icu

larl

y t

he

bu

ildin

g e

nve

lop

. T

his

fa

cto

r w

as n

ot

inclu

de

d o

r re

se

arc

he

d a

s p

art

of

this

asse

ssm

en

t.

B

eca

use

th

e M

ain

Sta

tistics C

an

ad

a B

uild

ing

re

lies o

n t

he

Ce

ntr

al H

ea

tin

g a

nd

Co

olin

g P

lan

t (C

HC

P)

for

he

atin

g a

nd

co

olin

g f

or

mu

ch

of

it’s

occu

pie

d s

pa

ce

, th

e e

ffic

ien

cy a

nd

aff

ects

of

incre

ase

d lo

ad

s o

n t

he

CH

CP

ne

ed

to

be

stu

die

d f

urt

he

r. T

his

is a

ma

jor

limita

tio

n o

f th

e c

urr

en

t a

sse

ssm

en

t a

s t

he

bu

ildin

g a

nd

its

co

mp

on

en

ts s

ho

uld

be

co

nsid

ere

d t

o b

e a

n in

teg

rate

d s

yste

m

wo

rkin

g t

o p

rovid

e t

he

ne

ce

ssa

ry f

un

ctio

ns f

or

its o

ccu

pa

nts

. I.

e.

ch

an

ge

s t

o t

he

bu

ildin

g e

nve

lop

w

ill im

pa

ct

he

atin

g a

nd

co

olin

g lo

ad

s.

Oth

er

Ch

an

ge

s t

o t

he

po

licie

s g

ove

rnin

g in

ve

stm

en

ts in

ma

inte

na

nce

an

d r

eca

pita

liza

tio

n o

f fe

de

ral

bu

ildin

gs m

ay a

cce

lera

te t

he

re

fitt

ing

an

d/o

r co

mp

lete

re

bu

ildin

g o

f th

e M

ain

Sta

tistics C

an

ad

a

Bu

ildin

g.

Su

ch

ch

an

ge

s m

ay a

lso

in

dic

ate

th

e n

ee

d t

o d

eco

mm

issio

n t

he

bu

ildin

g (

as it

is n

ea

r th

e

en

d o

f its d

esig

n life

) a

nd

bu

ild a

ne

w f

acili

ty.

Ho

we

ve

r, m

ee

tin

g w

ith

PW

GS

C a

nd

SN

C-L

ava

lin

Pro

fac in

dic

ate

d t

ha

t th

is w

as u

nlik

ely

in

th

e n

ea

r fu

ture

(5

-10

ye

ars

).

En

gin

ee

rin

g V

uln

era

bili

ty A

sse

ssm

en

t o

f th

e M

ain

Sta

tistics C

an

ad

a B

uild

ing

to

th

e I

mp

acts

of

Clim

ate

Ch

an

ge

HO

K C

an

ad

a

1

16

:12

8

4.5

.2 R

eco

mm

en

da

tio

ns

Infr

as

tru

ctu

re C

om

po

ne

nt

/ D

ata

Ga

p

Re

me

dia

l E

ng

ine

eri

ng

A

cti

on

Ma

na

ge

me

nt

Ac

tio

ns

No

fu

rth

er

Ac

tio

n

Re

co

mm

en

da

tio

n

Pri

ori

ty

(lo

w,

me

diu

m,

hig

h)7

Co

mm

en

ts

Co

mp

on

en

ts w

ith

Vu

lne

rab

ilit

y

Pri

ori

ty v

alu

es

> 3

6

4.

Exte

rio

r S

yste

ms:

a

. S

ite

D

rain

s

–

sto

rm

an

d

rain

w

ate

r

Re

fer

to B

CR

2

00

7 p

ag

es

25

an

d 3

4 t

o

44

.

Re

se

arc

h t

he

de

taile

d e

xis

tin

g

an

d p

roje

cte

d lo

ad

s o

n t

he

site

d

rain

s,

so

il ty

pe

s,

site

slo

pe

s,

wa

ter

tab

les a

nd

be

dro

ck

top

og

rap

hy a

nd

gro

un

dw

ate

r ta

ble

s t

o d

ete

rmin

e if

op

tim

um

e

ng

ine

eri

ng

so

lutio

n (

e.g

. w

ate

r re

ten

tio

n a

rea

s o

r g

rou

nd

wa

ter

rech

arg

e

syste

ms).

M

ed

ium

T

his

syste

m is n

ot

ad

eq

ua

tely

mo

nito

red

at

the

BC

R le

ve

l a

s t

he

re is little

to

no

me

ntio

of

the

site

dra

ina

ge

syste

ms.

It is o

ur

un

de

rsta

nd

ing

th

at

in t

he

mid

90

’s w

ork

wa

do

ne

to

up

da

te t

he

site

dra

ina

ge

syste

m,

ho

we

ve

r w

e c

ou

ld n

ot

de

fin

itiv

ely

co

nfirm

th

is.

It is h

igh

ly lik

ely

th

at

as a

re

su

lt o

f th

isu

pd

ate

ad

de

d c

ap

acity w

as b

uilt

in

. T

he

d

esig

n p

ara

me

ters

of

the

sto

rm d

rain

s w

ere

no

t a

va

ilab

le.

Ba

se

d o

n p

rofe

ssio

na

l ju

dg

me

nt

with

civ

il e

ng

ine

eri

ng

in

pu

t, t

he

e

xis

tin

g s

torm

dra

ins m

ee

t a

nd

are

p

ote

ntia

lly a

t fu

ll ca

pa

city.

B

ase

d o

n p

roje

cte

d

incre

ase

d p

recip

ita

tio

nth

ese

syste

ms w

ill p

ote

ntia

lly b

e in

ad

eq

ua

ta

nd

as s

uch

ma

y n

ee

d t

o b

e s

up

ple

me

nte

dw

ith

sto

rm w

ate

r re

ten

tio

n a

rea

s o

r w

ith

g

rou

nd

wa

ter

rech

arg

e s

yste

ms.

5.

Exte

rio

r S

yste

ms:

a

. W

alk

wa

ys

–

co

ncre

te,

asp

ha

lt,

un

it

pa

ve

rs

Re

fer

to B

CR

2

00

7 p

ag

es

44

to

48

.

Fir

st,

it

is r

eco

mm

en

de

d t

ha

t a

ll o

f th

ese

pa

rkin

g s

urf

ace

s

be

ke

pt

fre

e a

nd

cle

ar

of

sn

ow

in

acco

rda

nce

with

cu

rre

nt

bu

ildin

g m

an

ag

em

en

t p

ractice

s.

H

igh

D

ue

to

in

cre

ase

d f

ree

ze

th

aw

an

d r

ain

ove

the

win

ter

mo

nth

s it

ca

n b

e e

xp

ecte

d t

ha

t th

ere

will

be

mo

re ice

bu

ild-u

p o

n w

alk

wa

ys

Th

e T

un

ne

y’s

Pa

stu

re c

am

pu

s h

as w

ell

ove

r 1

0,0

00

pe

op

le w

ith

on

ly a

bo

ut

10

00

p

ark

ing

sp

ots

. It

th

ere

fore

ha

s a

str

on

g

7 B

ase

d o

n p

rofe

ssio

na

l ju

dg

em

en

t a

nd

po

ten

tia

l im

pa

ct

on

ove

rall

fun

ctio

n a

nd

pe

rfo

rma

nce

of

the

bu

ildin

g.

En

gin

ee

rin

g V

uln

era

bili

ty A

sse

ssm

en

t o

f th

e M

ain

Sta

tistics C

an

ad

a B

uild

ing

to

th

e I

mp

acts

of

Clim

ate

Ch

an

ge

HO

K C

an

ad

a

1

17

:12

8

4.5

.2 R

eco

mm

en

da

tio

ns

Infr

as

tru

ctu

re C

om

po

ne

nt

/ D

ata

Ga

p

Re

me

dia

l E

ng

ine

eri

ng

A

cti

on

Ma

na

ge

me

nt

Ac

tio

ns

No

fu

rth

er

Ac

tio

n

Re

co

mm

en

da

tio

n

Pri

ori

ty

(lo

w,

me

diu

m,

hig

h)7

Co

mm

en

ts

Se

co

nd

, m

an

ag

em

en

t sh

ou

ld

en

su

re c

on

sis

ten

t le

ve

ls o

f su

ffic

ien

t b

ud

ge

t fo

r sn

ow

cle

ari

ng

.

Th

ird

, a

ll w

alk

wa

y a

nd

pa

rkin

g

su

rfa

ce

s s

ho

uld

use

ma

teri

als

th

at

will

with

sta

nd

in

cre

ase

d

fre

eze

-th

aw

cycle

s.

In a

dd

itio

n,

the

se

ma

teri

als

sh

ou

ld t

ry t

o

min

imiz

e h

ea

t g

ain

in

ord

er

to

red

uce

po

ssib

le c

oo

ling

lo

ad

s

on

th

e b

uild

ing

du

rin

g t

he

su

mm

er.

pe

de

str

ian

co

mp

on

en

t g

ive

n its

pro

xim

ity t

oth

e t

ran

sit w

ay a

nd

pa

rkin

g r

estr

ictio

ns.

He

alth

an

d s

afe

ty o

f p

ed

estr

ian

s is k

ey a

s

pre

ve

ntio

n o

f in

jury

on

ice

is v

ery

im

po

rta

nt

At

the

sa

me

tim

e t

he

fre

eze

th

aw

cycle

will

ca

se

he

avin

g a

nd

ma

teri

al d

ete

rio

ratio

n

ma

kin

g t

he

co

nd

itio

n o

f th

e w

alk

wa

ys p

ron

to t

rip

pin

g h

aza

rds.

Th

is w

ill p

ose

a

sig

nific

an

t ri

sk a

nd

co

st

to m

ain

tain

ing

th

is

infr

astr

uctu

re c

om

po

ne

nt.

H

igh

er

Te

mp

era

ture

s w

ill a

ffe

ct

wa

lkw

ays

esp

ecia

lly a

sp

ha

lt w

alk

wa

ys a

s it

will

ca

use

the

ma

teri

al to

so

fte

n t

hu

s a

ffe

ctin

g its

w

ea

r. F

or

exa

mp

le,

sh

oe

he

els

will

p

un

ctu

re in

to t

he

wa

lkw

ay a

nd

cre

ate

cre

vic

es t

ha

t in

th

e w

inte

r w

ill b

e s

ub

jecte

dto

fre

eze

th

aw

an

d c

au

se

th

e w

alk

wa

y t

o

bre

akd

ow

n f

aste

r.

6.

Exte

rio

r S

yste

ms:

a

. S

tair

s –

co

ncre

te

Re

fer

to B

CR

2

00

7 p

ag

es

56

to

58

.

No

ne

- co

ntin

ue

d m

on

ito

rin

g

thro

ug

h c

urr

en

t b

uild

ing

m

an

ag

em

en

t a

nd

bu

ildin

g

co

nd

itio

n r

ep

ort

ing

pro

ce

du

res.

L

ow

In

cre

ase

d f

ree

ze

th

aw

cycle

s w

ill c

au

se

h

ea

vin

g a

nd

ma

teri

al d

ete

rio

ratio

n m

akin

g

the

sta

irs a

n a

rea

pro

ne

to

occu

pa

nt

trip

pin

g/f

alli

ng

/in

jury

. T

his

co

uld

po

se

a

sig

nific

an

t ri

sk d

uri

ng

em

erg

en

cie

s a

nd

e

va

cu

atio

ns.

Sta

irs s

ho

uld

be

ke

pt

cle

ar

osn

ow

an

d ice

du

rin

g w

inte

r m

on

ths t

o

en

su

re d

ry c

on

ditio

ns a

nd

pre

ve

nt

ma

teri

al

de

teri

ora

tio

n.

N

ote

, b

eca

use

of

the

pu

blic

na

ture

of

this

b

uild

ing

an

d t

he

un

ion

ize

d c

ivil

se

rvic

e

occu

pa

nts

, sn

ow

cle

ari

ng

on

ste

ps is

En

gin

ee

rin

g V

uln

era

bili

ty A

sse

ssm

en

t o

f th

e M

ain

Sta

tistics C

an

ad

a B

uild

ing

to

th

e I

mp

acts

of

Clim

ate

Ch

an

ge

HO

K C

an

ad

a

1

18

:12

8

4.5

.2 R

eco

mm

en

da

tio

ns

Infr

as

tru

ctu

re C

om

po

ne

nt

/ D

ata

Ga

p

Re

me

dia

l E

ng

ine

eri

ng

A

cti

on

Ma

na

ge

me

nt

Ac

tio

ns

No

fu

rth

er

Ac

tio

n

Re

co

mm

en

da

tio

n

Pri

ori

ty

(lo

w,

me

diu

m,

hig

h)7

Co

mm

en

ts

pro

mp

tly d

ea

lt w

ith

in

a

cco

rda

nce

with

P

WG

SC

sta

nd

ard

s.

7.

Exte

rio

r S

yste

ms:

a

. R

am

ps

–

co

ncre

te

Re

fer

to B

CR

2

00

7 p

ag

es

58

to

60

.

No

ne

- co

ntin

ue

d m

on

ito

rin

g

thro

ug

h c

urr

en

t b

uild

ing

m

an

ag

em

en

t a

nd

bu

ildin

g

co

nd

itio

n r

ep

ort

ing

pro

ce

du

res.

L

ow

In

cre

ase

d f

ree

ze

th

aw

cycle

s w

ill c

au

se

h

ea

vin

g a

nd

ma

teri

al d

ete

rio

ratio

n m

akin

g

the

ra

mp

s a

n a

rea

pro

ne

to

occu

pa

nt

trip

pin

g/f

alli

ng

/in

jury

. T

his

co

uld

po

se

a

sig

nific

an

t ri

sk d

uri

ng

em

erg

en

cie

s a

nd

e

va

cu

atio

ns.

Ra

mp

s s

ho

uld

be

ke

pt

cle

ar

osn

ow

an

d ice

du

rin

g w

inte

r m

on

ths t

o

en

su

re d

ry c

on

ditio

ns a

nd

pre

ve

nt

ma

teri

al

de

teri

ora

tio

n.

N

ote

, b

eca

use

of

the

pu

blic

na

ture

of

this

b

uild

ing

an

d t

he

un

ion

ize

d c

ivil

se

rvic

e

occu

pa

nts

, sn

ow

cle

ari

ng

on

ra

mp

s is

pro

mp

tly d

ea

lt w

ith

in

a

cco

rda

nce

with

P

WG

SC

sta

nd

ard

s.

8.

Exte

rio

r S

yste

ms:

a

. P

ark

ing

ve

hic

le

are

as –

co

ncre

te,

asp

ha

lt,

un

it

pa

ve

rs

Re

fer

to B

CR

2

00

7 p

ag

es

48

to

50

.

Sa

me

re

co

mm

en

da

tio

ns a

s f

or

wa

lkw

ays a

bo

ve

Me

diu

m

Ple

ase

se

e d

iscu

ssio

n o

n w

alk

wa

ys a

bo

ve

9.

Bu

ildin

g S

yste

ms:

a.

En

ve

lop

S

yste

ms:

i.

ma

so

nry

w

alls

Re

fer

to B

CR

2

00

7 p

ag

es

61

to

63

.

Du

rin

g t

he

win

ter

mo

nth

s

he

atin

g s

yste

m p

ipe

s c

an

fr

ee

ze

an

d b

urs

t re

su

ltin

g in

b

uild

ing

en

ve

lop

wa

ter

da

ma

ge

(re

fer

to B

CR

). A

s

we

ll, t

he

aff

ects

of

incre

ase

d

pre

cip

ita

tio

n a

nd

mo

istu

re

mig

ratio

n in

to t

he

en

ve

lop

n

ee

ds t

o b

e s

tud

ied

fu

rth

er.

H

igh

D

ue

to

in

cre

ase

d r

ain

ove

r th

e y

ea

r,

mo

istu

re w

ill lik

ely

ma

ke

its

wa

y in

to t

he

b

uild

ing

en

ve

lop

e.

Th

e r

esu

lt o

f th

is w

ill

me

an

in

cre

ase

d b

rick f

ailu

re.

So

me

e

vid

en

ce

of

this

is c

urr

en

tly b

ein

g s

ee

n b

y

Bu

ildin

g M

an

ag

em

en

t.

With

no

dra

ina

ge

ca

vity it

will

ma

ke

it

mo

red

ifficu

lt t

o k

ee

p t

he

en

ve

lop

dry

. T

he

on

ly

me

an

s o

f d

ryin

g o

ut

the

en

ve

lop

is t

hro

ug

h

En

gin

ee

rin

g V

uln

era

bili

ty A

sse

ssm

en

t o

f th

e M

ain

Sta

tistics C

an

ad

a B

uild

ing

to

th

e I

mp

acts

of

Clim

ate

Ch

an

ge

HO

K C

an

ad

a

1

19

:12

8

4.5

.2 R

eco

mm

en

da

tio

ns

Infr

as

tru

ctu

re C

om

po

ne

nt

/ D

ata

Ga

p

Re

me

dia

l E

ng

ine

eri

ng

A

cti

on

Ma

na

ge

me

nt

Ac

tio

ns

No

fu

rth

er

Ac

tio

n

Re

co

mm

en

da

tio

n

Pri

ori

ty

(lo

w,

me

diu

m,

hig

h)7

Co

mm

en

ts

Th

e o

ptim

um

bu

ildin

g e

nve

lop

te

ch

no

log

y n

ee

ds t

o b

e

rese

arc

he

d a

nd

ap

plie

d t

o t

he

b

uild

ing

. T

he

bu

ildin

g’s

H

eri

tag

e s

tatu

s w

ill a

lso

ne

ed

to

be

co

nsid

ere

d in

th

is s

tud

y.

Wh

at

eve

r th

e c

orr

ective

m

ea

su

re d

ecid

ed

, it w

ill r

eq

uir

e

so

me

a

lte

ratio

ns t

o t

he

h

ea

tin

g,

co

olin

g a

nd

ve

ntila

tio

n

syste

ms t

o e

nsu

re o

ptim

um

b

uild

ing

pe

rfo

rma

nce

in

lin

e

with

cu

rre

nt

bu

ildin

g s

cie

nce

a

nd

co

de

s.

bu

ildin

g h

ea

t m

igra

tin

g o

utw

ard

an

d s

ola

r ra

dia

tio

n t

hro

ug

ho

ut

the

ye

ar.

In

th

e w

inte

mo

nth

s a

ny m

ois

ture

with

in t

he

en

ve

lop

e

will

be

su

bje

cte

d t

o f

ree

ze

th

aw

cycle

s

the

refo

re a

ffe

ctin

g t

he

str

uctu

ral in

teg

rity

of

the

bu

ildin

g e

nve

lop

ma

teri

als

. H

igh

er

hu

mid

ity le

ve

ls in

th

e s

um

me

r m

on

ths m

ay

ha

ve

th

e s

am

e e

ffe

ct

in t

ha

t m

ois

ture

will

m

igra

te in

to t

he

en

ve

lop

th

at

ca

n c

au

se

d

am

ag

e.

A

ny f

utu

re a

lte

ratio

ns

to

th

e b

uild

ing

e

nve

lop

will

re

qu

ire

se

rio

us c

on

sid

era

tio

n

be

fore

an

y a

ctio

n is t

ake

n a

s it

ca

n

sig

nific

an

tly a

lte

r th

e p

erf

orm

an

ce

an

d

ne

ga

tive

ly im

pa

ct

the

syste

m.

In a

dd

itio

n,

su

ch

ch

an

ge

s m

ay h

ave

sig

nific

an

t a

ffe

cts

o

n h

ea

tin

g,

co

olin

g a

nd

ve

ntila

tio

n lo

ad

s

req

uir

em

en

ts f

or

the

bu

ildin

g.

10

. B

uild

ing

Syste

ms:

a.

En

ve

lop

S

yste

ms:

i.

sto

ne

p

an

els

(i

nclu

din

g

he

ad

ers

a

nd

sill

s)

Re

fer

to B

CR

2

00

7 p

ag

es

64

to

66

.

Se

e d

iscu

ssio

n a

bo

ve

fo

r m

aso

nry

wa

lls

H

igh

S

ee

dis

cu

ssio

n a

bo

ve

fo

r m

aso

nry

wa

lls

11

. M

ech

an

ica

l S

yste

ms:

a.

Co

olin

g

Syste

m

Re

fer

to B

CR

2

00

7 p

ag

es

De

taile

d e

ng

ine

eri

ng

e

va

lua

tio

n n

ee

ds t

o b

e

H

igh

C

lima

te c

ha

ng

e im

pa

cts

th

e c

ap

ab

ility

of

the

co

olin

g s

yste

m t

o m

ee

t lo

ad

s f

or

the

En

gin

ee

rin

g V

uln

era

bili

ty A

sse

ssm

en

t o

f th

e M

ain

Sta

tistics C

an

ad

a B

uild

ing

to

th

e I

mp

acts

of

Clim

ate

Ch

an

ge

HO

K C

an

ad

a

1

20

:12

8

4.5

.2 R

eco

mm

en

da

tio

ns

Infr

as

tru

ctu

re C

om

po

ne

nt

/ D

ata

Ga

p

Re

me

dia

l E

ng

ine

eri

ng

A

cti

on

Ma

na

ge

me

nt

Ac

tio

ns

No

fu

rth

er

Ac

tio

n

Re

co

mm

en

da

tio

n

Pri

ori

ty

(lo

w,

me

diu

m,

hig

h)7

Co

mm

en

ts

an

d A

de

qu

acy

13

9 t

o 1

49

. co

nd

ucte

d o

n t

he

an

ticip

ate

d

loa

ds r

ela

tive

to

he

atin

g,

co

olin

g a

nd

th

e v

en

tila

tio

n

syste

m.

Th

is s

tud

y s

ho

uld

e

va

lua

te t

he

su

ita

bili

ty o

f

va

rio

us a

da

ptive

m

ea

su

res/t

ech

no

log

ies s

uch

a

s e

xte

rio

r sh

ad

ing

de

vic

es,

pa

ssiv

e c

oo

ling

te

ch

niq

ue

s,

etc

..

In a

dd

itio

n,

a c

lima

te c

ha

ng

e

vu

lne

rab

ility

asse

ssm

en

t sh

ou

ld b

e c

on

du

cte

d o

n t

he

C

en

tra

l H

ea

tin

g a

nd

Co

olin

g

Pla

nt

tha

t m

od

els

an

d

co

nsid

ers

: a

) th

e v

ari

ou

s

tech

no

log

y o

ptio

ns/a

da

ptive

m

ea

su

res f

or

the

bu

ildin

gs o

n

the

Ca

mp

us;

b)

pre

dic

ted

lo

ad

s a

nd

ca

pa

citie

s;

c)

the

fu

ture

Ma

ste

r P

lan

fo

r th

e

Ca

mp

us;

an

d d

) va

rio

us

tech

no

log

ies/a

da

ptive

m

ea

su

res f

or

the

CH

CP

its

elf

su

ch

as c

o-g

en

era

tio

n a

nd

g

eo

the

rma

l h

ea

tin

g a

nd

co

olin

g.

Tu

nn

ey’s

Pa

stu

re f

acili

tie

s in

tw

o w

ays:

1.

Ou

tdo

or

tem

pe

ratu

re a

nd

hu

mid

ity

incre

ase

s lo

ad

th

rou

gh

hig

he

r se

nsib

le a

nd

late

nt

co

olin

g o

f m

ake

-up

air

su

pp

ly a

nd

in

filtra

tio

n a

s w

ell

as in

cre

ase

s in

en

ve

lop

eco

nd

uctio

n g

ain

s.

As t

he

re

lative

hu

mid

ity

pro

jectio

ns a

re r

ela

tive

ly c

on

sta

nt,

th

e

pro

jecte

d r

ise

s in

te

mp

era

ture

re

su

lt in

in

cre

ase

s o

f m

ake

-air

an

d in

filtra

tio

n lo

ad

s

at

a r

ate

of

ab

ou

t 5

kJ/m

3 o

r 5

W/l/s

, m

ostly

late

nt.

Assu

min

g a

co

mb

ine

d a

ir c

ha

ng

e

rate

of

1 A

CH

, th

e lo

ad

in

cre

ase

ca

n b

e

estim

ate

d t

hu

s:

bu

ildin

g f

loo

r a

rea

(m

2)

x

tem

pe

ratu

re r

ise

(0

K)

x 5

(W

) =

ad

ditio

na

l co

olin

g lo

ad

(W

).

Bu

ildin

g e

nve

lop

e g

ain

s a

re s

ma

ller

an

d

req

uir

e e

nve

lop

e a

rea

s a

nd

U-v

alu

es.

Th

e

co

olin

g c

oils

an

d a

ir d

istr

ibu

tio

n m

ay b

e

insu

ffic

ien

t to

ma

inta

in a

cce

pta

ble

co

nd

itio

ns.

2.

Th

e c

en

tra

l ch

illin

g p

lan

t d

ep

en

ds

on

su

ffic

ien

tly c

oo

l w

ate

r a

nd

pu

mp

ing

ra

tefr

om

th

e O

tta

wa

Riv

er

to m

ain

tain

ca

pa

city

an

d p

ossib

ly o

pe

ratio

n.

A c

om

bin

ed

eff

ect

of

low

er

su

mm

er

rain

fall

an

d h

igh

er

am

bie

nte

mp

era

ture

s w

ill r

ais

e t

em

pe

ratu

res a

nd

lo

we

r flo

w r

ate

s o

f th

e O

tta

wa

Riv

er.

In

cre

ase

d u

sa

ge

fo

r h

ea

t re

jectio

n a

nd

u

rba

niz

atio

n u

pstr

ea

m w

ill h

ave

sim

ilar

En

gin

ee

rin

g V

uln

era

bili

ty A

sse

ssm

en

t o

f th

e M

ain

Sta

tistics C

an

ad

a B

uild

ing

to

th

e I

mp

acts

of

Clim

ate

Ch

an

ge

HO

K C

an

ad

a

1

21

:12

8

4.5

.2 R

eco

mm

en

da

tio

ns

Infr

as

tru

ctu

re C

om

po

ne

nt

/ D

ata

Ga

p

Re

me

dia

l E

ng

ine

eri

ng

A

cti

on

Ma

na

ge

me

nt

Ac

tio

ns

No

fu

rth

er

Ac

tio

n

Re

co

mm

en

da

tio

n

Pri

ori

ty

(lo

w,

me

diu

m,

hig

h)7

Co

mm

en

ts

eff

ects

. A

lth

ou

gh

cu

rre

nt

ca

pa

city e

xce

ed

s

de

ma

nd

by a

50

% m

arg

in c

urr

en

tly,

the

co

mb

ina

tio

n o

f lo

we

r ca

pa

city d

ue

to

co

nd

en

se

r te

mp

era

ture

ris

e a

nd

hig

he

r lo

ad

s m

ay r

ed

uce

th

e m

arg

in t

o c

ritica

l. T

ho

lde

r ste

am

tu

rbin

es w

ill b

e c

alle

d in

to

du

tm

ore

fre

qu

en

tly a

nd

sh

ort

en

th

eir

se

rvic

ea

ble

life

.

Co

mp

on

en

ts w

ith

Vu

lne

rab

ilit

y

Pri

ori

ty v

alu

es

> 1

2 <

35

•

Exte

rio

r S

yste

ms:

a

. T

un

ne

ls

ma

nh

ole

s/a

cce

ss

do

ors

Re

fer

to B

CR

2

00

7 p

ag

e

33

.

Stu

die

s s

ho

uld

be

co

nd

ucte

d

tha

t a

re s

imila

r a

s t

ho

se

d

iscu

sse

d a

bo

ve

un

de

r S

ite

D

rain

s –

sto

rm a

nd

ra

in w

ate

r,

ab

ove

.

M

ed

ium

B

ase

d o

n in

pu

t fr

om

SN

C P

roF

ac w

ate

r p

en

etr

atio

n in

to t

he

Tu

nn

el S

yste

m h

as n

ob

ee

n a

se

rio

us p

rob

lem

. D

rain

ag

e s

yste

ms

exis

t w

ith

in t

he

tu

nn

el th

at

ap

pe

ars

to

be

su

ffic

ien

t sh

ou

ld t

his

occu

r. G

ive

n t

ha

t p

recip

ita

tio

n is o

n t

he

in

cre

ase

, th

is s

yste

mm

ay b

e a

t a

hig

he

r ri

sk a

nd

th

ere

fore

re

qu

ire

s a

mo

re d

eta

iled

an

aly

sis

.

•

Bu

ildin

g S

yste

ms:

a.

Fla

t R

oo

f S

yste

ms

(in

clu

din

g

roo

f d

rain

s)

Re

fer

to B

CR

2

00

7 p

ag

es

78

to

80

.

Co

nd

uct

a r

ese

arc

h s

tud

y t

o

de

term

ine

op

tim

um

fla

t ro

of

tech

no

log

y,

de

sig

n o

ptio

ns,

mitig

atio

n s

tra

teg

ies a

nd

p

ote

ntia

l e

ffe

cts

of

fre

eze

th

aw

a

nd

ice

bu

ild-u

p.

S

uch

a s

tud

y s

ho

uld

in

ve

stig

ate

cu

rre

nt

be

st

M

ed

ium

D

ue

to

in

cre

ase

d f

ree

ze

th

aw

an

d r

ain

ove

the

win

ter

mo

nth

s it

ca

n b

e e

xp

ecte

d t

ha

t th

ere

will

be

mo

re ice

bu

ild-u

p o

n r

oo

fs.

Th

is w

ill p

ose

a s

ign

ific

an

t ri

sk a

nd

co

st

to

ma

inta

inin

g t

his

in

fra

str

uctu

re c

om

po

ne

nt

giv

en

th

at

fre

eze

th

aw

ma

y r

esu

lt in

d

am

ag

ing

th

e r

oo

f syste

m.

De

pe

nd

ing

on

th

e t

yp

e o

f ro

of

syste

m t

he

eff

ect

will

va

ry.

En

gin

ee

rin

g V

uln

era

bili

ty A

sse

ssm

en

t o

f th

e M

ain

Sta

tistics C

an

ad

a B

uild

ing

to

th

e I

mp

acts

of

Clim

ate

Ch

an

ge

HO

K C

an

ad

a

1

22

:12

8

4.5

.2 R

eco

mm

en

da

tio

ns

Infr

as

tru

ctu

re C

om

po

ne

nt

/ D

ata

Ga

p

Re

me

dia

l E

ng

ine

eri

ng

A

cti

on

Ma

na

ge

me

nt

Ac

tio

ns

No

fu

rth

er

Ac

tio

n

Re

co

mm

en

da

tio

n

Pri

ori

ty

(lo

w,

me

diu

m,

hig

h)7

Co

mm

en

ts

pra

ctice

s in

clim

ate

s t

ha

t a

re

cu

rre

ntly s

imila

r to

th

e

pre

dic

ted

clim

ate

ch

an

ge

fo

r th

e O

tta

wa

Re

gio

n (

i.e

. w

arm

er,

mo

re f

ree

ze

th

aw

).

Wh

en

th

e r

oo

f syste

m b

rea

ks d

ow

n w

ate

r in

filtra

tio

n c

an

re

su

lt a

nd

cre

ate

da

ma

ge

to

oth

er

syste

ms b

elo

w t

he

ro

of

me

mb

ran

e.

H

igh

er

Te

mp

era

ture

s w

ill a

lso

aff

ect

roo

fin

gm

ate

ria

ls a

s it

will

ca

se

th

e m

ate

ria

l to

b

rea

k d

ow

n a

t fa

ste

r ra

tes d

ue

to

te

mp

era

ture

an

d U

V.

•

Ele

ctr

ica

l S

yste

ms:

a.

Po

we

r S

up

ply

a

nd

Re

liab

ility

Re

fer

to B

CR

2

00

7 p

ag

es

16

7 t

o 1

89

.

Re

se

arc

h s

tud

y s

ho

uld

be

co

nd

ucte

d t

og

eth

er

with

th

e

loca

l u

tilit

y (

e.g

. H

yd

ro O

tta

wa

) o

n t

he

cu

mu

lative

eff

ects

(c

on

su

mp

tio

n,

loa

ds,

pe

aks,

de

ma

nd

, e

tc.)

on

ele

ctr

icity

loa

ds d

uri

ng

sp

rin

g,

su

mm

er

an

d f

all.

Th

e s

tud

y s

ho

uld

als

o

inclu

de

th

e o

the

r b

uild

ing

s a

t th

e T

un

ne

y’s

Pa

stu

re C

am

pu

s

an

d f

acto

r in

th

e p

ossib

le

ch

an

ge

s t

o b

uild

ing

en

ve

lop

s

an

d p

ote

ntia

l co

-ge

ne

ratio

n

ca

pa

bili

tie

s a

t th

e C

HC

P.

M

ed

ium

P

ow

er

su

pp

ly a

nd

re

liab

ility

is c

ritica

l to

S

tats

Ca

na

da

’s o

pe

ratio

ns.

Po

we

r o

uta

ge

sca

n d

eh

ab

ilita

te o

pe

ratio

ns a

nd

aff

ect

clo

su

res a

s h

as b

ee

n s

ee

n in

th

e p

ast

esp

ecia

lly o

ve

r th

e s

um

me

r m

on

ths.

Du

rin

gth

e s

um

me

r, t

he

clim

ate

is e

xp

ecte

d t

o g

et

ho

tte

r a

nd

mo

re h

um

id a

nd

as a

re

su

lt

citiz

en

s o

f O

tta

wa

will

re

ly m

ore

on

air

co

nd

itio

nin

g.

Th

is in

cre

ase

in

lo

ad

th

rou

gh

ou

t O

tta

wa

will

po

se

a s

tra

in o

n t

he

en

erg

y g

rid

an

d a

ffe

ct

po

we

r re

liab

ility

th

rou

gh

ou

t th

e c

ity.

Po

we

r re

liab

ility

is

be

yo

nd

th

e c

on

tro

l o

f T

un

ne

y’s

Pa

stu

re a

s

it is a

so

urc

e o

f e

ne

rgy p

rovid

ed

by t

he

u

tilit

y a

t a

city w

ide

le

ve

l.

Th

e p

rim

ary

me

an

s o

f se

cu

rin

g p

ow

er

relia

bili

ty is t

o b

e s

elf s

uff

icie

nt.

Th

is w

ill

req

uir

e r

ed

uctio

n in

po

we

r u

sa

ge

an

d a

n

ab

ility

to

ge

ne

rate

on

site

po

we

r in

wh

ole

or

in p

art

fo

r S

tats

Ca

na

da

’s u

se

. M

ore

re

se

arc

h is r

eq

uir

ed

to

eva

lua

te o

ptio

ns.

En

gin

ee

rin

g V

uln

era

bili

ty A

sse

ssm

en

t o

f th

e M

ain

Sta

tistics C

an

ad

a B

uild

ing

to

th

e I

mp

acts

of

Clim

ate

Ch

an

ge

HO

K C

an

ad

a

1

23

:12

8

4.5

.2 R

eco

mm

en

da

tio

ns

Infr

as

tru

ctu

re C

om

po

ne

nt

/ D

ata

Ga

p

Re

me

dia

l E

ng

ine

eri

ng

A

cti

on

Ma

na

ge

me

nt

Ac

tio

ns

No

fu

rth

er

Ac

tio

n

Re

co

mm

en

da

tio

n

Pri

ori

ty

(lo

w,

me

diu

m,

hig

h)7

Co

mm

en

ts

Da

ta G

ap

s (

fro

m p

rev

iou

s

wo

rks

he

ets

)

Ba

se

line

(h

isto

rica

l) f

loo

d p

lain

d

ata

an

d g

rou

nd

wa

ter/

wa

ter

tab

le w

ere

no

t a

va

ilab

le a

t th

e

tim

e o

f th

e c

ase

stu

dy.

R

eco

mm

en

d u

sin

g t

he

stu

dy

dis

cu

sse

d u

nd

er

Site

dra

ins t

o

esta

blis

h b

ase

line

da

ta.

M

ed

ium

Fu

ture

pro

jecte

d f

loo

d p

lain

an

d

gro

un

d w

ate

r/w

ate

r ta

ble

in

form

atio

n w

as n

ot

ava

ilab

le a

t th

e t

ime

of

the

ca

se

stu

dy.

R

eco

mm

en

d P

WG

SC

in

itia

te

or

invo

lve

th

em

se

lve

s in

stu

die

s o

n t

he

clim

ate

ch

an

ge

e

ffe

cts

on

th

e O

tta

wa

Riv

er,

w

ate

rsh

ed

an

d f

loo

d p

lain

.

H

igh

Fu

rth

er

info

rma

tio

n a

nd

mo

de

llin

g

ne

ed

s t

o b

e d

on

e t

o p

red

ict

ch

an

ge

s in

extr

em

e w

ea

the

r e

ve

nts

in

th

e r

eg

ion

. If

it

is

ge

ne

rally

acce

pte

d t

ha

t th

ere

will

b

e in

cre

ase

s in

extr

em

e w

ea

the

r e

ve

nts

, cu

rre

nt

bu

ildin

g c

od

es

tha

t a

pp

ly s

ho

uld

be

re

vie

we

d t

o

de

term

ine

if

the

y a

re s

uff

icie

nt.

C

on

tin

ue

mo

nito

rin

g b

est

pra

ctice

s a

nd

sta

te o

f th

e a

rt in

clim

ate

ch

an

ge

fu

ture

sce

na

rio

m

od

elin

g a

nd

re

se

arc

h in

to

futu

re c

lima

te r

ela

ted

ch

an

ge

s

in e

xtr

em

e w

ea

the

r e

ve

nts

in

th

e r

eg

ion

.

L

ow

Po

ssib

le c

ha

ng

es in

so

il co

nd

itio

ns a

nd

wa

ter

tab

les a

re

cu

rre

nt

da

ta g

ap

s –

th

is r

ela

tes t

o

the

ab

ility

fo

r th

e s

ite

to

dra

in r

ain

a

nd

sto

rm w

ate

r a

nd

hyd

rosta

tic

pre

ssu

res a

ga

inst

foo

tin

gs,

fou

nd

atio

n w

alls

, sla

b o

n g

rad

e

an

d r

eta

inin

g w

alls

.

R

eco

mm

en

d u

sin

g t

he

stu

dy

dis

cu

sse

d u

nd

er

Site

Dra

ins t

o

un

de

rsta

nd

eff

ects

on

fo

otin

gs,

fou

nd

atio

n w

alls

, sla

b o

n

gra

de

, re

tain

ing

wa

lls,

etc

.

M

ed

ium

Win

d d

rive

n r

ain

in

de

x/f

acto

r is

a

cu

rre

nt

da

ta g

ap

th

at

rela

tes t

o

the

bu

ildin

g e

nve

lop

’s a

bili

ty t

o

D

eve

lop

an

d p

rese

nt

a

co

mb

ina

tio

n w

ind

/ra

in in

de

x in

fu

ture

clim

ate

ch

an

ge

M

ed

ium

En

gin

ee

rin

g V

uln

era

bili

ty A

sse

ssm

en

t o

f th

e M

ain

Sta

tistics C

an

ad

a B

uild

ing

to

th

e I

mp

acts

of

Clim

ate

Ch

an

ge

HO

K C

an

ad

a

1

24

:12

8

4.5

.2 R

eco

mm

en

da

tio

ns

Infr

as

tru

ctu

re C

om

po

ne

nt

/ D

ata

Ga

p

Re

me

dia

l E

ng

ine

eri

ng

A

cti

on

Ma

na

ge

me

nt

Ac

tio

ns

No

fu

rth

er

Ac

tio

n

Re

co

mm

en

da

tio

n

Pri

ori

ty

(lo

w,

me

diu

m,

hig

h)7

Co

mm

en

ts

sh

ed

an

d r

ed

ire

ct

rain

an

d s

no

w.

sce

na

rio

s f

or

bu

ildin

gs.

Ch

an

ge

s in

riv

er

wa

ter

tem

pe

ratu

re is a

da

ta g

ap

th

at

will

a

ffe

ct

the

co

olin

g c

ap

acity a

t fa

cili

tie

s t

ha

t re

ly o

n t

his

me

tho

d.

U

se

da

ta a

nd

in

form

atio

n

ga

the

red

un

de

r th

e s

tud

ies

reco

mm

en

de

d a

bo

ve

fo

r C

oo

ling

Syste

m a

nd

Ad

eq

ua

cy

M

ed

ium

4.5

.2.f

R

ep

ort

on

th

e o

ther

co

nclu

sio

ns, tr

en

ds, in

sig

hts

an

d lim

itati

on

s

Th

e f

ollo

win

g r

eco

mm

en

da

tio

ns h

ave

be

en

dra

wn

re

ga

rdin

g t

he

use

of

clim

ate

ch

an

ge

mo

de

ls a

nd

sce

na

rio

s in

th

e v

uln

era

bili

ty

asse

ssm

en

t o

f b

uild

ing

s.

Th

e c

lima

te c

ha

ng

e s

ce

na

rio

s a

nd

in

dic

es s

ho

uld

be

im

pro

ve

d a

s f

ollo

ws:

•

Th

e s

ce

na

rio

s s

ho

uld

pre

se

nt

(in

ad

ditio

n t

o s

pe

cific

in

dic

es)

a la

yp

ers

on

’s in

dic

atio

n o

f w

ha

t clim

ate

wo

uld

be

lik

e in

10

, 2

0,

50

ye

ar

tim

e h

ori

zo

n,

e.g

. in

20

50

Ott

aw

a’s

clim

ate

will

be

ro

ug

hly

sim

ilar

to P

hila

de

lph

ia.

Th

is w

ou

ld a

llow

re

se

arc

h a

nd

co

mp

ari

so

n

of

bu

ildin

g c

od

es a

nd

be

st

de

sig

n p

ractice

s in

th

ose

re

gio

ns t

o in

form

ch

an

ge

s t

ha

t n

ee

d t

o o

ccu

r in

th

e lo

ca

l re

gio

n b

ein

g s

tud

ied

.

•

Th

e t

erm

ino

log

y a

nd

pa

ram

ete

rs u

se

d in

th

e c

lima

te c

ha

ng

e in

dic

es a

nd

sce

na

rio

s s

ho

uld

be

alig

ne

d w

ith

Na

tio

na

l B

uild

ing

Co

de

, C

SA

an

d A

SH

RA

E s

tan

da

rd t

erm

ino

log

ies.

If la

rge

r n

um

be

rs o

f b

uild

ing

asse

ssm

en

ts a

re c

on

du

cte

d,

PIE

VC

, P

WG

SC

an

d

En

vir

on

me

nt

Ca

na

da

sh

ou

ld e

xp

lore

po

ssib

le c

olla

bo

ratio

n b

etw

ee

n C

SA

, A

SH

RA

E a

nd

Sce

na

rio

Mo

de

llers

to

alig

n t

erm

ino

log

y

use

d in

th

e P

IEV

C P

roto

co

l a

nd

th

e s

tan

da

rds u

se

d in

th

e in

du

str

y.

•

Ad

ditio

na

l clim

ate

pa

ram

ete

rs o

r in

dic

es w

ou

ld a

id t

he

asse

ssm

en

t p

roce

ss t

ha

t a

re a

lign

ed

with

AS

HR

AE

to

ols

an

d s

tan

da

rds,

su

ch

as:

o

De

w p

oin

t fr

eq

ue

ncy d

ist.

o

E

nth

alp

y f

req

. d

ist

o

Win

d s

pe

ed

fre

q.

dis

t o

D

ry/w

et

bu

lb-w

ind

jo

int

pa

ram

ete

r o

H

um

idity-t

em

p jo

int

pa

ram

ete

r o

E

leva

tio

n/t

op

og

rap

hy d

ata

wo

uld

be

im

po

rta

nt

for

bu

ildin

gs c

lose

r to

riv

ers

, str

ea

ms,

lake

s e

tc.

T

he

pro

ject

tea

m r

eco

gn

ize

s t

ha

t th

e M

ain

Sta

tistics C

an

ad

a B

uild

ing

ha

s H

eri

tag

e d

esig

na

tio

n.

Th

is w

ill a

nd

sh

ou

ld b

e s

tro

ng

ly

co

nsid

ere

d w

he

n p

ossib

le e

ng

ine

eri

ng

so

lutio

ns a

re e

va

lua

ted

an

d c

on

sid

ere

d.

Mitig

atio

n a

nd

ad

ap

tatio

n t

ech

niq

ue

s w

ill n

ee

d t

o f

acto

r in

En

gin

ee

rin

g V

uln

era

bili

ty A

sse

ssm

en

t o

f th

e M

ain

Sta

tistics C

an

ad

a B

uild

ing

to

th

e I

mp

acts

of

Clim

ate

Ch

an

ge

HO

K C

an

ad

a

1

25

:12

8

this

de

sig

na

tio

n.

Th

is m

ay b

e p

art

icu

larl

y im

po

rta

nt

for

ch

an

ge

s r

eq

uir

ed

in

th

e b

uild

ing

en

ve

lop

th

at

ma

y o

r m

ay n

ot

aff

ect

the

bu

ildin

g’s

fa

ça

de

, p

rofile

s a

nd

ae

sth

etics.

T

o s

um

ma

rize

, o

f h

igh

est

pri

ori

ty a

re:

•

the

wa

lkw

ays,

pa

rkin

g a

rea

s,

sta

irs a

nd

ra

mp

s b

eca

use

of

po

ten

tia

l ri

sk t

o h

um

an

he

alth

, sa

fety

, in

jury

, fa

llin

g e

tc.

•

the

bu

ildin

g e

nve

lop

be

ca

use

of

acce

lera

ted

de

teri

ora

tio

n t

ha

t w

ill a

ffe

ct

the

str

uctu

ral in

teg

rity

of

the

bu

ildin

g

•

the

ad

eq

ua

cy o

f th

e c

oo

ling

syste

m b

eca

use

is p

ose

s s

ign

ific

an

t co

sts

to

PW

GS

C a

nd

dir

ectly a

ffe

cts

occu

pa

nt

co

mfo

rt,

he

alth

a

nd

sa

fety

, a

nd

pro

du

ctivity

•

Po

we

r su

pp

ly a

nd

re

liab

ility

is a

lso

in

qu

estio

n s

uch

th

at

it w

ill s

ign

ific

an

tly a

ffe

ct

the

op

era

tio

ns.

Actio

n o

n t

he

se

th

ree

are

as a

s p

er

the

dis

cu

sse

d r

eco

mm

en

da

tio

ns s

ho

uld

be

in

itia

ted

with

in t

he

ne

xt

6-1

8 m

on

th t

ime

fra

me

Da

te:

Ma

y 9

, 2

00

8

Pre

pa

red

by

:

Vin

ce

Ca

talli


HOK Canada 126:128

Vulnerability Assessment Matrix – Jean Talon Building


HOK Canada 127:128

Vulnerability Assessment Matrix – Brooke Claxton Building

climate change vulnerability - pievc · building condition reporting will help ensure occupant and...

Documents