6/14/2017

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Do Trong HoanResearcher

With inputs from: Minh Tuan Duong, Tam Thi Le, Rachmat Mulia, Elisabeth Simelton

World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF)Vietnam Country Office

Mekong Resource Forum IIIJune 15-16, 2017

CLIMATE-SMART AGRICULTURE& BEYOND

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WHAT IS CSA?

Sustain agricultural yield

FOOD SECURITY

MITIGATION

ADAPTATION

THE THREE PILARS OF CSA

SCALE FOOD SECURITY ADAPTATION MITIGATIONHousehold Livelihoods and nutritious food

for all members in householdMicroclimate regulation Soil management

ReforestationLandscape

Province

Diverse land-use systems that provide livelihoods, safe food and maintain ecosystem functions, and reduce impacts of natural disasters

Maintaining ecosystem functions, e.g. water regulation, reducing flood-drought extremes, green barriers on slopes

Contributions to PFES

Contributions to UN-REDD, Green Growth

National (Vietnam) Ensuring agriculture GDP, national food security targets

Sustainable development goals

Green adaptation solutions

National Adaptation Targets/Plan

Green Growth policy Contributions to NDC

Global Feeding 9 billion people by 2050

Meeting sustainable development goals

Sustainable transformation

Meeting sustainable development goals

Paris Agreement, keeping warming below 2 degrees

CSA ACROSS SCALES

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CSA INDICATORSFood security (suggested units) Adaptation to extreme weather events Mitigation of GHG

1. Increase yields (kg/ha/crop season)2. Increase income (change in annual net income VND/year)3. Stabilise yields (reduce difference between seasons)

(kg/ha/year1 – kg/ha/year0)4. Stabilise incomes (reduced variability over the

year/between years)5. Diversify nutrient intake (micro nutrient, stunting)6. Business development (number of businesses started +

years in business, job created, number of farmers selling their products to a business, turnover),

7. Develop new marketable products 8. Improved capacity of farmers to take action 9. Interventions contribute to intra-household equal

labour/income distribution (change in working load or income of women and men, respectively)

10. Increased resource use efficiency reduces reliance on inputs and increases economic resources (reduce inputs, resource use efficiency)

11. Reduced labour freing up time (on-/off farm income diversification)

12. Food safety (reduced weight of food wasted due to mold etc, number of reported cases of food poisoning, ...)

1. Reduce losses due to cold spell (income or yield gained/lost due to adaptation to/not adapting cold spell)

2. Reduce losses due to hot spell3. Reduce losses due to drought4. Reduce losses due to flooding5. Reduce losses due to landslide, soil erosion6. Reduce losses due to salt water

intrusion/salinity7. Reduce storm impact (in/ex situ)8. Micro-climate regulation (stable soil

moisture/shade, less difference between extremes, i.e. tree-crop interaction provide synergies rather than competition for light/nutrient/soil moisture )

9. Increase soil moisture content

1. Reduced use, or more efficient use, of fertilizer (reduced GHGs emissions)

2. Reduced GHGs emissions: CO2, CH4, N2O, NH33. Increase in tree cover (increase in above ground

C-stock)4. Increase number of permanent plants (increase

below ground C-stock)5. Reduced tillage (increase below ground C-stock)6. Reduced soil erosion/soil loss (increase below

ground C-stock)7. Improved soil nutrient status8. Biological pest management 9. Reduced use of inorganic pesticide and/or

herbicide 10. Water regulation (groundwater recharge, reduce

extreme drought and flood peaks)11. Clean water production12. Increased biodiversity (flora and fauna,

microorganisms)13. Water conservation/water harvesting (reduced

water consumption)14. Convert to non-fossil fuel/energy (reduced GHGs

emissions)15. Reduced fossil fuel/energy consumption (reduced

GHGs emissions)16. Interventions linked to REDD+17. Interventions linked to PES/PFES project18. Interventions counted to INDC/NDC reporting

WHAT DO THESE MEAN TO FARMERS?

Khatri-Chhetri et al., 2017. Farmers' prioritization of climate-smart agriculture (CSA) technologies. Agricultural Systems 151

Most preferred CSA technologies in different rainfall zones in Rajasthan, India

Rainfall < 600 mm/year Rainfall 600–800 mm Rainfall > 800 mm/year

Crop insurance (88%)Weather based crop agro-advisory (86%)

Crop insurance (80%)

Rainwater harvesting (84%)Crop insurance (86%) Weather based crop agro-advisory

(78%)

Fodder management (83%)Laser land levelling (85%) Climate smart housing for livestock

(75%)Weather based crop agro-advisory (80%)

Rainwater harvesting (79%) Agro-forestry (74%)

Contingent crop planning (80%)

Agro-forestry (78%) Site-specific integrated nutrient management (71%)

• Farmers’ preferences are different in different climatic zones

• Farmers are willing to adopt some risk reduction technologies

• Farmers may not be willing to invest on many CSA technologies even if there are foreseen benefits

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POLICY SUPPORT IS NEEDED

Enabling policy environments and priority setting for targeted investment can support the scaling of interventionsUncoordinated responses at all levels

Crop Insurance Policies

Payment to Farmers for Ecosystem Services

Financing Technology Hubs

Institutions for Capacity building

Agricultural Value Chains

Syntheses and evidence of conditions that support scaling and learning under climate uncertainty

Limited cross sectoral coordination

Separation of CC mitigation and adaptation

Limited understanding of agriculture’s roles in CC and flows of ecosystem services

Unsustained capacities, restricted information sharing and collaboration

POLICY SUPPORT FOOD SECURITY

ADAPTATION

MITIGATION

QĐ 432/QĐ-TTg

QĐ 799/ QĐ-TTg

QĐ 1724/QĐ-BNN-HTQT

QĐ 2313/QĐ-UBND

tỉnh Hà Tĩnh

QĐ 2730/ QĐ-BNN-KHCN

QĐ 1600/QĐ-TTg

QĐ 1980/ QĐ-TTg

NQ 32/NQ-HDND

tỉnh Hà Tĩnh

QĐ 05/QĐ-UBND

tỉnh Hà Tĩnh

CT 963-CTr/TU tỉnh ủy Hà Tĩnh

QĐ 2139/QĐ-TTg; QĐ 1474/ QĐ-TTg

QĐ 819/ QĐ-BNN-KHCN

QĐ 1393/ QĐ-TTg; QĐ 403/ QĐ-TTg

QĐ 923/ QĐ-BNN-KHCN

QĐ 3029/ QĐ-UBND tỉnh Hà Tĩnh

? QĐ 2088/ QĐ-UBND tỉnh Hà Tĩnh

QĐ 59 /QD-UBND tỉnh Hà TĩnhQĐ 25/QĐ-UBND

tỉnh Hà Tĩnh

QĐ 1216/QĐ-TTg

QĐ 1775/ QĐ-TTg

HA TINH PROVINCE, VIETNAM

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CLIMATE-SMART VILLAGES

• Priorities and policies for CSA

• Climate-smart technologies and practices

• Low-emissions development

• Climate services and safety nets

• Gender and social inclusion

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CSA Portfolio

Livelihoods

Adaptation

Mitigation & ecosystem functions

SOIL QUALITY no tillage

green mulchcover crops

compost

NURSERYacacia, black pepper, fruit

trees

Sustainable Rice

Intensification

MULTI-STOREY AGROFORESTRY

fruit trees, grass, ginger,

legumes

STRESS-TOLERANT

varieties/seeds: sorghum,

quinoa, peanut

DIVERSI-FICATION

medical plants

INTER-CROPPING cassava + legumes

FOREST ENRICHMENT acacia + mixed

tree stands

ALLEY CROPPING orange +

arachis pintoistrips/cover

MANURE MANAGEMENT

VermicultureComposting

Biogas

Agro-climate information &

planning

HOME GARDEN black pepper with mac tree

Being tested by ICRAF in Ha Tinh Community Innovation Fund

EXAMPLES OF CSA PRACTICES IN MY LOI VILLAGE

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Nursery Orange Pepper Schools

Biogas Vermiculture Pig Manure Chicken Manure Goat

EXAMPLES OF CSA PRACTICES IN MY LOI VILLAGE

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Farming practice CSA indicators

Technology Component Food security Adaptation Mitigation

Current practice (Baseline)Prioritised negative impacts to address

Livelihood impacts Weather stress Other factors

Monocultureherbicide

Orange (4-5x4-5m)

Unstable yield Drought Soil degradationGreening disease

Improved CSA intervention(s)

Anticipated changes

Improved livelihoods

Reduced weather stress

Environmental services, incl. mitigation

Diversify incomeAnimal feed

Increase shade, stabilise soil, increase soil moisture

Biological pest control (guava)Soil carbon

IntercroppingPruningGrass strips(no herbicide)

Orange (4x5 m) Guava (1/10 sqm)Arachis pintoi & mulato grass, pine apple, honey bees

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Working hypotheses

Access to actionable weather information

reduces weather-induced crop failure

• Use best available forecasts

• Participatory Agroadvisories & Scenario

Planning

• Gender Champions, Farmer Learning Network

• Raise awareness about the roles of climate

services

• ICT: Cellphones/Smartphones/apps

Actionable

Enables farmers to act

upon the weather

information and

agricultural advice

they can access

Develop flexible ACIS that can be scaled fully or in parts

Improved Agro-climate information systems (ACIS)

86% of 400 households in Vietnam were

willing to pay for seasonal forecast

0

100

200

300

Rai

nfa

ll (m

m)

Observed Windyty AccuWeather

20

25

30

35

40

Tmin Tmean Tmax

Ave

rage

te

mp

era

ture

(fC

)

Observation AW (SD)AW (1DA) W (SD)W (1DA NCHMF (1DA)

EFFECTIVENESS OF CSAVermiculture“I started with vermiculture almost 2 years ago, and I can say that it’s not so difficult to do as I thought at the beginning. Resilience to stressful weather conditions is the big advantage I think [...] The benefits are to make use of available manure from livestock (cows + buffalos), this obviously helps us to get rid of bad smell besides having extra feed for poultry. I can also use the vermicast (leftover of manure processed by the worm) to fertilize for my annual crops. […] However, this practice will be perfect only for those who have both livestock and cultivation..”

Ms. Luu, a farmer, My Loi CSVOrange and peanut agroforestry

“[...] there are a lot of benefits, for example improved soil fertility and increased income. But the market instability is really a big problem for us”

Mr. Minh, a farmer, Home Garden group, My Loi CSV

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LOOKING BEYOND CLIMATE SMART AGRICULTURE AS A SET OF TECHNOLOGIES AND PRACTICES

GENDER SMART IS IMPORTANT

0 25 50 75 100

TV

radio

extension

loudspeaker

phone

extension

Wea

ther

Agr

o-

advi

sory

% of farmers accessing info

Dien Bien Men Dien Bien Women

Ha Tinh Men Ha Tinh Women

2.1

40.4

34

46.8

69.5

40.4

2.3

42.1

33.1

51.1

75.2

29.3

0 20 40 60 80 100

NO BODY

WITH THE VILLAGE LEADER

IN A COMMUNITY ORGANISATION

OTHER FARMERS IN THE VILLAGE

OTHER FAMILY MEMBERS

THEIR PARTNERS

% farmers who share info

Female Male

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FROM CSA TO CLIMATE SMART LANDSCAPE

Ho Ho dam

• Quantity and quality of river water declining between 2004-2014

• No second cropping season in dry season. Intense flash flooding in rainy season

Would forest restoration help to improve water flows and thus agricultural production?

Huong Khe district, Ha Tinh province

ENRICH FOREST

ACACIA EXPANSION

BUSINESS AS USUAL (BAU)

While forest restoration does not necessary bring more water, it improves water quality and other ecological services

If forest evapotranspiration partly comes back as rainfall, the river flow due to reforestation can increase by 28%and thus PFESpayment to local farmers

LU SCENARIOS & IMPACTS

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RECOMMENDATIONS

• CSA is context dependent • Farm level focus is necessary

but not sufficient• Coordinated social efforts are

needed to address CSA’s concerns and externalities of CSAs at landscape level

• Policy support is also needed

CONTACT INFORMATION

CCAFS teamElisabeth Simelton, PhD E.Simelton@cgiar.orgTam Thi Le l.tam@cgiar.orgTuan Minh Duong d.tuan@cgiar.org

World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF)www.worldagroforestry.orgCGIAR Research Program on Climate Change, Agriculture, and Food Securitywww.ccafs.org

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