closing the carbon cycle fuels from air · closing the carbon cycle fuels from air ... ommon...
TRANSCRIPT
ARIZONA STATE UNIVERSITY
28TH /29TH September 2016
CLOSING THE
CARBON CYCLE
FUELS FROM AIR Prof Tony Marmont
FUTURE ENERGY ?
Tony Marmont , My background:-Soft Drink Manufacturer for 60 years (20% share UK market)Bottle manufacturerBottle cap makerPET ManufacturerWind Turbine ManufacturerWind Farm constructorFarmer 40 yearsForestry 40 yearsAviation interests pilot 1943 to date.Honorary degrees at three Universities.Hydrogen research and production 12 years Fuels From Air
Cities in peril as
Andean glaciers melt
Ice sheets expected to
last centuries could
disappear in 25 years,
threatening water supplies
GLACIER RETREAT IN THE HIMALAYAS
View from the top ... Two images of
the Upsala glacier in Argentina show
the retreat of the ice
(top: 1928; bottom: 2004).
Photograph: Greenpeace/Reuters
The Himalayan ice in retreat
Further glacial lake collapse such as BhutanWill lead to terrible loss of life
AS
“By the time you reach around 30 years old there will be no ice inthe Arctic Ocean
Ice melt will release methane from tundra below ,= DRAMATIC RISE IN TEMPERATURE
See colours re speed of movement, red is a kilometre per year.New ridge splitting the 5.4 million sq mileUnnamed formations up to 800 ft move annuallyIce moves by slipping on ground it rests onLose the ice at the coasts opens the tap
FIRST EVER MAPNEW publishedAugust 2011
renewable energy in the new millennium
Global Temperatures and Disasters
+1.8 DEG IN 1900’S ,
+1.2 2020,+2.5 2050,+4.0 2080,+5.8 2100
, NOW +2 DEG, CRITICAL AT +3 DEG THEN
IRREVERSIBLE.
renewable energy in the new millennium
Prof Chris Rapley, hd of Antarctic Survey , BBC 2 161006, 6 mt rise in sea level with Iceland melt , Antarctic a further 60 mt,= + 200ft
THIS SHOWS A 6 MT RISE
Every 1 cm sea level rise = floods , drought , fire, crops loss = 1 million eco refugees Mohamed Mathir bbc 190608
Steve Atkins, PEResearch EngineerNorthern Arizona UniversityP.O. Box 15600Flagstaff, AZ [email protected](928) 523-5875
From Concept to Realization
CO2 FilterFuel
Reactor
Hydrogen electrolyser
Air CO2
H2
Energy
Ene
rgy
Filt
ere
d
Air
Fuel
Water
Carbon-neutral
replacement
fuel, up to and
including Jet A1
The FFA process
1.1 mwhrs =1 ton per day
Bringing people interested in CO2 utilization together
Pilot plant to produce 5 litresMethanol a day, then a similarpiece of kit below, to convert Methanol to Gasoline.Blue containers areCO2 ,H2 , and pre reactor Stage compressors. White box isH2 electrolyser
AFS atmospheric fuel synthesisHYDROGEN CARRIER Output designer liquid fuels
diesel, petrol ,Jet A1, open tech info . and free rawmaterials ,it is carbon neutral, any country can make
Simple process, well tried and tested
anode
cathodemembrane membrane
H2SO4
H2O H+ + OH-
4OH- O2+ 2H2O + 4e
O2
H+
H+
HCO3- + H+ CO2 + H2O 2H+ + 2e H2
NaHCO3 solution in
Na+
Na+
H2O H+ + OH-
2 H+ H2
Depleted NaHCO3
solution out
NaHCO3 + NaCO3
solution to tower
CO2 H2
OH-+HCO3-
= H20+ CO32-
Product
• Synthetic replacement for fossil fuels.
• Direct substitute for existing liquid transport fuels
• Carbon-neutral
• Can be produced as:– Methanol
– Diesel
– Petrol
– Jet fuel
– Plastics and chemicals to suit market conditions
44
www.afsfuels.com
Market scalability
Time
MARKET SCALEABILITY
We downsized the pilot plant from full scaleto miniature, so we are able to up scale back
FFA business strategy
• Develop and prove technology in demonstrator, – using own renewable energy sources, (completed December
2015).
• Pilot phase– Develop pilot plant and promote concept/develop markets (2014-
20)
– Develop technology for specific licensable opportunities and larger scale plants (2016 – 2020).
• Partner/joint-venture specific opportunities, eg, fuel production projects, portable plants, and commercialise technology via licences and equity (2016 on).
Initial niche markets
1. Operate our own small/medium scale wind farms and fuel synthesis demonstrator plants
(provide fixed direct energy cost for 25 years)
2. Island communities, where fuel is especially scarce or expensive or where renewable energy would otherwise not be considered
3. Capture surplus electricity *(eg, wind farms – solves the battery problem - and ensures optimum price for renewable energy product)
4. Applications, eg, distribution centres, where carbon-neutral and/or energy security adds a premium
* Scottish Enterprise, Paul O’brien,/ National Grid SteveHolliday/ + doubleROC’s
.
Why are FFA hydrocarbons better than other fuels, eg batteries, H2?
Energy densityConventional car carries 500KWhEquiv electric car would need 150KWhBut battery cost now blown out of the water by Elon MuskOnly fuel for Jet Aviation747 carries 50,000 Lrs = 500MWh
Existing infrastructureDrop in replacement
PetrolDeiselJet-AMethanolBasis for sustainable petreochemicals, steel ,
carbon Fibre , aluminium
50AFS- Review
Fossil Oil uses 44 gall water per gallon of Oil
Biofuel uses 100 gall water per gall fuel
FFA uses I gall per gallon fuel , even that is recoverable
Synthetic Fuel Qualities
1. Energy content above conventional diesel/jet fuel
2. Nox reduction potential
3. Sox elimination
4. PM emissions reduction potential
5. Fits into distribution and storage infrastructure
6. Can be considered a high value additive.
7. CO2 neutral
8. Enhances energy security and improves trade balance
.
Andreas Züttel, Switzerland, 10/5/20165
2
DENSITY OF ENERGY CARRIERS from Prof Zuttel’s PRESENTATION
1
10
100
1000
10000
100000
0.001 0.01 0.1 1 10 100Energy density [kWh/kg]
En
erg
y d
en
sit
y [
kW
h/m
3]
Pb-acid
battery
Li-ion
battery
mag. coil
EDLC comp. air
hot
water
biomass
coal
oil
fusion
fission
hydrides
hydrogen
storage
capacitor
hydro-
powerhydrogen
natural gas
flywheel
3
ultimate
battery
52AFS- Review
Hydrogen production by electrolysis
• Current efficiency 70%
• Future efficiency 80%
• Price £300-£800 per KW
•AFS very sensitive to ‘e cost
Future improvements:
* Ultrasound separation of water
• low pressure electrolysis
•Lower operating costs
• Special nanoporous electrodes
• Cheaper construction *
56
High pressure , high costelectrolyser
Ambient pressure electrolysers 1/10th the cost
Courtesy RE Hydrogen
No moving partsAmbient Cleanerand Compressor
Courtesy RE Hydrogen
Fuel synthesis from CO2 and H2
“At Castrol Research labs in Pangbourne in the 1970’s,a Fischer-Tropch plant using a feedstock of CO and H2 went wrong.The CO feed scrubber broke and started feeding CO2 into the process– to our amazement the reaction went forward many times faster”
Common chemist’s misconception: Carbon dioxide is an un-reactive gas and won’t react with hydrogen
The late Prof Reginald Mann
57
Prof Derek PletcherSouthampton Uni Chlor-Alkali plant
Pletcher cell recovery of CO2 from Na2CO3
CO3-- + 2H+ → H2O + CO2
58AFS- Review
Air Capture 0.44 kwhr/l
CO2 release from Na2CO3 4.6 kwhr/l
Electrolysis 14.6 kwhr/l
Gas Compression 1,74 kwhr/l
Fuel Synthesis exothermic
Total energy per litre fuel 21.38 kWhr ( cost 85.5 p litre in energy cost
with WT power at £40 Mwhr)
Energy content of Petrol is 9.7 kwhr/l)
Energy in/ energy out ratio is 21.38/9.7 = 2.2 : 1
FFA
SYNTHETIC HYDROCARBONS
ELECTROLYSIS
CO2
O2
O2
SUN
ENERGY
ENERGY
n CO2 + (3n+1) H2 CH3-(CH2)n-2- CH3 + 2n H2O
H2O
-(CH2)n-
COMBUSTION
H2
CO2
H2O
H2O
H2O H2 + ½O2
SYNTHESIS
H2 O2
H2O
OH-
e-
e-
Electrolyte
KOH/H2O
H OH-
H2
H2OH2O
O2
O2
H2O
& WIND
143,000 tpd
125 x 125 miles
75 x 75 miles
AS OF SEPT 2016
UK HAS 25% OF ITS
ENERGY MIX FROM
RENEWABLES…….
24 GW FROM WIND
6 GW FROM SOLAR
30 GW
• A synthetic fuel to replace fossil fuels.
• Ensures continued availability of fuel.
• Carbon Neutral.
• Fixed cost for 25 years .
• No conflict in use of land resources.
• Produces diesel, petrol, JetA1, plastics, fertilizers to suit market conditions.
A RAW MATERIAL SUPPLIER OF GREEN CO2 , REPLACE STEEL
ALUMINIUM, GREEN CARBON FIBRE ARCRAFT
What is your part in the fuel synthesis story ?
Fuels From Air – the time is now
FUTURE PROGRESSION PLANS
4 TON A DAY 5,600 LITRES A DAY2,000,000 LITRES A YEAR£10m CAPEX Construction starts 2017
then 2020….
1,000 TON A DAY 500,000,000 LITRES A YEAR£5bn CAPEX
Air Fuel SynthesisRenewable Energy for Liquid Fuels
FUTURE PROGRESSION` PLANS
Anaerobic Farm DigestionCleaning of slurry gas to Methane and
CO2= sale of gas and CO2 for AFS
synthetic Hydrocarbon fuel
PLUS CHAR Permanent fertilizer
TOKAMAK
FUSION AS IN THE SUN “D + T = He + neutron + energy “
DEUTERIUM AND TRITIUM FUSION
H3
HeMOON
S O … WHEN WE MAKE SYN FUELS FROM AIR …...WE MUST AIM TO TAKE NOTHING FROMTHE EARTH AND RETURN NO WASTE TO IT…..APART FROM THE INTIAL CONSTRUCTION AND CATALYST CHARGING
The Fourth Revolution
The First Revolution was the change from Hunter /Gathererto Farming and Land Management.
The Second Revolution was the Industrial Revolution., and was10,000 years later in the change from individual manufactureto mass production techniques
The Third Revolution was the dot comm. Revolution200 years later in the Computer / Internet revolution , the large
corporations did not want to know it at first, now you cant find a company without a web site.
The Fourth Revolution The Green Revolutionis now under way, only 20 years later, at first the large corporations
did not want to know or be associated with it, now you can’t find a company not rightly or wrongly proclaiming its green products.
It is unstoppable now. Tony Marmont June ‘08
IT STARTED MILLIONS OF YEARS AGO………..
…BY 1930 WHENI WAS BORN, THEREWERE 2.2 BILLION….
BEFORE I DIE THERE WILL BE7.7 BILLION OF US
Global water and air volume. Conceptual computer artwork of the total
volume of water on Earth (above) and of air in the Earth's atmosphere
(below) shown as spheres (blue and pink). The spheres show how finite
water and air supplies are. The water sphere measures 1390 kilometers
across and has a volume of 1.4 billion cubic kilometers. This includes
all the water in the oceans, seas, ice caps, lakes and rivers as well as
ground water, and that in the atmosphere. The air sphere measures
1999 kilometers across and weighs 5140 trillion tonnes. As the
atmosphere extends from Earth it becomes less dense.
Half of the air lies within the first 5 kilometers of the atmosphere
water air
100 BILLION SUNS IN OUR GALAXY, SEVERAL HUNDRED BILLION
GALAXIES IN OUR UNIVERSE
the promise from accelerating expansion, dark matter,
magnetism, gravity !
NO HEATING OR COOLING REQUIREDMINIMUM SPEND ON RENEWABLE TECHNOLOGIES
NO HEAT LOSS OR HEAT GAIN IN TRIPLE INSULATED HOUSE
STABLE TEMEPERATURE ALLYEAR
If we are wrong and CC is not
due to mans activities:-
If we are right :-
IT IS A NO BRAINER !!, EVEN FOR THE FLAT EARTH SOCIETY
We will have created a whole new industry and cleaned up the pollution in the Atmosphere
We will permit the continuation of our species on the planet.
MAKE A CHANGE
BUY GREEN
ELECTRICITY AT
HOME AND AT
WORKMerced, Boulder-Colorado, British Columbia, Loughborough, Leicester dmu Nottingham Universities, Natural History & Science Museums London, Environment Agency UK.
‘Treat the earth wellIt was not given to usBy our parents,It was loaned to usBy our children’- Proverb
SYNTHETIC HYDROCARBONS
ELECTROLYSIS
CO2
O2
O2
SUN
ENERGY
ENERGY
n CO2 + (3n+1) H2 CH3-(CH2)n-2- CH3 + 2n H2O
H2O
-(CH2)n-
COMBUSTION
H2
CO2
H2O
H2O
H2O H2 + ½O2
SYNTHESIS
H2 O2
H2O
OH-
e-
e-
Electrolyte
KOH/H2O
H OH-
H2
H2OH2O
O2
O2
H2O
& WIND
FFA
CO2 FilterFuel
Reactor
Hydrogen electrolyser
Air CO2
H2
Energy
Ene
rgy
Filt
ere
d
Air
Fuel
Water
Carbon-neutral
replacement
fuel, up to and
including Jet A1
The FFA process
1.1 mwhrs =1 ton per day FFA
Andreas Züttel, Switzerland, 10/5/20161
1
DENSITY OF ENERGY CARRIERS from Prof Zuttel’s PRESENTATION
1
10
100
1000
10000
100000
0.001 0.01 0.1 1 10 100
En
erg
y d
en
sit
y [
kW
h/m
3]
Energy density [kWh/kg]
Pb-acid
battery
Li-ion
battery
mag. coil
EDLC comp. air
hot
water
biomass
coal
oil
fusion
fission
hydrides
hydrogen
storage
capacitor
hydro-
powerhydrogen
natural gas
flywheel
3
ultimate
battery
115AFS- Review
FFA
Air Capture 0.44 kwhr/l
CO2 release from Na2CO3 4.6 kwhr/l
Electrolysis 14.6 kwhr/l
Gas Compression 1,74 kwhr/l
Fuel Synthesis exothermic
Total energy per litre fuel 21.38 kWhr ( cost 85.5 p litre in energy cost
with WT power at £40 Mwhr)
Energy content of Petrol is 9.7 kwhr/l)
Energy in/ energy out ratio is 21.38/9.7 = 2.2 : 1
FFA
Bringing people interested in CO2 utilization together
Simple .well tested design
Schematic of CO2 collection
the CO2 collection tower is built into the sea land container
FFA
anode
cathodemembrane membrane
H2SO4
H2O H+ + OH-
4OH- O2+ 2H2O + 4e
O2
H+
H+
HCO3- + H+ CO2 + H2O 2H+ + 2e H2
NaHCO3 solution in
Na+
Na+
H2O H+ + OH-
2 H+ H2
Depleted NaHCO3
solution out
NaHCO3 + NaCO3
solution to tower
CO2 H2
OH-+HCO3-
= H20+ CO32-
FFA
LOW VOLTAGE TRI CELL ELECTREOLYSER TO RELEASE CO2 , H2, & OXYGEN