CLIMATE,SOIL,NATURAL VEGETATION AND ANIMALS OF INDIA

1.Fill in the blanks:-

1.Summer season is in the month of March to May.

2.The season with heavy rainfall is rainy season

3.Black soil is extensively found in north Karnataka.

4.Uttar Kannada district has large forest area.

2. Answer the following:-

1.Name the four seasons of Karnataka?

Ans:-The four seasons of the Karnataka are:-

1]Summer season

2]Rainy season

3]the period of retreating monsoons.

4]winter season

Q2.Write a note on the rainy season in Karnataka?

ANS: Rainy season is also known as the season of south-west monsoon winds . The western ghats check the moisture laden winds winds blowing from the Arabian sea,resulting in heavy rains.Agumbe is an area of heavy rainfall.Hence it is called Cheerapunji of South India. Nayaka Hatti near chellekere in chitradurga district records the lowest rainfall.

Q3.Mention the types of soil in Karanataka?

Ans]The types of soil in Karantaka are:-1]Red soil 2]black soil 3]laterite soil 4]coastal alluvial soil

Q4. Name the types of natural vegetation of Karnataka ?

Ans: the types of natural vegetation of Karnataka are:-

1]Evergreen forests.

2]Deciduous forests.

3]Mixed forests.

4]Grasslands and shrubs.

Q5.Why is Karnataka known as the Land of sandalwood?

Ans:Sandalwood found in forests of Karnataka is used for making Perfumes ,objects with intricate carvings ,soaps and medicines.These products are popular all over the world.Therefore Karnataka is known as the ‘Land of sandalwood’.

Q6.Name the wild animals in our forests?

Ans: the wild animals found in our forests are Tigers ,Leopards, Boars ,Bison ,Stags ,deer ,bears ,porcupines etc. Even variety of snakes and colourful birds can be seen in the forests of Karnataka.

RELIGIOUS REFORMERS OF INDIA

1.Fill in the blanks:-

1.Shankara was born at kalati in kerala.

2. Shankracharya declared that the world is an illusion Brahma alone in Truth.

3.Ramanujacharya disciples are called Shrivaishnavites.

4.Proponent of dwaita philosophy is Madhwacharya

II.Answer the following.

Q1. Who is the proponent of Advaita ?

Ans :Shankaracharya is the proponent of advaita philosophy.

Q2.Which is the philosophy advocated by ramanujacharya? What is their sect called?

Ans :Vishitadvaita is the philosophy advocated by Ramanujacharya.Their sect is called

Shrivaishnavism.

Q3.Name the books written by Ramanujacharya ?

Ans : Ramanujacharya wrote Vedantasangraha,Vedantasara,Vedanta Deepika , Shrbhasya and Geetabhasya.

Q4.Which are the tenets advocated by Madwacharya?

Ans :Madwacharya advocated Dwaita philosophy . according to this philosophy ,the human soul and the divine soul are separate.To enable regular worship of Lord Krishna ,he established 8 mutts called the ashthamuths.

Q5.Write a note on the ‘Work is worship’ philosophy of Basavanna ?

Ans:Basveshwara preached that a shivasharana should not indulge in caste

discrimination.Everyone should work to earn his living.He preached the diginity of

labour and advocated the work policy for the development of society.He declared that

‘ Work is Worship ‘and implemented it totally .

Q6.Who established Anubhava Mantapa ?What are its objectives?

Ans: Basavanna established the Anubhava Mantapa . Social , economic and religious

problems were discussed without any discrimination regarding caste or gender.He

advocated equality & independence for woman.

Q7.Name the books written by shankaracharya?

Ans:The books that shankaracharya wrote are

shankarabhasya,Anandlahari,Soundaryalahari,Shivanandalahari,Vivekachoodamani,Prab

uddasudakara,Rakshinamurthy stotra.His hymn Bhajagovindam is world famous.

Europe in the middle ages

I.Fill in the blanks.

1.The cultural bankruptcy of Europe is called ‘dark age’.

2.The owner of the land was called as nobles .

3. The person who maintained the land was called Vassals.

4.The weak person who was responsible for the maintenance of land was called

labourer.

II.Answer the following .

1.What is feudalism?

Ans:The feudal system can be considered an arrangement or an agreement

between the powerful and the weak.The person who owned the land was called

as the noble ,the person who maintained the land was called as the Vassal.There

was hierarchies among the feudal lords .Important among them were Dukes ,Earls

,barons,Knights etc.The vassals took the help of the labourers for agriculture .

Q2.List the advantages and disadvantages of the feudal system?

Ans :Advantages :-

1. Simplicity was the most important characteristics of this system.

2. Guarantee of human protection was evident in this system .

3. The lords or nobles were dependent on the vassals for military service .

4. The savagery of the barbaric communities was controlled .

5. Man became aware of his fundamental duties and fundamental rights .

6. The special contribution of this system was creation of rules and

regulations .

7. This training enabled the nobles to protect the weak and the Christian

Disadvantages:-

Arguments and disagreements began among the aristocrats ,nobles ,and vassals

.The nobles started competing with the lords or the Kings .Many became traitors

and posed a threat to their own regional unity .The judicial system also was full of

weaknesses and there was no rule of law .Above all these ,the church and the

state were at loggerheads with each other.

Q3.Enumerate the reasons for the downfall of the feudal system ?

Ans : During the 15th century ,many incidents caused the fall of this system .The

rise of powerful dynastic rule in England , France ,and Spain led to the downfall of

absolute power among the Kings led to the decline of this system .crusades

hastened the fall of many systems. Later the renaissance and reformation became

the main reason for the weakening of the feudal system.

OUR STATE KARNATAKA

I. Fill in the blanks .

1.We celebrate Karnataka Rajyotsava on November 1st.

2.The year in which the state was named Karnataka was 1973.

3.There is Andhra Pradesh to the east of Karnataka .

4.The largest district in Karnataka is Belgaum.

5.The total area of Karnataka is 750 km .

II. Answer the following .

1. Give the latidudnal and longitudinal extent of Karnataka?

Ans:Karnataka is situated in the southern part of India in the western central area of the

peninsula region . It extends from 11.31 o North to 8.45onorth latitude and 74.12oeast

to 78.40oeast longtitude.

2.Name our Neighbouring states .

Ans:Our neighbouring states are :-

Maharasthra in the north ,Andhra Pradesh in the east ,Tamil Nadu in the south and

southeast ,Kerala in the southwest ,Goa in the northwest .

3.Which are the 4 administrative divisions of Karnataka ?

Ans:The 4 administrative divisions of Karnataka are :-

Bangalore ,Mysore ,Belgaum and Gulburga .

4. Explain the geographical locations of Karnataka in India ?

Ans :Karnataka is one of the 28 states in India .It is situated in the southern part of India

in the western central area of the peninsula region .It extends from 11.31oN to 18.45oN

latitude and 74.12oeast to 78.40oeast longitude .its length is 750 kms, stretching from

Aurad taluk in Bidar district in the northern most tip of the state to Chamrajnagar in the

south .Its width is 400kms from west to east .

Districts of our state .

Belgaum,Bagalkot,Bijapur,Gulbarga,Bidar,Yadgir,Raichur,Koppal,Gadag,Dharwad,

Haveri,Uttar

Kannada,Bellary,Davangere,Chitradurga,Chickmagalur,Shimoga,Udupi,Tumkur,Hassan

FAMILY

I.Fill in the blanks.

1.The word family has originated from the latin word famulus.

2.The leaving cell of the society is family.

3.When the father is the head of the family that family is called patriarchal.

4.Hatriarchal family is seen among the nairs of Malabar in kerala.

II.Asnwer the following.

Q1.How is the family a unit of society?

Ans.Family is like a living cell of the community the society develops from a family .It is

the basic unit of society and this unit in turn creats a nation.

Q2.Name the different kinds of families?

Ans.Families are classified based on different principles:-A]based on authority:-The

family can be classified as patriarchal and hartriarchal.B]Based on marriage:-It can be

classified monogamy,bigamy and polygamy.C]Based on size:-It can be classified as

divided families.

Q3.What do you mean by undivided family?

Ans:An undivided family consist of people more than 2generations .The parents ,their

children,their grand children and even great grand children are staying together in such

families.Food is prepaid in 1kicthen and the same type of worship ispracticed.Everybody

in the family is having equal rights to the property.

Q4.What is meant by nuclear family?

Ans:Afamily with husband,wife and their unmarried children is called anuclear familyor

morden family.This type of family is present in the modern society.

Q5.What are the features of a family?

AnsFamily is a universal system.It is a unit of society seen in all the countries.It is the

core of all the systems of the society it is a family that neibourhoods,villages,cities

,nations have involved.Mspends his childhood and stays in the family forever.The social

traditions,moraitly and all the behavior is controlled by the family.

Q6.Describe the role of childhood and youth.

Ans.In the social development stages individual.Not only those child learn morden

tongue but also learn certain values and culture and traditions.These values form the

personality of the child and it is reflected in his development stages.Achild develops

friendly relationship ,leadership qualities and also certain behairoual trades in a

family.The behaivour and habits developed in the youth continue in the adult and old

ages.

Q7.Describe the features of undivided families.

Ans.The features of undivided families are:-

1.Large size.

2.Propety=All the numbers of the family have the right to property.

3.Resiednce=All the members of the family live under the same roof.

4.Kitchen=Food is prepared for all the members of the family in a single kitchen.

5.Religion=All the members of the family follow same religion.

6.Self dependent=The family is mostly self independent.All the members of the family

share the house hold chores.

7.Structure of authority=The oldest member of the family has the authourity to take

decisions regarding the family matters.

Q8.What are the reasons for the increase in the number of the divided families ?

Ans.Divided family are nuclear family or primary family is prevalent in the present

society privauy,personal happenes ,self contentment ,property rights ,changing social

values ,geographical and social structure ,advances in science and

technology,industrialization,urbanization,principles of democracy and equality,decline

of religious faitg and thinking spread of materialistic attitude,freedom of women have

became responsible for the increase in the number of divided families.

Vijaynagar and Bhamani Kingdom

I.Fill in the blanks.

1.The year in which vijaynagar was established is 1336 A.D

2.The poetess who wrote madhuravijaya is gangadevi

3.Praudhadeveraya’s minister was lakkana dandesha

4.The king who wrote amukta malyada in telugu was krishnadeveraya

5.The king who constructed a madarasa at Bidar was mohammad gawan

6.The king who wrote kitab-e-navarasa was Ibrahim adil shah II

II.Answer the foll.

1.Name the four dynasties who ruled vijaynagar empire.

Ans.The four dynasties who ruled vijaynagar empire –sangama,saluva,tuluva and

araveedu.

2.What are the achievements of devaraya II ?

Ans.Devaraya II was the most famous king in the sangama dynasty .He had earned the

title of elephant hunter.His achievements are as follows –(a)he defeated the king

gajapati kapilendra of orrisa and seized kondaveedu.(b)he expanded his kingdom upto

Krishna river in the north east by suppressing the regional leader of the border.(c)he

defeated the kerala state and received royalties from kerala and srilanka.hence he

came to be known as dakshinapathada chakravarthi(the emperor of south).(d)he chased

the traditional foe ahmed shah of bahamani till bijapur and occupied mudgal and

bankapura.(e)his commander,lakkana dandesha took up a successful naval victory.

3.What were the problems krishnadevaraya had to face when he ascended the throne ?

Ans.when krishnadevaraya came to power,the kingdom was besieged by various

complex internal and external problems.(a)the European’s who had arrived through

new sea routes, had established colonies.(b)the moghuls of the north were trying to

expand their kingdom in the southern region.(c)the five shahi kingdoms of the bahamani

dynasty became powerful sultanates and pluged into war against

krishnadevaraya.(d)the kings of ummathur and Orissa were a constant source of threat.

4.What are the contributions of vijaynagar to the economic system and society?

Ans:Economic systems:vijaynagar was economically prosperous

(a)Land tax was the main source of revenue for the kingdom .

(b)Farmers gave ¼ of there income to the government as tax .

(c)Professional tax,revenue tax,road tax,market tax,commercial tax,import and taxes

and tributes from the vassals were other forms of revenue to the kingdom.

(d)agriculture was the backbone of the economy.many important food and cash crops

were grown.

(e)many wells,tanks and canals were constructed for irrigation and agriculture.

(f)there was great progress in the field of industries and commerce .

(g)spices like peper,cloves and cardamom,salt petre,iron ore diamonds,granulated

sugar,must,sandalperfume.etc.were exported

(h)there were many textiles industries.

(i)coins of different denominations like gold coins,gadyaana,pagoda,silver coins and

copper coins were in use.there were diamonds,iron ore centers,sapphires used to be

available in plenty.

(j)countries like arab,china and Portugal had trade relations with the vijaynagar empire

Society:

1.the society was based on the 4-tired caste system.however there were also

occupation based caste systems.

2.there were many skilled artisians,blacksmiths,bell-metal smiths,carpenters weavers

and cobblers in the society.

3.the practice of child marriage,sati and devadasi were prevalent.

4.though monogamy was the common practice, kings and rich people had many wives.

5.women enjoyed a dignified status in the society.

6.holi and deepavali used to be celebrated with pomp and glory at Hampi under royal

patronage.

5.Describe the art and architecture of the vijayanagar period.

Ans.During this period,temples,palaces,forts,towers,huge walls,public

buildings,tanks,bunds,canals and dams were constructed. The unique feature of their

architecture was the construction of huge auditorium and marriage halls.temples had

huge towers, leaf –shaped arches and platforms.one of the important temple of this

period was the vidyashankara temple at sringeri and the virupaksha temple at hampi is

the ancient one. The vijaya vittala temple and the stone chariot have been known for its

magnificient temple.

6.How was mohammad gawan a very good prime minister of the bahamani kingdom?

Ans:As a prime minister of the bahamani kingdom, mohammad gawan took the

bahamani kingdom to great heights through his efficient administration and victories .

gawan conquered konkan ,goa, and belagaum.later,he invaded orrisa and conquered

kondaveedu. In the year 1481 A.D.,he invaded kanchi and plundered its huge wealth.

7.Describe the administration and taxation system during the rule of the bahamani

sultans?

Ans:Administration:.(a) There were three levels of administration namely central,

provincial and village.Among these,there was revenue, judicial and military

administration too.

(b)the sultan was the chief of the central administration.

(c)the cabinet was called majlis e-ilwith.

(d) top officials , commandmants , ulemas and amins were friends and relatives of the

sultan.

(e)gawan converted the existing 4 provinces into 8 units and these provinces were

administrated by 15 government.

Taxation system:

(a) Land tax was the main source of income.

(b) Amir-e-jumlas were the head of the revenue authorities .

(c) 1/3 to 1/2of the agricultural produce was collected as land tax

(d) There were 50 kinds of taxes including house, mines,tobacco,grasslands,trade and

employment.

8.Explain the education art and architecture of the bahamani sultans.

Ans:The education policy of the Adil shahis was to propogate the Islam culture.

The maktabs and the madrasas existed during this period.Astronomy

,grammar,mathematics,philosophy,and political science were studied here.

The sultans developed Indo-sarcenic style of architecture .Jamia masjid ,Ibrahim roza

,Gol-gumbaz gagan mahal and asar mahal are the best examples of this period.

WATER RESOURCES OF KARNATAKA

I.Fill in the blanks.

1.The Cauvery river takes its birth at Talacauvery of kodagu district.

2.The famous Jog falls is produced by the Sharavathi river.

3.The Krishnarajsagar dam is in Mysore district.

4.The first hydro –electric power generated station in Karnataka is Shivanasamudra.

5.The Almatti dam has been constructed across Krishna river

II.Answer the following.

Q1.Name the important rivers of Karnataka?

Ans :The important rivers of Karnataka are :-

1)The Krishna river

2)The Cauvery river

3)The pennar and palar

4)Sharavati

5)Kali

6)Gangavati

7)Varahi etcs

Q2.Write a short note on river Krishna?

Ans:Krishna is the 2nd important river of south India . It takes birth at Mahabaleshwar

and flows eastwards join the Bay of Bengal.The Bhima ,Koyna,

Tungabhadra,Ghataprabha and Malaprabha are its tributaries .

Q3.What are the tributaries of Cauvery river ?

Ans :The Hemavati , Harangi ,Lokpavani ,Arkavati ,Shimsha ,Lakshmanathirtha,Kapila

suvarnavati and Bhavani.

Q4.Name the different sources of irrigggation in Karnataka ?

Ans:The sources of irrigation in Karnataka are wells,tanks and canals.

Tanks:The tanks are also seen till now. Tank irrigation is maximum in shimoga.

Wells:These were dug in the villages in olden days for the purpose of irrigation.Belgaum

has the largest well irrigation.

Canals:These were constructed to supply water from the river’s to the farmers for the

purpose of irrigation.Raichur district has the largest cannal irrigation.

5.Mention the main hydroelectric power stations of our state?f

Ans:The main hydroelectric power stations are :Shivansamudra hydroelectric power

station,Shimsha,Sharavathi,Linganmakki,Mahatma Gandhi hydroelectric power

station,Supa,Varahi,Bhadra,Tungabhadra,Ghataprabha and Almati.

6.Write a brief note on river water disputes ?

Ans:Many rivers in India flow through more than one state . This has gave rise to river

water disputes regarding to the use of river water. The Cauvery and Krishna water

disputes are of such kind in Karnataka.The catchment area of river Cauvery is spread in

Karnataka, Tamil nadu,Kerala and Puducherry. The river Krishna too flows through many

states. This has gave to river water disputes.

III. Match the foll :

1.Linganmakki dam = Sharavathi.

2.Gaganchukki,Bharachukki = Cauvery river.

3. Vani vilas sagar = Marikanive.

4.Nagajhari= Kali river.

5. Pennar= River.

THE MOGHULS AND THE MARATHAS

I.Fill in the blanks :

Ans1: Babar

2.Akbar

3.Shahjhan

4.Akbar

5.Jijabai.

II. Answer the foll:

1.Describe the military achievements of Babar?

Ans: Babar invaded India 5 times and defeated the Delhi sultan Ibrahim lodhi in the

battle of panipat in 1526.A.D. and established the moghul dynasty in India. This battle is

known as first battle of panipat.Delhi was the capital.Over a period of 4 years, he

defeated the king mewad, the rajput king of chanderi and Ibrahim lodhi’s

brother,mohammad lodhi. He established moghul rule over a vast area in north India.

2.Compare and contrast the present- day administrative system with that of sher shah.

Ans: Sher shah established an efficient administration. He dividedhis kingdom into 4

main departments .He was the first ruler who constructed four main highways that

connected the major cities. On either side of the highway, shade- giving trees were

planted and 1700 sarais were constructed. The land in the kingdom has been classified

as execelent, average and bad according to their level of fertility. The farmers gave part

of their income as land tax to the government . If there was damage to crops during

the movement of troops, the government compensated the farmers . All these features

of the administration of shershah are similar to the present administration.

The contrasting features are that Shershah himself was the highest judge in the

kingdom. He decided all the final appeals.

3.What are the areas won by akbar ?

Ans: The areas won by Akbar are Malwa , Jaipur , gondavan , chittor , Ranathambhor ,

Kalinjhar, Gujrat and Bengal and the remaining states of Kashmir, Sindh, Orrisa,

Baluchistan, Khandhar and Ahmednagar came under Akbar.

4. Describe the contributions of Shahjahan to art and architecture.

Ans: The contributions of Shahjahan to art and architecture are : Shahjahan constructed

the taj mahal in memory of his beloved wife, Mumtaz. The red fort at Delhi and the

buildings in it are the contributions of Shahjahan. Hence, his period is reffered to as

the ‘Golden age of moghul art and architecture’.

5. Describe Shivaji’s system of administration.

Ans: Shivaji had organized an efficient administrative system in his vast kingdom. He

had divided his kingdom into many provinces. There were ministers known as

Asthapradhans in the central government to assist the king. Province, district and village

were the administrative units.

6. Explain the achievements of Bajirao I.

Ans: He conquered Gujrat, malwa and gained the authority to collect chauth and

sardeshmukhi taxes. When bajirao declared war against the moghuls, Nizam-ul-Mulk,

with the intention of assisting the moghuls, tried to march towards the Delhi. But he

lost to the Marathas. Due to this, the vast land stretch between the Narmada and

Chambal rivers and 50 lakh rupees came to bajirao as war compensation. In addition to

this , he conquered salcet and basin from the portugese and and janjira from the

siddhis . Pune became his administrative centre. Bajirao I not only ruled with efficiency

but also re-estblished the glory of the Maratha empire. Hence he was called Shivaji II.

BHAKTHI PANTH

I.Fill in the blanks:

1.Devotion.

2.Kabir das.

3.Kabirpanthis.

4.Chaitanaya Charitamutra.

II.Answer the foll:

1.Who popularized the worship of Rama and Sita? What are his services to

society?

Ans: Ramanand popularized the worship of Rama and Sita. He established a

Vaishnava religious school based on love and devotion. He condemned caste

system and people from every caste to join his sect .

2.Who are sikhs? Which is their holy book?

Ans: Guru nanak had both Hindu and Muslim followers. They are called Sikhs.

Their holy book is ‘Guru granth sahib’.

3.What are the effects of bhakthi movement?

Ans: The effects of bhakthi movement are:Reform of the hindu practices and

bringing about harmony between hindus and muslims were the two main

purposes of the bhakthi movement . The reformers were successful in removing

many weakness in the hindu society. The regional languages of India flourished

.This enabled development of Indian culture.

MODERN EUROPE

I.Fill in the blanks.

1. Rebirth.

2.Petrarch.

3. Protestants.

4.Counter & Ignatius Loyola.

5. Hargreaves.

II. Answer the foll :

1.What were the consequences of religious reformation?

Ans: 1.Many of the European kings got liberated from the hold of the church and the

Pope.

2.Religious reformation led to the rise of nationalism.

3. The confiscated wealth of the church was utilized for the economic development.

4. Patriotic feelings became strong and the kings of Europe developed religious

tolerance.

5. Due to this movement, the literary field saw progress. Local languages influenced the

European minds .

6. The catholic church itself underwent reformation and this came to be known as

counter reformation.

2. What were the reasons for geographical explorations?

Ans: 1. Spain and Portugal were ambitious of competing with Arabs in sea trade.

2. Discovery of new countries opened the possibility of spreading Christianity.

3. European curiosity was roused by the adventurous nature of sea voyage towards

eastern countries.

4. Mariners compass and astrolabe equipment were helpful sailors. Charts and maps

were available to sailors .

5.The Europeans belived that china was a fertile place to make profit.

3. Which are the water colour paintings of Leonardo da vinci ?

Ans: Leonardo da vinci’s paintings are the last supper and Monalisa.

4.Explain the devolpment of literature in the period of renaissance with an example.

Ans:Itlay was the motherland of great writers. The theme of the literature was wordly

matter rather than religion. Instead of Latin, many of the regional European languages

came to be used in daily life. Petrarch is known as the ‘Father of renaissance’ . He

collected about 200 Latin and Greek manuscripts. A collection of 100 stories called

Decameron written in Italian by Boccacio, the famous work Divine comedy by Dante,

Cantebury tales by Chaucer of England , are some of the notable works. Shakespeare

was an excellent poet and dramatist.

5.Describe the effects of industrial revolution?

Ans: The effects of industrial revolution are:

1.The demand for machines grew.

2. Many changes took place in the economic and social fields too.

3. New factories were established.

4. The rich became richer and richer and the poor remained poor.

5. People had to migrate from villages to towns .

6. A capitalist class emerged in society .

7. Cottage industries could not compete with the giant factories and, thus, they

collapsed.

CITIES AND OTHER COMMUNITIES

Q1.What is meant by a city?

Ans:A city is a permanent settlement of people having high population density and

variety of social stata.

Q2.What does industrialization suggest ?

Ans :Specifically this term is used to indicate the development of the manufacturing

industry .It has also changed our social environment and created cities.

Q3.Explain the term village?

Ans:A group of people leading a simple life in a limited land area is called a village .

Q4.How does anthropology define ‘tribe’?

Ans :Anthropology defines a tribe as ,‘a group usually restricted to a specific

geographical area ,having its own language ,cultural harmony and social organization .

Q5.Explain the features of a city?

Ans:Features of a city are as follows:

1.variety of social strata.

2.anonymity

3.increased social movement

4.greater emphasis on individualism ,materialistic comfort and privacy.

5.development of associations and unions

6.families of small size

7.fast pace of social reforms

Q6List the features of a rural community ?

Ans:The features of a rural community are asfollows:

1.small community

2. harmonious relationships

3.social unity

4.Informal system of control

5.prominence of agriculture

6.prominence of undivided families

7.influence of nature

8.influence of the neighbourhood

9.simplicity

10.increased religious involvement

11.traditional opinions

12.widespread caste system

13.illiteracy,poverty.

Q7.What are the problems of rural community?

Ans:the problems of the rural community are :-

1.agricultural problems

2.problems related to cottage industries

3.illiteracy ,poverty and unemployment

4.lack of proper health facilities

5.lack of civic amenities.

Q8.Identify the unique features of tribal communities?

Ans :The unique features of a tribal community are :-

1.common geographical area

2.cluster of families

3.inter relatedness

4.common language

5.simplicity and self contained nature

6.common religion

7.common culture

8.common name

9.sense of unity

10.illiteracy

Q9.How are the Indian tribes classified ?

Ans:Indian tribes are classified into :

1.tribes of eastern region

2.tribes of central region

3.tribes of southern region

MANAGEMENT OF BUSINESS

I.Answer the following.

Q1.What is management?

Ans.The turn management is used to refer to the principles of managing the activities of

an enterprise.

Q2.What do you mean by decision making?

Ans Decision making can be regarded as the mental process,resulting in the section of a

course of action among several activities.

Q3.What is individual decision and what is collective decision?

Ans In small business organizations like sole trading concerns ,it is the individual who

takes the decision they are called individual decisions.

Decision making by a group of people as In the case of partnership firms and board of

directors as in the case of joint stock companies or co-operative societies are called

group decisions.

Q4.What is the principle of authority and responsibility in principles of management ?

Ans :This principle refers to the authority and responsibility which are the combination

of official authority and personnal responsibility Both are the compounded with

intelligence ,past experience ,moral worth, etc.

Q5.What are the principles of management suggested by Henry Fayol?

1.division of work.

2.authority and responsibility

3.Disicipline

4.unity of command

5. unity of direction

6.sub-ordination of individual interest to general interest .

7.remuneration of personnel

8.centralisation

9.scalar chain

10.equity

11.stability of security to personel

12.initiative

13.Espirate de-corps.

Q6.What are the functional areas of management ?

Ans:the functional areas of management are :-

Planning,organizing,staffing,directing,co_ordinating and controlling.

Q7.What do you mean by authority and responsibility,scalar chain and centralization in

principles of management?

Ans:Authority and responsibility :

This principle refers to the combination of official authority and personal responsibility.

Centralization:-this principle refers to the extent to which authority is concentrated so

that it gives the overall yields .

Scalar chain :-this principle means that every enterprise should have graded authority or

superior sub-ordinate relationships.

Q8.What is the need for decision making in management?

Ans:decision making can be regarded as the mental process resulting in the selection of

a course of action among several activities .

Q9.What are the important elements of decision making ?

Ans:1. Establishing goals

2.defining tasks

3.developing plans

4.situation

5.Searching for alternatives.

6.rational thinking

7. evaluation

Q10.What factors are to be kept in mind while taking a decision ?

Ans: The factors to be kept in mind while taking a decision are :

1.Analysing the problem.

2.Planning of course of action.

3.Maintaing courage and peace .

4. Farsightedness.

5. Ability to take quick and wise decision.

Q11. What do you mean by planning and organization in the functional areas of

management?

Ans: Planning:It is one of the important functional areas of management. It involves the

future of course of operation for a given period. The process of planning includes

determination of organizational objective and formulation of plans, policies etc.

Organising:It is the process of bringing together the man power and material resources.

Some of the material resources are machines and materials.

12. How controlling is an important area of managerial function?

Ans: It is area of managerial function. It covers almost all the management activities. It

keeps check on other function

s of management. It is a function that every manager in the organization has to perform.

13. What are the main objectives of control areas?

Ans:1. To create an atmosphere of order and discipline in the organization to ensure

proper co-ordination of activities.

2.To ensure confirmation of actual performance with the pre- determinal plans.

3. To achieve the increase of overall efficiency of the organization.

14. “Directing and co-ordinations are very important functions in business management.

How?

Ans: Directing: It is the area of functional management where instructing,

guiding,supervising and leading the people of an organization towards achievement of

the desired goals. It is the arrangement of group efforts to provide unity of the

organizational goals.

Co-ordination: It is the harmonius blending of the activities of the different

departments for the achievement of the desired goals . It is the arrangement of group

efforts to provide unity of actions in the pursuit of common purpose.

THE STATE GOVERNMENT

I.Fill in the blanks.

1.Union of India,28,6

2.Governer

3.75

4.Council of Ministers,Chief Ministers

5.President

6.Governer

7.1April 1974

8.Tahsildar Court.

II.Answerthe following

1.Explain the structure of the legistative assembly.

Ans The strength of Legislative Assembly or Vidhanna Sabha depends on the population

of the State.The maximum number of seat of any Vidhanna Sabha should not exceed

500 or be below 60.However the number of seats in small Statesis less.The speaker and

the deputy speaker are elected from among the elected Members of the Assembly.The

Assembly are elected for the term of 5 years.However,the assembly may be dissolved

before the expiry of the full term on the recommendation of the cabinet.At that

time,the State will be under President’s rule.

2.Which fields are represented by the members of the Legislative Council?

Ans.The 75 members of the legistative council represent five fields .some are elected

from among the members of the legistative assembly ,local bodies ,graduates’

constituencies ,and teachers constituencies .the governor appoints members from

different fields the experts to represent.from the field of science arts literature

education social service etc.

Q3.What are the qualifications and the term for the office of a governor ?

Ans:The term of office of the governor is 5 years .

The qualifications for the governor are :-

1.should be a citizen of India .

2.should be not less than 35 years of age .

3.should not hold any office of profit under the government .

4.should not be a member of either parliament or state legislature .

Q4.Write a short note on the chief minister ?

Ans :The chief minister is the head of the state government ,the council of ministers ,the

legislature and the leader of the majority party .He can form new policies,advise the

governor regarding the nomination of different posts , co_ordinate and supervise the

workings of the various departmentsand most of all he forms the government.

Q5.Which are the sub-ordinate courts under the civil courts ?

Ans :The sub-ordinate courts under the district courts are :-

1.court of sub-ordinate judges

2.court of additional sub-ordinate judges

3. court of Munsiffs

4.court of additional munsiffs .

Q6.What was the purpose of establishing the Lok Adalats ?When did they come into

existence ?

Ans:The legal procedure in India is time consuming and expensive .So the government

set up the other legal institutions .One of them is Lok adalat.They came into existence

in 1885 .

Lok adalats take up cases relating to vehical accidents ,land possessions, banking

marriage and alimony , labourers problems etc.

********************

1.CHRISTIANITY AND ISLAM

1. Fill in the blanks.

1. The birth place of Jesus is Bethlehem

2. Christ was crucified on the hillock Golgotha

3. Christianity was the state religion of Rome during the period of Constantine.

4. Mohammed Paigamber was born at Mecca.

5. The holy book of Islam is Quran.

6. Caliphs are known as the successors of Mohammed Paigamber.

II. Answer the following.

1. Write about the life of Jesus Christ?

Ans: Lord Jesus was born in Bethlehem in Judea province. Joseph and Mary were his parents. John, a preacher baptized Jesus and declared that Jesus was a Messiah. Jesus travelled throughout the country and his twelve disciples were called apostles. Jesus sympathized with the downtrodden and those who suffered from diseases and the poor. he was crucified on Friday, the seventh of 30

B.C.

2.List the teachings of jesus?

Ans: The following are the teachings of jesus

1.All human beings are the children of god.

2.He advocated universal brotherhood.

3.People should repent for their past sins and seek forgiveness from god.

4.Jesus equated service of man to service of god. Jesus preached on the

basis of Love , service, and brotherhood.

3.Write about the spread of Christianity?

Ans. After the death of chirst his disciples were tortured some of them were

crucified.The Roman emperor Constantine himself embraced Christianity in 311

A.D. and the next year he declared Christianity as the religion of the whole

empire.Rome became the headquarters of the christian community with pope has

their leader. The gospels written by the followers of Jesus like saint

Mathew,Mark,Luke and John formed the new testament of the Bible.the

missionaries of the new religion propogated the new religion in the whole of

Europe.

4.Write a note on the life of Mohammed Paigamber?

Ans: Prophet Mohammed was born at Mecca in 570 A.D.Abdulla and Ameena

were his parents. His father died when he was six years old and he was brought

up by his uncle Abu Bakr. He married a rich widow and had two sons and four

daughters Mohammed mediated in a cave in at Mecca where he heard the voice

of an angel who said that he was the Prophet of God. His teachings are seen in

the holy book of Quran.

5.what is Hijra?

Ans: The orthodox community of Mecca opposed prophet Mohammed. He

could not continue to preach there so he moved to madina in 622 A.D. This

journey is called as HIJRA, the year of the beginning of Islam calendar.

6.What are the rules of Islam?

Ans: He rules and regulations to be followed by every muslim are :-

1.Firm belief in one god .

2.Praying five times a day.

3.Fasting during the month of RAMZAN.

4.Donating one fourth of their earnings to the poor.

5.Visting Mecca at least once in their lifetime.

GEOGRAPHY

PHYSIOGRAPHIC DIVISIONS

I.Fill in the blanks.

1.St.Mary island is located near Malpe.

2.The Western ghats are called Sahyadris.

3.Agumbe Ghat links Shimoga and Udupi.

4.Kodagu district is known as’ Kashmir of Karnataka’.

II.Discuss and answer the following questions.

1.Mention the important physical divisions of Karnataka?

Ans: The important physical divisions of Karnataka are:-

1.The coastal region.

2.The malnad region.

3.The maidan region.

2.Write a note on the relief features of malnad region?

Ans.The western ghats in our state is called as malnad region.It runs parallel to

the coast line from north to south.They have steep terrace like slopes in the west

and gentle slopes in the east.The ghats cause heavy rains often more than

200cms.Highest peaks are mullaiyanagiri, kudremukh,kalhattagiri and rudragiri.It

is covered with dense evergreen forest.Jogfalls the highest waterfalls of india is

found here.Hassan, kodagu ,shimoga and chikmanglur are the districts of malnad

region.

3. Give an account on the coastal plains of Karnataka.

Ans: The coastal plain lies between the Arabian sea and the Malnad region.