Climate-Ocean Interaction

Climate-Ocean Interaction edited by

M. E. Schlesinger Department of Atmospheric Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois, US.A.

Kluwer Academic Publishers

North Atlantic Treaty Organization Commission of the European Communities

Proceedings of a Workshop jointly organized by NATO and Commission of the European Communities U.K., 26-30 September 1988

Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data

Cllmate-ocean interactlon / edited by M.E. Schlesinger. p. cm.

Inc 1 udes index. ISBN ·13 :978-94·010· 7440-7 e-ISBN-13: 978-94-009-2093-4 DOl: 10.1007/978-94-009-2093-4

1. Climatology--Mathematical models_ 2. Ocean-atmosphere interactlon--Mathematical models. I. Schlesinger, M. E. (Michael E. ) OC98 1 . C64 1990 551.5--dc20 90-40493

ISBN-13:978-94-010-7440-7

Published by Kluwer Academic Publishers, P.O. Box 17, 3300 AA Dordrecht, The Netherlands.

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Table of Contents

Preface ..... . List of Lecturers . List of Participants

Part 1: Introduction

. vii . xiii

xv

The Ocean as a Component of the Climate System . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 S. J. FOREMAN

Part 2: Observations of the Climate of the Ocean Observed Variations of Sea Surface Temperature. . . . . .. ... .. 21

C. K. FOLLAND and D. E. PARKER Can Box Ocean Models Calibrated by Inverse Methods Provide a Means of Testing Ocean Circulation Models? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53

K. J. HOLMEN

Part 3: Modelling the Atmospheric, Oceanic and Sea Ice Components of the Climatic System

General Circulation Modelling of the Atmosphere . . . . . . J. F. B. MITCHELL

67

An Ocean Modelling System for Supercomputer Architectures of the 1990s. 87 R. M. CHERVIN and A. J. SEMTNER, JR.

Modelling Sea Ice for Climate Studies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 97 J.-P. VAN YPERSELE

vi

Part 4: Simulating the Variability of Climate on Short, Medium and Long Time Scales

Table of Contents

Interannual Variability in Coupled Tropical Atmosphere-Ocean Models 127 D. S. BATTISTI

Predictability of ENSO . 161 E. S. SARACHIK

ENSO Modelling at MPI 173 M. LATIF

Specification and Variability of the Surface Forcing of the Ocean 193 H. CATTLE and C. GORDON

Ocean Models and the Inter-Basin Transport of Heat. . . . . 211 N. C. WELLS and C. MEAD

Extratropical Response to SST Anomalies and the Barotropic Model 225 T. N. PALMER

Modelling of Geochemical Tracers in the Ocean . . . . . 233 E. MAIER-REIMER and R. BACASTOW

Diapycnal Mixing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 269 E. B. KRAUS

Climatic Change and Ocean Bottom Water Formation: Are We Missing Something? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 295

M. I. HOFFERT Reconstructions of Low and Middle Latitude Export Productivity, 30,000 Years BP to the Present: Implications for Global Carbon Reservoirs . . .. 319

M. SARNTHEIN and K. WINN Global Estimation of Oceanic Eddy Transports from Satellite Altimetry? 343

G.HOLLOWAY

Part 5: Working Group Reports 1 Climate Observations ........ 353

C.K.FOLLAND 2 Modelling . . . . . 361

R. M. CHERVIN 3 ENSO Modelling and Prediction . . . . . 365

E. S. SARACHIK 4 Climate-Ocean Interaction on Time Scales of Decades to Centuries 371

M. I. HOFFERT 5 Impact of Paleoclimatic Proxy Data on Climate Modelling 375

M. SARNTHEIN Index 379

Preface vii

Preface

This book is the culmination of a workshop jointly organized by NATO and CEC on Climate-Ocean Interaction which was held at Lady Margaret Hall, Oxford University during 26-30 September 1988. The objective of the ARW was to assess the current status of research on climate-ocean interaction, with a major focus on the development of coupled atmosphere-ocean-ice models and their application in the study of past, present and possible future climates.

This book contains 16 chapters divided into four parts: Introduction; Observations of the Climate of the Ocean; Modelling the Atmospheric, Oceanic and Sea Ice Components of the Climatic System; and Simulating the Variability of Climate on Short, Medium and Long Time Scales. A fifth part contains the reports of the five Working Groups on: Climate Observations, Modelling, ENSO Modelling and Prediction, Climate-Ocean Interaction on TIme Scales of Decades to Centuries, and Impact of Paleoclimatic Proxy Data on Climate Modelling.

Preface ix

Acknowledgements

I thank Howard Cattle and Neil Wells for their guidance and assistance as members of the Workshop Organizing Committee. I particularly thank Michael Davey for all his efforts as Local Organizer to make the ARW a success. I also thank the staff of Lady Margaret Hall, Oxford University, for their help with the arrangements for the ARW. I thank Robert Chervin, Chris Folland, Martin Hoffert, Lawrence Mysak, Ed Sarachik and Michael Sarnthein for their efforts as chairmen of the Working Groups whose reports appear herein. I express my gratitude to Susan McKinney, Joan Storm and Jack Warner for their efforts in the preparation of this book.

The Workshop was sponsored by NATO, under the auspices of the Special Programme on Global Transport Mechanisms in the Geo-Sciences; the Commission of the European Communities, under the Director General for Science, Research and Development; the U.S. National Science Foundation, under the Climate Dynamics Program; and the U.S. Department of Energy, under the Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis and Research Program of the Environmental Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory.

Michael E. Schlesinger 23 March 1990

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List of Lecturers

Lecturers

BATfISTI, D. S. Department of Meteorology University of Wisconsin at Madison 1225 West Dayton Street Madison, WI 53706 USA

CATfLE, H. Meteorological Office London Road Bracknell Berkshire RG 12 2SZ UK

CHERVIN, R. M. National Center for Atmospheric Research P. O. Box 3000 Boulder, CO 80307-3000 USA

FOLLAND, C. K. Meteorological Office London Road Bracknell Berkshire RG12 2SZ UK

FOREMAN, S. J. Meteorological Office London Road Bracknell Berkshire RG12 2SZ UK

HOFFERT, M.1. New York University Department of Applied Science 26-36 Stuyvesant Street New York, NY 10003 USA

HOLLOWAY, G. Institute of Ocean Sciences P.O. Box 6000 Sidney, B. C. CANADA

HOLMEN, K. Tritium Lab, RSMAS 4600 Rickenbacker Causeway Miami, FL 33149-1098 USA

KRAUS, E. B. 322 Jacobson Circle Pagosa Springs, CO 81147 USA

LATIF, M. Max-Planck Institut fr Meteorologie Bundesstrasse 55 D-2000 Hamburg 13 FRG

MAIER-REIMER, E. Max-Planck Institut fr Meteorologie Bundesstrasse 55 D-2000 Hamburg 13 FRG

MITCHELL, J. F. B. Meteorological Office, Met. 020 London Road Bracknell Berkshire RG 12 2SZ UK

PALMER, T. N.

xiii

European Centre for Medium Range Weather Forecasts

Shinfield Park, Reading Berkshire RG2 9AX UK

SARACHIK, E. S. Department of Atmospheric Sciences University of Washington Seattle, WA 98195 USA

SARNTHEIN, M. Geological-Palaeontological Institute Christian Albrecht University Olshansenstrasse 40 2300 Kiel FRG

VAN YPERSELE, J.-P. Institut D' Astronomie et de Geophysique Universit Cathoque de Louvain Chemin du Cyclotron, 2 B-1348 Louvain-La-Neuve BELGIUM

WELLS, N. C. Department of Oceanography University of Southampton Southampton S09 5NH UK

List of Participants

Participants

ANDRICH, P. Laboratorie D'Oceanographie Dynamique

et de Climatologie Universit Pierre et Marie Curie Tour 14-2 4 place Jussieu 75252 Paris Cedex 05 FRANCE

BARD,E. Centre des Faibles Radioactives Laboratoire Mixte CNRS-CEA Domaine du CNRS Avenue de la Terasse - B.P. No. 1 F-91190 Gif sur Yvette FRANCE

CHERNIAWSKY, J. Y. Climate Research Group Department of Meteorology McGill University 805 Sherbrooke Street West Montreal, Quebec H3A 2K6 CANADA

DA CUNHA, L. V. NATO Scientific Affairs Division North Atlantic Treaty Organization B-1110 Brussels BELGIUM

DALFES, N. Department of Earth Sciences Research Institute for Basis Sciences,

TUBITAK 41470 Gebze, Kocaeli TURKEY

DARR, D. S. Box 391 A.P.A.S. Department University of Colorado Boulder, CO 80309 USA

DAVEY, M. Robert Hooke Institute Department of Atmospheric Physics University of Oxford Parks Road Oxford OX1 3PU UK

xv

DELECLUSE, P. Laboratorie D'Oceanographie Dynamique

et de Climatologie Universit Pierre et Marie Curie Tour 14-2 4 place Jussieu 75252 Paris Cedex 05 FRANCE

FICHEFET, T. Institut D' Astronomie et de Geophysique Universit Catholique de Louvain Chemin du Cyclotron, 2 B-1348 Louvain-La-Neuve BELGIUM

GASPAR, P. CNRMIUDC 42, Avenue Coriolis F-31057 Toulouse Cedex FRANCE

GHAZI, A. Commission of the European Communi­

ties Director General for Science Research and

Development Joint Research Center Rue de la Loi 200 1049 Brussels BELGIUM

HAN, Y.-J. Department of Atmospheric Sciences Oregon State University Corvallis, OR 97331 USA

HEINZE, C. Max-Planck Institut fr Meteorolgie Bundesstrasse 55 D-2000 Hamburg 13 FRG

HURST, R. Department of Mathematics University College London UK

JAMES, R. L. Department of Atmospheric Sciences Oregon State University Corvallis, OR 97331 USA

xvi

JENKINS, A. D. Allegaten 36 Universitetet N-5OO7 Bergen NORWAY

nANG,X. Department of Atmospheric Sciences Oregon State University Corvallis, OR 97331 USA

LETREUT,H. Laboratoire de Meteorologie Dynamique Ecole Nonnale Superieure 75231 Paris Cedex 05 FRANCE

LIN,C. Climate Research Group Department of Meteorology McGill University 805 Sherbrooke Street West Montreal, Quebec H3A 2K6 CANADA

MEMERY,L. Departement de Phsico-Chimie Centre d'Etudes Nucleaires de Saclay 91191 Gif sur Yvette FRANCE

MICHEL, E. Centre des Faibles Radioactives Laboratoire Mixte CNRS-CEA Domaine du CNRS Avenue de la Terasse - B.P. No. 1 F-91190 Gif sur Yvette FRANCE

MYSAK, L. A. Climate Research Group Department of Meteorology McGill University 805 Sherbrooke Street West Montreal, Quebec H3A 2K6 CANADA

OLBERS, D. Alfred Wegener Institut fr Polarforschung Columbus Center D-2850 Bremerhaven FRG

SALUSTI, E. Dipartimento Di Fisica Universita degli Studi di Roma "La

Sapienza" Piazzle Aldo Moro, 2 1-00185 Roma ITALY

List of Participants

SCHLESINGER, M. E. Department of Atmospheric Sciences University of illinois at Urbana-Champaign

105 S. Gregory Ave. Urbana, IL 61801 USA

SCHOPF, P. S. Laboratory for Oceans NASA Goddard Space Flight Center Greenbelt MD 20771 USA

STURGES, W. Department of Oceanography Florida State University Tallahassee, FL 32306-3048 USA

VERHAAR, J. University of Utrecht Buys Ballot LaboratorylIMOU Princetonplein 5 Utrecht

WEINGARTNER, T. J. Institute of Marine Science University of Alaska - Fairbanks O'Neill Building Fairbanks, AL 99775-1080 USA

WINN,K. Geological-Palaeontological Institute Christian Albrecht University Olshansenstrasse 40 2300 Kiel FRG

WOODS,J.D. Director of Marine Sciences Natural Environment Research Council Polaris House North Star Avenue Swindon SN2 lEU UK

XU, J.-S. Max-Planck-Institut fr Meteorologie Bundesstrasse 55 D-2ooo Hamburg 13 FRG

YUEN, C.-W. Climate Research Group Department of Meteorology McGill University 805 Sherbrooke Street West Montreal, Quebec H3A 2K6 CANADA