clinical supervision primer for counselors and psychotherapists 2004-05© dr. jeffrey k. edwards...
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Clinical SupervisionClinical SupervisionPrimerPrimer
for Counselors and for Counselors and PsychotherapistsPsychotherapists
2004-05©2004-05©
Dr. Jeffrey K. EdwardsProfessor
Family Counseling ProgramDepartment of Counselor Education
Northeastern Illinois University773-442-5541
The objectives of this course are to The objectives of this course are to help the participant: help the participant:
Acquire knowledge of supervision process Acquire knowledge of supervision process and skills from multiple domains and and skills from multiple domains and perspectives;perspectives;
Acquire knowledge of: the characteristics Acquire knowledge of: the characteristics of good and poor supervision;of good and poor supervision;
COURSE OBJECTIVESCOURSE OBJECTIVES
ObjectivesObjectives
Understand the three domains of clinical Understand the three domains of clinical supervision;supervision;
Understand the developmental stages of Understand the developmental stages of supervisees and appropriate supervision of supervisees and appropriate supervision of each;each;
Understand the developmental stages of Understand the developmental stages of becoming a clinical supervisor and what to becoming a clinical supervisor and what to expect of oneself during each stage;expect of oneself during each stage;
ObjectivesObjectives Understand the importance of practicing Understand the importance of practicing
ethical clinical supervision;ethical clinical supervision; Be familiar with several supervision Be familiar with several supervision
formats and methods;formats and methods; Learn how to help in developing self-Learn how to help in developing self-
sufficiency, self-efficacy and personal sufficiency, self-efficacy and personal agency of supervisees;agency of supervisees;
Reasons to study SupervisionReasons to study Supervision A study of 20,000 exit interviews found the
number one reason people leave jobs is "poor supervisory behavior." In other words: a bad boss!! Do you feel comfortable with your prospective boss' interpersonal and management style? Do you feel comfortable with your own? More important, how well do either of you serve as a mentor? Are you or your boss capable and interested in their/your growth? Will you or he or she make sure those under them/you have the training and resources to get the job done? Both you and your supervisees want a supervisor who is committed to success!
Psychotherapy Supervisor Psychotherapy Supervisor Development Scale*Development Scale*
Please circle the number that best describes how frequently you feel that each item describes you:
1 2 3 4 5 6 7___________________________________________________
never half the time always
My personal My personal experiencesexperiences
Who I am. Where I’ve been. How I’ve been trained. What I presently believe and practice
regarding clinical supervision.
Overview of Supervision: Overview of Supervision: Clinical Supervision started Clinical Supervision started
with with Psychoanalysis and the
medical model Watch one, do one, teach one Management and training.
Which one fits? Allen Hess, (1980) Psychotherapy
Supervision: Theory, Research and Practice. NY: Wiley
Supervision is......
From your point of view.
A Supervisor is...A Supervisor is...
In charge..? Responsible ? Knowledgeable ? Caring ? Evaluative? Sets goals?
Participants’ experience Participants’ experience with supervisionwith supervision
Good Supervision is: Bad Supervision is:
A Supervisor is...A Supervisor is...
Trainer or Instructor Consultant Counselor
Supervisor Domains
Discrimination Model. (Bernard, 1979).
Principles of ConsultationPrinciples of Consultation
A Triadic relationship (focuses on a third party) that may be an individual, organization,or a group within an organization.
It is not therapy! Consultants may be internal or external.
3. Counselor/therapist3. Counselor/therapist
Original clinical supervision – analysis Dealing with interface issues (transference
issues) What problems arise with this one??
– Informed consent– Possible dual relationship
Person of the Therapist Supervision.
Psychotherapy supervision is Psychotherapy supervision is important because it:important because it:
Provides supervisee with feedback from someone who is supposed to have more experience, and is objective.
Offers them guidance as to how to proceed when they are stuck;
Provides them with alternative views of the situation;
Psychotherapy supervision is Psychotherapy supervision is important because:important because:
Provides them with suggestions of case dynamics, treatment options, and gives them a “secure base” (Watkins, 2001) from which to operate.
Provides a quality control regarding care.
Theories of SupervisionTheories of Supervision
Developmental - Stoltenberg & Delworth, Systemic - Liddle, Bruenlin & Schwartz, Person of the therapist supervision - Aponte or
Atkinson Wu-wei - Edwards & Chen. But by and large there is NO universal theory of
supervision. Instead, the different models of counseling use
there own theory base, so......
Theories of SupervisionTheories of Supervision
Client centered supervisors stress empathy, and modeling
Cognitive supervisors stress cognition Systemic supervisors stress systems Etc., etc., etc!!
Heath & Storm Heath & Storm
Supervisors need to prove their usefulness to those they supervise, if they are to be effective - respect for those they supervisee.
Use your theory of Cx, and your theory of Supervision.
Strategies, Models and Strategies, Models and TechniquesTechniques
Interpersonal Process Recall Review of taped interviews
– Supervisor listens and provides feedback later
– Supervisor and Supervisee both listen to selected sections.
Review of Video tapes Live supervision either by one way mirror, televised
observation, or by supervisor sitting in on sessions. Group Supervision Peer supervision
All forms Counseling/Psychotherapy All forms Counseling/Psychotherapy supervision, however, seems to have supervision, however, seems to have
some similarities:some similarities:
An intervention that is provided by a senior member of a profession to a junior member or members of that same profession. This relationship is evaluative, extends over time, and has the simultaneous purposes of enhancing the professional functioning of the junior member(s), monitoring the quality of professional services offered to the clients she, he, or they see(s), and serving as a gatekeeper for those who are entering the particular profession. (Bernard and Goodyear, 1992, p.4)
All forms Counseling/Psychotherapy All forms Counseling/Psychotherapy supervision, however, seems to have supervision, however, seems to have
some similarities:some similarities:
According to Watkins (2002), this means that supervision has as components:
A relationship Evaluation Extends over time Enhances professional functioning Monitors quality of professional service Serves as gate keeper.
Counseling/Psychotherapy supervision Counseling/Psychotherapy supervision factors of supervision functioning:factors of supervision functioning:
Foci of supervision – professional, organizational, assessment/planning, implementation/intervention/evaluation, and personal factors;
Format of supervision – individually or group, face to face, or over phone.
Techniques – facilitative, supportive, confrontive, conceptual, problem solving, etc. (Watkins, 2002)
Developmental Stages of Developmental Stages of CounselorsCounselors
Development is Organic - “Importance is not placed on events or combinations of events as much as on the transformation of these events into meaningful information, which is then incorporated into prior knowledge. The developing person is viewed as emerging and moving towards a goal or end state” (Stoltenberg & Delworth, 1988, p. 4-5).
Developmental Stages of Developmental Stages of CounselorsCounselors
Level One - The beginning of the Journey
Level Two -Trial and Tribulations
Level Three - Challenges and Growth
Level One - The beginning of the Journey
dependent on supervisor, imitative lacking self-awarenesscategorical thinking, with limited experience
Level One - The beginning of the Journey
high motivation to do wellhigh anxiety channeled to hard work
focused on skill acquisitionhighly dependent on supervision
Level One - The beginning of the Journey
Supervision Environment 1. provide structure to keep anxiety low, 2. provide positive feedback regarding counselor’s abilities, 3. focus on data rather than on supervisee
Nancy’s PlightNancy’s Plight
Video
Level Two -Trial and Tribulation
fluctuating motivation, striving for independence, becoming more self-assertive and less imitative.
dependency/autonomy conflict
confusion stage
Level Two -Trial and Tribulation
Supervisee’s skills, strengths and weaknesses are becoming evident.
Beginning awareness that this is not a job for the faint of heart
Level Two -Trial and Tribulation
Realization that there is more to counseling than technique.
not all cases respond as hoped for, even with good skill level usage
Professional Ethics relates
Level Two -Trial and Tribulation
Awareness of the limitations of counseling process with certain clients
The horrors of cases begin to become toxic
Taking cases home emotionally
Level Two -Trial and Tribulation
Autonomy is increasedsupervisee may not seek opinions or advise of supervisor
May even resist discussion of cases -
Level Two -Trial and Tribulation
Supervision EnvironmentHighly autonomous, little structure
Blend of client types is important
Supportive environmentConsultative,
Level Two -Trial and Tribulation
Supervision Environment
Focus on theory and application Alternative views of clients Broadening repertoire of theory and
technique Focus on relationship, both with client, and
isomorphicly in supervision. Confrontation and interface issues are more
a part of supervision now.
Level Two -Trial and Tribulation
Supervision Environment Less inclined to take the supervisors
word without critically evaluating suggestions as applied to clients.
Supervisory relationship is less hierarchical, and this should be supported.
Marilyn sees the worst.Marilyn sees the worst.
Video
Level Three - Challenge and Growth
Personal sense of counselor identity and self-confidence.
Motivation more stable Autonomy is not threatened Self- and other awareness is
heightened. A second-order shift has occurred.
Able to be with the client, yet not be drawn in. Able to pull back and evaluate.
Level Three - Challenge and Growth
Generally aware of their own strengths and weaknesses.
Can think of individual differences of clients.
Understand ethics and professional perspective.
Level Three - Challenge and Growth
Supervision Environment 1.dependency and strengths need to be acknowledged and supported (sometimes even encouraged),
2. case accountability needs to be provided within this context
Level Three - Challenge and Growth
Supervision Environment Supervisee may be beyond formal, regular supervision but may seek help with specific cases. There is a need for supervision to advance past a single theoretical framework, broadening the supervisee’s repertoire. Focus should be on integration of all aspects of the counselor.
What research says about:What research says about:
Good Supervision is:
Self-reflective and self-monitoring of the emotional/interpersonal processes with supervisee;
Ability to identify with as well as observe experiences of supervisee and his/her clients’;
Poor Supervision is: Evidence of
psychopathology; Evidence of narcissistic
needs and vulnerability with excessive need to be liked or be in control.
Some novice supervisors who have not had training, or supervision of supervision.
What research says about:What research says about:
Good Supervision is:
Flexibility about theory, technical principles, and trainee’s learning style;
Respectful attitude, supportive and non-judgmental;
Humility toward knowledge, curiosity, relaxed and patient manor
Poor Supervision is: If you decide to get
supervision of your own supervision, find out what they know about the process of supervision, not just if they have advanced degrees or have supervised for a long time.
What research says about:What research says about: Good Supervision is:
Ability to convey principles and concepts with clarity;
Ability to think out loud in order to model clinical inference process;
Willingness to allow students to view supervisor’s own clinical work;
Poor Supervision is:
Isomorphic and Parallel Isomorphic and Parallel processes in supervision – processes in supervision –
Howard LiddleHoward Liddle
Isomorphism means identity or similarity of form," (Kerlinger, 1986, p. 395).
Parallel means : extending in the same direction, everywhere equidistant, and not meeting, or the development of similar new characters by two or more related organisms in response to similarity of environment -- called also parallel evolution
Isomorphic processes in Isomorphic processes in supervisionsupervision
The word comes from Iso - meaning same, and morph - meaning structure. Any two systems that are connected are said to have isomorphic properties when there is similarity between the two.
Isomorphy refers to that part of two or more structures that have a correspondence. As there is an interconnection between all systems that are interrelated, this correspondence has the potential of influence.
Isomorphic Isomorphic Client system
Therapist systemSupervisory system
Patterns of Interaction in Patterns of Interaction in SupervisionSupervision
1. Rapport-building. Both participants seek to structure a feeling of comfort in a context where work is being evaluated. Length of time is related to contexts of overt hierarchy, gender, familiarity with one another, and new or ongoing cases to talk about.
2. Getting down to work stage - “What would you like to focus on? Where Stuck?
Patterns of Interaction in Patterns of Interaction in SupervisionSupervision
3. Resolution of questions raised and options discussed. Case specific future directions and options, follow-up on past supervision sessions, asking questions regarding supervisee’s intentions. Often suggestions go un-heeded.
4. Wrapping-up - abbreviated period of chit-chat, and good-byes.
Patterns of Interaction in Patterns of Interaction in SupervisionSupervision
Research Implications During research they discovered that the process
increased the level of trust and collegiality between students and supervisors. Supervision can be enhanced by increasing vulnerability and collegiality.
Supervision can be relationship-focused and multi-hierarchical. The process appears to have much to do with the nature of the relationship.
Patterns of Interaction in Patterns of Interaction in SupervisionSupervision
Supervision can be multidirectional Clinical supervision might be best defined
as the joint monitoring of: 1) each supervisee’s current therapy cases,
2) growth of supervisee as a therapist, 3) the process of supervision, 4) the interaction between supervisor and supervisee.
Ethics in Clinical SupervisionEthics in Clinical Supervision
Codes of Ethics – practice within the boundaries of one’s competences.
Impaired Supervisee or supervisor.– 4.6 % of Psychologists report they have been
impaired at sometime during their career.
6% report alcohol excess, others have depression and other series impairments. Most are never confronted or asked to seek help.
Ethics in Clinical SupervisionEthics in Clinical Supervision Codes of Ethics – sexual attraction to clients also
applies here too, with regard to those we supervise and those of us who are supervising. Non exploitation of those under them. 17 % reported that they had sexual relationships with their supervisor, 1 out 4 women who obtained their doctorate had sexual relationships with their supervisor or teacher.
Tarasoff – the psychologist's supervisor, a psychiatrist was also found to be liable.
Need to maintain case records on supervisees.
Ethics in Clinical SupervisionEthics in Clinical Supervision
Informed Consent of supervisees. Direct liability – due to supervisees’
erroneous actions or omissions. Vicarious Liability – Courts assume that
supervisor is responsible for the conduct of the supervisee.
Knapp and Vandecreek (2001).
Supervision thoughtsSupervision thoughts
You cannot work effectively without your supervisee/employee’s cooperation and goodwill!
People cooperate better when they feel their own best interests are at stake; growth and development.
Supervisee’s are stakeholders in the process.
Supervision thoughtsSupervision thoughts
People are motivated, not only by the possibility of wage earnings, but by intrinsic care and the knowledge that their immediate supervisors and administrators have their goodwill in mind.
Supervisees or employees work harder and more effectively, when they believe that they have a voice.
Supervision thoughtsSupervision thoughts
All of this happens better with the development and maintenance of positive relationships.
It is a supervisor/administrators responsibility to provide for positive growth and development.
Betsy – care of others
Supervising to Develop Self-Supervising to Develop Self-efficacy and Self-Reliance efficacy and Self-Reliance
Wu-Wei
Self-Efficacy in CounselingSelf-Efficacy in Counseling
Efficacy in dealing with the environment (or with a client) does not entail certain behaviors or simply knowing what to do. It involves “a generative capability in which component cognitive, social and behavioral skills must be organized into integrated courses of action to serve innumerable purposes’ Bandura, (1982).
Self-Efficacy in CounselingSelf-Efficacy in Counseling
Counseling Self-efficacy (CSE) is defined as one’s beliefs or judgments about her or his capabilities to effectively counsel a client in the near future. CSE beliefs are the primary causal determinant of effective counseling action, and effect choices of counselor responses, effort expenditure and persistence in the face of failures, and risk-taking behavior (Bandura, 1977).
Self-Efficacy in CounselingSelf-Efficacy in Counseling
Self-efficacy beliefs affect the mediating influences of other self-generated process, and which act collectively as personal agency that allows humans to both respond and proactive in an ever-changing environment. This allows counselors to use forethought to anticipate potential scenarios and prepare for them. They set goals for themselves and their clients based in part on forethought and in part on feedback (Larson & Daniels, 1998, p. 181). (Feedback loops)
Self-Efficacy in CounselingSelf-Efficacy in Counseling
CSE is highly correlated to the developmental stage of the counselor, however it is not linear, as the second stage may produce a lower correlation. Anxiety seems to lower CSE also.
The enhancement of CSE is based on Modeling, visual imagery and role playing.
So, what really counts in So, what really counts in counseling?counseling?
40% of outcome is related to the client
15% of outcome is related to technique
35% of outcome is related to the therapeutic relationship
The rest is related to extra ordinary factors
Supervision for Counselor Supervision for Counselor CompetencyCompetency
Focus on strengths Ask “narrative” questions, i.e., “when you did that, what
sort of things did you tell yourself? What did you do in this session that you really like? What would you do differently? Would you like to hear what I think? Knowing what you do know, what else do you think you might have done? As you reflect on how well you have come along, what thoughts and feelings do you have about your counseling?
What do you think “so-in-so” would have done?”
Preventing burnout in Preventing burnout in counselorscounselors
Self Care - Begin today to take steps toward self care Put the big rocks in first Limit case loads Vary case loads Don’t let the job be your life Dance, walk, do physical activities
SummarySummary
There is no one unified theory of supervision
Hierarchy seems to be a usual part, but the decrease of it adds to the relationship, hence effective supervision.
Where to get more Where to get more informationinformation
Syllabus and reference list is at: http://www.neiu.edu/jkedward/supervision.htp
References References
Bernard, J.M. (1979). Supervisory Training: A Discrimination Model. Counselor Education and Supervision, 19, 60-68.
Edwards, J.K., & Chen, M.W. (1999). Strength-Based Supervision: Frameworks, Current Practice and Future Directions: A Wu-wei Method. The Family Journal.
Larson, L.A., & Daniels, J. A. (1998). Review of the Counseling Self-Efficacy Literature. The Counseling Psychologist, 26, 179-218.
Keller, J.F., Protinsky, H.O., Lichtman, M., & Allen, K. (1996). The Process of Clinical Supervision: Direct Observation Research. The Clinical Supervisor, 14, 51-63.
Liddle, H.A., Bruenlin, D.C., & Schwartz, R.C. (1988). The Handbook of Family Therapy Supervision. New York: Guilford Press.
References References
Steward, R.J. (1998). Connecting Counselor Self-Efficacy and Supervisor Self-Efficacy: The Continued Search for Counseling Competence. The Counseling Psychologist, 26, 258-294.
Stoltenberg, C.D., & Delworth, U.D. (1987) Supervising Counselors and Therapists. San Francisco: Jossey Bass.
Watkins, C.E. (Ed.) (2001). Handbook of Psychotherapy Supervision.. New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.