climate smart agriculture and role of emerging …
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CLIMATE SMART AGRICULTURE AND ROLE OF EMERGING CROPS IN AFRICA: A CASE OF BOTSWANA
DocLinks/ Commonwealth
Kebadire Khola Mogotsi
11 JULY 2012
Approach
• Overview of agricultural production in Botswana
• Challenges facing – smallholder/emerging commercial farmers
– commercial farmers
– research and development (linkages)
• Opportunities availed by emerging technologies – emerging technologies (crops and livestock)
– emerging products and markets (value chain)
• Way forward: Change of mind set in • R&D in emerging crops
• Policy formulation and implementation
Mean Annual Rainfall-Botswana
Mean Annual Rainfall (1970-2007)
0.00
100.00
200.00
300.00
400.00
500.00
600.00
700.00
800.00
1970
1972
1974
1976
1978
1980
1982
1984
1986
1988
1990
1992
1994
1996
1998
2000
2002
2004
2006
Mean A
nnual R
ain
fall
(mm
)
Source: BACIS: MoA 2008
Mean Annual Rainfall-Western (Kalahari)
WESTERN REGION
0.00
100.00
200.00
300.00
400.00
500.00
600.00
700.00
800.00
1970
1973
1976
1979
1982
1985
1988
1991
1994
1997
2000
2003
2006
Western Regional Rainfall (mm)
Source: BACIS:MoA 2008
Agricultural Production Systems: Botswana
Livestock
Communal Commercial
ranching
Arable
Rain fed-field crops Irrigated
Traditional Commercial Commercial Game ranching
Community Based Natural Resource Management (Community Trusts)
Molapo farming
Source: BACIS-MoA 2008
Commercial Sector: Livestock Population
0
500000
1000000
1500000
2000000
2500000
3000000
1979
1981
1983
1985
1987
1989
1993
1996
1998
2000
2003
2005
LIV
ES
TO
CK
PO
PU
LA
TIO
N
Cattle Goats Sheep Donkeys Horses Chicken Pigs Ostrich
Source: BACIS-MoA 2008
Arable agriculture
• traditional system
– accounts for a large national hacterage
– traditional methods of farming
– lower productivity
– lower levels of investment
• commercial system
– modern agribusiness operations
– better access to skilled labour
– new and improved farming technologies
– improved management practices
– higher levels of investment
Ave. yield and area planted (Cereals) in Traditional and Commercial
Farms
1980 1985 1990 1996 2004
Variable
Sorghum
Area planted('000ha) 1468 1248 2061 1908 607
Output('000mt) 291 148 382 592 118
Yield (kg/ha) 198 118 185 310 194
Maize
Area planted('000ha) 803 494 799 1341 638
Output('000mt) 116 14 118 246 75
Yield (kg/ha) 144 29 147 184 118
Millet
Area planted('000ha) 169 155 122 110 71
Output('000mt) 23 29 17 25 27
Yield (kg/ha) 134 184 135 227 379
RAINFED CROPS
Irrigated (vegetables output)
0
10000
20000
30000
40000
50000
1997
/08
1998
/99
1999
/01
2000
/01
2001
/02
2002
/03
2003
/04
2004
/05
2005
/06
2006
/07
2007
/08
Year
Me
tric
To
ns
Challenges
Rainfed
• Low prices for grain
(BAMB).
• Producers are price takers
– traders and consumers
decide on how much to pay
– BAMB prices are pre
determined
• Lack of value addition (non
traditional)
Irrigated
• Poor farm infrastructure
– Producers are price takers
traders and consumers
– Poor roads, distance from
market
– No electricity
– Poor connectivity
• Lack of business &
production skills
• Lack of marketing skills
• Lack of processing skills
and facilities
Opportunities availed by emerging
technologies
• Supporting policies& programs for diversification
– Local and international linkages
– Agric programs & markets
• ISPAAD, NAMPAADD,
• BMC, BAMB, Horticultural Market
– Natural resource and community associations (CBNRM/trusts)
– Game ranching
• Opportunities for emerging products & markets including
bioenergy
• High quality indigenous knowledge system (people) for
high value semiarid resources
Emerging Crops
• Is it a national issue???
• High priority in communities whose
livelihoods are tightly bound to the indigenous
plant resources
• Have potential for (Rio 1, +5,+10,+20)
– Plant biodiversity conservation
– Climate change mitigation
– Combating desertification
– Management of wetlands
– Sustainable development (food security, green
economy?)
Interactions: trees, shrubs, crops,
animals,people
Examples of semi arid plant resources of Kalahari
desert
species Uses Active compounds Treatable condition
Sengaparile Medicine, Fodder, environmental services
Phytosterols, flavonoids tritterpenoids ( iridoids harpagoside, hargagide & procumbide) in the roots
Arthritis, lack of appetite, joints, reduces cholesterol etc
Hoddia gordonii Medicine Food, Environmental services
Polyphenols (chrogenic acid & sterol glycoside) in succulent stem
suppress Appetite & thirst & treats, indigestion,
morama bean food, fodder medicine, Environmental services
The seed contains oleic and linoleic acids, flavonoids, 42.4 % fat and 32 % proteins
Reduces cholesterol and boost immunity
Mahupu- Kalahari truffles
Food
Medicine, Environmental services
Fruiting body contains
17.7% oil: 37.18 %
saturated fatty acids &
62.82 % unsaturated fatty
acids
Reduces cholesterol boost immunity, high in antioxidants
Is it a national issue
• GoB keen on
– policy on emerging crops
– encouraging communities to use indigenous plants in hardship areas where conventional crops are challenged
– Special fund initiated- eg, Forest Conservation Botswana etc
– Streamlining rangeland resources (plants) into poverty eradication programs & school feeding
– Understands role in biodiversity, climate change, desertification
Strategic Partnership on Emerging Crops
• Ministry Environment Wildlife and Tourism (DFRR,DEA, NTSC & District Forestry Offices)
• Royal Botanic Gardens, (RBG),
• Botswana College of Agriculture, ( BCA)
• NGOs (VPR&D,TS, Permaculture)
• Forest Conservation Botswana Fund (FCB)
• Botswana Institute for Development Policy Analysis (BIDPA)
• University of Botswana (OR& D),
• National Food Technology Research Center (NFTRC),
• Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU) , Sweden
• EU- MARAMA I&II
• Most important partners:-
– Local communities whose efforts and livelihoods are tightly bound to suitable and sustainable development of these
Rural Communities depend on
indigenous plant resources
Communities now know benefits
Communities generate income from
plant indigenous resources
Prioritization by Pilikwe, Ditshegwane and Tsetseng Communities
Plant Resources Uses Products
Tylosema esculentum
morama
Food, medicine,
environmental services
milk, yogurt, butter, snacks,
protein-rich flours, provides
soil cover and soil nutrients
recycle
Citrullus lunatus -kgengwe Food, medicine,
environmental services
Water, seed oil, pickles,
juice, wine, alcohol,
porridge, fiber
Ximenia caffra-moretologa Food, medicine,
environmental services,
animal feed
seed oil, pickles, juice, wine,
alcohol
Grewia retinervis-
motsosojane
Food, environmental services Yogurt flavor, juice, wine,
alcohol, porridge
Kalaharituber pfeilli-mahupu Food, medicine,
environmental services Oil, flavonoids, reduces
cholesterol boost immunity,
high in antioxidants
Cassia abbreviate-
monepenepe
Medicine, environmental
services
Multipurpose in most
conditions, firewood
Elaeodendron transvaalense-
monamane
Medicine , environmental
services
Multipurpose in most
conditions, firewood,
recycles nutrients,
Stomatostema monterroae-
mosata
Food, medicine,
environmental services
Meat substitute (nama ya
setlhare)
Myrothamnus flabellifolius -
galalatshwene
Medicine, food,
environmental services
Controls hypertension
Sclerocarrya birrea-morula Food, medicine,
environmental services
Oil, juice, wine, alcohol,
vitamins, minerals,
household utensils,
agricultural tools etc
Cucumis africanus-legabala Food, environmental services Vegetable
Strychnos cocculoides-
mogorogorwane
Food, environmental services Juice, yoghurt, firewood
Adansonia digitata-mowana Food, fodder, medicine,
cosmetics
Juice, wine, alcohol
Schinziophyton rautenenii -
mungongo
Food, fuel, medicine,
environmental services
Oil, milk, snack, soup, juice,
wine, alcohol
Colophospemum mopane-
mophane
Firewood, animal feed,
environmental services
Habitat for phane etc
Plant Species prioritized for cultivation and commercialization by Shaikarawe
Community
Plant Uses Products
Mongongo (/Qom) Schinziophyton
rautenenii
Food, fire (matches),
medicinal,
building/roofing (bark),
seedling succulent
Oil, milk, snack, soup,
juice, wine, alcohol,
dugout canoe
Goyi –mmaba- Securidaca
longipedunculata
Medicinal, firewood,
fodder
curing liver
conditions, flue, cough
Shakawe -unidentified Medicinal
Mukwa (N/gao) -Pterocarpus
angolensis
Medicinal,
environmental services
Wood carvings,
furniture, poles,
Kyara -Ochna pulchra
Food Oil, snack, wood
carvings
Mogwagwa (≠Oeya) -Strychnos
pungens
Food, medicinal Juice, yoghurt,
firewood
Mogorogorwane (/’xoana)
Strychnos cocculoides
Food, medicinal (snake
bites)
Juice, wine, alcohol
Tsaudi -Guibourtia coleosperma Food, medicinal Lotion, oil, sprouts,
dugout canoes,
mortars, knife handles,
spoons
Motsotsojane -Grewia retinervis Food, firewood, fire
stick, steamer
Juice, wine, alcohol,
porridge, shelter,
traditional doors and
beds
Mohamana (≠Umbe)
Dialium engleranum
Food, medicinal,
firewood
Fruit, vegetables
(leaves), juice, wine,
alcohol
Communities’ knowledge
Indigenous knowledge: Schinziophyton
Rautenenii (mungongo) processing- 57% oil
Products in communities
Some technologies for emerging resources: a case of morama
bean-MARAMA II
Product Description Uses
Oil Solvent extracted / mechanically pressed of whole morama beans
Cooking oil, salads, cosmetic oil
Butter Milling and grinding of whole morama beans to a paste
Confectionery
Composite flour Milling of morama beans to fine particles; may include defatting first to produce a high protein flour
Supplement to staple cereal flours
Texturized foods Milled flour extruded into various shapes Snacks, breakfast cereals, meat analogues
Roasted snacks Whole morama dry roasted Roasted nuts whole or chopped
Baked snacks Morama and wheat flour and other ingredients baked into snack foods
Morama biscuits, cookies, muffins, bread, cake, health bars
Meat analogues Morama flour and other spices baked as a meat-like loaf
Morama roast
Frozen snacks Morama powder added to mix for ice cream Ice cream
Canned beans Whole morama beans thermally processed in a sauce
Savory cooked beans in tomato sauce
Some technologies for emerging resources
Effective & Efficient Research and Development
linkages
Information Dissemination & institutional change management
Agric
Policy Technology development
Resources
IKS
Institutions
Forestry INRM
Solution to poverty, environment, global warming, desertification, biodiversity
Passion
ecotourism Rural
industry
Rural Industries in emerging crops
products (source: FUC-BR)
Local Coop 8
Local Coop 9 Central Coop
Local Coop 1
Local Coop 4
Local coop 2
Local Coop 6 Local Coop 7
Solution to poverty, environmental resilience, climate change mitigation
as market will participate in biodiversity conservation
Local coop 3
Local
Coop 5
HIGH VALUE RESOURCES
ARE CLIMATE SMART