club of bologna, hannover, germany, november 8, 2009 ... · • continuous zero tillage • ptil...

Innovation for Sustainable Agricultural MechanizationClub of Bologna, Hannover, Germany, November 8, 2009

Conservation Agriculture in Conservation Agriculture in Developing Countries:Developing Countries:

Th R l f M h i tiTh R l f M h i tiThe Role of MechanizationThe Role of Mechanization

Theodor Friedrich, Josef Kienzle, Amir KassamTheodor Friedrich, Josef Kienzle, Amir Kassam

Food and Agriculture Organization of the United NationsFood and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations

outlineoutline

• Introduction• Introduction• CA in Developing Countries• CA in Developing Countries

• Definition• Impact• Definition• Impact• History and relevance

• CA and Mechanization• History and relevance

• CA and MechanizationCA and Mechanization• required changes• new technologies

CA and Mechanization• required changes• new technologies• new technologies• developing countries

li i li ti

• new technologies• developing countries

li i li ti• policy implications

• Conclusions• policy implications

• ConclusionsConclusionsConclusions

introductionintroduction

• Challenge to feed the world:• Challenge to feed the world:• Challenge to feed the world:unchanged and increasing

A i lt l l d d t it

• Challenge to feed the world:unchanged and increasing

A i lt l l d d t it• Agricultural land and water per capita: decreasing/finite resource

• Agricultural land and water per capita: decreasing/finite resource

• Sustainability:not a desirable option but a necessity

• Sustainability:not a desirable option but a necessity– Natural resource base is increasingly

limiting production (soil, water)– Natural resource base is increasingly

limiting production (soil, water)– Biodiversity in intensive agricultural

production systems is declining– Biodiversity in intensive agricultural

production systems is decliningproduction systems is declining– Climate change: additional threat to

agricultural production

production systems is declining– Climate change: additional threat to

agricultural productionagricultural productionagricultural production

A i lt l l d d t it

Therefore:Therefore:Therefore:• Need to link/integrateTherefore:• Need to link/integrateNeed to link/integrate

Production with SustainabilityNeed to link/integrateProduction with Sustainability

• One new strategic goal of FAO:Sustainable Production

• One new strategic goal of FAO:Sustainable ProductionSustainable ProductionIntensification (SPI)Sustainable ProductionIntensification (SPI)

Therefore:Therefore:Therefore:• Need to link/integrateTherefore:• Need to link/integrateNeed to link/integrate

Production with SustainabilityNeed to link/integrateProduction with Sustainability

• One new strategic goal of FAO:Sustainable Production

• One new strategic goal of FAO:Sustainable ProductionSustainable ProductionIntensification (SPI)Sustainable ProductionIntensification (SPI)

From Theory to Practice:From Theory to Practice:From Theory to Practice:Soil Health Workshop, Rome (FAO), July 2008:From Theory to Practice:Soil Health Workshop, Rome (FAO), July 2008:

• Tillage based farming not sustainable• Soil health: a necessary condition for• Tillage based farming not sustainable• Soil health: a necessary condition forsustainability and productivity

• Conservation Agriculture (CA)�∗) enhancessustainability and productivity

• Conservation Agriculture (CA)�∗) enhancessoil health and ecosystem services

• CA is productive and sustainablesoil health and ecosystem services

• CA is productive and sustainable• CA principles are proven and CA practices being applied globally

• CA principles are proven and CA practices being applied globally

∗) minimum soil disturbance + permanent soil cover + diversified crops∗) minimum soil disturbance + permanent soil cover + diversified crops

The combination ofThe combination of

CA in developing countries - definitionCA in developing countries - definition

The combination of• Continuous zero tillage

P t il d

The combination of• Continuous zero tillage

P t il d• Permanent soil cover and• Crop rotations• Permanent soil cover and• Crop rotationshas become known asConservation Agriculturehas become known asConservation AgricultureCo se at o g cu tu eCo se at o g cu tu e

CA th j t tillCA th j t till

CA: more than just zero-tillage -a framework to ecosystem

CA: more than just zero-tillage -a framework to ecosystema framework to ecosystem management in a number of production systems facilitating

a framework to ecosystem management in a number of production systems facilitatingsystems, facilitating

• water retention in the ecosystem systems, facilitating

• water retention in the ecosystem (infiltration)

• erosion control(infiltration)

• erosion controlerosion control• biodiversity

erosion control• biodiversity• climate change

adaptation/mitigation• climate change

adaptation/mitigationadaptation/mitigationadaptation/mitigation

Conservation AgricultureConservation AgricultureCA in developing countries - definitionCA in developing countries - definition

Conservation Agriculture Conservation Agriculture ee S il O i M tt D ht R i tS il O i M tt D ht R i t

Action of Soil BiotaAction of Soil Biotacultu

lture Soil Organic Matter = Drought ResistanceSoil Organic Matter = Drought Resistance

Structure/PorosityStructure/Porosity

gric High Soil

OrganicMatter

High SoilOrganicMatter

ion low soil

organic matterlow soilorganic matter

Biological Tillage

Mechanical Tillage22COCO g

Crop livestock and tree integration:Crop livestock and tree integration:

Crop-livestock and tree integration: new options with CACrop-livestock and tree integration: new options with CA

controlled grazingcontrolled grazing

12 years: soybean & italian ryegrass in succession

in excess residuesin excess residues

Soybean at harvest with Italian

ryegrass naturally established

P d ti iP d ti i

CA in developing countries - impactCA in developing countries - impact

Production increaseProduction increase

BRASIL - EXPANSÃO DA ÁREA CULTIVADA EM PLANTIO DIRETOSAFRA VERÃO/SAFRINHA/INVERNO

1415161718

1011121314

0123456M

72/73 73/74 74/75 75/76 76/77 77/78 78/79 79/80 80/81 81/82 82/83 83/84 84/85 85/86 86/87 87/88 88/89 89/90 90/91 91/92 92/93 93/94 94/95 95/96 96/97 97/98 98/99 99/00 00/01

fonte: EMATER RS, EPAGRI-SC, EMATER-PR, CATI-SP, FUNDAÇÃO MS, APDC(CERRADO)

BRASIL 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.03 0.06 0.06 0.05 0.13 0.21 0.23 0.26 0.38 0.50 0.58 0.65 0.73 0.80 0.90 1.00 1.35 2.03 3.00 3.80 5.50 8.85 11.33 13.37 14.97 17.36

COOPLANTIO/CONAB, 2002 and FEBRAPDP, 2002 after Derpsch 2005COOPLANTIO/CONAB, 2002 and FEBRAPDP, 2002 after Derpsch 2005

Wheat yield and nitrogen amount for different duration of no-tillage in Canada 2002 (Lafond Effect on fertilizer useEffect on fertilizer use

3.03.54.0

a)Effect on fertilizer usethrough soil life as:-rhizobia

Effect on fertilizer usethrough soil life as:-rhizobia

1 01.52.02.5

20-year no-tillage2-year no-tillage

rhizobia-mycorrhiza-organic acids

1.00 30 60 90 120

nitrogen (kg/ha

organic acids....organic acids....

corn30% less fertilizerandand

fertilizer

50% less

... and

reduced

... and

reduced soya 50% less fertilizernutrient

lossesnutrient losses

YearYearFrank Dijkstra Farm, Ponta Grossa, Brazil, 1998Frank Dijkstra Farm, Ponta Grossa, Brazil, 1998

cited from Derpsch 2005cited from Derpsch 2005

Effect on pesticide use:Effect on pesticide use:CA in developing countries - impactCA in developing countries - impact

Effect on pesticide use:• crop rotations and mulch elements for

natural control (IPM)

natural control (IPM)natural control (IPM)• over time pest and disease problems

d (l ti id )

natural control (IPM)• over time pest and disease problems

d (l ti id )decrease (less pesticides)• mulch cover, cover crops,

decrease (less pesticides)• mulch cover, cover crops, p

crop rotations for weedmanagement

pcrop rotations for weedmanagementg

• weeds andherbicide use

g• weeds and

herbicide use 6060

Weeds (plts/m2)

herbicide useover time declining

decliningdeclining 5

W-CP W-C-CP W-C-SB-Pea

d (l ti id )

g• weeds and

herbicide use 6060

Weeds (plts/m2)

d (l ti id )

g• weeds and

herbicide use 6060

Weeds (plts/m2)

d (l ti id )

g• weeds and

herbicide use 6060

Weeds (plts/m2)

Effect of CA on soil and water:Effect of CA on soil and water:CA in developing countries - impactCA in developing countries - impact

• CA stops erosion, reverses degradation (SOM increase 0.1-0.2%/year)

• CA stops erosion, reverses degradation (SOM increase 0.1-0.2%/year)( y )

• spatial structure with soil life (roots, fauna)

( y )• spatial structure with soil life

(roots, fauna)(roots, fauna)• aquifer recharge (bio-pores)• improved water quality

(roots, fauna)• aquifer recharge (bio-pores)• improved water quality• improved water quality

(less leaching/erosion)• more soil water (SOM)

• improved water quality (less leaching/erosion)

• more soil water (SOM)• more soil-water (SOM)• reduced water losses

(evaporation)

• more soil-water (SOM)• reduced water losses

(evaporation)(evaporation)• better water efficiency

(requirements 30%)

(evaporation)• better water efficiency

(requirements 30%)(requirements -30%)(requirements -30%)

(evaporation)

(requirements 30%)

(evaporation)

(requirements 30%)

(evaporation)

(requirements 30%)

(evaporation)

(requirements 30%)

(evaporation)

(requirements 30%)

(evaporation)

(requirements 30%)

CA and climate change:• adaptation through better waterCA and climate change:• adaptation through better wateradaptation through better water

infiltration (less runoff and flooding)adaptation through better water infiltration (less runoff and flooding)

• adaptation through better drought/temperature tolerance

• adaptation through better drought/temperature toleranceg p

• mitigation through emission reductions (fuel and soil CO N O CH )

g p• mitigation through emission reductions

(fuel and soil CO N O CH )(fuel and soil CO2, N2O, CH4)• mitigation through carbon

(fuel and soil CO2, N2O, CH4)• mitigation through carbon

sequestration up to 0.2 t.ha-1.y-1 Csequestration up to 0.2 t.ha-1.y-1 C

Advantages for the farmer:F ’ li lih dAdvantages for the farmer:F ’ li lih d

Farmer’s livelihood• Mechanized Farmers:Farmer’s livelihood• Mechanized Farmers:

• less machinery cost• 70% fuel saving• less machinery cost• 70% fuel saving70% fuel saving70% fuel saving

•Smallholder farmers:50% l b i

•Smallholder farmers:50% l b i• 50% labour saving

• less drudgery• 50% labour saving• less drudgery• stable yields, food security• stable yields, food security

= better livelihood/income= better livelihood/income

Advantages for the farmer:F ’ li lih dAdvantages for the farmer:F ’ li lih d

Farmer’s livelihood• Mechanized Farmers:Farmer’s livelihood• Mechanized Farmers:

• less machinery cost• 70% fuel saving• less machinery cost• 70% fuel saving70% fuel saving70% fuel saving

•Smallholder farmers:50% l b i

•Smallholder farmers:50% l b i• 50% labour saving

• less drudgery• 50% labour saving• less drudgery• stable yields, food security• stable yields, food security

= better livelihood/income= better livelihood/income

History and Adoption of CAHistory and Adoption of CACA in developing countries – history and relevanceCA in developing countries – history and relevance

S l na p

100100

co Sib

cano-ti

ge oka

DustbowlDustbowl

19301930 2000200019501950 19801980 19901990

Conservation Agriculture worldwide 111 Million ha Conservation Agriculture worldwide 111 Million ha CA in developing countries – history and relevanceCA in developing countries – history and relevance

Asia 3.3Asia 3.3continental drycontinental dry

large scalelarge scale

Canada 13Canada 13Europe 0.5Europe 0.5

China 1.3China 1.3

continental, drycontinental, dry

temperate moisttemperate moist

continental, dry continental, dry

smallholdersmallholderidid

USA 27USA 27

Africa 0.5Africa 0.5

temperate, moisttemperate, moist

irrigatedirrigated

aridarid

Brazil 26Brazil 26tropical savannahtropical savannah

smallholdersmallholderlarge scalelarge scale tropical savannahtropical savannah

Australia 17Australia 17Argentina 20Argentina 20

Paraguay 2.4Paraguay 2.4tropical savannahtropical savannah

temperate, moisttemperate, moist

smallholdersmallholder

aridaridlarge scalelarge scale large scalelarge scalesubtropical, dry

Argentina 20Argentina 20 aridarid large scalelarge scale

CA and Mechanization – required changesCA and Mechanization – required changes

Tillage: only very few applications• repairing compactionsTillage: only very few applications• repairing compactionsrepairing compactions• reshaping irrigation furrows

repairing compactions• reshaping irrigation furrows• strip tilling in special cases• strip tilling in special cases

repairing compactions• reshaping irrigation furrows• strip tilling in special cases • strip tilling in special cases

Seeding/planting:• into undisturbed soilSeeding/planting:• into undisturbed soilinto undisturbed soil• with residue cover

into undisturbed soil• with residue cover

foto Kimfoto Kim

Weed management:• mechanical chemical biologicalWeed management:• mechanical chemical biologicalmechanical, chemical, biological• no soil engagement

mechanical, chemical, biological• no soil engagement

Harvest:• residue managementHarvest:• residue managementresidue management • residue distribution

residue management • residue distribution

Residues and livestock:• grazingResidues and livestock:• grazinggrazing • forage

grazing • forage

Farm power:• 50% less overall farmpowerFarm power:• 50% less overall farmpower50% less overall farmpower • reduced tractor size

50% less overall farmpower • reduced tractor size

foto Derpschfoto Derpsch

CA and Mechanization – new technologiesCA and Mechanization – new technologies

New equipment developments:• Knife rollerNew equipment developments:• Knife rollerKnife roller • root/tuber crop harvester

Knife roller • root/tuber crop harvester

foto Hansmannfoto Hansmann

foto PEARMANfoto PEARMAN

Avoiding of compaction:• Controlled traffic farmingAvoiding of compaction:• Controlled traffic farmingControlled traffic farmingControlled traffic farming

Stimulation of soil life:• soil-incorporation of tractor emissionsStimulation of soil life:• soil-incorporation of tractor emissionssoil incorporation of tractor emissionssoil incorporation of tractor emissions

foto BioAgtive Emission Technology foto BioAgtive Emission Technology

CA and Mechanization – developing countriesCA and Mechanization – developing countries

No-till direct seeders and planters for No-till direct seeders and planters for psmall scale farmers:

psmall scale farmers:

foto Simsfoto Sims

foto Duiker foto Duiker

Weed management:Weed management:

Harvest:• move from two stage to one stageHarvest:• move from two stage to one stagemove from two stage to one stage

harvest – residue retentionmove from two stage to one stage harvest – residue retention

CA and Mechanization – policy implicationsCA and Mechanization – policy implications

Policies and Institutions:• policy support for upscaling CA Policies and Institutions:• policy support for upscaling CA p y pp p g• justification: overall benefits (PES)

equipment: main bottleneck

p y pp p g• justification: overall benefits (PES)

equipment: main bottleneck• equipment: main bottleneck• new mechanization: investment • equipment: main bottleneck• new mechanization: investment

savings with CA• institutions, supporting infrastructure:

savings with CA• institutions, supporting infrastructure: , pp g

policy, education/training, scienc/technology,

, pp gpolicy, education/training, scienc/technology,scienc/technology, farmer-groups/associationsscienc/technology, farmer-groups/associations

Policies and Institutions:• policy support for upscaling CAPolicies and Institutions:• policy support for upscaling CAp y pp p g• justification: overall benefits (PES)

conclusionsconclusions

Conclusions:Conclusions:

• CA: sustainable intensification• CA: sustainable intensificationof crop production

• specific mechanization requiredof crop production

• specific mechanization requiredspecific mechanization required• CA: new opportunities for agriculturalmechanization with high market potential

specific mechanization required• CA: new opportunities for agriculturalmechanization with high market potentialmechanization with high market potential

• integrated policies required for upscalingmechanization with high market potential

• integrated policies required for upscalingCA through mechanization programmesCA through mechanization programmes

F d i t li tF d i t li tFood, environment, climate:Agriculture can be part of the solutions,

Food, environment, climate:Agriculture can be part of the solutions,

not of the problem! not of the problem!

Thank you for your attention!Thank you for your attention!

More information:http://www fao org/ag/caMore information:http://www fao org/ag/cahttp://www.fao.org/ag/cahttp://www.fao.org/ag/ca

club of bologna, hannover, germany, november 8, 2009 ... · • continuous zero tillage • ptil...

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