clusters as a tool for competitiveness … · main features of catalan cluster policy cluster as a...

Alberto Pezzi

Director of Clusters unitACCIÓ / Directorate General for IndustryGovernment of Catalonia

Treasurer and member of the Board of Directors - TCI Network

TAEIX WORKSHOP ON IMPLEMENTATION OF THE COSME PROGRAMME -Podgorica, 5th March 2015

CLUSTERS AS A TOOL FOR COMPETITIVENESS

REINFORCEMENT: ITS SUPPORT FRAMEWORK

AT EUROPEAN LEVEL AND THE EXAMPLE OF

CATALONIA

Index

1. Introduction

2. Clusters and competitiveness

3. European support framework for clusters

4. Cluster policy in Catalonia

5. Conclusions: new agendas for clusters and policy makers

This presentation does not represent an official position and shall neither be binding nor construed as institutional commitment by ACCIÓ - Generalitat de Catalunya. The examples it contains should be considered as illustratives.

Index

1. Introduction





INTRODUCTION

4

INTRODUCTION

5

Leather tanning workshops in Igualada (Barcelona) begin XVIII centurySource: J. Nadal, Atlas de la Industrialización en España 1750-2000, Barcelona 2003

Barcelona

Igualada

Source: Googlemap. T. Megia, Infforme situació sector cluster pell a IgualadaInforme intern del OPI-SIEInternal report – not published

6

INTRODUCTION

Cluster initiative

“Cluster initiatives are organised

efforts to increase the growth and

competitiveness of clusters withina region, involving cluster firms, government and/or the researchcommunity”

Örjan Sölvell, Göran Lindqvist & Christian Ketels in The Cluster Initiative Greenbook(2003).

Mapping AnlysisImplementation

Institutionalization

Mentoring

Monitoring

Evaluation

POLICY INTERVENTION

Cluster organization

Cluster organizations are entities that are managing and representing a cluster initiative.

A cluster organization does not necessarily have members, but it provides services to the cluster initiative participants.

POLICY INSTRUMENT

The California Wine Cluster

Educational, Research, & Trade

Organizations (e.g. Wine Institute,

UC Davis, Culinary Institutes)

Educational, Research, & Trade

Organizations (e.g. Wine Institute,

UC Davis, Culinary Institutes)

Growers/VineyardsGrowers/Vineyards

Sources: Michael E. Porter. California Wine Institute, Internet search, California State Legislature. Based on research by MBA 1997 students R. Alexander, R. Arney, N. Black, E. Frost, and A. Shivananda.

Wineries/Processing

Facilities

Wineries/Processing

Facilities

GrapestockGrapestock

Fertilizer,

Pesticides,

Herbicides

Fertilizer,

Pesticides,

Herbicides

Grape Harvesting

Equipment

Grape Harvesting

Equipment

Irrigation TechnologyIrrigation Technology

Winemaking

Equipment

Winemaking

Equipment

BarrelsBarrels

LabelsLabels

BottlesBottles

Caps and CorksCaps and Corks

Public Relations

and Advertising

Public Relations

and Advertising

Specialized

Publications

(e.g., Wine

Spectator, Trade

Journal)

Specialized

Publications

(e.g., Wine

Spectator, Trade

Journal)

Food ClusterFood Cluster

Tourism ClusterTourism ClusterCalifornia

Agricultural

Cluster

California

Agricultural

Cluster

State Government Agencies

(e.g., Select Committee on Wine

Production and Economy)

SPONTANEOUSPHENOMENON

Cluster

“Clusters are geographic concentrations

of interconnected companies, specialized suppliers, service providers, firms in related industries, and associated institutions in particular fieldsthat compete but also cooperate”

Michael E. Porter (2008)

7

CLUSTER DEVELOPMENT INITIATIVES WORLDWIDE

2001199719921980

Emilia-Romagna

Toscana

(industrial-districts

based policies) ....

CatalunyaEuskadiScotlandChihuahuaArizonaMassachussets

New ZealandChristchurchSonomaCosta RicaMorocco

....

SwedenTurkeyLithuaniaBarcelona 22@

AustriaJordanMéxicoCampecheSouth AfricaPortugal Rhône Alpes....

FranceEstoniaDenmarkDominican RepublicSloveniaUKMinas Gerais (BR)...

1990 2003 2006

PakistanKazakhstanPoland….

ParaguayRio Negro (AR)Russia….

2013

Aprox. over 1.400 Initiatives at world llevel(USAID)

Over 1.200 cluster organizationat European level (source: ECO -European cluster observatory)

Source: TCI cluster initiatives database, TCI research and practice

Selected regions and countries withcluster-based development initiatives

ILLUSTRATIVE

NOT EXHAUSTIVE

SCOPE: NATIONALREGIONALLOCAL-CITY

INTRODUCTION

TCI Worldwide presence

Index

1. Introduction





9

CLUSTERS AND COMPETITIVENESS

10

CLUSTER

“.. are geographic concentrations of interconnected companies, specializedsuppliers, service providers, firms in related industries” (Michael E. Porter, “On Competition, 1998).

COMPETITIVENESS

Fuente: Michael E. Porter, 1998

Competitiveness(Productivity)

Innovative Capacity

ProsperityProsperity

COMPETITIVENESSCOMPETITIVENESS

(Firm level)

Competitiveness is definedby the productivity withwhich a nation utilizes itshuman, capital and natural resources. (Michael E. Porter, 1990)


11

78

63

53

4441

29 29

74

56

33

53

20

1412

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

New products orservices

New technology Market research Research in ownlaboratories

Contracting partners Registeringtrademarks

Applying for patents

Innovation cluster companies IB2006

Innovation companies IB2004

Source: INNOBAROMETER: cluster's role in facilitating innovation in Europe


12

Microeconomic Competitiveness

Company

SophisticationClusters

Business

Environment

• Decisions taken by many independent actors

• Action priorities highly context dependent

• High level of interdependence across policy areas

Analysis and action at the level of

• Regions

• Clusters

Social Infrastructure and

Political InstitutionsMacroeconomic Policies

Macroeconomic Competitiveness

• Largely driven by central government decisions

• “Good practice” standards apply universally

• Moderate level of interdependence across policy areas

Source: Dr. C. Ketels, HBS


13

Help cluster firms to upgrade their strategies

� Help to identify and choose among different strategic options

� Horizontal cooperation activities among companies

� Promote strategic change at company level

Improve cluster businessenvironment

� Improve support and relatedindustries

� Improve factor conditions: ad hoc training, technological transfer, etc.

� Reinforce sophisticated demand:public procurement, etc.

� Adapt and fine-tune otherhorizontal policies : innovation, entreprenueship, quality, internationalization, etc.


Microeconomic Competitiveness

Cluster policies-> better economies of scale in analyzing

and acting

Index

1. Introduction





15

Some data on clusters in Europe

Over 2.000 regional clusters

38% of European jobs concentrated in clusters

Approximately 1.400 cluster organizations (*)

130 funding schemes specifically dedicated to clusters in 31 countries

Sources: EC, ProInnoEurope, The concept of clusters and cluster policies and their role for competitiveness and innovation: main statistical results and lessons learned, 2008,

(*) European Cluster Observatory, 2011..

EUROPEAN SUPPORT FRAMEWORK FOR CLUSTERS

16

BEGINNING ‘90: first cluster-based initiatives mainly at regional level

2002-2003: Publication “Regional clusters in Europe” by SMEs Observatory

2006-2009: First generation of cluster-based programs

2008: First EC COM on clusters “Towards world-class clusters in the UE”

2009-2011: ECPG, ECOII, ECA, European Cluster Excellence Initiatives

2012: ECEI main outcomes: ESCA and EFCE

2013: Implementation of specific policies: internationalization, EFCEI

2014: New ECO-II, inclusion of clusters in COSME program

2015: A new European cluster strategy for clusters?



17

EXCELLENCE INTERNATIONALISATION

ANALYSIS

EMERGING INDUSTRIES

EUROPEAN SUPPORT FRAMEWORK FOR CLUSTERS: EXCELLENCE

BACKGROUND / MAIN RESULTS

European Secretariat for Cluster Analysis• Over 600 organizations benchmarked with bronze and gold (45) labels

in 35 countries, including Turkey

• 100 benchmarking experts trained

• Labeling scheme as part of some regional and national cluster programs

European Foundation for Cluster Excellence• Elaboration of a new training curricula for Cluster Managers

• Close to 100 participants and 29 already qualified trainers

18

EX

EUROPEAN SUPPORT FRAMEWORK FOR CLUSTERS: EXCELLENCE

CLUSTER EXCELLENCE PROGRAMME - CFP COS-WP2014-3-04

• Status: CLOSED.

• Budget: 1,25 M. €. Max co-financing per project: 250.000 €.

• Eligibility: minimum 3 cluster organizations from at least 3 COSME countries (EU, EFTA, enlargement and neighborhood countries), registered in the ECCP, at least one participant without ESCA experience

• Objectives: strengthen cluster management excellence and provide more professional business services

• Activities: benchmarking, participation in trainings, services to SMEs, dissemination, impact assessment and follow up.

19

EX

EUROPEAN SUPPORT FRAMEWORK FOR CLUSTERS: INTERNATIONALIZATION


• Cluster Internationalization Handbook

• European Strategic Cluster Partnerships (ECCPs - 13 )

• European Cluster Collaboration Platform (ECCP) � http://www.clustercollaboration.eu/

• European Cluster Consortia: 6 consortia, 26 cooperation agreements, 27 missions, etc.

• MOUs ECCP with third countries: Brazil, India, Japan, Korea, Mexico, Morocco, Tunisia and Chile

• Match-making cluster missions

20

INT

EUROPEAN SUPPORT FRAMEWORK FOR CLUSTERS: INTERNATIONALIZATION

CLUSTER INTL PROGRAMME COS-WP-2014-3-03: CLUSTERS GO INTERNATIONAL

• Status: OPEN

• Deadline: March 31st

• Budget: 3,75 M. €.

• Focus: cluster internationalization especially in emerging areas. 2 strands for existing ESCP and new ones.

• Objectives: promote internationalization and cross-sectorial cooperation among clusters from at least 3 COSME countries.

• Activities: partners identification, joint representative abroad, branding strategies, etc.

21

INT

EUROPEAN SUPPORT FRAMEWORK FOR CLUSTERS: EMERGING INDUSTRIES


• Tactics guide on “Using clusters to address emerging

industries and services”

• European Forum for Cluster and Emerging Industries (EFCEI): EFCEI Expert Group report: “Policy roadmap: actions for new

linkages needed”

• 7 emerging industries identified: Creative industries, Eco, Experience, Maritime, Mobile Services, Mobility and Personalized medicine

• 6 Pilot projects in Emerging Industries (in progress)

• http://www.emergingindustries.eu/ (ECO extension)22

EI

EUROPEAN SUPPORT FRAMEWORK FOR CLUSTERS: EMERGING INDUSTRIES

23

EI

CLUSTER FACILITATED PROJECTS FOR NEW INDUSTRIAL VALUECHAINS – H2020 INNOSUP-1-2015 -

• Status: OPEN

• Deadline: CFP in 2 phases – 30th April 2015 (1ST Phase)

• Budget: 24,9 M. €. (EU contribution 2,5-5 M.€). 75% of resources for SMEs.

• Focus/objectives: promote cross-border and cross-sectorial collaboration across different regions to stimulate the creation of new globally competitive industrial value chains.

EUROPEAN SUPPORT FRAMEWORK FOR CLUSTERS: ANALYSIS

24

EUROPEAN CLUSTER OBSERVATORY II

• Start 2006• Obectives: to promote WWC, foster competitiveness and

cross-sectorial cooperation, internationalization of clustersand SMEs

• http://www.clusterobservatory.eu/index.html

ECO

25

http://ec.europa.eu/growth/smes/cluster/observatory/index_en.htm

EU ClusterPanorama

(clustermapping)

EuropeanClusterTrendsReport

EuropeanCluster Confer.

News & Comunic.

Coming soon

Regional eco-systemscoreboard

Dec 2014 Oct 2014 and 2016 Coming soon

New ECO II phase just launched

EUROPEAN SUPPORT FRAMEWORK FOR CLUSTERS: ANALYSIS ECO

Fact-driven… Policy action and dissemination

Centro (Portugal) Hamburg (Germany) Lapland (Finland) Nord-Pas de Calais (France) Stockholm (Sweden) West region (Romania)

2015


26

http://ec.europa.eu/growth/smes/cluster/index_en.htm

Index

1. Introduction





28•28

Population: 7,518.903 (2014)

16% of the Spanish population

Area: 32,106 km2

GDP: € 203 bn (2013)

GDP per capita (ppc 2013): € 27,298

Catalonia: 114

Spain: 95

EU-27: 100

Sources: INE , Eurostat , Idescat

CLUSTER POLICY IN CATALONIA

29

� Catalan productive fabric is very concentrated in clusters (40% of total

industrial turnover).

� Economy mainly composed by SMEs (99%

of total firms).

� Cluster policy allow to intervene on endogenous assets with limited budget.

� Working at cluster level is a good way of structuring strategic dialogue between Government and other stakeholders.

Font: J.M. Hernández, J. Fontrodona, A. Pezzi, Map of industrial production systems in Catalonia, 2005.


30

Why the case of Catalonia is interesting?

- For its long-haul: almost two decades of experience

- Because it is based on an original methodology

- Because it is a learning by doing experience

THE MICROCLUSTER APPROACH AS THE UNIT OF REFERENCE FOR COMPETITIVENESS REINFORCEMENT INITIATIVES

1993 - 2004I phase

2009 onwardIII phase

2004 - 2009II phase

CONSOLIDATION,INTERNAL SKILL DEVELOPMENT, PROJECT DIVERSIFICATION

EVOLUTION OF CLUSTER CONCEPT,INSTITUTIONALIZATION, AND PROFESIONALIZATION

- Because it is well documented…


31

MappingScope of the CRI

AnalysisDefinition of Strategic

Challenges

Action planaimed to

strategic change

InstitutionalizationProfessionalizationInternationalization

Evaluation


Cluster reinforcement initiatives – main milestones

1. To map and understand the business

2. To foster strategic change

3. To identify leadership and establish private-drivengovernance

4. To assuresustainability in the long term

Support to core group:

� Legal counseling and guidance� Advice on CM recruiting

Services to CM:

� Networking� Training� Projects guidance� Internationalization� Interclustering activities� Strategic guidance � …

Diagnostic phase:

� Mapping� Cluster who is who� Competitiveness analysis� Strategic segmentation� International benchmarking� ..

ACTIVITIES / SERVICES DELIVERED BY ACCIÓ - DGI

Cooperative projects:

� Operation efficiency improvement

� Workshops� New strategic options

Raw materials Technology Products Strategy Final market

Productive process

CR

OSS

-SEC

TOR

IAL

MU

LTIP

RO

DU

CT

Water treatment

Kids cluster

Habitat

BeautySport

Fashion

Railway

Fish Farming

Biotech

ICT

Optics and photonics

Agricultural machineryMotorcycle

Gourmet food

GROUPING FACTOR

+

-

TRADITIONAL CLUSTERINITIATIVES

EMERGING CLUSTERSINITIATIVES

“NEW GENERATION “CLUSTER INITIATIVES

Type of cluster initiatives in Catalonia

32

Pork meat

Advanced materials

CLUSTER POLICY IN CATALONIA ILLUSTRATIVE

33


Main features of Catalan cluster policy

� Cluster as a flexible tool for competitiveness reinforcement initiatives

� Government as initiator / catalyst, but private leadership in the mid-long term

� Limited budget concentrated in providing services to cluster managers with a special focus on training, internationalization and inter-clustering activities

� New Catalonia Cluster program launched by the Government for rationalize Catalan cluster scenario


Main challenges and opportunities in clusterpolicy in Catalonia (… and elsewhere)

RATIONALIZATION OF CLUSTER INIATIATIVES


35

Main admission criteria:

1. Critical mass & scope (# firms, aggregate turnover, regional scope)

2. Governance & professionalization (bronze label, private leadership, not for profit)

3. Strategy / policy alignment

20 cluster organizations

already in

10-12 possible new

entries in the short

term

POLICYCONTINUITY

AND SUSTAINABILIITY

INTERNATIONALI-ZATION AND

CAPACITATION OF CLUSTER

ORGANIZATIONS

SECTOR PRIORIZATION

AND RISDESIGN

MANUFACTURING

HEALTH INDUSTRY

SUSTAINABLEMOBILITY

INDUSTRIALSYSTEMS

ENERGYAND NATURAL

RESOURCES

FOOD

EXPENRIECED-BASEDINDUSTRIES

Industrial legacy

Quality of life

Green Economy

FINE TUNING WITH OTHER HORIZONTAL

POLICIES

MEDI AMBIENT

ENERGIA

INNOVACIÓ

INTERNACIONALITZACIÓ

FINANÇAMENT

SIMPLIFICACIÓ ADMINISTRATIVA

CLUSTERS I ESTRATÈGIA

CAPTACIÓ INVERSIONS

PROG. REACTIVACIÓ INDUSTRIAL

EMPRENEDORIA

FORMACIÓ (Universitats i FP)

INFRAESTRUC. (transport i logística)

PE1

-A

LIM

ENTA

CIÓ

PE2

-EN

ERG

IA I

REC

UR

SOS

PE3

-SI

STEM

ES IN

DU

STR

IALS

PE4

-IN

D. R

ELA

CIO

NA

DES

A

MB

EL

DIS

SEN

YP

E5-

IND

. MO

BIL

ITA

T SO

STEN

IBLE

PE6

-IN

DÚ

STR

IES

DE

LA

SALU

TP

E7-

IND

. BA

SAD

ES E

N

L’EX

PER

IÈN

CIA

CO

MP

ETITIVITA

TSU

PO

RT

A L’EM

PR

ESA CO

ND

ICIO

NS

D’EN

TOR

N


Main challenges and opportunities in clusterpolicy in Catalonia (… and elsewhere)

RATIONALIZATION OF CLUSTER INIATIATIVES

TAPPING ON SYNERGIES AND

K-SHARINGAROUND

CLUSTERING

RENEWING CLUSTER

PORTFOLIO THROUGHEMERGING ACTIVITIES

Index

1. Introduction





38

CONCLUSIONS

CLUSTER APPROACH TO ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT FOCUSES ON BUILDING ON EXISTING CAPABILITIES AND DEVELOPING

ENDOGENOUS ASSETS.

CLUSTER INITIATIVES SHOULD BE INTENDED IN A FLEXIBLE WAY ADAPTABLE TO EACH CONTEXT AND FOCUSSING ON CREATING SHARED

VALUES AT LOCAL AND GLOBAL LEVEL.

THE CLUSTER IS ALWAYS THE TOOL AND NOT THE END FOR STRENGHEN COMPETITIVENESS IN A MORE EFFICIENT WAY

“It is not the ingredients, but the recipe..”

AnneLee Saxenian, 1994

Alberto [email protected]

ACCIÓ clustersacc10.cat/ACC1O/cat/estrategia-empresarial/clusters/

TCI Network tci-network.org

Main reference material:

- Cluster and Competitiveness: the case of Catalonia (1993-2010)

http://www.gencat.cat/diue/doc/doc_11907125_3.pdf (EN version)- Where the cluster winds are blowing in Europe

www.eca-tactics.eu/page/tactics-final-reports

39

clusters as a tool for competitiveness … · main features of catalan cluster policy cluster as a...

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