clover use in china – oregon clover commission david b. hannaway professor of crop science forage...

Clover Use In China – Oregon Clover Commission

David B. HannawayProfessor of Crop ScienceForage Information System Oregon State University

Christopher DalyProfessor of Geosciences Spatial Climate Analysis ServiceOregon State University

Clover Use In China: Current and Future Potential

Alan CooperIPM Specialist Co-Principal ANE-Asia

Adam BransonAgriculture SpecialistUSDA FASBeijing, PRC

Robert RussellDirector of International MarketingStrategic Ventures, LLC

FANG LiningForage & Turf SpecialistBarenbrug - ChinaBeijing, PRC


Outline History of involvement in China• Rational for species suitability mapping project USDA MAP and EMP projects Follow-on projects potential Clover use – current and potential Project proposal idea


History 20+ years of collaboration with PRC Visiting scholars began in 1982 Forage and seed workshop in 1987 M.S. and Ph.D. students Linkage with Oregon Seed Council’s

Market Access Program project Tall Fescue Commission funding OECDD funding Beijing US Embassy recommendation

to expand the GIS-based mapping work to identify high priority marketing regions EMP funding


Rationale for species suitability mapping project

Meeting survival food needs and economic growth in China has allowed consideration of: Improved forage-livestock systems Urban beautification Improved environmental protection

• This has led to increased seed demands for: Animal products Beautiful turf Reduced soil erosion

Effective global marketing of Oregon seeds requires identifying species suitability zones: Previously impossible with traditional field trials GIS-based mapping makes it possible


USDA FAS EMP Project: … species suitability mapping in the PRC

Oregon State University and Chinese cooperators: identifying suitability zones for selected forage, soil conservation, and turf species.

This has involved… • Cooperation with governments, universities, agencies, and

organizations• Finding and assembling necessary data• Creating GIS layers• Combining spatial data layers according to

quantitative species tolerance “rules”


USDA FAS EMP Project

Goal: To improve marketing of US-grown cool-season

forage, turf, and conservation seeds.

Strategies: 1. Developing improved, computer-aided species

selection tools.

2. Linkage with OSC-USDA FAS MAP project (education and demonstration activities).


Project products Research-based and validated computer

drawn (GIS-based) climate, soil, and species suitability maps

Tools for optimal matching of forage, turf, and soil conservation species with specific locations and intended uses.


Project benefitsTo Sellers:

• Better targeted markets (where to plant).

To Buyers:

• Reduced economic risk.

• Increased potential profit.

• Reduced use of scarce or non-renewable resources.


Purpose of our meeting today is to: Describe the approach and products. Suggest clover-oriented follow-on projects

for expanding the markets in China.


Approach

1. Use of GIS-based technologies. Model and map:

• Climate

• Soils

• Species suitability

2. Validate maps with traditional agronomic field trials.


Mapping of topography, climate, and soils: Digital Elevation Model (GTOPO 30, 1 km resolution)


PRISM knowledge based system accounts for spatial variations in climate due to: Elevation (digital elevation grid) Terrain orientation (topographic facet grid) Terrain steepness (terrain profile grid) Moisture regime (storm trajectory grid) Coastal proximity (coastal trajectory grid) Inversion layer (inversion height grid) Long-term climate patterns (climate grid)

PRISM: Christopher Daly

Parameter-elevation Regressions on Independent Slopes Model


Official 1961-90 Precipitation Maps for the USDA NRCS

Seamless coverage

Each state peer-reviewed

Used in thousands of applications


PRISM-Group International Climate Mapping

Western Canada

Pacific Basin

China

Taiwan

Mongolia

European Alps

All maps are state-of-the-art, and are used as the standard for evaluation of other methods


Data from climate stations:• Precipitation (monthly and annual)• Temperature (monthly and annual

minimum and maximum)• Others

Mapping of topography, climate, and soils: PRISM-based climate; 4 km grid cell resolution

Development sequence:• 30-year mean climatology• Monthly time series• Daily mapping

Example applications:• Degree-Day/Growing season• Growth/development models• Water supply • Climate trends and variability

2,600 stations


Mapping of topography, climate, and soils: Mean Annual Precipitation


Mapping of topography, climate, and soils: January Mean Minimum Temperature


Mapping of topography, climate, and soils: July Mean Maximum Temperature


Data from most recent soil survey via cooperation with CAAS-SFI in Beijing

National surveys and mapping are 1:4,000,000

CAS Soils Institute in Nanjing is completing 1:1,000,000 scale

Challenge of different systems (Chinese, Russian, FAO, USA)

USA national and county digital soil surveys (STATSGO and SSURGO) are 1:250,000 and 1:24,000 scale

CAAS Soil & Fertilizer Institute

http://www.ftw.nrcs.usda.gov/order.html

Mapping of topography, climate, and soils: Soil Maps


Mapping of topography, climate, and soils: Soil pH


Historical qualitative, static approach.

Species suitability mapping:Species Tolerances Database

Traditional approach has been qualitative

Need quantitative approach to work with spatial data layers and integrate with crop simulation models

Initial estimates have been developed and mapped (USA first, then PRC)

Internet Map Server for web-based improvements via “dynamic mapping”

Current quantitative, dynamic approach.


Species Max. Temp(°C)

Min. Temp.(°C)

Annual Precipitation(mm)

Well Adapted

Tall Fescue 22 - 32 -10 625

Orchardgrass 22 - 31 -7.5 625

Perennial Ryegrass 22 - 30 -5 625

Moderately Adapted

Tall Fescue 20 - 34 -15 450

Orchardgrass 20 - 33 -12.5 490


Marginally Adapted

Tall Fescue 18 - 36 -20 300

Orchardgrass 18 – 35 -17.5 375


Species suitability mapping: Quantitative Climate Tolerances


Species suitability mapping: Internet Map Serverhttp://mistral.coas.oregonstate.edu/forages/


Species suitability mapping: Tall fescue


Species suitability mapping: Gansu Province – Tall fescue

(based solely on climate; rainfall and temperature)


Validate with field-based evaluation trials Link advanced technologies with traditional approaches Enlist local experts to assist with concept development,

implementation, and validation

Validation


Individual pieces are important, nevertheless:

• For truly helpful product, these pieces need to be integrated into an easy-to-use Decision Support System

• Web-based DSS provide easy access in an efficient delivery tool for farmers and policy makers leading to sustainable systems

Delivery systems and DSS : Web Segment


Project accomplishments:• Geospatial data layers

Most comprehensive climate dataset in the world Most detailed and accurate climate grids for ppt. and temp. National soils information in digital form

• Quantitative species tolerances Example cool-season grasses used as initial examples

• Internet Map Server and “Dynamic Mapping System” Began with proprietary products and moved to ‘open source’ Unique in the world application to quantify experience-based

knowledge

• Species suitability maps Iterative process identified market opportunities

• Web-based information system & DSS Allows easy-to-use access to detailed geospatial data

• Professional development & student exchange programs Long-term impacts of US-educated decision makers


Project impact:• Awareness of suitability zones by US seed companies and

Chinese collaborators US / Multinational seed companies collaboration

• Educational programs and seed quality knowledge Workshops Seminars Exchange programs

Scientists Students

• Increased seed sales USDA FAS MAP and EMP programs; increased sales and

market share


Follow-on project ideas:• Geospatial layers

Time series / probabilities of extreme climate events Greater resolution of national and provincial climate and

soil information

• Species / cultivars Additional species and creating cultivar-specific maps Use in plant breeding objective feasibility studies

• Web Information & DSS More comprehensive linkages Graphical user interface to species suitability

information

• Gansu Demonstration Project Linkage with World Bank, ADB, and USDA ARS projects

• Other regions and countries Asia, SE Asia, Central and South America, Africa, etc.


Clover use in China: USDA FAS - Beijing• Adam BransonAdam Branson – conferred with local contacts

Clover trade data shows China’s clover seed imports are increasing, especially those from Australia.

Clover demand has been increasing, especially for landscaping use as clovers are seen as having low maintenance costs.

Market is very price sensitive. There appears to be very limited Chinese domestic

clover seed production. USA is currently a minor player (in

2004 <33,000 kg; <72,600 lbs)


China Clover Seed Imports (World Trade Atlas)

0

200,000

400,000

600,000

800,000

1,000,000

1,200,000

1,400,000

1,600,000

1,800,000

2,000,000

1 2 3

Country

kilo

gra

ms

Total Imports; 922,341

Australia; 655,425

Denmark; 124,350

Canada; 141,025

2002 2003 2004

Total Imports; 1,237,711

Australia; 928,356

Denmark; 111,850

Canada; 191,000

Total Imports; 1,815,650

Australia; 1,079,753

Denmark; 282,000

Canada; 334,450

New Zealand; 86,499

USA; 32,948


Clover use in China: Barenbrug - China• FANG LiningFANG Lining – conferred with national experts

White and red clover are the most important clover species used in China.

Use of white clover far exceeds that of red clover. Crimson clover was introduced when price was low, but

with higher cost, use has been discontinued. There has been some testing of strawberry clover, but

no market has been established. Farmers use vetches and beans in hotter parts of

southern China. White and red clovers: Used in Southwest, Northeast

and middle China. Grows well in Yunnan, Guizhou, Sichuan, Guangxi, Hunan, and Jiangsu provinces.

Both used for forage-livestock systems. White clover is also used for landscape applications in

both northern and southern China. Xi’an and Yangtze River watershed are important tourist

areas with large beautification budgets.


Project proposal idea Develop species list

• Identify clover species that are of immediate interest for market development.

Create quantitative tolerances table• Identify key reference resources and local

experts in USA and PRC Draft prototype maps

• Use internet map server application to create initial maps for USA and PRC

Conduct validation trials• Select sites for evaluation, identify

cooperators, draft trial protocol, assemble seed, and conduct trial for two production years


Species Max. Temp(°C)

Min. Temp.(°C)

Annual Precipitation(mm)

Well Adapted

White clover 20 - 32 -10 550

Red clover 20 - 30 -20 625

Strawberry clover 22 - 28 0 750

Moderately Adapted

White clover 28 – 32.5 -13 450

Red clover 18 - 32 -25 490

Strawberry clover 20 - 30 -5 650

Marginally Adapted

White clover 16 – 33.5 -16 350

Red clover 18 – 35 -30 375

Strawberry clover 18 - 32 -7.5 550

Example: Clover Species Quantitative Climate Tolerances


Example: suitability map; white clover - USA


Example: Suitability map; white clover - PRC


Example: Validation trials selection process


Capable cooperators Beijing (FANG Lining, LI Xianglin, HU Yuegao)

China Agricultural University Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences Several OR connected multi-national seed companies

Inner Mongolia (WEI Yurong, LI Qingfeng) Inner Mongolia Agricultural University Inner Mongoia Meteorological Institute

Shandong (Tia’an) (ZHANG, Zhiguo) Shandong Agricultural University

Jiangsu (Nanjing) (CAO Weixing, GAO Liangzhi) Nanjing Agricultural University Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences

Yunnan (Kunming) (HUANG Bizhi, YIN Jun) Yunnan Beef Cattle & Pasture Research Center Yunnan Provincial Grass Forage Station

Gansu (Lanzhou) (LONG Ruijun, ZHAO Guiqin) Gansu Agricultural University


Example: Validation trials potential sites


Summary GIS-based, integrated approach permits modeling and

mapping of climate, soils, and species. Use traditional agronomic trials to validate maps. USDA FAS MAP and EMP projects have created the basic

building blocks. Potential follow-on projects could include clover mapping and

validation. Current use of clovers is primarily white and red and

dominated by Australia. Potential use of clovers could include Oregon-produced

species and varieties. Project sponsors could include….

Oregon Seed Council, Oregon Clover Commission, Individual Seed Companies, USDA-FAS-EMP, USDA-ICD-RSED, USDA-ARS, World Bank and WB Institute, Asian Development Bank, PRC SFA, PRC Provincial projects, and other cooperators in concert with OSU and ODA, USDA NRCS and ARS scientists.


One potential future …..Oregon clovers supplying China’s needs


Clover Mapping Project Proposal

Objectives:1. Develop species list

Oregon Clover Commission with Principal Investigator

(white, red, strawberry, crimson, arrowleaf, subterranean, etc.)

2. Create quantitative tolerances tableUSA, European, Australian, and Chinese species experts

(OSU, Univ. of Melbourne, Belgian Univ., NAU, GAU, etc.)

3. Draft prototype mapsOSU PRISM group with species experts

(Daly, Doggett, Hannaway, et al.)

4. Conduct validation trialsChinese university, agency, and industry cooperators

(Barenbrug, DLF-International, CAU, SDAU, NAU, JAAS, YBCRC, GAU, IMAU, IMMI)

clover use in china – oregon clover commission david b. hannaway professor of crop science forage...

Documents

china rational

turf species

prc slide

prc oregon state university

soil conservation species

reduced use of scarce

possible slide

species suitability