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بسم االله الرحمن الرحيمClinical Epidemiology
and Control ofTetanus
Shahid Beheshti Universityof Medical Sciences, 2021
By: Hatami H. MD. MPH
اپيدميولوژي باليني و كنترل كزاز
ي دئو
ا ويطف
ل92
ييدرما
ه فحظ
ملايز
را ني
قه ادقي
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1) Incubation period2) Natural course 3) Geographical distribution4) Timeline trend5) Age, Gender, Occupation, Social situation6) Predisposing factors7) Susceptibility & Resistance8) Secondary attack rate9) Modes of transmission, period of communicability
Definition and public health importanceEtiologic agent
Clinical Epidemiology of Tetanus
Prevention: Primordial, primary, secondary, tertiary, Puaternary
مقدمه و معرفي بيماري -الف
قوعاپيدميولوژي توصيفي و و -ب
ج ـ پيشگيري و كنترل
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الف ـ مقدمه و معرفي بيماري
بهداشتي اهميت و تعريف ـ1اتيولوژيك عامل ـ 2(Case definition)ـ تعريف مورد 3
ب ـ اپيدميولوژي توصيفي و وقوع(Occurrence)
ج ـ پيشگيري و كنترل
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1-1. Definition of Tetanusـ تعريف و اهميت بهداشتي 1
•Tetanus is a nervous system diseasecaused by a toxin (tetanospasmin) produced by Clostridium tetani (M2020).
•An infectious disease caused by contamination of wounds
• Greek words -“tetanos and teinein”, meaning rigid and stretched
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Anaerobic gram-positive, spore-forming bacteria
Spores found in soil, dust, animal feces; may persist for months to years
Multiple toxins produced with growth of bacteria
Tetanospasmin estimated human lethal dose = 150 ng
ـ عامل اتيولوژيك2
2-1. Etiologic agent
مقدار كشنده تتانواسپاسمين؟
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2-2. Tetanus Pathogenesis
Anaerobic conditions allow germination of spores and production of toxins.
Toxin binds in central nervous system
Interferes with neurotransmitter release to block inhibitor impulses.
Leads to unopposed muscle contraction and spasm.
نيممانعت توكسين از رفع انقباضات عضلا
بيماريزايي
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2-3. Tetanus Pathogenesis
نيممانعت توكسين از رفع انقباضات عضلا
بيماريزايي
رفع انقباض= انبساط
تحريك كننده
بازدارنده
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2-4. Environmental resistance
• It develops a terminal spore that is extremely stable in the environment,
• Retaining the ability to germinate and cause disease indefinitely (M2020).
• Spores found in soil, dust, animal feces; may persist for months to years
ـ مقاومت محيطي عامل اتيولوژيك2
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ويژگي هاي مهم عامل عفونتزا
)Infectivity(ـ عفونتزايي 1)Pathogenicity( زايي آسيب ـ 2)Virulence( حدت ـ 3)Antigenicity( آنتي ژني خاصيت ـ 4)Immunogenicity( ايمني زايي خاصيت ـ 5
ـ عامل اتيولوژيك2
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(Case definition)تعريف مورد
Clinical or Laboratory Confirmation?• There are no laboratory findings characteristic
of tetanus.• Diagnosis is determined by clinical findings.• Acute onset of hypertonia and/or painful
muscular contractions (usually of the muscles of the jaw and neck), and generalized muscle spasms without other apparent medical cause.
ـ تعريف مورد كزاز3
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(Case definition)تعريف مورد
Confirmed Case Clinical evidence of illness without other
apparent medical cause
with or withoutIsolation of Clostridium tetani and
with or without history of injury.
ـ تعريف مورد كزاز3
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ريالف ـ مقدمه و معرفي بيما
ب ـ اپيدميولوژي توصيفي و (Occurrence)وقوع
ج ـ پيشگيري و كنترل
بهداشتي اهميت و تعريف ـ1اتيولوژيك عوامل يا عامل ـ 2Case) مورد تعريف ـ 3 definition)
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ب ـ اپيدميولوژي توصيفي و (Occurrence)وقوع
(Incubation period) دوره نهفتگي – 1 (Natural course)سير طبيعي – 2 (Geographical distribution)انتشار جغرافيائي – 3(Timeline trend)روند زماني – 4تاثير سن، جنس، شغل و موقعيت اجتماعي – 5 (Predisposing factors)تاثير عوامل مساعد كننده – 6 (Susceptibility & Resistance)حساسيت و مقاومت – 7 (Secondary attack rate)ميزان حمله هاي ثانويه – 8نحوه انتقال و دوره قابليت سرايت – 9
(Mode of transmission & period of communicability)
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1. Incubation period• Incubation period 8 days (range, 3-21 days)• Period of onset: is the time from first
symptoms to the reflex spasm.• In general, shorter incubation periods are
associated with more heavily contaminated wounds, more severe disease and a worse prognosis.
دوره كمون
1 day to several months
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Tetanus is divided into four clinical types:GeneralizedLocalizedCephalicNeonatal
سير طبيعي
2. Natural course
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Generalized tetanus: descending symptoms of trismus (lockjaw), difficulty swallowing, muscle rigidity, spasms
Spasms continue for 3-4 weeks; complete recovery may take months
Natural course .2سير طبيعيGeneralized tetanus
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Generalized tetanus in newborn infant* Infant born without protective passive immunity* High fatality rate without therapy* Estimated 270,000 deaths worldwide in 1998
WHO estimates that in 2015 , 34,019 newborns died from NT, a 96% reduction from the situation in the late 1980s.
(http://www.who.int/immunization/diseases/MNTE_initiative/en/)
Natural course .2سير طبيعيNeonatal tetanus
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Risus sardonicus: Contraction of the muscles at the angle of mouth and frontalis
Trismus (Lock Jaw): Spasm of Masseter muscles.
Opisthotonus: Spasm of extensor of the neck, back and legs to form a backward curvature.
Muscle spasticity
Natural course .2سير طبيعيNeonatal tetanus
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Risus sardonicus
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Trismus (Lock Jaw)
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Opisthotonus
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Opisthotonus
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Laryngospasm Fractures Hypertension Nosocomial infections Pulmonary embolism Aspiration Death
Natural course .2سير طبيعيComplications
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A period of onset of less than 48 hr is associated with the development of severe tetanus.
Prolonged muscular action causes sudden, powerful, and painful contractions of muscle groups. This is called tetany. These episodes can cause fractures and muscle tears.
If respiratory muscle is involved – apnoea.
Natural course .2پيش آگهيPrognosis
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The average mortality of tetanus is 45-55%
Neonatal tetanus: 60-70%
Most important factor influencing outcome is supportive care
Natural course .2پيش آگهيPrognosis
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Recovery from tetanus does not result in immunity or prevent recurrence,
Active immunization is indicated after recovery
Natural course .2ايمني بعد از بهبودي؟Immunity after recovery
ايمني بعد از بهبودي؟
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ساب كلينيكال(ميزان موارد بدون علامت(ميزان موارد حاد ميزان موارد مزمنميزان موارد بهبودي خودبخوديسير بعدي بيماري با درمان و بدون درمانميزان مرتاليتي و مربيديتيميزان مصونيت بعد از بهبودي
سير طبيعي
2. Natural course
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3. Geographical distribution
• Is an international health problem, as spores are ubiquitous.
• Occurs worldwide but is more common in hot, damp climates with soil rich in organic matter.
• More common in developing and under developing countries.
انتشار جغرافيايي
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3. Geographical distribution
• In developed countries tetanus is rare due to the availability of effective vaccines.
• In developing countries, neonatal tetanus can occur when there is failure of aseptic technique and mothers are inadequately immunized.
• In the United States, tetanus is more common in people older than 60 years, likely due to waning immunity (M2020).
انتشار جغرافيايي
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ـ روند زماني 4پاندمي ها ؟(Pandemics) اپيدمي ها ؟(Epidemics) طغيان ها ؟(Outbreaks) تناوب زماني ؟(Duration) الگوي فصلي ؟(Seasonality)
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4. Timeline trendSeasonality
اواخر تا بهار اواسط از بيماري موارد %60 حدود مي نمايد بروز تابستان
تاثير فصل
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اعيـ تاثير سن، جنس ، شغل و موقعيت اجتم 5تاثير سن فخفيو شديدو بدون علامت و با علامت، موارد بروزبر ميزان
)در نوزادان؟ در سالخوردگان؟( مرگو ميزان در بزرگسالان؟ در نوزادان؟(بر عوامل مذكور تاثير جنس(؟ شغل و موقعيت اجتماعي
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ـ تاثير عوامل مساعد كننده 6
عوامل فرهنگي و عقيدتير ايمني، زمينه هايي نظير ضعف ايمني، ابتلاء به بيماريهاي سركوبگ
مصرف داروهاي مضعف سيستم ايمنياسترس هاي مختلففقر و بي خانماني
عوامل تماسي عوامل ميزباني عوامل محيطي
عوامل تماسي عوامل ميزباني عوامل محيطي
تاثير عوامل مساعد كننده
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6. Predisposing factors
A penetrating injury – inoculation of C. tetani spores
Coinfection with other bacteriaDevitalized tissueA foreign bodyLocalized ischemia
تاثير عوامل مساعد كننده
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6. Predisposing factors
Tetanus develop in these clinical settings: Neonates, Obstetric patients, Postsurgical patients, Patients with dental infection, Diabetic patients with infected extremity ulcers, Patients who inject contaminated drugs
تاثير عوامل مساعد كننده
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يـ حساسيت و مقاومت در مقابل بيمار 7مقاومت طبيعيمصونيت اكتسابي بعد از ابتلاءمصونيت اكتسابي بعد از واكسيناسيون
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7. Susceptibility & Resistance
حساسيت و مقاومت
Tetanus develop in these clinical settings: Neonates, Obstetric patients, Postsurgical patients, Patients with dental infection, Diabetic patients with infected extremity ulcers, Patients who inject contaminated drugs
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8. Secondary attack rate
Is not contagious
ميزان حملات ثانويه
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9-1. Modes of transmission
Apparently trivial injuries Animal bites/human bites Open fractures Burns Gangrene In neonates usually via infected umbilical stumps Abscess Parenteral drug abuse
راه هاي انتقال و دوره قابليت سرايت
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9-2. period of communicability
• Is not contagious• No direct person–to-person
transmission
دوره قابليت سرايت
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9-3. Reservoir
C. tetani spores are widely distributed worldwide in soil or fomites contaminated with animal or human feces.
Spores are also detected in the intestines of animals and humans as normal, harmlessinhabitants.
مخزن كلوستريديوم تتاني
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يالف ـ مقدمه و معرفي بيمار
في ب ـ اپيدميولوژي توصي) Occurrence(و وقوع
ج ـ پيشگيري و كنترل)Primordial( مقدماتي ـ 0)Primary( اول سطح ـ1 )Secondary( دوم سطح ـ 2 )Tertiary( سوم سطح ـ 3)Quaternary( چهارم سطح ـ 4
پيشگيري و كنترل
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كزازج ـ پيشگيري و كنترل
• Primordial Prevention: “…minimize hazards to health”• Primary Prevention:
Prevention of disease in “well” individuals• Reduce the incidence of disease• Secondary Prevention:
Identification and intervention in early stages of disease (usually at asymptomatic stage)
May improve effectiveness of intervention• Reduce the prevalence of disease• Tertiary Prevention:
Prevention of further deterioration, reduction in complications• Reduce the impact of complications • Quaternary Prevention
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1. Primary prevention
• Educate population• Immunoprophylaxis• Is recommended, starring at 2 months of
age, followed by additional doses after aninterval of 2 months.
پيشگيري و كنترل
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Vaccination
• All children should be immunized beginning at 2 months of age.
• A primary series consisting of: • 3 doses at 2, 4, and 6 months of age
زمان/ واكسيناسيون
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برنامه ايمنسازي كودكان در جمهوري اسلامي ايران
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نواكسيناسيوتاخيري
برنامه ايمنسازي كودكان در جمهوري اسلامي ايرانماهگي 3-12مراجعه
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برنامه ايمنسازي كودكان در جمهوري اسلامي ايرانسالگي 1-6مراجعه
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Adverse Reactions Swelling, redness, and/or pain
Tetanuse Vaccineعوارض واكسن/ واكسيناسيون
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Tetanuse Vaccine
Contraindications and Precautions:ممنوعيت خاصي ندارد1.
موارد ممنوعيت واكسن؟
ممنوعيت واكسن/ واكسيناسيون
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Vaccination coverage
پوشش واكسن؟
• During 2019, about 85% of infants worldwide (116 million infants) received 3 doses of DTP3
• Protecting them against infectious diseases that can cause serious illness and disability or be fatal.
• By 2019, 125 Member States had reached at least 90% coverage of DTP3 vaccine.
Ref. Immunization coverage, Fact sheet, Updated July 2020
https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/immunization-coverage
پوشش واكسن/ واكسيناسيون
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Vaccination coverage
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Chemoprophylaxis ونتعف با مبارزه جهت آنتي بيوتيك ها مصرف•
است لازم ،زخم محل بيماري زا پيشگيري در بيوتيك ها آنتي تاثير•
.مي باشد بحثي مورد مسئله كزاز در ي هايباكتر بردن بين از باعث پني سيلين،•
بر تاثيري هيچ ولي مي گردد رشد، حال زخم محل در شده ترشح توكسين يا اسپورها
ندارد
پيشگيري و كنترل
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Tetanus prone wound
1. A wound sustained more than 6 hrbefore surgical treatment.
2. A wound sustained at any interval after injury which is:
• Puncture type• Shows much devitalized tissue• Is septic or is contaminated with soil
or manure.
زخم مستعد به كزاز
كود
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زخم مستعد به كزازdevitalized tissue
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Tetanus Wound Managementاقدامات پيشگيرنده كزاز در زخمهاي مختلف
Vaccination History
Unknown or < 3 doses
3+ doses
Td TIG
Yes No
No* No
Td TIG
Yes Yes
No** No
Clean, minorwounds
All otherwounds
* Yes, if >10 years since last dose
وضعيت واكسيناسيون كزاز وضعيت بهداشتي محل زخم
** Yes, if >5 years since last doseزمان آخرين نوبت واكسني؟
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2. Secondary prevention
Diagnosis• Early detection and promptly treatment• There are currently no blood tests that
can be used to diagnose tetanus.• Culturing C. tetani is difficult and not
helpful (M2020)
• Diagnosis is done clinically.
پيشگيري سطح دوم
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2. Secondary prevention
Differential diagnosis• Masseter muscle spasm due to dental
abscess • Dystonic reaction to phenothiazine• Rabies• Hysteria
پيشگيري سطح دوم
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2. Secondary prevention
Treatment: 1. Neutralization of unbound toxin with
Human tetanus immunoglobulin 2. Prevention of further toxin production
by:-Wound debridement-Antibiotics (Metronidazole)
پيشگيري سطح دوم
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2. Secondary prevention
Treatment: • The airway must be secured at the time of presentation.• Benzodiazepines provide the mainstay of symptomatic
therapy.• Passive immunization with human tetanus immune
globulin (HTIG) shortens the disease course and may lessen disease severity.
• Antibiotic therapy with metronidazole may improve outcomes (M2020).
پيشگيري سطح دوم
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فيزيوتراپي
پيشگيري سطح سوم
3. Tertiary prevention
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اجتناب از انجام اقدامات و تشخيصي ـ درماني غيرلازمتحميل هزينه هاي ذيربط
پيشگيري سطح چھارم
4. Quaternary prevention
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:منابع مصوبمعرفي ران اپيدميولوژي و كنترل بيماري هاي شايع در اي
دكتر فريدون عزيزي: تاليفدكتر حسين حاتمي
دكتر محسن جانقرباني )1396چاپ چهارم سال (
كتاب جامع بهداشت عموميحسين حاتميدكتر : تاليف
دكتر سيدمنصور رضوي و همكاران
)1398چاپ چهارم سال (
ي دئو
ا ويطف
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ييدرما
ه فحظ
ملايز
را ني
قه ادقي
67
TetanusReferences:• WHO, Fact sheet 2018.• WHO, Immunization coverage 2020.• Mandel 2020.• Harrison 2018.• Public Health Canada, 2019.• World Health Organization, Site, 2019,Tetanus and Tetanus
Toxoid, National Immunization CDC. • Ehsanur Reza, MBBS, FCPS, Assistant Professor Surgery Unit III
MMCH • Sarika Gupta, Diphtheria, Pertussis, Tetanus.
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