cmjv{sob sszh-imkv{xw tic-f-k-`bpw...

tIc-f-k-`bpw{]Xy-b-im-kv{X-§fpw

cmjv{Sob ssZh-imkv{Xw

ALPHA INSTITUTE OF THEOLOGY AND SCIENCEThalassery, Kerala, India - 670 101

Ph: 0490 2344727, 2343707www.alphathalassery.com

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tIcf ss{IkvXhcpsS kmaq-lnIkw`m-h-\-Ifpw

amÀIvkn-b³ Xa-kvI-c-W- \-b-§fpw

Ncn{Xw hkvXp-X-IÄ¡p-]cn hnP-bn-bp-sSbpw A[n-Im-cn-bp-sSbpw ]£¯v \ne-bp-d-¸n-¡m-\m-{K-ln-¡p¶p F¶-XmWv AXnsâ\mÄhgn Xcp¶ ktµ-iw. AXp-sIm--pXs¶ Ncn-{X-¯nsâ KXn-hn-K-Xn-IÄ X§Ä¡-\p-Iq-e-a-sÃ-¦nepw X§Ä¡-\p-Iq-e-ambn Ncn-{X-{K-Ù-§Ä cNn-¡m³ {]Xyb imkv{X-§Ä aÕ-cn-¡m-dp-- v. C{]-Im-c-samcp A]-Nbw tIcf Ncn-{X-¯nsâ cN-\-bnepw kw`-hn-¨n-«p-s-¶Xv hkvXpXm]c-am-Wv. X§Ä¡p KpW-I-c-am-b-h-bp-sSbpwBb-h-cp-sSbpw kw`m-h-\-Isf ]ÀÆ-Xo-I-cn¨pw X§Ä¡p Xmev]-cy-an-Ãm¯ {]kvXm-\-§-fp-sSbpw hyàn-I-fp-sSbpw kw`m-h-\-IÄF{X-I-v t{ijvT-am-sW-¦nepw Ahsb Xa-kvI-cn¨pw Ncn-{X-cN\\nÀÆ-ln-¡p-t¼m-gmWv Ncn{Xw hkvXpXmhncp-²hpw sshc-\n-cym-X-_p-²n-bpÄs¡m-Åp-¶Xpw Bbn-¯o-cp-¶-Xv. C. Fw. Fkn-sâbpwIrjvW-\m-Sm-cp-sSbpw _n. cmPo-h-sâ-bp-sams¡ Ncn-{Xm-]-{K-Y-\-§Ä]£-]-mX-]-c-ambn t]mb-Xnsâ ^e-ambn tIc-f-N-cn{Xw hkvXp-Xm-]-c-ambn hmbn-¡m³ hgn-bn-Ãm-Xm-bn. DZm-l-cWambn, {io\m-cm-b-W-Kp-cp-hnsâ Acp-hn-¸pdw {]Xn-jvTsb CXn-lm-k-kw-`-h-ambn hmgv¯p-Ibpw Fgp-¯-Ñ-sâ-bpw, Bim-sâbpw Imhy-§sf tIc-f- \-thm-°m-\-¯nsâ DuÀÖ-t{km-X-Êmbn DbÀ¯p-Ibpw sN¿p-t¼mÄ tIc-f-¯nsâ kmwkvIm-cnI Ncn{Xw cq]-s¸-Sp-¯nb ss{IkvX-h-an-j-\-dn-am-sc-bpw Nmh-d-Ip-cym-t¡mkv Gen-bm-k-¨-s\bpw k¼qÀ®-ambnXa-kv¡-cn-¡m-\mWv Ncn-{X-Im-c-·mÀ Hcp-s¼-«-Xv. tIc-f-¯nsâ tZio-b-X¡v hÀ¤o-b-X-bpsStbm hÀ¤-k-a-c-¯n-sâtbm \ndw ]I-cm-\pÅt_m[]qÀÆ-amb {ia-§Ä \ne-hn-epÅ Ncn{X {KÙ-§-fn-ep-- v.

amÀIvkn -b³ Ncn - {X -Im -c -·mÀ Ncn - {X -sa¶ bmYm -À°ys¯Xs¶ ]p\À\nÀ½n-¡m-\mWv ]cn-{i-an-¨n-«p-Å-Xv. Imc-Ww,amÀIvknkw Ncn-{Xs¯ hne-bn-cp-¯p-¶-Xp-Xs¶ ]£-]m-X-]-c-am-bn-«mWv. amÀIvknÌv ho£-W-¯nse sXmgn-emfn hÀ¤ kÀÆm-[n-]Xyw Øm]n-¡p-¶-Xn\p klm-b-I-amb kwc-`-§-fpsS kam-lm-c-

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amWv amÀIvkn-b³ Ncn-{X-c-N-\-IÄ. {]kvXpX e£y-¯n\p klm-b-I-a-Ãm-¯Xpw Ncn-{X-¯nsâ \mÄh-gn-I-fnÂ kw`-hn-¨n-«p-Å-Xp-ambkw`-h-§-sfbpw kw`m-h-\-I-sfbpw Xa-kv¡-cn-¡mt\m \njv{]-`-am-¡mt\m DÅ {iaw amÀIvkn-b³ Ncn-{X-\nÀ½m-W-k-`-bpsS kz`m-h-am-Wv. ]p¶-{]-h-b-emÀ ka-chpw I¿qÀ samdmg ka-c-§fpw Cý³kzmX-{ý-k-ac Ncn-{X-t\-Xm-¡fpw {]m[m-\y-aÀln-¡p-¶-XmbnamÀIvkn-b³ Ncn-{X-{K-Ù-§-fnÂ {]Xy-£-s¸-Sp-¶-Xnsâ Imc-W-an-XmWv. KmÔn-Pn-sb-¡mfpw alm-\mbn se\n-s\bpw amthm-sbbpwNn{Xo-I-cn-¡p-¶-Xnsâ Imc-Whpw CXp-X-s¶-bm-Wv. amÀIvkn-b³ho£-W-hp-ambn H¯p-t]m-Im¯ {]Øm-\-§-fp-sSbpw hyàn-I-fp-sSbpw Ncn-{Xs¯ Ah-K-Wn-¡m\pw ]nń-cn-¸³, tImtfm-Wn-bÂ-þ-_qÀjzm aqcm¨n XpS-§nb te_-sem-«n¨v ImWm-¸p-d-§-fn-te¡v HXp-¡m\pw amÀIvkn-b³ Ncn-{X-Im-c-·mÀ F¶pw _²{i²-cm-bn-cp-¶p.\nÀ`m-Ky-h-imÂ tIcf Ncn{X cN-\-bnÂ amÀIvknb³ ho£-W-¯n-\m-bn-cp¶p F¶pw taÂt¡m-bva. AXn-\mÂ Xs¶ amÀIvkn-k- n\pkzoIm-cy-a-Ãm¯ ss{IkvX-h-k-`bpw k`-bpsS kw`mh-\-Ifpw Ncn-{X-{K-Ù-§-fnÂ\n¶pw Kf-lkvXw sN¿-s¸-«p. F{X-taÂ Ah-K-Wn-¨mepw tIc-f-N-cn-{X-¯nsâ KXn-\nÀ®-bn-¡p-¶-XnÂ ss{IkvX-h-k`\ÂInb kw`m-h-\-Isf BÀ¡pw Ah-K-Wn-¡m-\m-hnÃ F¶ kXywshfn-s¸-Sp-¯pI Cu eLp-]-T-\-¯nsâ e£yw.

Ncn-{X-¯nse Xa-kvI-cWw hgn ss{IkvX-hÀ shdpw I¨-h-S-¡m-cpw, A\[n-Ir-X-Ip-Sn-tb-ä-¡mcpw Acm-jv{So-b-hm-Zn-Ifpw Iem-km-lnXy cwK-§-fnse ]nń-cn- ·mcpw tZi-kvt\lanÃm- -h-cp-ambnNn{Xo-I-cn¡s¸Sp¶p F¶-XmWv Gähpw ZpJIc-amb hkvXp-X. Ncn-{Xs¯ t\Àtc-J-bnÂ hmbn-¨mÂ Cu Btcm-]-W-§Ä ASn-Øm-\-

c-ln-XamIpw F¶p kaÀ°n-¡p-Ibpw Cu ]T-\-¯nsâ e£y-amWv.

kmwkvIm-cnI cwKs¯ kw`m-h-\-IÄbqtdm-¸n-se-¶-Xp-t]mse _u²nI cwKs¯ \thm-°m\w

tIc-f-¯ntem `mc-X-¯ntem \S-¶n-«n-Ã. F¶mÂ bqtdm-]y³ \thm-°m\ kwcw-`-§Ä¡v kam-´-c-ambn aX-km-aq-lnIcwK¯v {it²-b-amb Nne Nph-Sp-h-bv]p-IÄ tIc-f-¯nÂ kw`-hn-¨n-«p-- v. ChnsS{]N-cn-X-am-bn-cp¶ hnhn[ aX-§-fnÂ CXnsâ A\p-c-W-\-§Ä hmbn-s¨Sp-¡m\mIpw. Ah-sb-¡p-dn v A\y{X {]Xn-]m-Zn-¡p-¶-Xn\mÂ Cu]T-\- nÂ ss{IkvXhk -bpsS kw`m-h-\-I-sf-¡p-dn- p-am-{Xta {]Xn-]m-Zn-¡p-¶p-Åq. 1599-þmw B-v Pq¬ amkw 20-þ26 Xo¿-Xn-I-fnÂ DZbwt]cqÀ kq\-l-tZmkv kt½-fn-¨p. 133 ‘I¯-\mÀamcpw’ 20 iwim-\-


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Ifpw 660 Aßm-b-{]-Xn-\n-[n-Ifpw ]s¦-Sp¯ Cu kt½-f-\-¯nsâB[n-Im-cn-I-X-sb-¡p-dn¨pw Dt±iy e£y-§-sf-¡p-dn¨pw A`n-{]m-bm-´-c-§-fp- -m -Imw. F¶mÂ ]Xn-\mdmw \qäm- -nÂXs¶ P\-{]-Xn-\n-[n-k-`-bm-bn-tNÀ¶ Cu kt½-f\w tIcfkaq-l-¯nÂ \ne-\n-¶n-cp¶ A\m-Nm-c-§Äs¡-Xntc s]mcp-Xm³ Xocp-am-\-sa-Sp¯p F¶Xv{it²-b-am-Wv. Abn-¯w, Xo-Â, sXmSoÂ, NmXpÀhÀWy-hy-h-Øn-Xn-bne[n-jvTn-X-amb kmaq-lnI hnth-N-\-§Ä F¶nh kphn-tijaqey-§Ä¡p hncp-²-am-I-bmÂ Ah-bvs¡-Xntc s]mcp-Xp-hm³ Xocp-am-\n-¨p.1 ss{IkvX-h-cpsS CS-bnÂ C¯cw A\m-Nm-c-§Ä \ntcm-[n¨v \nb-a-\nÀ½mWw \S-¯m\pw kq\-l-tZm-kn\p km[n¨p (De-cree II, Session IX). _lp`mcymXzw (polygamy), _lp`ÀXrXzw(polyandry) F¶nh IÀ¡-i-ambn \ntcm-[n-¡m\pw kq\-l-tZmkv \nb-a-ap--m-¡n. _lp `mcymXzw \nb-a-hn-cp-²-ambn C´y³ kaqlw Icp-Xp -¶-Xn\pw \qäm- - p -IÄ¡p-apt¼ Cu e£y-¯n-\mbn \nb-a-\nÀ½mWw \S-¯n-b-Xns\ \nÊm-c-hÂ¡-cn-¡p-¶Xp icn-b-Ã. ssii-h-hn-hmlw \nb-a-hn-cp-²-ambn {]Jym-]n-¡m\pw kq\-l-tZm-kn\pIgnª (Decree X, Session VIII) kaq-l-¯nÂ \ne-\n-¶n-cp¶AÔ-hn-izm-k-§-fmb £p{Z-{In-b-IÄ, IqtSm-{Xw, a{´-hm-Zw, B`n-Nm-c-{In-b-IÄ, `mhn-{]-h-N\w F¶n-hsb \ntcm-[n-¡m\pw kq\-l-tZmkv ap³ssI FSp-¯p. B¬a-¡Ä¡pw, s]¬a-¡Ä¡pw ]nXr-kz-¯nÂ Xpeym-h-Im-i-ap-s-¶ Ncn-{X-]-c-amb Xocp-am\whgn acp-a-¡-¯m-b- hy-h-ØnXn Dfhm-¡nb A\o-Xn-]-c-amb kmaq-ln-I-hy-h-Øn-Xn-bnÂ tIc-f-¯n\p Znim-t_m[w \ÂIm³ Cu kn\-Un\pkm[n-¨p.

ss{IkvXhÀ Nne {]tZ-i-§-fnÂ am{Xw Xn§n-¸mÀ¯vkwL-_ew ImWn-¡msX \m«n-ep-S-\ofw CX-c-a-X-kvX-cp-sS-bn-S-bnÂkmtlm-Z-cy-t¯msS hÀ¯n-¡-W-sa¶pw kzXth I¨-h-S-¡m-cmbss{IkvX-h-tcmSv sImÅ- en-ibpw A\ym-b-em- hpw sXäm-sW¶v a\-Ên-em¡n Hgn-hm-¡-W-sa¶pw kq\-l-tZmkv \nÀt±-in-¨p. aZy-hy-h-kmbw F{X-taÂ em`-I-c-am-sW-¦nepw AXv ss{IkvX-hÀ¡v \njn-

²-am-sW¶p {]Jym-]n-¡Ww kn\Uv [oc-X-Im«n.2 tIc-f-¯nsâ

\thm-°m-\-¯n\p Znim-t_m[w \ÂIp¶ kpNn-´n-X-amb Xocp-am-\-§-fmWv kq\-l-tZmkv {]Jym-]n-¨Xv F¶p a\-Ên-em-¡mw. tIc-f-¯nâ kmwkvIm -cnI cwKs¯ Ht«sd taJ-e-I-fnÂ Ime-¯n\pwapt¼ ]d¶ ]£n-bm-bn-cp¶p DZbw t]cqÀ kq\-l-tZm-kv.F¶mÂ tIc-f- nse Ncn-{X-{K-Ù-§-sfÃmwXs¶ kq\-l-tZm-knsâ{Inbm-ß-I-amb kmaq-lnI CS-s]-S-ep-Isf Xa-kvI-cn-¡p-I-bmWv

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sNbvX-Xv. ASn-a-¡- -h-S- n-s\-Xnsc Fkv. sI. hk- ³ cNn¨ tIc-f-N-cn{X \nL--p-hnÂ tIc-f-¯nse ASn-a-¡-¨-h-S-¯nsâ lo\-X-IÄ hnh-cn-¡p¶p--v. N§m-\m-tÈ-cn, Xncp-\-¡-c, Be-¸p-g, sImÃw,t]«m, tImh-fw, Imbw-Ip-fw, Nnd-bn³Io-gv, IWn-bm-]pcw XpS-§nbtI{µ-§-fnÂ ASn-a-¨-´-IÄ \ne-\n-¶n-cp-¶p-h-t{X.

{InkvXob hnizm-k-¯nsâ ASn-Øm-\-Nn-´-I-fn-sem¶v a\p-jy-a-l-Xz-am-Wv. a\p-jy-hyàn ssZh-¯nsâ Omb-bnepw kmZr-iy-¯nepw krjvSn-¡-s -«-h-\m-I-bmÂ (DÂ] 1:26) Hmtcm a\p-jy-P-·hpwAaq-ey-am-sW¶v {InkvXp-aXw ]Tn-¸n-¡p-¶p. C¡m-c-W-¯mÂ a\p-jy-a-l-Xzs¯ \ntj-[n-¡p¶ kI-e-Xn-·-I-sfbpw {InkvXo-b-hn-izmkw FXnÀ¡p-¶p. a\p-jy-a-lXzw \ntj-[n-¡p¶ Kpcp-X-c-ambXn·-I-fn-sem-¶mWv ASn-a-k-{¼-Zm-bw. k¼¯pw A[n-Im-chpwkzm[o-\-hp-apÅ khÀ®-hÀ¤w AhÀ®sc arK-§Ä¡p-Xpeyw ASn-a-I-fmbn {Ib-hn-{Ibw sN¿p¶ lo\-amb kmaq-ln-I-hy-h-Øn-Xn-bmWv 19-þmw \qäm-nsâ BZy-]-Ip-Xn-hsc tIc-f-¯nÂ \ne-\n-¶n-cp-¶-Xv. “tIc-f-N-cn{Xw” F¶ {KÙw tIc-f-¯nse ASn-a-hy-h-kvXn-Xn-sb-¡p-dn¨v \ÂIp¶ hnh-cWw {i²n-¡p-I.

“Irjn-¸-Wn¡p th-n `qan-bp-ambn _Ô-s¸-Sp¯n `qhp-S-a-IÄ kq£n-¨n-cp¶ ASn-a-IÄ¡v IW-¡p--m-bn-cp-¶n-Ã. I¶p-Im-en-I-sf-t¸mse Ahsc {Ib-hn-{Ibw sNbvXn-cp -¶p. ASn-a-IsfsImÃm³t]m-ep-apÅ P·n-am-cpsS Ah-Im-i-s -¡p-dn v tNmZn-¡m\pw]d-bm\pw Bcpap-m-bn-cp-¶nÃ Xs¶. Npcp-¡n¸dªmÂ Fs´-¦nepw Pohn-Xm-h-Im-i-apÅ a\p-jy-tcm-sS¶ \ne-bv¡m-bn-cp-¶nÃ ASn-a-I-tfmSv s]cp-am-dn-t]m-¶-Xv. Id-h-¸-ip-¡sf kq£n-¡p-I, \Ãhkv{Xw [cn-¡p-I, hml-\-§-fnÂ k©-cn-¡pI HmSp-taª hoSp-I-fnÂ Xma-kn-¡p-I, Hm«p-]m-{X-§Ä D]-tbm-Kn-¡pI apX-emb km[m-cW Pohn-X-¯nsâ kuI-cy-§-sfm¶pw AhÀ Adn-ªn-cp¶tXCÃ” .3 tIc-f-¯nÂ \n¶pw audo-jykv apX-emb Øe-§-fn-te¡vASn-a-Isf I¨-hSw \S-¯n-bn-cp-¶p. Hcp ASn-a-bv¡v 14 cq]mhsce`n-¨n-cp-¶p-sh-¶mWv IW-¡p-I-fnÂ ImWp-¶-Xv. C§s\ I¨-hSw\S-¯p-t¼mÄ `mcysb `À¯m-hnÂ\n¶pw thÀs]-Sp¯n hn`n¶Øe-§-fn-te¡v I¨-hSw \S-¯n-bn-cp-¶p. ASn-a-Isf ]«n-Wn-¡n-Sp-hm\pw, aÀ±n-¡p-hm\pw F´n\v sImÃp-¶-Xn-\p-t]mepw DÅ Ah-Imiw DS-a-Ø-·mÀ¡p--m-bn-cp-¶p. Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq-dnÂ D-m-bn-cp¶Hcp-e-£¯nAdp-]-¯¿m-bncw ASn-a-I-fnÂ \mev]-¯n-tbm-cm-bncwASn-a-IÄ kÀ¡mÀhI ASn-a-I-fm-bn-cp-¶p. ASn-a-I-fnÂ\n¶pw Xe-h-cn-bmbn 165000 ]Ww kÀ¡m-cn\v e`n-¡p-Ibpw sNbvXn-cp-¶p.


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sIm¨n-bnse ØnXnbpw n¶-am-bn-cp-¶n-Ã. sIm¨n-bnÂ BsI40000 ASn-a-I-fp--m-bn-cp-¶p. CXnÂ 9000 ASn-a-IÄ kÀ¡mÀ hI-bm-bn-cp-¶p. {_n«ojv dkn-U-v (B-IvSnw-Kv) tIWÂ ÌphmÀ«v, Xsâbm{X-bv¡n-S-bnÂ Imf-tbm-sSm¸w Hcp ASn-asb Ie-¸bv¡v sI«n]q«p-¶Xv ImWp-hm-\n-S-bm-bn. IÀi\ \S-]-Sn-IÄ kzoI-cn-¡p-hm³BIvSnwKv dkn-U--ns\ Cu kw`hw t{]cn-¸n-¨p. ASn-a-I-fp-sS-taÂarKob aÀ±-\-ta-ev]n-¡p-¶-Xns\ XS-ªp-sIm- -pÅ hnfw-_cwsIm¨n alm-cm-Pmhv 1812 þÂ ]pd-s¸-Sp-hn-¡m³ \nÀ_-Ôn-X-\m-bn.Cu hnfw-_-c-¯n\p tijhpw sIm¨n-bnÂ ASn-a-hym-]mcw \ne-\n-¶p. ASna-¡- -h-S- n-s\-Xnsc [oc-ambn cwK- n-d-§n-bXv {InkvXy³anj-\-dn-am-cm-bn-cp-¶p.4

Cu ASn-a-Ifpw a\p-jy-cm-sW¶pw AhÀ¡pw aäp-Å-h-sc-t¸mse kzX-{´-ambn Pohn-¡m-\pÅ Ah-Im-i-ap-s-¶pw Ah-cpsSZpcn-X-§Ä¡v Adp-Xn-h-cp- -W-sa¶pw ImWn v Xncp-hn-Xmw-IqÀ alm-cm-Pm-hn\v 1847þÂ NmÄkv aoUv, NmÄkv tamÄ«v, sl³dn t_¡À,kmap-hÂ aäoÀ F¶o anj-\-dn-amÀ tNÀ¶v Hcp \nth-Z\w kaÀ¸n-¨p. sIm¨n alm-cm-Pm-hn\pw CtX \nth-Z\w AhÀ kaÀ¸n-¡p-I-bp--m -bn. ASn-a-hym-]mcw \nÀ¯-em-¡n-s¡m--pÅ hnfw-_cw ]pd-s¸-Sp-hn-¡-W-sa¶pw B \nth-Z-\- nÂ {]tXyIw FSp¯p]d-ªn-cp¶p.ASn-a-hym-]mcw \nÀ¯n-bmÂ am{Xw-t]m-cm, AhÀ¡v kzmX{ýw\ÂIp-¶-tXm-sSm¸w Ah-cpsS D²m-c-W-¯n-\mbn ASn-b-ńc \S-]-Sn-IÄ kzoI-cn-¡-W-sa¶v anj-\-dn-am-cpsS \nth-Z-\-¯nÂ Bh-iy-s -«p.

ASn-a-¡-¨-hSw \nÀ¯Â sN¿m-\pÅ anj-\-dn-am-cpsS {iaw\mSnsâ km¼-¯nI `{ZX XIÀ¡p-sa-¶pw `£y-kp-c£ A]-I-S-¯n-em-¡p-sa¶pw hmZn-¨p-sIm-v Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq-dn-sebpw sIm¨n-bn-sebpw P·n-amcpw k¼-¶-cp-amb khÀ®À cwK-¯p-h-¶p. ASn-a-IÄtPmen-sN-¿m-\n-sÃ-¦nÂ ImÀjn-I-cwKw XIcpw F¶-Xm-bn-cp¶p Ah-cpsS hmZw. c-W-kn-cm-tI-{µ-§-fnÂ ià-amb kzm[o-\-ap--m-bn-cp¶pC¡q-«À anj-\-dn-amÀs¡-Xnsc A{Iaw Agn-¨p-hn-«p. ]s£ ASn-a-hym-]m-c-¯n-s\-Xnsc anj-\-dn-amÀ [oc-ambn Dd-¨p-\n-¶p.

anj-\-dn-am-cpsS ià-amb {]N-c-Ws¯¯p-SÀ¶v 1853þsk]väw-_À 15 \v Xncp-hn-Xmw-IqÀ kÀ¡mÀ ASn-a-IÄ¡v kzmX{ýwA\p-h-Zn-¨p. ASn-a-I-fpsS a¡Ä taemÂ ASn-a-I-fm-bn-cn-¡p-I-bn-sÃ¶pw {]Jym-]n- p. ASn-a-I-fnÂ\n¶v ]ncn- n-cp¶ Icw \nÀ¯em¡p-Ibpw sNbvXp. F¦nepw \nb-a-¯n\v hnt[-b-cm-Im\pw ASn-a-IsftamNn-¸n-¡phm\pw khÀ®À X¿m-dm-bn-Ã. 1854 Â ASn-a-hym-]mcw

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\nÀ¯-em-¡n-s¡m-pw AhÀ¡v kz¯v k¼m-Zn-¡m³ A\p-hmZw\ÂIn-s¡m-pw ASn-a-¡-¨-hSw in£mÀl-amb {Inan-\Â Ipä-ambn{]Jym-]n-¨p-sIm-pw alm-cm-Pmhv cmP-Io-b-amb hnfw-_cw {]Jym-]n- p. anj-\-dn-am-cpsS ià-amb k½À±-§Ä¡p-h-g§n 1854 Â sIm¨nalm-cm-Pmhpw ASn-a-¡-¨-hSw ]qÀ®-ambn \ntcm-[n-¨p-sIm-v D¯-c-hn-d-¡n. ASn-a-I-fpsS DbnÀs¯-gp-t¶-ev]n\v CXv hgn-sbm-cp-¡n. anj-\-dn-amÀ ASn-a-I-fpsS Ip«n-IÄ¡v kvIqfp-I-fnÂ {]th-i\w \ÂIn.hnZym-`ym-k-¯n\v Ip«n-Isf Ab-bv¡m³ amXm-]n-Xm-¡sf t{]cn-¸n-¨p. kvIqfp-I-fn-se-¯nb Ip«n-I-fpsS kIe Nnehpw anj-\-dn-amÀXs¶ hln-¨p. ASn-a-¡p-«n-IÄ¡v hnZym-`ymkw \ÂIp¶ A²ym-]-IÀ¡v Ip«n H¶n\v Hcp ]Ww hoXw IqSp-XÂ thX\w \ÂIn.Bbn--c-¯n-e-[nIw ASn-a-¡p-«n-IÄ Hcp hÀj-¯n-\Iw kvIqfp-I-fnÂtNÀ¶v ]T\w Bcw-`n-¨p.

ASn-a-¡-¨-hSw \nÀ¯-em¡n a\p-jy-Xz-¯nsâ alXzwDbÀ¯n-¸n-Sn¨ anj-\-dn-am-cmWv tIc-f-¯nse bYmÀ° kmaq-lnIhn¹-h-¯n\p Xncn-sX-fn-¨-Xv.

amdp-a-d-¡Â kacwXmgv¶ PmXn-¡mÀ khÀ®-cnÂ \n¶v \nÝnX AI-e-¯nÂ

am{Xta \ne-sIm-Åmhq F¶ Abn-¯m-Nmcw tIc-f-¯nÂ \ne-\n-¶n-cp-¶p. Xo-Â¸mSv IS¶v khÀ®sc kao-]n-¡p¶ Abn¯PmXn¡msc XÂ£Ww sh«n-s¡m-Ãp-¶Xv ]Xn-hm-bn-cp-¶p. Xmgv¶-Pm-Xn-¡msc Xncn-¨-dn-bp-¶-Xn\pw Abn¯w BN-cn-¡p-¶-Xn-\p-ambnAhÀ Ac-bv¡p-ap-I-fnÂ hkv{Xw [cn-¡-cp-sX¶v hne-¡n-bn-cp-¶p.BWpw s]®pw Ac-bv¡p-ap-I-fnÂ \á-cmbn khÀ®-cpsS ImgvN-h-kvXp-¡-fmbn \ne-sIm-ÅWw F¶-Xm-bn-cp¶p hyh-Ø. XmW-Pm-Xn-bnse kv{XoIÄ khÀ®sc ImWp-t¼mÄ X§-fpsS taÂap-vFSp-¯p-amän BNmcw sN¿-W-sa¶ IncmX \nb-ahpw \½psS \m«n-ep--m-bn-cp-¶p. sImÃw, NmbÂ {]tZ-i-§-fnÂ {InkvXp-aXw kzoI-cn-¡p-Ibpw {InkvXy³ hnZym- ymk Øm]-\-§-fnÂ hnZym- ymkw t\Sp-Ibpw sNbvX Nm¶mÀ kv{XoIsf kwL-Sn-¸n¨v “amdp-a-d-bv¡Âkacw” F¶ sFXn-lm-knI kacw \S-¯n-bXv {InkvXy³ anj-\-dn-am-cm-bn-cp-¶p. {InkvXy³ Nm¶mÀ kv{XoIÄ amdp-a-d¨v s]mXp-\n-c-¯n-eqsS \S-¶p-Xp-S-§n. CXv henb {]t£m-`-W-¯n\v CS-\ÂIn.amdp-a-d¨p \S¶ Nm¶mÀ kv{XoIsf hgn-bnÂsh¨v aÀ±n-¡p-hm\pw,taÂap-v _e-ambn hen-¨p-Io-dn-¡-f-bp-hm\pw khÀ® lnµp bphm-¡Ä X¿m-dm-bn. A{Iaw b¶v Nm¶mÀ kv{XoIÄ {]mW-c-£mÀ°w


9

IÂ¡pfw ]Ån-bnepw ]Ån-hI kvIqfnepw A`-bw-tX-Sn. ]Ånbpw]Ån-¡q-Shpw Xosh¨v \in-¸n-¨p-sIm--mWv khÀ®À {]Xn-I-cn-¨-Xv. 1828þÂ s]m«n-¸pd-s¸« Cu el-f-sb-¯p-SÀ¶v Nm¶mÀ kv{XoIÄamdp-a-d-bv¡p-¶Xv \nb-a-hn-cp-²-am-sW¶v 1829 s^{_p-hcn 3þmw XnbXnkÀ¡mÀ {]Jym-]n-¨p. XmW-Pm-Xn-¡m-cmb kv{XoIÄ amdp-a-d-bv¡-cp-sX¶pw {InkvXp-aXw kzoI-cn-¡p¶ XmWPm-Xn-¡mÀ, taÂPmXnlnµp-¡-tfmSv aX-]-cn-hÀ -\- n\v ap³]v hÀ¯n- -Xp-t]mse hÀ¯n-¡-W-sa¶pw Rmb-dm-gvN-I-fnÂ Iqen-bn-Ãm¯ the (Du-gn-bw)sNbvXp-sIm-Å-W-sa¶pw D¯-c-hnÂ IÀi-\-ambn \nÀt±-in-¨n-cn-¡p-¶p. Cu Incm-X-amb \nb-a-¯n-s\-Xnsc anj-\-dn-amÀ \S-¯nb kacwsFXn-lm-kn-I-am-bn-cp-¶p.

khÀ®sâ ]mZ -tk-h -I -cmbn hÀ¯n¨ `c -W-IqSwA[:ØnX hn`m-K-¯nse kv{XoIÄ amdp-a-d-bv¡p-¶Xv \ntcm-[n-¨p-sIm-p \S-¸n-em-¡nb \nbaw tIc-f-¯nsâ kmwkvIm-cnI Ncn-{X-¯nse Gähpw lo\-amb \nb-a-am-bn-cp-¶p. anj-\-dn-amÀ amdp-a-d-bv¡Â\ntcm-[-\-\n-b-a-¯n-s\-Xntc kÀ¡mcnÂ k½À±w sNep-¯n. Xncp-hn-Xmw-IqÀ Znhm³ kÀ Sn. am[-h-dmhp anj-\-dn-am-cpsS Bhiyw XÅn-¡-f-ªp. anj-\-dn-amÀ k¦-S-lÀPn-bp-ambn a{Zmkv KhÀWÀ kÀNmÄkv {Snhn-eys\ kao-]n-¨p. At±-l-¯nsâ Ah-k-tcm-Nn-X-ambCS-s]-SÂaqew alm-cm-Pm-hn\v \nbaw s]mfn-s¨-gp-tX--n-h-¶p.

a{Zmkv KhÀW-dpsS D{K-amb Xm¡o-Xn-s\-¯p-SÀ¶v 1859Pqsse 26þmw XobXn Xncp-hn-Xmw-IqÀ alm-cm-Pmhv ]pd-s -Sp-hn¨ hnfw-_-c-¯nÂ “Nm¶mÀ kv{XoIÄ amdp-a-d-bv¡p-¶-Xn-s\-Xn-cmbn 1829 þÂ]pd-s¸-Sp-hn¨ hnfw-_cwaqew Df-hm-bn-«pÅ k¦Sw {i²-bnÂs¸-«n-cn-¡p-¶-Xn-\mepw, bmsXm-cp-¯À¡pw k¦Sw D-m-I-¯-¡-hn[wFÃm-P-\-§-tfmSpw H¶p-t]mse hÀ¯n-¡pI \ap¡v lnX-am-bn-cn-¡p-¶-Xn-\mepw GXv aX-hn-izm-k-¯n-epw-s]« Nm¶mÀ kv{XoIÄ ]cp-¡³Xp-Wn-sIm- v amdp-a-d-bv¡p-¶-Xn\v ]qÀ® kzmX{´yw D-m-bn-cn¡pw” F¶v {]tXyIw tcJ-s¸-Sp-¯p-Ibpw sNbvXp. khÀ®lnµp-¡-fpsS hkv{X-[m-c-W-¯nÂ\n¶v hyXy-kvX-am-bn-cn-¡WwNm¶mÀ kv{XoI-fpsS hkv{X-[m-c-W-sa¶v hnfw-_-c-¯nÂ kqNn-¸n-cp-¶p-sh-¦nepw A¯cw \nb-{´-W-§Ä¡v bmsXmcp hnebpw BcpwIÂ¸n¡pI-bp - -m -bn -Ã.

anj-\-dn-amÀ t\XrXzw \ÂInb amdp-a-d-bv¡Â ka-cs¯amÀIvkn-b³ ho£-W-¯n-eqsS ]cn-l-kn-¡p¶ kao-]-\-amWvamÀIvkn-b³ Ncn-{X-Im-c-·mÀ kzoI-cn-¨n-«p-Å-Xv. amdp-a-d-¡Â ka-c-¯n\p ]n¶nÂ sImtfm-Wn-b³ kZm-Nm-c-t_m-[- nsâ ]nSn-bnÂ AI-

10


s¸« \½psS kao-]-`q-X-Im-e-¯nsâ HmÀ½-t]mepw amªp-t]mbHcp a\-Êp-- v. AXn\v A[n-\n-th-im-\-´-c-a-d-hn-tcmKw (post-colo-nial amnesia) F¶mWv Nne ]pXnb Nn´-IÀ hnti-j-¸n-¡p-¶-Xv._n. cmPo-hnsâ \nco-£Ww {i²n-¡pI: “bmYmÀ°ysa´m-bn-cp¶p?hntZ-in-IÄ hcp-¶-Xp-hsc tIc-f-¯nÂ kv{XoI-fpsS amdnSw ssewKn-IX tI{µo-I-cn-¡p¶ Hcp ico-c- m-K-am-bn-cp-¶n-Ã. ]pcp-j-·m-sct¸msekv{XoIfpw Ac-bv¡p-ap-I-fnÂ hkv{Xw [cn-t¡--n-bn-cp-¶n-Ã. tIc-f-¯nÂ ape-IÄ¡v ssewKn-IX D-m-bn-cp-¶nÃ am{X-aÃ ape-IÄ\á-am-¡n-bn-Sp-¶-Xm-bn-cp¶p kZm-NmcwXs¶. Cu§s\ tIc-f- nÂkv{XoI-fpsS amdnSw ssewKn-I-X-bpsS tI{µ-am-bn-cp-¶n-Ã, F¶p am{X-aÃ ape-¡¨ [cn-¡p-¶-Xn-eqsS ape-IÄ ad-bv¡-s¸-tS- AÇo-e-h-

kvXp-hmbn amdp-I-bm-Wp- -m-b-Xv.” 5

amdp-a-d-bv¡Â ka-cs¯ Xmd-Sn-¡m³ {]kvXpX kacw apX-emWv kvX\-§Ä ssewKn-I-X-bpsS tI{µ-ambn Icp-X-s¸«p XpS-§n-bXv F¶Xv hnNn-{X-amb bpàn-X-s¶. imIp-´fw apX-en-t§m-«pÅIhn-`m-h-\-IÄ kv{XokvX-\-§-sf-¡p-dn¨v hmtXm-cmsX hÀ®n-¨XpwtImtfm-Wn-bÂ A[n-\n-th-im-\-´c ad-hn-tcmKw sIm-m-sW¶vamÀIvkn-b³ Nn´-IÀ ]d-bp¶ Imehpw hnZq-c-am-In-Ã.

A[x-ØnX hn`m-K-¯n\pÅhnhn-[-I-c-§Äs¡Xntc

A[x-Øn-X-cmb a\p-jyÀ kaq-l-¯nsâ apJy-[m-c-bn-te¡vHcp-\mfpw IS-¶p-h-cm³ ]mSnÃ F¶ Dt±-iy-t¯msS Xmgv¶ PmXn-¡mÀ¡v hnhn-[-bn\w \nIp-Xn-IÄ Npa-¯n-bn-cp-¶p. C¯cw A\ymb\nIp-Xn-IÄaqew ]I-e-´n-tbmfw FÃp-ap-dnsb ]Wn-sb-Sp-¯mepwXmgv¶ PmXn-¡m-csâ ho«nÂ ]«n-Wnbpw ]cn-h-«hpw am{Xta tijn-¨n-cp-¶p-Åq. hnhn-[-bn\w \nIp-Xn-I-sf-¡p-dn¨v “tIc-f-N-cn{X”¯nÂ{io. F. {io[-c-ta-t\m³ \ÂIp¶ hnh-cWw {i²mÀl-am-Wv.

{]mNo-\-Imew apXÂ Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq-dnÂ AXn-cq-£-am-bn-¯oÀ¶ Hcp \nIp-Xn-k-{¼-Zm-b-amWv Xe-¡-cw, ape-¡-cw, Xssf-¡m-Ww, GWn-¡m-Ww, ta\n-s¸m¶v apX-em-b-h. P\n-¨p-t]mbn F¶ Ipä-¯n-\pÅ in£-bmWv Xe-¡-cw. kv{Xos¯mgn-em-fn-IÄ sImSp-t¡--Xv ape-¡-cw. sN¯p-sXm-gn-em-fn-IÄ sImSp-t¡- \nIpXn Xssf-¡m-Ww. sX§p-I-b-ä-¡m-cpsS \nIpXn GWn-¡m-Ww, B -cWw AWn-bp-¶-Xn-\pÅ \nIpXn ta\n-s¸m-¶v. Fs´-¦nepw ImcWw ]dªv]nt¶m-¡-k-ap-Zm-b-§-fpsS taÂ \nIpXn Npa-¯p-I-sb-¶-Xm-bn-cp¶p


11

cmPy-¯n\v hc-hp- -m-Ip-hm³ Htc Hcp amÀ¤w. XmW-Pm-Xn-¡mÀhnhmlw \S-¯-W-sa-¦nÂ Hcp \nÝnX XpI \mSp-hm-gn¡v sImSp-¡-W-am-bn-cp-¶p. F¶-Ã, X§-fpsS s]m«-¡p-Sn-ep-I-fpsS t]cnÂt]mepwAhÀ \nIpXn sImSp-¡-W-am-bn-cp-¶p. Xcn, N¡v, shÅw, he, h-n

F¶n-h-bn-seÃmw \nIpXn GÀs¸-Sp-¯n-bn-cp-¶p.6

Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq-dnÂ thep- -¼n-bpsS c-W-Im-e v Cu \nIp-Xn-]n-cnhv AXn-cq-£-am-bn- oÀ¶p. acn- p-t]m-b-h-cpsS t]cn-epÅ Xe-¡cw sImSp-¡p-hm³ Pohn-¨n-cn-¡p-¶-hÀ \nÀ_-Ôn-X-cm-bn. Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq-dnse \nIp-Xn-]n-cn-hp-aqew ]ecpw A\y-\m-Sp-I-fn-te¡v Hfn-t¨m-Sn-t¸m-bn. kn. F¨v. BKqÀ Fgp-Xnb Xncp-hn-Xmw-IqÀ k`m-N-cn{Xw 1807-þÂ Nm¶m-·m-cnÂ\n¶pw Cug-h-cnÂ\n-¶pambn 88044cq]bpw Nm¶m-·mÀ sN¯n-bn-cp¶ ]\-bpsS ]m«w Xssf-¡m-W-ambn18523 cq]bpw sN«n-I-fnÂ\n¶v Xe-¡-c-ambn 4624 cq]bpw CuSm-¡n-bn-cp-¶-Xmbn tcJ-s¸-Sp-¯n-bn-«p-- v. Cu `mcn-¨ -\n-Ip-Xn-Ifpw Iqen-bn-Ãm¯ tPmen-sN-¿epw Ah-km-\n-¡p-hm³ ss{IkvXh anj-\-dn-amÀ \S-¯nb {iaw hnP-bn-¨p. 1814 Pq¬ 20-þ\v Xe-¡cw \ndp-¯-em-¡n. Iqen-bn-Ãm¯ tPmen-sN-¿p¶ hyh-Øbpw kÀ¡mÀ \nb-aw-aqew \nÀ¯-em-¡n. A§s\ \ntj-[n-¡-s¸-«n-cp¶ Ah-Im-i-§Ä]eXpw A[x-Øn-XÀ¡v t\Sn-sb-Sp-¡m³ ss{IkvXh anj-\-dn-a-\mÀ

\S-¯nb {ia-§Ä Imc-W-am-bn.

BtcmKy-]-cn-]m-e-\-cw-Ks¯ kw`m-h-\-IÄtcmKn -I -fnÂ {InkvXp -hns\ Is -¯n (a¯m 25:36)

ip{iqjn¡pI F¶Xv ss{IkvXh BXp-c-tk-h-\-¯nsâ apJ-ap-{Z-bm-bn-cp-¶p. t]mÀ¨p-Kokv ssht{km-bm-bn-cp¶ {^m³knkv sZ AÂsa-bvUm-bpsS Iev]-\-{]-Imcw 1506 P\p-hcn 11 \v sIm¨n-bnÂ XpS-§nb“km´m-{Iqkv sZ sIm¨n³” F¶ Bip-]-{Xn-bmWv tIc-f-¯nseBZys¯ Bip-]-{Xn. kztZ-in-I-sfbpw hntZ-in-I-sfbpw Hcp-t]mseNnIn-Õn-¨n-cp¶ Cu Bip-]-{Xn-¡p-th- km¼-¯nI klmbw\ÂIn-bn-cp-¶Xv t]mÀ«p-Kokv cmÚn-bm-bn-cp-¶p. 1598 Â sIm¨nsa{Xm³ B³{Uq OFM Xsâ cq]-X-sb-¡p-dn¨p X¿m-dm-¡nbdnt¸mÀ«nÂ Xsâ cq]-X-bnÂ aq¶v Bip-]-{Xn-I-fp-Å-Xmbn km£y-s¸-Sp-¯p-¶p-- v. D]-hn-{]-hÀ¯-\-§Ä¡mbn 1498 Â enkv_-WnÂBcw-`n¨ km´m ank-cn-tImÀZnbm F¶ kwL-S\ sIm¨n {]tZ-i-¯nsâ Btcm-Ky-]-cn-]m-e\ Npa-Xe Gsä-Sp-¡p-Ibpw At\Iw BXp-cm-e-b-§Ä Øm]n-¡p-Ibpw sNbvX-Xmbn Ncn-{X-Im-c\pw am[y-a-{]-

12


hÀ¯-I-\p-amb Ctá-jykv tKm¬kmÂh-knsâ ]T-\-§Ä

km£y-s¸-Sp -¯p-¶p - - v .7 1508 Â ssht{kmbn AÂta-bvUm-bpsSIev]-\-{]-Imcw I®q-cnepw Hcp BXp-cm-ebw Bcw-`n-¨n-cp¶p.sIm¨n¡pw tKmh-bv¡p-an-S-bnse {][m\ Bip-]-{Xn-bmbn Cu BXp-

cm-ebw s]cpa t\Sn-b-Xmbpw Ncn{Xw km£y-s¸-Sp-¯p-¶p-v. 8

NnIn-Õm-cw-Ks¯ ss{IkvX-h-kw-`m-h-\-bpsS aIp-tSm-Zm-l-c-W-ambn ]cn-K-Wn-¡m-hp-¶-Xm-Wv. tlmÀXqkv ae-_m-dn-¡qkv(Hortus Malabaricus) F¶ IrXn-bpsS {]km-[-\w. ae-_mÀ hnIm-cn-bm-¯nÂ ip{iq-j-bvs¡-¯nb Cäm-en-b³ anj-\-dn-bm-bn-cp¶ ^m.amXyp Hm^v skâ v tPmk^v F¶ IÀ½-eo¯m sshZn-I\pw s{]m«-Ìâp-ImÂhn-\nÌp k`mw-Khpw U¨p KhÀW-dp-am-bn-cp¶ sl³{SnIv^m³ doUpw Xt±-iobcmb \mep \m«p-ssh-Zy-·mcpw tNÀ¶mWv CuAaq-ey-{KÙw cNn-¨-Xv. \m«p-ssh-Zy-·m-cnÂ HcmÄ Cugh kap-Zm-bmw-K-am-bn-cp¶ C«n ANyp-X³ sshZy-cm-bn-cp-¶p. cwK-`-«³, hn\m-bI ]WvUn-XÀ, A¸p-`-«³ F¶o KuU-kz-c-kzX {_mÒ-W-cm-bn-cp¶p aäpaq¶p-t]À. tZi,- `m-j, hÀ®, PmXn hyXym-k-§Ä¡-Xo-X-ambn ]Xn-t\gmw \qäm--nÂ \S¶ Cu al-Zvkw-cw`w XnI¨pw AÛp-

Xm-h-l-am-bn-cp-¶p. 9 1678 Â BwÌÀ UmanÂ\n¶pw {]kn-²o-I-c-W-am-cw-`n¨ Cu _rl-Zv{K-Ù-¯nsâ 12 hmey-§fpw 1703 HmsS {]kn-²o-I-cn-¨p. ae-bm-f-en]n BZy-ambn A¨-Sn¨p F¶Xp am{X-aÃ Cu{KÙ-¯nsâ khn-ti-j-X. C¶m-«nse Huj-[-s¨-Sn-I-sf-¡p-dn¨pwkky-tem-I-s¯-¡p-dn-¨p-apÅ ka-{K-amb ]T\w F¶ \ne-bnepwCu {KÙ-¯n-\pÅ Øm\w AZzn-Xo-b-am-Wv.

tcmK-Nn-In-Õbpw PmXn-k-{¼-Zm-bhpw X½nÂ At`Zyw _Ô-s¸-«n-cp-¶p. Xmgv¶ PmXn-¡m-cpsS CS-bnÂ BZn-hm-kn-Nn-In-Õ-IfpwHä-aqen NnIn-Õ-Ifpw \ne-hn-ep--mbncp-¶p. Cug-h-ssh-Zy-·m-cpsSNnIn-Õbpw {]kn-²-am-bn-cp-¶p. F¶mÂ {_mÒW CÃ-§-fnse NnesshZy-cXv\-§Ä Imem-Xn-hÀ¯n-bmb {]i-kvXn t\Sn-bn-cp-s¶-¦nepwtcmKn-I-fpsS PmXn-t\m-¡n-am-{Xta NnIn-Õn-¨n-cp-¶p-Åp. _lp-`q-cn-]£w hcp¶ kmam-\y-P-\-¯n\v tcmKw-h-¶mÂ a{´-hm-Zhpw `qtXm-¨m-S-\hpw XpS-§n. B`n-Nm-c-{In-b-IÄ am{X-am-bn-cp¶p B{i-bw. tcmK-¯nÂ hn[nsb ]gn¨v AhÀ Ign-ªp-Iq-Sn-bn-cp-¶p. tKm¬kmÂh-knsâ ]T-\-¯nÂ {_n«ojv kÀP-\m-bn-cp¶ {^m³knkv sUbpsS“Z emâ v Hm^v s]cp-amÄkv ” F¶ {KÙ-¯nÂ\n¶v D²-cn-¡p-¶XvC{]-Im-c-am-Wv: “ikv{X-{Inb Bh-iy-apÅ tcmK-§-fnÂ bqtdm-]y³tUmIv-SÀam-sc-bmWv tIc-fo-bÀ ]qÀ®-ambn B{i-bn-¨n-cp-¶-Xv.F¶mÂ km[m-cW tcmK-§Ä¡v kzPm-Xn-bnÂs]« nj-Kz-c-·m-cpsS


13

NnIn-Õ-bmWv AhÀ tXSn-bn-cp-¶Xv” . tcmKn-IÄ am{X-aÃ sshZy-·mcpw iIp-\-§-fnÂ hniz-kn-¨n-cp-¶-Xmbn tKm¬kmÂhkv Nq-n-¡m-«p-¶p. ]iphpw InSm-hpw, {_mÒ-WÀ, thiy, A½bpw IpªpwXpS-§n-bh hgn-bnÂ I-mÂ ip`-e-£-W-§-fmbn sshZy-·mÀ Icp-Xn-bn-cp-¶-t{X.

hneyw temK³ cNn¨ ae-_mÀ am\z-enepw NnIn-Õm-cw-Ks¯AÔ-hn-izm-k-§sf¡pdn-¨pÅ kqN-\-I-fp-- v.10 hkq-cn, NqSp-]\n XpS-§nb tcmK-§Ä ]nim-Np-_m-[-bm-bn-«mWv P\-§Ä a\-Ên-em-¡n-bn-cp-¶Xv. F¶mÂ 1802 apXÂ hkq-cn-s¡-Xn-cmb Ip¯n-hbv]v{InkvXy³ anj-\-dn-amÀ sIm¨n-bnÂ Bcw-`n-¨p. ]cn-io-e\w kn²n¨Bdp Ip¯n-h-bv]p-Imsc CXn-\mbn sIm¨n-bnepw ]cn-k-c-§-fnepw\nb-an-¡p-Ibpw sNbvX-Xmbn ANyp-X-ta-t\m³ cNn¨ sIm¨n³ tÌävam\z-enÂ km£y-s¸-Sp-¯p-¶p- - v .

1813 þÂ sX¡³ Xncp-hn-Xmw-IqdnÂ ISp¯ £maw-aqew ]«n-Wn-a-c-W-§Ä kÀÆ-km-[m-c-W-am-b-t¸mÄ kÀ¡mÀ k¼qÀ®\njv{In-bXzw ]men-¨p. dh. dn¤nÄtSm_v F¶ anj-\-dn-bpsS t\Xr-Xz-¯nÂ ss{IkvX-hÀ kztZ-i-¯p\n¶pw hntZ-i-¯p-\n¶pw kzcq-]n¨ XpI ]«n-Wn-¸m-h-§Ä¡p hnX-cWw sNbvXp. \m\m-Pm-Xn-a-X-Ø-cmb Bbn-c-§-fpsS Poh³ c£n- p. 1860 se £ma-Im-e v k¶n-]m-X-Pz-cw, AXn-km-cw, hnjq-NnI XpS-§nb ]IÀ¨-hym-[n-IÄ ]nSn-s]«v ]Xn-\m-bn-c-t¯mfw a\p-jyÀ aq¶p-am-k-¯n-\pf-fn³ acn-¨p-ho-Wp. ]I-¨p-\n¶ kÀ¡m-cns\ km£n-\nÀ¯n {InkvXy³ anj-\-dn-amÀ Cw¥--nÂ\n¶v acp¶pw `-£y-hn-`-h-§fpw tIc-f-¯n-se-¯n¨v\m\m-PmXnaX-ØÀ¡mbn hnX-cWw sNbvXp. ]IÀ¨-hym-[n-I-fmÂHcp P\X A\yw \n¶p-t]m-Im-Xn-cn-¡m³ anj-\-dn-amÀ hln¨ ]¦vhep-Xm-bn-cp-¶p. ss{IkvXh Poh-Im-cp-Wy-{]-hÀ¯n-IÄ Hcn-¡epw{InkvXym-\n-Isf am{Xw e£y-am-¡n-bp-Å-Xm-bn-cp-¶n-Ã. AXv kIeaX-hn-`m-K-§Ä¡pw th-n-bp-Å-Xm-bn-cp-¶p. sslµh t\Xm-hm-bn-cp¶ Fw.-hn. Acp-Wm-New Cu hkvXpX FSp-¯p-]-d-bp-¶p-- v.

“lnµp-a-X-¯nse ZpÀ_e hn`m-K-§sf DbÀt¯--Xv X§-fpsS IS-a-bm-sW¶p ss{IkvXh anj-\-dn-amÀ Icp-Xn. Ahsc `uXn-I-ambpw km¼-¯n--I-ambpw DbÀ¯n-s¡m--p-h-¶p. ss{IkvX-h-cpsSkzm[o-\w-aqew Kncn-hÀ¤¡mÀ¡p e`n-¨n-«pÅ \·-IÄ Xmgv¯n-¡m-Wn-t¡- Bh-iy-an -Ã. Cu hÀ¤-¡m-cpsS CS--bnÂ Pohn-¡p-hm-\pwtPmen-sN-¿p-hm\pw ImWn-¡p¶ Xmev]cyw ss{IkvXh anj-\-dn-

amcpsS am{Xw {]tXy-I-X-bmWv” .11

tIc-f-¯nÂ IpjvT-tcmKw ]SÀ¶p-]n-Sn-¨-t¸mÄ IpjvT-tcm-Kn-

14


IÄ kaq-l-¯n\p _m[y-X-bm-bn. IpSpw_mwK §Ät]mepwIpjvTtcm-Kn-Isf IpSpw-_-¯nÂ\n¶v ]Sn-bn-d-¡n. Bcpw ip{iq-jn-¡m-\n-ÃmsX kaqlw {`jvSp IÂ]n¨ IpjvT-tcm-Kn-Isf kz´wamXmhpw ]nXmhpw ktlm-Z-c-§-fp-ambn kzoI-cn¨v kvt\ln-¡m\pwip{iqjn-¡m\pambn ss{IkvXh anj-\-dn-amÀ apt¶m-«p-h-¶p. sNmÆm-bq-cnse se{]kn km\n-t«m-dn-bw, ]p¯³Ip-cn-inse Chm³P-enIvIpjvTtcmKmip]-{Xn, tNÀ¯-e-bnse skâ v tPmk^v IpjvT--tcm-Km-ip-]-{Xn, Xriq-cnse m. Uman-bÂ se{]kn C³Ìn-äyq-«v, ]nc- ³tIm-«nse skâ v tPm¬kv se{]kn tlmkv]n-äÂ, Ch-sbÃmw ss{IkvX-h-cpsS Cu cwKs¯ hne-s¸« kw`m-h-\-I-fm-Wv. IpjvT-tcm-Ko-]-cn-N-c-W--¯n--\mbn tNÀ¯-e-bnÂ {Ko³KmÀU³ kntÌgvkv F¶ t]cnÂHcp k\ymk kaq-lw-Xs¶ Øm]n-¡-s¸-«p.

tcmKo-ip-{iq-j-bv¡mbn Bcpw Imcy-ambn bmsXm¶pw sN¿m-Xn-cp¶ Ime-¯mWv ss{IkvXh anj-\-dn-amÀ BXp-c-tk-h\w Bcw-`n-¨-Xv. sIm¨n-bnepw sImÃ¯pw BZy-ambn Bip-]-{Xn-IÄ Bcw-`n-¨Xv t]mÀ¨p-Kokv anj-\-dn-am-cm-Wv. B[p-\nI sshZy-im-kv{X-s¯-¡p-dn-¨pÅ Adnhpw AXnsâ Kp-W-^-e-§fpw ae-bm-fn-IÄ BZy-ambn Adn-ªXv Cu anj-\-dn-am-cn-eq-sS-bmbncp-¶p. C¶pw B[p-\nINnInÕm Huj-[-§Ä “Cw¥ojv acp-¶p-IÄ” F¶p \½psS \m«nÂAdn-b-s¸-Sm-\pÅ ImcWw Ah ]mÝmXy anj-\-dn-amcpsS ]cn-{i-a-^-e-ambn ChnsS {]N-cn-¨-Xn-\m-em-Wv. tIc-fo-b-cpsS Btcm-Ky-¯n\v\qäm- -p -I-fmbn ImhÂ\n¶ Ncn{Xw ss{IkvX-h-k-`-IÄ¡p-v.

sshZyw ]Tn¨ BbpÀtÆZ ]WvUn-X-scÃmw D¶-X-Ip-e-Pm-X-cm-b-Xn-\mÂ Xmgv¶ PmXn-¡mÀ¡v NnInÕ e`n¨ncp-¶nÃ. kmw{I-anI tcmKw _m[n-¨-hsc hoSp-I-fnÂ\n¶nd¡n-hn-Sp-Itbm tcmK-_m-[n-Xsc ho«nÂ X\n-sb-bm¡n hoSp-t]-£n¨p t]mhp-Itbm Bbn-cp¶p]Xnhv. am\-kn-I-tcm-Kn-Isf N§-e-bv¡n-Sp-I, amdm-tcm-K-§Ä _m[n-¨-hsc hI-h-cp-¯p-I, t]hn-j-_m-[-tb-ä-hsc IsÃ-dn-ªp-sIm-ÃpIXpS-§nb {]mIrX coXn-IÄ am{Xw \ne-\n-¶n-cp¶ \m«n-emWvss{IkvX-h-an-j-\-dn-amÀ B[p-\nI NnIn-Õm -ku-I-cy-§-fpÅ Bip-]-{Xn-IÄ Bcw-`n-¨Xpw kuP-\y-ambn NnIn-Õ-IÄ \ÂIn-b-Xpw.

2009 se IW-¡-\p-k-cn¨v BtKm-f-X-e-¯nse BXp-cm-e-b-§-fnÂ 28.9 % It¯m-en-¡m-k` \S- p-¶-XmWv F¶ IW-¡p-Xs¶BXp-c-tk-h-\-cw-Ks¯ k`-bpsS \ndª km¶n-[y-am-Wv shfn-s¸-Sp-¯p-¶-Xv. C´y-bnÂ 764 h³InS Bip-]-{Xn-Ifpw 2575 sNdnbBip--]-{Xn-Ifpw 400 e[nIw Btcm-Ky-]-cn-]m-e-\-tI-{µ-§fpw It¯m-en-¡m-k` \S-¯p-¶p--v. 130 e[nIw saUn-¡Â hnZym-`ym-k-tI-{µ-


15

§fpw 7 sa-Un-¡Â tImtf-Pp-Ifpw It¯m-en-¡m-k` \S-¯p-¶p-v.k`-bpsS BXp-cm-e-b-§-fnÂ 85% aäp NnIn-Õm-ku-I-cy-§-sfm-¶p-an-Ãm¯ {Kma-{]-tZ-i-§-fnemWv Øm]n¨ncn-¡p-¶-Xv. tIc-f- nÂ 983BXp-cm-e-b-§Ä It¯m-en-¡m-k` \S-¯p-¶p-v. tKm¬kmÂh-knsâ ]T-\-¯nÂ -C-Xnsâ IrXy-amb IW-¡p-IÄ \ÂIp-¶p-- v:Bip-]-{Xn-IÄþ257, Unkvs]³k-dn-IÄ-þ288, ]p\-c-[n-hm-k-tI-{µ-§Ä-þ23, am\-kn-Im-tcm-Ky-tI-{µ-§Ä-þ65, {]Ir-Xn-NnInÕm tI{µ-§Ä-þ19,hnI-emw-KÀ¡pff Nn-In-Õm-tI-{µ-§Ä-þ40, IpjvT-tcm-K-Nn-In-Õm-tI-{µ-§Ä-þ9, hr²-]-cn-]m-e-\-tI-{µ-§Ä-þ159, FbvUvkv tcmKn-Isf ]cn-

N-cn-¡m-\p-ff tI{µ-§Ä-þ16. 12 tIc-f-¯nÂ Hcp e£w t]À¡v 300InS-¡-bpÅ Hcm-ip--]{Xn F¶ tXmXnÂNn-InÕmkuIcyw e`y-am-Wv. temIs¯ Gähpw hnI-kn-X-amb cmPy-§-fnse A\p-]m-X-¯n-s\m-¸-am-Wn-Xv. Cu hfÀ¨¡p ]n¶nÂ ss{IkvXhk` \ÂInbkw`m-h-\-Isf BÀ¡pw Xa-kv¡-cn-¡m-\m-hn-Ã F¶-Xnsâ km£y-

amWv taep-²-cn¨ IW-¡p-IÄ.

ImÀjn-I-cw-Ks¯ kw`m-h-\-IÄ]pcm-X-\ -Imew apXÂt¡ tIcfw kpK-Ô-hy-RvP-\-§-fpsS

\mSm-bn-«mWv Adn-b-s¸-«n-cp-¶-Xv. 1348-þÂ sImÃw kµÀin¨ hnJymXk©m-cn-bmb amcn-t¯mÄ temIs¯ apgp-h³ Ipcp-ap-f-In-sâbpwXe-Øm-\-am-bmWv sImÃs¯ hnti-jn-¸n-¡p-¶-Xv. Cu Ipcp-ap-fIvDÂ]m-Zn-¸n-¨n-cp-¶Xv amÀt¯ma {InkvXym\n-I-fm-bn-cp-s¶¶pw{]kvXpX k©mcn tcJ-s -Sp- p-¶-Xmbn “Xncp-hn-Xmw-IqÀ am\p-hÂ”km£y-s¸-Sp-¯p-¶-Xv. Ipcp-ap-fIv hym]m-c-¯nÂ ss{IkvX-hÀ¡p--m-bn-cp¶ taÂt¡mbva XIÀ¡m³ 18-þmw \qäm- -nÂ thWmSv cmPm-hm-bn-cp¶ aÀ¯mWvUhÀ½ \nb-a-\nÀ½mWw \S-¯n. XZ-\p-krXwIÀj-IÀ kÀ¡m-À \nÝ-bn-¡p¶ hne-bnÂ kÀ¡m-cn\p am{XtaIpcp-ap-fIp hnÂ¡m-\mIq F¶ ØnXn-hn-ti-j-ap--m-bn.

tIcf ss{IkvX-h-cpsS ImÀjnI kw`m-h-\-I-sf-¡p-dn¨v ap³dºÀt_mÀUv sNbÀam-\m-bn-cp¶ ]n.- kn. kndn-bIv IAS \S- nb]T-\-¯nÂ tIc-f-¯nse ss{IkvXh IÀj-IÀ t\cn-tS-n h¶

hnth-N-\-§-sf-¡p-dn¨v ]cm-aÀin-¡p-¶p-v.13 H¶m-a-Xmbn, P·n þ IpSn-

bm³ hyh-ØnXn aqew `qhp-S-a-I-fmb P·n-amÀ IÀj-IÀ¡v `qan]m«¯n\p \ÂIp-Ibpw hnf-hnsâ knwl-`m-Khpw ssIh-i-am-¡p-Ibpw sN¿p¶ k{¼-Zm-b-amWv \ne-\n-¶n-cp-¶Xv F¶-Xn-\mÂss{IkvXh IÀj-IÀ ITn-\ -Zp-cn-X- n-em-bn-cp¶p. Irjn- q-an¡v ZpÀÆ-

16


l-amb \nIp-Xn-Np-a-¯-s¸-«n-cp-¶-Xn-\mepw {_mÒ-WÀ¡pw t£{X-§Ä¡pw \nIpXn Cfhp e`n- n-cp-¶-Xn-\mepw ss{IkvX-h-cnÂ ]ecpwX§-fpsS `qan t£{X-§-fp-tStbm {_mÒ-W-cp-sStbm t]cnÂhm§m\nS-h-¶p. Ime-{I-a-¯nÂ ss{IkvX-hÀ `qc-ln-X-cm-bn-¯o-cp-¶-Xn\v Cu k{¼-Zmbw CS-h-cp-¯n. c-m-a-Xm-bn, 1342 se `oI-c-amb shÅ-s¸m-¡-¯nÂ ss{IkvX-h-Ir-jn- `q-an-IÄ \in-¡p-Ibpwss{IkvXh hym]mc tI{µ-amb sImSp-§-ÃqÀ Xpd-apJw \in-¡p-Ibpw sNbvXp. X·qew ss{IkvX-hÀ DÄ\m-Sp-I-fn-te¡v ]n³h-en-tb--n-h-¶p. ImÀjnI taJ-e-bnepw km¼-¯n-I-cw-K¯pw ss{IkvX-hÀ¡v henb £X-taÂ¡m³ CXv CS-h-cp-¯n. aqhm-äp-]p-g-bnepwsXmSp-]p-g-bn-ep-sams¡ tNmc-\o-cm¡n ]I-e- n-tbmfw ]Wn-sb-Sp- n-cp¶ kpdn-bm\n {InkvXym-\n-IÄ¡v D]-Po-h-\-¯n-\pÅ hI-t]mepwIs--¯m³ Ign-ªn-cp-¶nÃ F¶v {]kn² Bw¥n-¡³ anj-\dnbm-bn-cp¶ dh. aän-bÀ km-£y-s¸-Sp-¯p¶Xmbn Cfw-Ipfw Ipª³]n-Å-bpsS “P·n k{¼-Zmbw tIc-f-¯nÂ” F¶ {KÙw {]kvXm-hn-¡p-¶p-- v. tIc-f-¯nse ss{IkvXh IÀj-IÀ sImSn-b-hn-th-N-\-§fpw ZpÊ-l-amb IjvS-X-Ifpw A\p-`-hn¨v XobnÂ Ipcp¯ph¶hcm-bn-cp-¶p F¶v a\-Ên-em-¡m³ Cu hnh-c-W-§Ä klm-b-I-am-Wv.

F¶mÂ Cu ZpcnX ]ÀÆw kmh-Imiw amdn-¯p-S§n 1865þÂXncp-hn-Xmw-IqÀ cmPm-hnsâ hnfw-_-c-¯n-eqsS Irjn-`q-an-bnÂ IÀj-I\v ]qÀ® Ah-Imiw e`n-¨p. ImÀjn-I-ta-J-e-bnÂ D]-Po-h-\-hgnIs--¯m³ A[zm-\-io-e-cmb ss{IkvX-hsc Cu hnfw-_cw klm-bn- p. 1869-þÂ tIm«-bw-þ-Ip-a-fn-tdmUv KXm-K-X- n-\mbn Xpd-¶-tXmsSssltd-©p-ap-X-epÅ IÀj-IÀ¡v X§-fpsS Irjnkm-[-\-§Ä th¼-\m-«p-Im-bÂ hgn-bpÅ Ib-äp-a-Xn-¡mbn F¯n-¡m\pw AXphgn\ymb-hne t\Sm\pw Ah-k-c-sam-cp§n. IqSm-sX, 1862-þÂ Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq-dnÂ Ipcp-ap-f-In\v GÀs -Sp- n-bn--cp¶ kÀ¡mÀ Ip -I-kw- -cWwFSp-¯p- I-f-ª-tXmsS Ipcp-ap-f-In\v am\y-amb hne IÀj-IÀ¡ve`n-¨p-Xp-S-§n.

CuhI A\p-Iqe kml-N-cy-§-tfm-sSm¸w tIc-f-¯nsâk¼-Zvhy-h-Øsb Ft¶¡p-ambn amän-a-dn-¡m³ ]cym-]vX-amb Nnehnf-IÄ ss{IkvX-h-an-j-\-dn-amÀ tIc-f-¯n-se-¯n-¨Xpw C¡m-e-¯mWv. Im¸n, tXbn-e, dºÀ F¶o Irjn-IÄ bqtdm-]y³ anj-\-dn-am-cmWv tIc-f-¯nÂ BZy-ambn Bcw-`n-¨-Xv. tIc-f-¯nsâ k¼-Zvhy-h-Ø-bpsS \s«-Ãmbn ]cn-e-kn-¡p¶ Cu hnf-Isf tIc-f-¯n-\pÅss{IkvXh IÀjI kw`m-h-\-I-fmbn \ymb-ambpw hne-bn-cp-¯m-hp-


17

¶-Xm-Wv. t]mÀ«p-Ko-kv anj\dn-amÀ hgn tIc-f-¯nsâ k¼-Zvhy-h-Øbv¡pw ImÀjn-I-cw-K- n\pw ssIh¶ t\«-§-sf-¡p-dn v F. {io[-

c-ta-t\m³ tIcf Ncn-{X-¯nÂ Fgp-Xn-bn-cn-¡p-¶Xv {i²mÀl-am-Wv.14

Iip-h--n, ]pI-bn-e, B¯n-¡, t]c-bv¡, ]ndp-¯n-¨-¡,]¸bv¡ XpS§n Ht«sd ]pXnb ImÀjn-tImÂ]-¶-§Ä t]mÀ«p-Ko-kp-ImÀ C´y-bnÂ {]N-cn-¸n-¨p. Ipcp-ap-f-Iv, Gew, Idp-hm-¸-«, C©n,XpS-§nb tIc-tfmÂ]-¶-§Ä t\cn-«-b¨v Ahbv¡p bqtdm-]y³It¼m-f-§-fnÂ {]Nm-c-ap--m-¡n-bXpw t]mÀ«p-Ko-kp-Im-cm-Wv. AhÀIpcp-ap-fIpw C©nbpw hn]p-e-amb tXmXnÂ imkv{Xo-b-ambn IrjvsN-¿p-Ibpw B k{¼-Zm-bw- tIcfobÀ A\p-I-cn-¡p-Ibpw sNbvXp.sX§p-Ir-jn-bnÂ BZm-b-I-c-amb hyXn-bm\w hcp-¯n-bXpw Ah-cm-bn-cp-¶p. t]mÀ«p-Ko-kp-Im-cpsS t{]mÕm-l-\-¯nÂ KmÀln-Im-h-iy-¯n\v am{X-a-ÃmsX hymh-km-bn-Im-Sn-Øm-\-¯nÂ sX§p-Irjn ]cn-jvI-cn-¡-s -«p. taÂ¯cw sX§n³ssXIÄ -A-hÀ {]N-cn- n-¡p-IbpwsNbvXp. t]mÀ«p-Ko-kp-ImÀ h¶-Xn-\p-ti-j-amWv IbÀ tIc-f-¯nsâIb-äp-a-Xn-bnÂ {][m-\-s¸« Hcn-\-am-Ip-¶-Xv. Npcp--¡-¯nÂ, tIc-f-¯nsâ ImÀjnI taJ-e-bnse \mWy-hn-f-I-fnÂ _lp-`q-cn-]-£hpwChnsS {]N-cn-¸n-¨Xv ss{IkvXh anj-\-dn-am-cm-bn-cp¶p F¶-Xn\vNcn{Xw km£yw-h-ln-¡p-¶p.

ImÀjnI hnf-I-fpsS hym]-\-¯nÂ am{X-aÃ Irjn-`q-an-bpsShym]-\-¯n\pw ss{IkvX-h-cm-Wv t\-XrXzw hln-¨-Xv. 1918 Â H¶mwtemI-a-lm-bp²w Ah-km-\n- -tXmsS \ntXym-]-tbmK km-[-\-§-fpsShne Ip-Xn¨p Ibdn. Acn \m«nÂ In«m-\n-Ãm-Xm-bn. tIc-fo-bÀ Zmcn-{Zy-¯nsâ sImSpw hdp-Xn-bn-em--p. [occpw kml-kn-I-cp-am-bn-cp¶ss{IkvXh IÀj-IÀ kwLw tNÀ¶v ssltd-©n-te¡pw (C-Sp-¡n,]¯-\w-Xn« PnÃ-IÄ) ae-_m-dn-te¡pw (a-e-¸p-dw, ]me-¡m-Sv, tImgn-t¡m-Sv, hb-\m-Sv, I®qÀ, ImkÀtKmUv PnÃ-IÄ) IpSn -tbdnIrjnsN¿m³ Bcw-`n-¨p. c-mwtemI-a-lm-bp-²-t¯msS Cu IpSn-tbäw IqSp-XÂ ià-am-bn. tIm«-bw, ao\-¨nÂ, sXmSp-]p-g, aqhm-äp-]pg XpS-§nb ss{IkvXh iàn-tI-{µ-§-fnse IÀj--I-cmWv C{]-Imcw IpSn-tbäw \S-¯n-b-Xv. ae-¼-\n-tbmSpw Im«p-ar-K-§-tfmSpws]mcpXn ae-ap-I-fnÂ I\Iw hnf-bn¨ Cu [ocIÀj-I-cmWv `mc-X-¸p-g¡v hS-t¡m«pw Ing¡v ]¼bm-dn\pw s]cn-bm-dn\pw A¸pdw Xan-gv\mSv AXnÀ¯n-hsc tIc-f-¯nsâ ImÀjnIþkm¼-¯nI taJ-e-Isf hnI-kn- n- -Xv. dºÀ, sImt¡m, Iip-am-hv, Gew, Im¸n, tXbne,ac-¨o\n XpS-§nb hn`-h--§Ä tIc-f-¯nsâ ImÀjnI taJ-e-bpsSs\Spw-Xq-Wm-bn-¯oÀ¶-Xn\p ]n¶nÂ IpSn-tbä IÀj-I-cpsS tNmc-

18


bp -sSbpw \ocn -sâbpw KÔ-ap - - v . 15 ae-_mÀ IpSn -tb-ä-¯n\vXpS¡wIpdn¨ Ae-Ivkm--À Nqf-¸-d-¼nÂ ]nXmhpw IpSn-tbä P\-X-bv¡p-th-n Pohn-Xw-k-aÀ¸n¨v ae-_m-dnsâ inev]n-bmbn amdnbsk_m-Ìy³ h-tÅm-¸nÅn ]nXmhpw tIc-f-N-cn-{X-¯nsâ KXn-\nÀ®-bn-¨-h-cm-bn-cp-¶p. IpSn-tb-äs¯ tIhew `qan-I-t¿-ähpw h\-\-io-I-c-W-hp-ambn hymJym-\n-¡p-¶-hÀ Ncn-{X-a-dn-bm-¯-h-cm-Wv. bYmÀ°--¯nÂ P·n-amÀ sh«n-sh-fp¸n¨v ASn-¡m-Sp-IÄ am{Xw tijn¨ `qan-bmWv IpSn-tbä IÀj-IÀ¡v ssIhiw (]m-«- n-\v) e`n¨Xv. F¶n«pwh\-\-io-I-c-W-¯nsâ ]m]-`mcw Ah-cpsS Npa-en-te-äp-¶Xv Ncn-{X-¯nsâ hÀ¤o-b-hÂ¡-c-W-tam, hn`m-KobhÂ¡-c-Wtam aqe-am-Wv.

Ip«-\m-S³ Imb-enÂ ]mS-ti-Jcw \nÀ½n¨v s\ÃpÂ]m-Zn-¸n-¡m\mIpw F¶ hnNn-{X-kz]v\w ImWm³ [oc-cmb ss{IkvX-h-IÀj-IÀ¡-ÃmsX aämÀ¡mWv km[n-¡p-I. th¼-\m«p Imb-enÂkap-{Z-\nc-¸nÂ\n¶pw Xmgv¶p InS¶ ImbÂ {]tZ-i-§-fnÂ Bd-Sn-bnÂ IqSp-XÂ Bg-¯nÂ Nnd-sI«n Ic-sX-fn--bn¨v hn¯n-d-¡pI F¶AÛpXkz]v\w km£m-XvI-cn-¨Xv tPmk^v apcn-¡sâ t\Xr-Xz-¯n-

epÅ IÀj-I-kw-L-am-Wv.16 1940 IfnÂ C´y-bpsS Acn-Zm-Xm-hmb

_À½sb P¸m³ D]-tcm-[n-¨-t¸mÄ \m«nÂ Acn-a-Wn-IÄ IWn-Im-Wm-\n-Ãm-Xmb Ime-¯mWv th¼-\m«v Imb-enÂ Bbn-c-¡-W-¡n\vG¡À ]mS-§Ä AÛp-X-I-c-ambn \nÀ½n¨v Cu IÀj-IÀ Irjn-bn-d-¡n-b-Xv. XS-Ê-§-fpsS aXn-ep-Isf Nhn-«p-]-Sn-I-fm¡n hnP-b-KmYcNn¨ Ip«-\m-S³ IÀj-Isâ hnP-b-KmY sXmgn-emfn þ apX-emfn kl-I-c-W-¯nsâ IqSn IY-bm-Wv. F¶mÂ 1950 IfnÂ I½yq-Wn-Ìp-ImÀ Ip«-\m-«nÂ sXmgn-em-fn-I-sfbpw `qhp-S-a-I-sfbpw hÀ¤-i-{Xp-¡-fm¡n X½n-e-Sn-¸n-¨-t¸mÄ kl-I-c-W-¯nsâ ImÀjnI hnP-b-Km-Y-IÄ ]g-¦-Y-I-fmbn amdn.

ImÀjnI tIc-f-¯n\v ss{IkvX-h-an-j-\-dn-am-scbpw tNmc-bnÂ kml-kn-IX Xpfp-¼n-\n¶ ss{IkvX-h-IÀj-I-scbpw ad-¡m-\m-hn-Ã. IÀj-Isc Imem-Im-e-ambn amdn-am-dn-h-cp¶ kÀ¡m-cp-IÄhmKvZm-\-§Ä \evIn I_-fn- n- -t¸mÄ IÀj-Is\ kwL-Sn- n v Ah-Im-i-§Ä¡p-th-n s]mcp-Xm³ INFAM F¶ kwL-S-\-bp-ambn k`

C¶pw IÀ½-cw-K-¯p- - v .

hnZym- ymkcwKs¯ kw`m-h-\-IÄtIcf¯nsâ \thm-°m-\-¯n\v \mgn-I-¡-Ãp-I-fmbn hÀ¯n-

¨Xv ss{IkvX-h-an-j-\-dn-amÀ Bcw- n¨ hnZym- ymk Øm]-\-§-fmWv.tZhm-e-b-§-fnse s]m³Ip-cnipw s]m¶-cp-fn-¡m-bpw-hsc hnäv ]Ån-


19

¡p-S-§Ä XpS-§m³ ss{IkvX-hÀ X¿m-dm-bn. ssZhm-cm-[-\-tbmfw{]m[m-\y-ap-Å-XmWv hnZym-`ymkw AYhm hnZym-Zm\w ssZhm-cm-[-\-X-s¶-bmWv F¶p Xncn-¨-dn-ª-h-cmWv ss{IkvX-hÀ. temI-am-k-I-e-apÅ hnZym-`ym-k-ta-J-ebv¡v ss{IkvX-h-k` sNbvX kw`m-h-\-IÄ \nkvXp -e -am -Wv. temI-{]kn² kÀÆ-I-em -im -e -I-fmbHmIvkvt^mÀUv, tkmÀt_m¬, ]mco-kv, epsh-bv³, tIw{_nUvPv XpS-§n-b-h-sbÃmw {InkvXob ]mT-im-e-I-fmbn Bcw-`n-¨hbm-Wv. hnZym-`ym-k-¯n\p {]Ya ]cn-K-W\ \ÂIp¶ {InkvXy³ssi-en-X-s¶-bmWp tIc-f-¯n-se-¯nb anj-\-dn-amcpw A\p-hÀ¯n-¨-Xv.

e-³ anj-\dn skmsskän (LMS)1803 Â Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq-dnÂ BZys¯ {InkvXy³ anj-\dn kvIqÄ Bcw-`n-¨p. hnZym-`ym-k-ta-J-e-bnÂ \mfn-Xp-hsc \ne-\n-¶n-cp¶ k{¼-Zm-b-§sf XIn-Sw-a-dn-¡p¶ bYmÀ° kmaq-lnI hn¹-h-amWv {InkvXy³ hnZym-e-b-§-fpsS BK-a-\-t¯msS tIc-f-¯nÂ kw`-hn-¨-Xv. -A-Xp-hsc hnZym-`ym-k-sa-¶Xv thZ-§fpw kqà-§fpw ]qPm-hn-[n-Ifpw ]Tn-¡pI F¶-Xp-am-{X-am-bn-cp-¶p. ]qPm-hn-[n-IÄ A\p-jvSn-¡m³ tbmKy-X-bpÅkhÀ®À¡p-am-{Xsa hnZy A`y-kn-¡p-hm³ Ah-Im-i-ap--m-bn-cp-¶p-Åq. “ip{Z-a-£-c-kw-bpàw ZpcnX ]cnhÀtÖ-bXv” (A-£cw ]Tn¨iq{Zs\ Zqsc-b-I-äWw) F¶-Xm-bn-cp¶p \m«p-\-S- v. thZw-tI« iq{ZsâsNhn-bnÂ Cubw Dcp-¡n-sbm-gn-¡-W-sa¶v hyhØ sNbvXn-cp¶\mSm-bn-cp¶p tIc-fw. NmXpÀhÀ®y-¯nsâ Incm-X-cq-]-¯nÂ \ne-\n¶ PmXn-]-c-amb D¨-\o-N-Xz-§fpw Abn-¯m-Nm-chpwaqew kaq-l-¯nse _lp-`q-cn-]£w hcp¶ Xmgv¶ PmXn-¡mÀ¡v hnZym-`ymkw\njn-²-am-bn-cp-¶p. F¶mÂ, ss{IkvX-h-an-j-\-dn-amÀ Bcw-`n¨kvIqfp-I-fnÂ PmXn-hy-hØ AwKo-I-cn-¨n-cp-¶n-Ã. khÀ®-sâbpwAhÀ®-sâbpw Ip«n-Isf Htc s_©n-en-cp¯n a\p-jy-km-tlm-Z-cy-¯nsâ _me-]m-T-§Ä Cu \m«nÂ BZy-ambn ]Tn-¸n¨ {InkvXy³]Ån-¡p-S-§-fmWv tIc-f-¯nÂ\n¶v PmXn-hy-h-Øn-Xnsb XIÀs¯-dnª {][m\ iàn. 1806 Â þkn.-Fw.-F-kv. anj-\-dn-amcpw 1816- Â_mkÂ Chm-©-en-¡Â anj-\dn (BEM) amcpw tIc-f-¯n-se-¯n.anj-\-dn-amÀ XpS-§nb kvIqfp-I-fnÂ Cw¥ojpw, IW-¡pw, Xp¶Âhn-Zy-bpw, Btcm-Ky-]-cn-]m-e-\hpw ]mTy-hn-j-b-§-fm-bn. hnZym-`ymkwF¶Xv khÀ®-cpsS thZm-`ymkw am{X-ambn a\-Ên-em-¡-s¸-«n-cp¶Ime-¯m-Wv-B-[p-\nI hnZym-`ymkw anj-\-dn-amÀ tIc-f-¯nÂ \S-¸n-em-¡n-b-Xv. \ne-hn-ep--m-bn-cp-¶-Xp-t]mse GXm\pw thZ-]-T-\-im-e-IÄ XpS-§m-\Ã XnI¨pw B[p-\n-I-amb hnZym-`yk k{¼-ZmbwChnsS sIm-p-h-cm-\mWv anj-\-dn-amÀ {ian-¨-Xv. hnZym-`ym-k-¯n\p

20


\ÂInb Cu \qX\ Znim-t_m-[-¯nsâ t]cnÂ Cu anj-\-dn-amÀae-bm-fn-IÄ¡v {]mX-kva-c-Wo-b-cm-Wv. 1846 Â am¶m-\¯v kmwkvIr-X-kvIqfpw XpSÀ¶v ae-bmfw kvIqfpw Øm]n¨ hmgv¯-s¸« Nmh-d-Ip-cym-t¡mkv Gen-bm-k-¨-\mWv tIc-f-¯nÂ hnZym-`ym-ks¯ P\-Io-b-am-¡n-b-Xv. 1865 Â hcm-¸p-g-bpsS hnIm-cn-P-\-d-emb Nmh-d-b-¨³tIc-f- nse apgp-h³ It¯m-en¡m ]Ån-I-fn-te¡pw Ab¨ kÀ¡p-e-dnÂ FÃm ]Ån-I-tfm-Sp-a-\p-_-Ôn¨v ]Ån-¡p-S-§Ä Øm]n-¡m³Iev]\ \ÂIn. tIc-f-¯n-e-t§m-f-an-t§mfw \qdp-I-W-¡n\p hnZym-e-b-§Ä DbÀ¶p-h-¶Xv Cu ]Ým-¯-e-¯n-em-Wv. k`-bpsS ]Ww-sIm-p ]Sp-¯p-bÀ¯nb Cu hnZym-`ymk Øm]-\-§-fnÂ A[ym-]-IÀ¡p i¼fw sImSp-¡p-¶Xpw k`-bm-bn-cp-¶p. IqSmsX tIc-f-¯n-Â BZy-ambn bqWn-t^mw, D¨-`-£Ww F¶nh kuP-\y-ambnkvIqfp-I-fnÂ hnX-cWwsNbvXp XpS-§n-bXpw Nmh-d-b-¨sâ Ime-¯m-Wv. ss{IkvX-h-k-ap-Zm-b-¯nsâ \nc-´c ]cn-{i-ahpw A[zm-\-hpw-hgn kaq-l-¯nse apgp-h³ hn`mKw P\-§Ä¡pw hnZym-`ymkw\ÂIn tIc-f-¯nsâ kmaq-lnI \thm-°m-\-¯nÂ apJy-]-¦p-h-ln-¨Xv ss{IkvX-h-an-j-\-dn-am-cm-bn-cp-¶p.

kv{XoI-fpsS hnZym-`ymkwB¬Ip-«n-IÄ hnZym-`ym-k-¯nÂ Xmev]cyw {]I-Sn-¸n-¨n-cp-

¶p-sh-¦nepw s]¬Ip-«n-Isf hnZy A`y-kn-¸n¡pI Hcp Bh-iy-ambnkaqlw A¶v IW-¡m-¡n-bn-cp-¶n-Ã. B cwK¯pw hn¹-h-I-c-ambHcp amäw-h-cp-¯n-bXv ss{IkvX-h-an-j-\-dn-am-cm-Wv. kv{Xohn-Zym-`ym-kw-sIm-p-am-{Xta ]ptcm-KXn e`n-¡p-I-bp-Åp-sh¶v a\-Ên-em-¡p-hm³ kÀ¡m-cn-\p-t]mepw A¶v km[n-¨n-cp-¶n-Ã. kv{Xohn-Zym-`ym-k-¯n\v t\XrXzw \ÂIn-bXv {][m-\-ambpw anj-\dn h\n-X-I-fm-bn-cp¶ anÊnkv aoUv, anÊnkv anÃÀ, anÊnkv tXmw]vk¬, anÊnkv_bven, anÊnkv t_¡À XpS-§n-b-h-cm-bn-cp-¶p. s]¬Ip-«n-Isf hnZym-e-b-¯nÂ Ab-bv¡p-¶-XnÂ c£-IÀ¯m-¡Ä XmXv]cyw {]I-Sn-¸n-¡m-Xn-cp¶ Ime-L-«-¯nÂ, 1819 Â anÊnkv aoUv \mKÀtImhnÂ Hcps]¬]-Ån-¡pSw Øm]n-¡p-Ibpw s]¬Ip«n IfpsS kIe hnZym-`ym-k-s¨ehpw anj-\-dn-amÀ Xs¶ hln-¡p-Ibpw sNbvXp. km[m-cW ]mTy-hn-j-b-§Ä¡p ]pdsa, Nn{X-¯-¿epw, td´-¯-¿-ep-I-fpw,Xp¶epw aäpw ]Tn-¸n-¨n-cp-¶p, Chn-Sps¯ td´-¯-¿ep-IÄ e-³,]mcokv, Nn¡mtKm apX-emb Øe-§fnÂ k½m-\mÀl-am-b-tXmsS\Ã hyh-km-b-ambn X¿ÂcwKw hf-cp-I-bp--m-bn. anj-\-dn-amÀ CucwK v hne-s¸« tkh-\-§Ä A\p-jTn- n«pw kÀ¡mÀ kv{Xo hmZym-


21

`ym-k-¯nÂ bmsXmcp {i²bpw sNep-¯n-bn-Ã. Ac-\q-äm--p-ImewB \ne-Xp-SÀ¶p.17

1859-þse IW¡\p-k-cn¨v Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq-dnÂ 2003 s]¬Ip-«n-IÄ hnZym-`ymkw \¯n-bn-cp-¶p. F¶mÂ, 1897 Â kvIqfnÂt]mIp¶ s]¬Ip-«n-I-fpsS F®w 36652 Bbv DbÀ¶p. kv{Xo hnZym-`ym-k- nÂ Gäw ap¶nÂ \nÂ¡p¶ kwØm-\-sa¶ {]ikvXn C¶vtIc-f-¯n\pÅ-t¸mÄ AXn\v tIc-fs¯ AÀ°-am-¡n-bXv kml-kn-I-cmb {InkvXy³ h\nXm anj-\-dn-am-cm-bn-cp¶p F¶ hkvXpX\mw IrX-ÚXm ]qÀÆw kvacn-t¡--n-bn-cn-¡p-¶p. tIcfw kv{XohnZym-`ym-k-¯nÂ ap¶-Wn-bnÂ \nÂ¡pI am{X-aÃ BZys¯h\nXm sslt¡m-SXn PUvPn anÊnkv A¶m Nm-n, BZys¯h\nXm No^v F³Pn-\o-bÀ anÊv ]n. sI t{Xky apX-emb {]K-ev`sc cmjv{S-¯n\p k½m-\n-¡p-Ibpw sNbvXp.

Ncn-{X¯n-te¡v H¶p It®m-Sn-¨mÂ 1941 se IW¡v(sk³k-kv) A\p-k-cn¨v Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq-dnÂ, Cý-bnse aäpkwØm-\-§-sfbpw t{]mhn³kp-I-sfbpwImÄ, sa -s¸« hnZym- ymkkml-N-cy-§Ä D-m-bn-cp-¶-Xmbn ImWmw. {][m-\-ambpw Chn-Sps¯{InkvXym-\n-I-fm-bn-cp¶p AXn\p D¯-c-hm-Zn-IÄ. 1945 se B[n-Im-cn-I-amb Hcp ØnXn hnh-c-¡-W¡\p-k-cn¨v 63% ss{]a-dn-kvIq-fp-Ifpw 87% sslkvIq-fp-Ifpw 67% tImtf-Pp-Ifpw {InkvXym-\n-I-fpsSDS-a-Ø-X-bnepw \S-¯n-¸n-ep-am-bn-cp-¶p.

hnZym-`ym-k-\n-e-hmcw Dd¸p hcp-¯m³ Kh¬saâ v kwhn-[m\w D-m-bn-cp-¶p. Kh¬saâ v \nb-an-¡p¶ DtZym-K-ØÀ kvIqfp-IÄ kµÀin-¡p-Ibpw hne-bn-cp-¯p-Ibpw, Imcy£aambn \S-¯-s¸-Sp-¶-hbv¡v A[ym-]-I-cpsS i¼-f-¯n-te-¡mbn {Kmâ v \ÂIp-Ibpw sNbvXn-cp-¶p. kzmX{ýw e`n-¡p¶ Ime v hnZym- ymk taJ-ebnÂ Gähpw A[nIw tkh\w sNbvXn-cp-¶Xv ss{IkvX k`-bm-Wv. ]Ån-I-tfmS\p-_-Ôn¨v Øm]n¨ ]Ån-¡q-S-§-fpsS sI«n-S-§ÄØm]n-¨Xpw ASn-Øm\ kuI-cy-§Ä Hcp-¡n-bXpw A[ym-]-IÀ¡vi¼fw \ÂInbXpw kap-Zm-b-§Ä XymKw sNbvXv kw`m-h\ sNbvX]Ww sIm-m-Wv. F¶mÂ Cu ]Ån-¡q-S-§fnsem-¶p-t]mepwss{IkvX-hÀ¡p-th-n am{XapÅ-Xm-bn-cp-¶n-Ã. ]e-]-Ån-¡q-S-§-fnepw 80% \ptaÂ Ass{IkvXh hnZymÀ°n-I-fmWv ]Tn-¨n-cp-¶-Xv.

{InkvXob hnZym-`ymk Øm]-\-§Ä A¨-S-¡-¯nepw Imcy-£-a-X-bnepw aqey-t_m-[-¯nepw F¶pw ap³\n-c-bn-em-bn-cp-¶p.

Pq¬ 5, 2006þse Cý -SptU hmcnI {]kn-²-s¸-Sp-¯nbHcp kÀtÆ {]Imcw Cý-bnse anI¨ tImtf-Pp-I-fpsS enÌnÂ

22


]eXpw ss{IkvXh amt\-Pp-saâp-I-fp-tS-Xm-Wv. hnZym-`ymk hnN-£-WÀ C´y-bnse 700 Hmfw tImtf-Pp-I-fnÂ \n¶mWv hnhn[ ]m[yhn`m-K-§-fnÂ Gähpw anIhv ]peÀ¯p¶ 10 tImtf-Pp-Isf Is--¯n-bXv kb³kv hn`m-K- nÂ skâ v tkthygvkv tImtfPv apwss_,etbmf tImtfPv sNss¶, skâ v Ìo^³kv tImtfPv UÂln,skâ v tkthygvkv tImtfPv sImÂ¡-¯, ss{IÌv tImtfPv. saUn-kn³ hn`m-K-¯nÂ etbmf tImtf-Pv, skâ v tkthygvkv tImtfPvapwss_, skâ v Ìo^³kv tImtfPv UÂln, au- v ImÀ½ÂtImtfPv _mw¥qÀ, skâ v tPm¬kv _mw¥qÀ. BÀSvkv hn`m-K-¯nÂskâ v tkthygvkv sNss¶, etbmf tImtfPv sNss¶, skâ vÌo^³ tImfPv sImÂ¡-¯, skâ v tPmk^v tImtfPv _mw¥qÀ.F¶n-h-bm-W-h.

Ch-bnÂ an¡ tImtf-Pp-IÄ¡pw AXXp kwØm-\-§-fnÂkzbw `cWmhIm-ihpw kÀ¡m-cnÂ \n¶pw \nÀtem-`-amb kl-I-c-Whpw e`n-¡p-¶p-.v km£-c-X-bnÂ 100% ]qÀ®X ssIh-cn¨psh¶vAh-Im-i-s -Sp¶ tIc-f- nse Hscmä tImtfPpw C´ym SptU-bpsSkÀtÆ-bnÂ h¶nÃ. AXnsâ ImcWw asäm-¶p-aÃ. amdn-am-dn-h-cp¶tIcf kÀ¡m-cp-IÄ D¶-X-\n-e-hm-c- n-epÅ tImtf-Pp-IÄ¡v kzbw`c-Wm-h-Imiw \ÂIp-Itbm anI¨ hnZym-`ymk kml-N-cy-§ÄkrjvSn-¡p-Itbm sN¿p-¶XnÂ kl-I-cn-¨nÃ F¶-Xp-X-s¶.

C¶v tIc-f-¯nÂ 14539 hnZym-`ym-k-Øm-]-\-§Ä tIc-f-k`\S-¯p-¶p-- v. CXnÂ 243 kvs]jyÂ kvIqfp-Ifpw 448 tImtf-Pp-Ifpw 534 kmt¦-XnI hnZym-`ym-k-tI-{µ-§fpw 310 sXmgn-e-[n-jvTnXhnZym-`ym-k-tI-{µ-§fpw DÄs¸-Sp-¶p. 69 e£-¯nÂ]cw hnZymÀ°n-IÄ Cu Øm]-\-§-fnÂ ]Tn-¡p-¶p- - v . Ch-cnÂ 21.7% am{XtaIt¯m-en-¡-cp-Åq; F¶mÂ 53.3% lnµp-k-ap-Zm-bmwK-§fpw 8.6%apÉow kap-Zm-bmwK-§fpw 5.6% AI-t¯m-en-¡cpw 10.1% CX-c-hn-`m-K -§ -f p - a p - - v18 k`-bpsS Øm]-\-§Ä hÀ¤o-b-Xbv¡p hncp-²-ambamXr-Im-]-c-amb \ne-]mSp ]peÀ¯p-¶-h-bmWv F¶-Xn\v hyà-ambsXfn-hp-I-fmWv Cu IW-¡p-IÄ. Cu Øm]-\-§-fnse 41.4%hnZymÀ°n-IÄ Zmcn-{Zy-tc-Jbv¡p Xmsg-bp-Å-h-cmWv F¶ hkvXpX

k`-bpsS Zcn-{Z-tcm-SpÅ B`n-ap-Jy-¯n\v sXfn-hp-\ÂIp-¶p.


23

ASn-¡p-dn-¸p-IÄ

1. George Alex, Cultural Awakening in Kerala: The Christian Contribu-tions, in EJDC 1/2 (2008) 8-19.2. Ibd.3. F. {io[-c-ta-t\m³, tIc-f-N-cn-{Xw, p. 375.4. tPm¬ I¨n-d-a-äw ss{IkvX-hcpw tZio-b-{]-Øm-\-§fpw p. 53 - p. 55.5. _n. cmPo-h³, hm¡p-Ifpw hkvXp-¡-fpw, P. 220.6. {io[-c-ta-t\m³, tIc-f-N-cn-{Xw, P. 370 - p. 390.

7. Ignatius Gonsalves, Christian Contribution in the Health Care Sector ofKerala, in EJDC 1/2 (2008) 34 - 53.8. A. de Silva, Historia das Missioes...... Oriente, p. 137.9. Ignatius Gonsalves, p. 43 - 44.10. Willian Logan, Malabar Manual, p. 143 - 144.11. cfr. tPm¬ I¨n-d-a-äw, ss{IkvX-hcpw tZiob {]Øm-\-§-fpw, P. 76 - 78.12. Ignatius Gonsalves, p. 50.

13. P.C. Cyriac, Christian Contribution to Kerala’s Agriculture, in EJDC 1/2 (2008) 62þ-68.14. F. {io[-c-ta-t\m³, tIc-f-N-cn-{Xw, Q. 228.15. Cfr. IpSn-tb-ä- nsâ CXn-lm-kw, Xe-tÈcn AXn-cq-]Xm {]kn-²o-I-cWw.p. 180þ220.16. P.C. Cyriac, Christian Contribution, p. 67.17. tPm¬ I¨n-d-a-äw, ss{IkvX-hcpw tZiob {]Øm-\-§-fpw, P. 50.18. Kurias Kumbalakuzhy, Christian Contribution in the Educational Sectorin Kerala, in EJDC 1/2 (2008) 55-61

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aXw, ]utcm-lnXyw : amÀIvkn-b³`uXnIhmZhpw ka-\z-b-km-[y-X-Ifpw

BapJwIayq-WnÌv ]mÀ«n _me-än-eqsS temI¯v BZy-ambn A[n-

Imcw ]nSn¨ tIc-f-¯nÂ (?) ]mÀ«nsb A[n-Im-c-¯nÂ\n¶pw Kf-lkvXw sN¿m³ tIc-f-¯nse ss{IkvX-h-k-`bpw ]ptcm-ln-Xcpwt\XrXzw \ÂIn F¶ Btcm-]-W-t¯m-sS-bmWv kzX-{´-tI-c-f-¯nse Iayq-WnÌv Ncn{Xw Bcw-`n-¡p-¶-Xv. ^m. tPmk^v hS-¡sâIayq-Wn-Ìv hncp² ap¶-Wn-bnÂ\n¶v Bcw-`n¨v CâÀNÀ¨v Iu¬kn-ensâ “Pm{K-Xm-k-an-Xn-IÄ” hsc F¯n-\nÂ¡p-¶p k`bpw Iayq-Wn-khpw X½n-epÅ kwhm-Zw. Iayq-WnkwIqSn DÄs¸-Sp¶ tIc-f-¯nsâ ]Ým-¯-e-¯nse aX-¯n-sâbpw ]utcmln Xy¯n-sâbpwkzXzw At\z-jn-¡p-I-bmWv Cu teJ-\-¯nsâ e£yw. Iayq-WnÌv]Ým-¯-e-ap-Å-hÀ¡v ]«w \ntj-[n-¡p-Ibpw ]«-¡msc am\n-¡p-¶-hÀ¡v ]mÀ«nbwKXzw \ntj-[n-¡p-Ibpw sN¿p¶ tIc-f- nsâ ]Ým-¯-e-¯nÂ ]c-kv]c AXn-Po-h-\-¯n-\pÅ aÕ-c-¯n-\p-]cn k-l-hÀ¯n-Xz-¯n\p km[y-X-bpt-m F¶ At\z-jWw A{]-k-à-am-bn-cp¶p. Iayq-Wn-ks¯ k¯m-]-c-amb Xn·-bmbn (intrinsic evil)FXnÀ¡p-I-bmtWm AtXm Hcp kmaq-lnI bmYmÀ°y-ambn (defacto) AwKo-I-cn¨v kÀ¤m-ßI kwhm-Z-¯n-teÀs¸-Sp-I-bmtWmth-Xv F¶pw P\-]-£-¯pÅ ]ptcm -ln -X³ Nn´n-t¡- - -Xp - - v .“]mÀ«n-bp-ambn NÀ¨-bv¡pÅ hmXn-ep-IÄ AS-bv¡-cpXv” F¶ taPÀBÀ¨p-_n-j-¸nsâ A`n-{]m-bw-t]mepw hnhm-Z-am-Ip¶ \m«nÂ Cu

kzXzm-t\z-jWw {ia-I-c-am-Wv.

]ptcm -lnX kzXz -t_m-[hpw tIc-f -¯nsâkmwkvImcnIaWvU-ehpw

tIc-f-¯nse Iayq-WnÌv ]mÀ«n “]ptcm-lnX hntZzj”s¯ssk²m-´-hÂ¡-cn-¡p-Ibpw ]mÀ«n-bpsS {]Jym-]nX AP---bm-¡p-Ibpw sNbvXp F¶Xv kao-]-Im-es¯ {it²-b-amb Hcp \bw amä-

2


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am-Wv. CX-c-k-ap-Zm-b-§-fn-se-¶-Xp-t]mse Hcp “Cukn hmt¡m-hÀ”ss{IkvX-h-k-ap-Zm-b-¯nÂ km[n-¡-¯-Xn\p ImcWw ss{IkvX-h-k-ap-Zm-b-¯nsâ ]ptcm-ln-X-_-²-amb N«-¡q-Sm-sW¶v ]mÀ«n Xncn-¨-d n -bp -¶p - - v . “CS-bs\ ASn¨v BSp-Isf NnX-dn¨v” Iq«n-em-¡m-\pÅX{´-¯nsâ `mK-ambn Iayq-WnÌv t\Xm-¡fpw am[y-a-§fpwss{IkvX-h-]p-tcm-ln-Xsc Xmd-Sn-¡p-¶-XnÂ ASp-¯-Im-e¯v aÕ-cn-¡p-I-bm-Wv. hµy-\mb Hcp sa{Xm-s\-Xn-sc-bpÅ “\nIrjvS Pohn”{]tbm-Khpw “tfmh-bn-«-hsc hgn-\-S- nÃ” F¶ {]Jym-]-\hpw “sXc-- n -hm -en\v ASn -¡W”sa¶ {]tbm-Khpw “kzm{ib sshZn-IÀ” F¶hÀ¤o-I-c-Whpw Nne sa{Xm-·msc \·-\n-d-ª-hcpw Iayq-WnÌvNmbvhpÅ-h-cpambn hmgv¯nbpw CX-c-hn-`m-Ks¯ aqcm-¨n-I-fmbn ap{Z-Ip-¯nbpw \S-¯p¶ {]`m-j-W-§Ä, “Hcp A`n-hµysâbpwBinÀÆmZw ]mÀ«n -¡p -th-” F¶ [mÀjvTy {]I-S-\-hp-saÃmw]pXnb \b- nsâ A\p--c-W-\§Ä am{X-am-Wv. amÀIvknkw _qÀjzm-hÀ¤-¯n-em-tcm-]n¨ Xn·-I-f-s{Xbpw aqÀ¯-cq-]-¯nÂ C¶p Zriy-am-bn-cn-¡p-¶Xv ss{IkvXh ]ptcm-ln-X-cn-emWv F¶ a«nÂ hÀ¤-k-a-cs¯ ]ptcm-lnX hncp² (anti - clerical) ka-c-sa¶ A£-¯nÂXncn-¡m-\pÅ {ia-amWv tIc-f-¯nÂ Iayq-Wnkw \S-¯p-¶-Xv.{InkvXym-\n-IÄ¡pw apÉow-§Ä¡p-sa-Xntc arZp-ln-µpXzw hfÀ¯nhÀ¤-k-a-c-¯n\p hÀ¤o-b-X-bpsS \ndw NmÀ¯p¶ kao-]-ImeImgvNbpw Cu \bw-am-ä-¯nsâ tIfn-sIm-«m-Wv.

Iayq-Wn-k-¯nsâ {]Jym-]nX e£y-§-fmbn Icp-Xp¶kmaq-ly-\o-Xn, AÔ-hn-izmk \nÀ½mÀÖ-\w, ASn-¨-aÀ¯-s¸-«-h-cpsS Ah-Im-i-§Ä¡pth--n-bpÅ t]mcm-«w, AXn-Po-h-\-¯n-\pÅIcp¯v XpS-§nbh tIc-f-k-aq-l-¯nÂ \S-¸m-¡m³ ap¶-Wn-t¸m-cm-fn-I-fmbn hÀ¯n-¨Xv ss{IkvXh anj-\-dn-am-cm-bn-cp-¶p. Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq -dnse ASn -a -¡-¨-h-S -¯n-s\-Xnsc s]mcpXn ASn -a -IÄ¡pkzmX{´yw t\Sn-s¡m-Sp-¯Xv dh. aoUv, dh. tamÄ«v, dh. t_¡À,dh. s_bven XpS-§nb anj-\-dn-am-cpsS [oc-amb t]mcm-«-§-fm-bn-cp-¶p. A-[-ØnX hn`m-K-¯n\v A\ym-b-ambn Npa-¯n-b Xssf¡m-Ww,GWn-¡m-Ww, ta\n-s¸m-¶v, Xe-¡-cw, ape-¡cw XpS-§nb IncmX\nIp-Xn-IÄs¡-Xntc s]mcp-Xnb ap¶-Wn-t¸m-cm-fn-Ifpw tIc-f- nsess{IkvXh anj-\-dn-am-cm-bn-cp-¶p. “amdp-a-d-bv¡Â ka-c-¯n-eqsS”`mc-X-kv{Xo-I-fpsS al-Xzs¯ hmt\mfw DbÀ¯nb U¨p-an-j-\-dn-amsc AXn-Po-hn-¡p¶ F´p kmaq-lnI CS-s]-S-ep-I-fmWv Chn-Sps¯ kmaq-lnI ]cn-jvIÀ¯m-¡Ä sNbvX-Xv. ae-bmfn sat½m-dn-b-en\p t\XyXzw sImSp¯ \n[o-cn-¡Â amWn-¡-¯-\mcpw ssh¡w

26


kXym-{K-l-¯n\p ap³\n-c-bnÂ hÀ¯n¨ ^m. tPmk^v sh«n-¡m-¸-Ånbpw tIc-f-¯nsâ kmwkvIm-cnI \t`m-a-WvU-e-¯nse DÖz-e-Xm-c-§-fm-bn-cp-¶p.

hnZym-`ym-k-cw-K-¯mWv ss{IkvXh k`m-t\-Xr-Xz-¯nsâGähpw {it²-b-amb kw`m-h-\-IÄ \ÂI-s -«-Xv. thZw tI« iq{ZsâsNhn-bnÂ Cubw Dcp¡n Hgn-¡-W-sa¶pw A£cw ]Tn¨ iq{Zs\Zqsc-b-Iän \nÀ¯-W-sa¶pw kvarXn-I-fnÂ \nbaw Fgp-Xn-h¨ eÖm-h-l-amb Ncn-{X-amWv tIcf¯n\p-Å-Xv. hnZym-`ymkw khÀ®-cpsSIp¯-I-bm-bn-cp¶ Ime-L-«-¯nÂ hnZym-`ymkw kIe a\p-jy-cp-sSbpw Ah-Im-i-am-sW¶p {]Jym-]n¨v \m\m-Pm-Xn-aX-ØÀ¡mbntIc-f-¯nse BZys¯ “ atX-Xc” ]Ån-¡qSw Bcw-`n-¨Xv 1806emWv. Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq-dnsâ `mK-amb ssaem-Sn-bnÂ e-³ anj³skmsskän (LMS) bnse ss{IkvXh anj-\-dn-amÀ Bcw-`n¨ CuhnZym-e-b-¯nsâ {]mcw-`-I³ PÀa³ kztZin hneyw tXm_n-bmkvdnwKnÄ tSm_v Bbn-cp¶p. Cw¥ojpw IW¡pw ipNn-Xzhpw Xp¶epwhnZym-`ym-k-¯nsâ `mK-ambn Cu hnZym-e-b-§-fnÂ ]Tn-¸n¨p XpS-§n. hnZym-`ymkw F¶Xv khÀ®-cpsS thZm-`ymkw am{X-ambn a\-Ên-em-¡-s¸-«n-cp¶ Ime-¯mWv B[p-\nI hnZym-`ymkw anj-\-dn-amÀtIc-f -¯nÂ \S-¸nem¡nbXv. \ne-hn -ep - -m -bn -cp -¶-Xp -t]mseGXm\pw thZ-]-T-\-im-e-IÄ XpS-§m-\Ã XnI¨pw \qX-\hpw B[p-\n-I-hp-amb hnZym-`ymk k{¼-Zmbw ChnsS sIm-p-h-cm-\mWv anj-\-dn-amÀ {ian-¨-Xv. hnZym-`ym-k-¯n\p \ÂInb Cu \qX\ Znim-t_m-[-¯nsâ t]cnÂ ss{IkvXh anj-\-dn-amÀ `mc-X-¯n\v {]mX-kva-c-Wo-b-cm-Wv. 1846 Â am¶m-\¯v kwkvIr-X-kv¡qfpw XpSÀ¶v ae-bmfw kvIqfpw Øm]n¨ hmgv¯s¸« Nmh-d-Ip-cym-t¡mkv Gen-bm-k-¨-\mWv tIc-f-¯nÂ hnZym-`ym-ks¯ P\-Io-b-am-¡n-b-Xv. 1865 Âhcm-¸pgbpsS hnIm-cn-P-\-dm-fmb Nmh-d-b-¨³ tIc-f-¯nse apgp-h³It¯m-en¡m ]Ån-I-fn-te¡pw Ab¨ kÀ¡p-e-dnÂ FÃm ]Ån-I-tfmSpa\p-_-Ôn¨v ]Ån-¡q-S-§Ä Øm]n-¡m³ Iev]\ \ÂIn. tIc-f- n-e-t§m-f-an-t§mfw \qdp-I-W-¡n\p hnZym-e-b-§Ä DbÀ¶p-h-¶XvCu ]Ým-¯-e-¯n-em-Wv. k`-bpsS ]Ww-sIm-p ]Sp-¯p-bÀ¯nbCu hnZym-`ymk Øm]-\-§-fnÂ A[ym-]-IÀ¡p i¼fw sImSp-¯n-cp-¶Xpw k`-bm-bn-cp-¶p. IqSmsX tIc-f-¯nÂ BZy-ambn bqWn-t^mw, D¨-`-£Ww F¶nh kuP-\y-ambn kvIqfp-I-fnÂ hnX-cWwsNbvXp XpS-§n-bXpw Nmh-d-b-¨sâ Ime-¯m-Wv. kap-Zm-b-¯nsâ\nc-´c]cn-{i-ahpw A[zm-\hpw hgn kaq-l-¯nse apgp-h³ hn`mKwP\-§Ä¡pw hnZym-`ymkw \ÂIn tIc-f-¯nsâ kmaq-lnI \thm-


27

°m-\-¯nÂ apJy-]¦p hln-¨-Xm-cm-sW¶v hkvXp\njvTamb hne-bn-cp-¯-en-eqsS hyà-amIpw.

ae -bm -f -¯nÂ BZys¯ \nL- p cNn¨ slÀ½³Kp-À«pw BZy-hym-I-c-W-{KÙw N-a¨ AÀtWmkv ]mXn-cnbpw BZy-ambn ae-bmf en]n-IÄ t{ImUo-I-cn¨v ae-bm-fs¯ A¨-Sn-`m-j-bm-¡nb _©-an³ s_bvenbpw sNbvX -tk-h-\-§sf `mjmkvt\ln-IÄ¡p ad-¡m-\m-hp-tam. tIc-f-¯nsâ ]ptcm-lnX t\Xr-Xz-¯nsâkÀ¤m-ßI kmaq-lnI CS-s]-S-ep-IÄ Iayq-Wn-ks¯ A{]-k-à-am-¡p¶p F¶ Xncn-¨-dn-hmWv ]ptcm-ln-Xsc hÀ¤-i-{Xp-¡fpw ]n´n-cn- -·m-cp-ambn ]cn-K-Wn-¡m³ {]mcw- w-ap-Xte ]mÀ«nsb t{]cn- n- Xv.

amÀIvkn-b³ aX-ho-£WwamÀIvkn-b³ ZÀi\w PÀ½³ X¯z-Nn-´bpw (Dialectics),

{^©v kmaq-ly-kn-²m-´hpw (Socialism), Bwt¥b [\-X-Xz-im-kv{Xhpw (Economics) tNÀ¶-Xm-Wv. tlKÂ F¶ PÀ½³ Nn´-Isâ “ sshcp-²ym-ßI hmZw” amÀIvkn-k-¯nsâ ASn-Øm-\-§-fn-sem-¶m-Wv. {]]©w DÛ-hn-¨Xv tIhe k¯-bnÂ (Absolute Spirit)\n¶mWv F¶v tlKÂ hmZn-¨p. CXnÂ A´Àeo-\-am-bn-«pÅ sshcp-²y-§Ä (Dialectics) \nan¯w \nc-´-c-amb amä-§Ä kw`-hn-¡p-¶-Xmbn tlKÂ hne-bn-cp-¯n. Cu {]{InbbnÂ {]ta-bhpw (Thesis)AXnÂ \n¶p-cp-¯n-cn-bp¶ {]Xn-{]-ta-bhpw (Anti - Thesis) X½n-epÅ kwLÀj-¯n-eqsS DÂ{K-Y\w (Synthesis) kw`-hn¡p-sa¶pw{]kvXpX DÂ{K-Y\w XpSÀ{]-{In-b-bpsS {]tab (Thesis) amIp-sa¶pwtlKÂ Is-¯p-¶p. {]]©w sshcp-²y-§-fpsS kwLÀj-¯n-eqsS ]cn-W-an-¡p¶p F¶ tlK-ensâ Nn´ amÀIvkns\ lTm-Zm-IÀjn- p. tlK-ensâ sshcp-²ym-ßI Nn´sb amÀIvkv km¼- nIimkv{X-¯nÂ {]tbm-Kn-¨-Xnsâ ^e-am-bmWv hÀ¤-k-a-c-kn-²m´wcq]w sIm--Xv. sXmgn-emfn, apX-emfn F¶o hncp-²- iànIfpsSkwLÀj-`q-an-bmbn amÀIvkv Ncn-{Xs¯ hne-bn-cp-¯n. Cu sshcp-²ym-ßI kwLÀj-¯nÂ apX-em-fnsb sIm¶v sXmgn-emfn A[n-Imcw ]nSn-s¨Sp¡p-Ibpw sXmgn-emfn hÀ¤ kÀÆm-[n-]Xyw (Dicta-torship of the Prolytariate) F¶ DÂ{K-Y\w (Synthesis) kw`-hn-¡p-Ibpw sN¿p-sa¶v amÀIvkv hmZn-¨p.

F¶mÂ tlK-ensâ Nn -bnse Bßo-b-Xsb amÀIvkv \ncm-I-cn -¨p. {]]-©s¯ tIh-e-k-¯-bpsS A\y-h-XvI-c-W-ambn(Alienation) Is--¯nb tlKÂ sshcp-²ym-ßI kwLÀj-§-fpsS]qÀ®-Xbpw Ah-km-\-hp-ambn I-Xv a\p-jysâ ({]-]-©-¯n-sâ)Nn´bpw tIh-e-k-¯-bpsS Nn´bpw X½n-epÅ XmZm-ßo-I-cW

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Nn´-bnemWv. (Das Absolute Denken). ssZhhpw a\p-jy\pw X½n-epÅ hyXymkw CÃm-Xm-Ip¶ kÀÆw ssZh-a-b-am-Ip¶ (Idealisticontology) ]c-a-e-£y-amWv tlK-en-\p--m-bn-cp-¶-Xv. tlK-ensâ Cu“Bßob” Nn´m-K-Xnsb \ntj-[n-¡m³ amÀIvkn\v t{]c-I-am-b-Xvt^mbÀ_mlv (Feurbach) F¶ PÀ½³ Nn´-I-\m-Wv.

tlK-ensâ Nn´sb t^mbÀ_mlv Xe-Io-gm¡n \nÀ¯n.]c-aamb kXyw (Ens Realissimum) a\p-jy-\m-sW¶v hmZnÄt±lw tIh-e-k¯ a\p-jy³ Xs¶-bm-sW¶p kaÀ°n-¨p. ssZh-sa-¶Xv a\p-jysâ k^-e-am-Im¯ taml-§-fpsS krjvSn-bm-b-Xn-\mÂ X\n-¡n-Ãm¯ kI-e-Kp-W-§fpw Ign-hp-Ifpw a\p-jy³ `mh-\-bnÂ ssZh-¯n-em-tcm-]n-¡p-¶-Xm-sW¶v t^mbÀ_mlv hmZn-¨p.“ a\p-jy³ Xs¶-bmWv Ahsâ ssZhw” (Der Mensch ist DemMenschen Gott) F¶ t^mbÀ _mlnsâ ImgvN-¸mSv amÀIvkns\kzm[o\n¨p. ssZh-\n-tj-[-¯nsâ ùXn-I-hmZw amÀIvkn\p e`n-¨Xvt^mbÀ_m-lnÂ \n¶m-sW¶p kmcw. tlK-enÂ \n¶v sshcp-²ym-ßI hmZhpw (dialectics) t^mbÀ _mlnÂ \n¶v ùXnI hmZhpw(Materialism) kzoI-cn¨ amÀIvkv Chsb kwtbm-Pn-¸n¨v sshcp-²ym-ßI ùXn-I-hmZw (Dialectical Materialism) F¶ Xsâ kn²m-´-¯n\p cq]w \ÂIn. Cu kn²m-´-¯nÂ amÀIvkv aX-s¯-¡p-dn¨p]d-ªXv C{]-Im-c-am-Wv. “ aXw aÀ±n-X-cpsS s\Sp-\n-izm-k-am-Wv. lrZ-b-an-Ãm¯ temI-¯n-sâ- lr-Zbhpw Bßm-hn-Ãm¯ temI-¯nsâBßm-hp-am-Wv. aXw a\p-jys\ ab-¡p¶ Idp-¸m-Wv. P\-§-fpsShytam-l-amb aXs¯ \in-¸n-t¡--Xv Ah-cpsS b-YmÀ°-amb B\-µ-¯n-\m-h-iy-amWv” 1 Hmtcm bYmÀ° amÀIvknÌv ùXn-I-hm-ZnbpwaX-¯nsâ i{Xp-hp-am-bn-cn-¡-W-sa¶v se\n³ ]Tn-¸n¨p2

a\p-jysâ \nXy-Po-hn-Xs¯ \nb-{ń-¡p¶ _mly-i-àn-IÄ a\p-jy-a-\-ÊnÂ Df-hm-¡p¶ AÛp-X-I-c-amb {]Xn-^-e-\-am-bmWv amÀIvknkw aXs¯ hne-bn-cp- p-¶-Xv. Cu iàn-Ifpw {]Ir-Xn-i-àn-I-fpsS A{X-Xs¶ A\yhpw ]nSn-In-«m-¯-Xp-sa¶ \ne-bv¡mWv a\p-jys\ A`n-ap-Jo-I-cn-¡p-¶-Xv. A{X-Xs¶ {]I-S-ambkz`m-hn-Im-h-iy-I-X-tbm-Sp-Iq-Sn- -s¶-bmWv Ahbpw a\p-jysâtaÂB[n-]Xyw sNep-¯p-¶Xpw. XpS-¡-¯nÂ {]Ir-Xn-bpsS \nKq-V-i-àn-Isfam{Xw {]Xn-^-en-¸n-¨n-cp¶ AÛp-X-cq-]-§Ä¡v Nne kmaq-lnI khn-ti-j-X-IÄ ssIh-cn-Ibpw Ah Ncn-{X-i-àn-I-fpsS {]Xn-\n-[n-I-fm-bn-¯o-cp-Ibpw sN¿p-¶p. ]cn-Wm-a-¯nsâ C\n-bp-samcpD¯-c-L-«-¯nÂ F®-aä ssZh-§-fpsS {]Ir-Xn-k-l-Phpw kmaq-ly-hp-amb khn-ti-j-X-I-sfÃmw kÀÆ-i-à-\mb Hscmä ssZh- nÂ


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Ah-tcm-[n-¡-s¸-Sp-¶Xmbn GwKÂkv hne-bn-cp-¯p¶p3 Cu kÀÆ-i-à-\m-Is« AaqÀ¯ a\p-jysâ Hcp {]Xn-^-e\w am{X-hpam-Wv.GtI-iz -c -hm-Z -¯nsâ DÛh_nµp-hmbn Cu L«-s¯-bmWvamÀIvknkw Nq-n-¡m-«p-¶-Xv. Ncn-{X-]-c-ambn t\m¡n-bmÂ, ]nev¡m-e- b-h-\cpsS hnIrX ZÀi-\-¯nsâ Ah-km-\s¯ k´-Xn-bm-Wn-Xv. blq-Z-cpsS tZiob ssZh-amb btlm-h-bmbn Ah-XmcwsIm-Xpw CXm-Wt{X. kuI-cy-{]-Zhpw D]-bp-àhpw GXp-X-c-¯nÂ thW-sa¦nepw amäm-hp-¶-Xp-amb Cu cq]-¯nÂ aX-¯n\v{]Xy-£-ambn XpSÀ¶pw \ne-\n-ev¡m³ Ignbpw F¶v amÀIvkv hne-bn-cp-¯p¶p4 AXm-b-Xv, a\p-jy³ Ah-sâ-taÂ B[n-]Xyw sNep-¯p¶ {]Ir-Xn-k-l-Phpw kmaq-ly-hp-amb A\y-i-àn-I-fpsS \nb-{´-W-¯nÂ Ign-bp-¶n-S-t¯mfw Cu iàn-I-fp-am-bpÅ Ahsâ_Ô- nsâ sshIm-cnI cq]-ambn aX- n\v XpS-cm³ km[n-¡pat{X.Cu {]Xn-^-e-\-¯nsâ cq]-]-cn-Wm-a-¯nÂ hnhn[Xe-§Ä amÀIvkvBtcm-]n-¡p-¶p-- v. H¶m-as¯ Xe-¯nÂ \nXy-Po-hn-Xs¯ \nb-{ń-¡p¶ _mly-i-àn-IÄ {]Ir-Xn-i-àn-IÄX-s¶-bm-Wv. ùa-i-àn-I-fpsS hnkva-bn-¸n-¡p¶ ImgvN-IÄ (C-Sn-an-¶Â, ISÂ, kqcy³......etc) {]IrXn aX-§Ä¡p P·w \ÂIp¶p. Cu aX-cq-]-¯nsâ`n¶ {]Ir-Xn-IÄ C³tUm-þ-bq-tdm-]y³ aX-§-fpsS {]Kvcq]-ambn \ne-hn-ep-s-¶ amÀIvkn-b³ \nco-£Ww icn-bm-Wv. tIhew am\-knIhnkva-b-ambn \ne-\n-¶n-cp¶ {]kvXpX ùa-i-àn-IÄ Bcm-[\maqÀ¯n-I-fmbn amdp-¶-XmWv aX-]-cn-Wm-a-¯nsâ c-mw-L-«w. ]ptcm-ln-X-hÀ¤w P\n-¡p-¶Xv Cu L«-¯n-em-Wv. {]Ir-Xn-i-àn-IÄ¡vkam-\-ambn k{In-b-am-Ip¶ kmaq-ly-i-àn-I-fmWv aX-]-cn-Wm-a-¯nsâ ASp¯ L«s¯ \nb-{ń-¡p-¶-Xv.

ss{IkvX-h-a-Xs¯ ASn-a-I-fpsS aX-am-bmWv amÀIvkv hne-bn-cp-¯p-¶-Xv. ss{IkvX-h-tem-I-¯nÂ BZy-amZyw FÃm a\p-jycpwssZh-¯nsâ ap¶nÂ ]m]n-I-sf¶ \nebv¡v ka-·m-cm-sW¶ Hcp\ntj-[m-ßI ka-Xz-ap--m-bn-cp-¶p. Iptd-¡qSn k¦p-Nn-X-ambn tbip-hnsâ A\p-{K-l-¯mepw cà-¯mepw ]m]-tam-N\w In«nb FÃmssZh-k-´-Xn-I-fp-tSbpw ka-Xz-ambpw CXns\ hymJym-\n-¡m³ Ign-bp-am-bn-cp-¶p. c-m-bmepw AXv ASn-a-I-fpsS aX-sa¶ \ne-bv¡pÅ,ss{IkvX-h-k-`-bpsS ]¦nÂ thcq-¶n-b-Xm-bn-cp-¶p F¶v amÀIvkv\nco-£n-¡p¶p.

BZyIme{InkvXp-a-X-¯n\v amÀIvkn-b³ sXmgn-em-fn-hÀ¤{]Øm-\-hp-ambn H«-\-h[n kmZr-iy-§-fp-s-¶v FwKÂkv Nq-n -¡m-«n-bn-«p-- v. {InkvXp-aXw XpS-¡-¯nÂ aÀ±nX P\-hn-`m-K-§-fpsS

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{]Øm-\-am-bn-cp-¶p. {InkvXp-a-Xhpw amÀIvkn-b³ sXmgn-em-fn-hÀ¤{]Øm-\hpw X½n-epÅ kmZr-iy-§-sf-¡p-dn¨v FwKÂkv \S-¯p¶\nco-£Ww {i²mÀl-am-Wv. “ASn-a-I-fp-tSbpw kzX-{´-cm-¡-s¸-«-h-cp-sSbpw aX-sa¶ \ne-bv¡m-Wv, FÃm-hn[ Ah-Im-i-§fpw \ntj-[n-¡-s¸« ]mh-s¸-«-h-cpsS aX-sa¶ \ne-bv¡m-Wv, tdmansâ Nhn-«-Sn-bn³Io-gnÂ B¡-s -«tXm tdman-\mÂ On¶- n-¶-am-¡-s -«tXm BbP\-X-I-fpsS aX-sa¶ \ne-bv¡m-Wv AXv BZyw cwK-{]-th-i\w \S-¯n-b-Xv.-_-Ô-\- nepw IjvS- m-Snepw\n¶pÅ tam-£-amWv {InkvXp-a-X-s¯-t¸mse sXmgn-emfn tkmjy-en-khpw hmKvZm\w sN¿p-¶-Xv.{InkvXp-aXw Cu tam£w hmKvZm\w sN¿p-¶Xv ac-Wm-\-´-c-apÅHcp Pohn-X-¯nÂ, kzÀ¤-¯nÂ BsW-¦nÂ Cu temI-¯nÂX-s¶-bm-Wv, kaq-l- nsâ ]cn-hÀ -\- n-eq-sS-bm-Wv, tkmjy-enkw CXvhmKvZm\w sN¿p-¶-Xv” 5 c-p-Iq-«cpw ]oV-\-¯n\pw D]-{Z-h-¯n\pwhnt[-b-cm-Ip-¶p- - v . c- -n -sâbpw A\p-bm-bn-IÄ A[n-t£-]-¯n\pw\nb-a-]o-V-\-§Ä¡pw ]m{X--am -Ip -¶p- - v . Fs´Ãmw ]oV-\-§-fp - -m -bmepw B ]oV-\-§-fnÂ\n-s¶Ãmw IqSp-XÂ Bth-iw-]q-v Ccp-Iq-«cpw {]-Xn-l-X-ambn hnP-b-¯nÂ\n¶v hnP-b-¯n-te¡v IpXn-¨p-I-b-dp-¶p. GÀsWÌv sd\m³ F¶ {^©p-Nn-´-I³ “ {In-kvXp-a-X-¯nsâ DÛhw” F¶ {KÙ-¯nÂ GwKÂknsâ \nco-£-W-¯n\pkam-\-amb \nK-a-\-¯n-se-¯p-¶p- - v : “BZy-Ime ss{IkvX-h-k-`-I-sf-¸än Adn-b-W-sa-¶p-s- -¦nÂ A[zm-\n-¡p¶ ]Wn-bm-f-cpsSkÀÆ-tZ-iob kwL-S-\-bpsS (CâÀ \mj-WÂ hÀ¡nwKv sa³kvAtkm-kn-tb-jsâ) Hcp {]mtZ-inI imJ-bpsS {]hÀ¯\w {i²n-

¨mÂaXn” 6

amÀIvkn-b³ aX-ho-£-W- nse sshI-ey-§ÄaXs¯ hne-bn-cp-¯p-¶-XnÂ amÀIvkn-k-¯n\p kw`-hn¨

hmgvN-IÄ {it²-b-am-Wv. H¶m-a-Xmbn, amÀIvknsâ Ncn-{X-þ-{]-]-©-ho-£-W-§Ä ùXn-I-hm-Z-]cw (materialistic) F¶-Xn-t\-¡mÄbm{ń-I-X-bnÂ (mechanical) Du¶n-b-Xm-Wv. Ncn{Xw XoknkpwBâoXoknkpw XoÀ¯v bm{ń-I-ambn apt¶-dp-I--bm-sW¶ amÀIvkn-b³Nn´ bpàn-k-l-a-Ã. kaq-l-¯nse sshcp-[y-§-sfÃmw hÀ¤-k-a-c- n-\pÅ tIm¸p-Iq-«-em-sW¶ amÀIvkn-b³ [mcW bmYmÀ°y-hp-ambn ]e-t¸mgpw H¯p-t]m-Ip-¶-X-Ã. sshhn-[y-§fpw sshcp-²y-§fpw kaq-l-¯nsâ k¦oÀ®-X-bpsS `mK-am-sW¶pw Ah-bpsSkl-hÀ¯nXzw km[y-am-sW¶pw {Kln-¡p-¶-XnÂ amÀIvknkw ]cm-P-b-s¸-«p. hyh-kmbhn¹-hm-\-´-c-Im-es¯ Cw¥--nse sXmgn-em-


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fn-hÀ¤w A\p-`-hn¨ IjvS-X-bp-sSbpw sRcp-¡-¯n-sâbpw Ncn-{Xs¯ kmÀÆ-{Xn-I-hÂ¡-cn-¨-XnÂ amÀIvkn-k-¯n\p ]ng-¨p. Ncn-{X-¯n\v apt¶m-«p-\o-§m³ {]ta-bw-þ-{]-Xn-{]-ta-bw-þ-DÂ{K-Y-\w-þ-{]-ta-bw.... F¶o hÀ¤-kw-LÀj-¯nsâ hgn am{X-ta-bpÅq F¶ \nK-a\w Ncn-{X-]-c-amb hnVn-¯-am-Wv.

sXmgn-em-fnsb ASn-a-bm¡n hbv¡m³ apX-emfn D]-tbm-Kn-¡p¶ c-v Bbp-[-§Ä cmjv{Shpw aX-hp-am-sW¶v amÀIvkv \nco-£n-¡p-¶p. \nb-ahpw A[n-Im-c-hp-ap-]-tbm-Kn¨v cmjv{Sw apX-em-fnsbkwc-£n-¡pt¼mÄ \ne-hn-epÅ NqjWw \ndª hyh-Øn-XnsbssZh-ln-X-ambn AwKo-I-cn-¡m³ aXw t{]cn-¸n-¡p-¶p. apX-em-fnhÀ¤s¯ \in- n v sXmgn-em-fn-IÄ A[n-Imcw ssI¿m-fp-t¼m-gmWv“ sXmgn -emfnhÀ¤ kÀÆm -[n -]Xyw” (Dictatorship of theProlytariate) kwPm-X-am-Ip-¶-Xv. sXmgn-em-fn-hÀ¤ kÀÆm-[n-]Xyw hcp-t¼mÄ cmjv{S-anÃm--Xmbn Xocp-Ibpw (Withering away of the State)aXw a\p-jys\ ab¡n-bn-cp¶ Idp¸v (Opium) BsW¶v t_m[y-s¸«v Xnc-kv¡-cn-¡-s -Sp-Ibpw ]ptcm-ln-X-hÀ¤w \in- n-¡-s -Sp-IbpwsN¿p-¶p. Npcp-¡-¯nÂ, hÀ¤-k-a-c-¯ne[n-jvTn-X-amb kaq-ls¯am{Xta amÀIvkn\p ImWm³ Ign-bp-¶p-Åq. Iayq-WnÌv am\n-s^tÌm]d-bp-¶Xv {i²n-¡pI: “C¶p hsc-bpÅ kaq-l-N-cn{Xw hÀ¤-k-acNcn-{X-amW.v kzX-{´\pw ASn-abpw D¶-X-Ip-e-Pm-X\pw km[m-c-W-¡m-c\pw {]`phpw IpSn-bm\pw hyh-kmb DS-abpw sXmgn-emfnbpwXpS§n Hä-hm-¡nÂ ]d-ªmÂ aÀ±-Icpw aÀ±n-Xcpw X½nÂ \nc-´cwka-c-¯n-em-Wv ” 7

BZn-Ime {InkvXp-a-X-¯n\v amÀIvkn-b³ sXmgn-emfn{]Øm-\ -hp -ambpÅ km[À½yw hmZ -¯n -\p - th - n k½-Xn -¨mÂt¸mepw {InkvXp-a-X-¯nsâ hfÀ¨ hÀ¤-k-a-c-kn-²m-´s¯\ncm-I-cn-¡p-¶p. hÀ¤-k-a-c-¯nsâ cà-cq-£nX hn¹-h-¯n-eq-sS-bÃkl-\-¯nsâ Xo¨q-f-bnÂ cà-km-£n-IÄ hnizm-k-¯nsâ [oc-km£yw hln-¨-Xn-eq-sS-bmWv {InkvXp-aXw hfÀ¶-Xv. Gäp-ap-«p-¶-Xn-t\-¡mfpw iàn Bh-iy-ap-ÅXv kln-¡m-\m-Wv. kl-\-amWvi{Xphns\ \nÀho-cy-am-¡p-¶-sX¶ {InkvXp-ZÀi-\-¯nsâ Icp¯vI--dnª KmÔn-bpsS Alnwkm amÀ¤w amÀIvkn-b³ hn¹-h-¯n\phncp-²-am-Ip-¶Xpw `mcXw I--dn-ª-Xm-W-tÃm.-

amÀIvkv hn`m-h\w sNbvX “hÀ¤-k-acw” F¶ Bibw anYy-bm-sW¶p Imew sXfn-bn-¨p. amÀIvkp hne-bn-cp-¯nb {_n«-\nsekaq-lw-Xs¶ DZm-l-cn-¡mw. apX-em-fn-þ-sXm-gn-emfn kwLÀj-¯n-\p-]-Icw hnI-kz-c-cm-jv{S-§sf (tIm-f-\n-I-sf) NqjWw sN¿m-\mbn

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apX-em-fn-þ-sXm-gn-emfn kJy-amWv Cw¥--nÂ h¶-Xv. e-¯nÂ Cw¥--nse sXmgn-em-fn-IÄ apX-em-fn-am-cm-bn. djy-bnÂ hÀ¤-k-a-c-¯n-eq-sS-bÃ Ìmen\pw se\n\pw A[n-Imcw ]nSn-s¨-Sp-¯-Xv. kmÀN-{I-hÀ¯nsb NXn-bnÂ h[n-¡p-I-bm-bn-cp-¶p. ssN\-bnepw ØnXn-hy-Xy-kvX-am-bn-cp-¶n-Ã. Npcp-¡-¯nÂ, hÀ¤-k-a-c-¯n-eqsS Iayq-Wn--Ìp-ImÀ A[n-Imcw ]nSn-s¨-Sp¯ GsX-¦nepw cmPy-ap-s-¶p Icp-Xm-\m-hn-Ã. Iyq_-bnse Hfn-t¸m-cm-«-§Ä hÀ¤-k-a-c-§-fmbn Icp-Xm-\m-hn-Ã. hÀ¤-k-a-c- n-\p-]-Icw hÀ¤kl-I-c-Whpw Iq«m-bva-bpsS H¯p-tN-c-ep-I-fp-amWv C¶v Ncn-{X-¯nsâ KXn-\nÀ®-bn-¡p-¶-Xv. kmtlm-Z-cyw, kl-I-c-Ww, kl-hÀ¯nXzw XpS-§nb [mÀ½n-I-aq-ey--§fpwNcn-{X-¯nsâ KXn-\nÀ®-bn-¡p¶ Nme-I-i-àn-I-fm-Wv. \nc-ćwbp²w \S-¯n-bn-cp¶ bqtdm-]y³ cmPy-§Ä ]c-kv]-c-k-l-I-c-W-¯nsâ Iq«mbva XoÀ¯-t¸mgpw (Europian Union) c - p temI-bp -²-§Ä¡p-tijw “sFIy-cmjv{S k`” F¶ kl-I-c-W-kwLwØm]n-¡m³ temIw apt¶m-«n-d-§n-b-t¸mgpw a[y-]qÀtÆ-jy-bpsSAim-ń¡v kam-[m-\-¡-cmÀ X¿m-dm-b-t¸mgpw Ncn-{X-¯n\v hÀ¤-k-acsa¶ ]cn-t{]-£y-¯n\v shfn-bnepw {]bmW km[y-X-bp-s-¶vtemIw Xncn- -dn-ªp. cmPy-§Ä X½n-epÅ kl-I-c-W-I-cm-dp-I-fmWvC¶v Gsd-bp-Å-Xv. Ncn{Xw hÀ¤-k-a-c-¯nsâ KXn-bn-eÃ Bßo-b-X-bpsS kl-I-cW hyh-Øn-Xn-bn-emWv apt¶-dp-¶-Xv. “XnSp-¡-s¸«kmÀÆ-{Xo-I-cWw” (hasty generalisation) F¶v XÀ¡-imkv{Xw

hntijn¸n¡p¶ A_-²w (fallacy) amÀIvkn-k-¯n\-p ]n¶n-ep- - v .

aX-s¯bpw ]utcm-ln-Xy-s¯bpw Bßo-b-aq-ey-§-sfbpw\nc-kn-¡p¶ hÀ¤-k-a-c-¯n-eqsS A[n-Imcw I¿m-fp¶ sXmgn-emfnhÀ¤ t\XrXzw ]pXnb BIm-ihpw ]pXnb `qanbpw krjvSn-¡p-sa¶v amÀIvkp I- kz]v\w ]mgvIn\mhp-am-{X-am-bn-cp-¶p. A[n-Imcw I¿m-fnb sXmgn-emfnt\XrXzw GIm-[n-]Xyhpw Agn--a-XnbpwkzP-\-]-£-]m-Xhpw hgn _qÀjzm hn`m-K-¯nsâ ]cn-jvIrX ]Xn-¸mbn ]cn-W-an-¡p-sa¶v hn`m-h\w sN¿m³ amÀ-Ivkn\p Ign-ªn-Ã.]mÀ«n-t\-Xm-¡Ä I¿m-fnb IW-¡-ä- k-¼-¯ns\ \ymbo-I-cn-¡m³Iayq-WnÌv am\n-s^-tÌm-bnÂ hIp-¸n-Ãm-Xm-bn. a\p-jy-\nseBćnI]cnhÀ¯\w IqSm-sX-bpÅ kmaqlnI hn¹hw e-{]ZaÃF¶ {InkvXob ZÀi-\- n\v ASn-h-c-bn-Sp-¶-XmWv Iayq-Wn-k- nsâCu ssk²mńI ]cm-P-bw. A]-cs\ ktlm-Z-c-\mbn IcpXnkvt\ln-¡p-t¼mÄ am{Xta bYmÀ° hn¹hw \S-¡p-I-bpÅq F¶{InkvXp ZÀi-\-amWv hÀ¤-k-a-c-¯n-\pÅ {]Xn-hn-[n. hÀ¤-k-a-c-hp-

am-bpÅ kwhm-Z-¯nÂ tIc-f-¯nse ]ptcm-ln-X³ kzoI-cn-t¡-


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\ne-]m-Sp-X-dbpw CXp-X-s¶-bm-Wv.amÀIvknkw {InkvXp aX-¯n\p \S-¯p¶ A]-\nÀ½nXn

A]-I-S-I-c-amw-hn[w ]£-]m-X-]-c-am-Wv. PÀ½-\n-bnse Syq_nw-K³Nn´m-k-c-Wn-bnÂ hfÀ¶ Ncn{X-hn-i-I-e-\-hm-Zs¯ (Historical Criti-cism) Iq«p-]n-Sn¨v {InkvXp aX-ZÀi-\-§fpw ]utcm-ln-Xyhpw anYy-bm-sW¶v Øm]n-¡m-\mWv GwKÂkv {ian-¨-Xv. “Ncn-{X-]-ctam \nKq-Vtam F¶p ]dªv Xyp_nw-K³k-cWn Xnc-kvI-cn-¡p-¶-sXÃmwimkv{Xs¯ kw_-Ôn-¨n-S-t¯mfw Ań-a-ambn XpS-¨p-\o-¡-s¸-«-Xmbn Icp-Xm-hp-¶-Xm-Wv” 8 F¶ GwKÂknsâ \nK-a\w amÀIvkn-b³ Ncn-{X-ho-£-W-t¯m-Sp-t]mepw \oXn-]p-eÀ¯m-\m-hm-¯-hn[wk¦p-Nn-X-am-bn-cp-¶p. s{]m«-Ìâp en_-den-k-¯nsâ AXn-{]-k-c-¯nÂ Syp_nw-K³ kvIqfnse Nne hnL-S-\-hm-Zn-IÄ \S-¯nb \nco-£-Ws¯ -im-kv{X-¯nsâ Ań-a- hm-¡mbn Ah-X-cn-¸n-¡m³GwKÂkn\p aSn-bn-Ã. Iayq-WnÌv kn²m-´-§Ä s]mfn-bm-sW¶vCý-bnse tIm¬{K-kp-Imcpw Ata-cn-¡³ {]kn-Uâpw ]dªp:AXn-\mÂ Iayq-Wnkw Ime-l-c-W-s¸-«-XmWv F¶ \nK-a-\-¯n-se-¯n-t¨-cp¶ bpàn-bmWv ChnsS GwKÂkv D]-tbm-Kn-¡p-¶-Xv.{InkvXp-aXw blq-Z-a-X-¯nÂ\n¶p cq]-s¸-«-X-Ã, hniz-a-X-sa¶ \ne-bnÂ bh-\-þ-tdm-a³ kwkvIm-c-¯nÂ tIm¬Ìâ-bn³ Øm]n-¨-Xm-sW¶ {_qtWm _uh-dpsS \nK-a-\hpw shÅw-sXm-SmsX hngp-§m³GwKÂkn\p km[n-¨p9 ]pXnb\nb-a-¯nÂ Ncn-{X-]-c-X-bpÅ GI-{KÙw shfn-]m-Sp-]p-kvX-I-am-sW¶pw AXm-Is« ac-W-a-Sª \otdmN{I-hÀ¯n aq¶-c-s¡mÃw Ignªv ho-pw-hcpw F¶ anYym-[m-c-W-sb-am{Xw Du¶n-¸-d-bp-¶-Xm-sW¶pw hymJym-\n-¡m\pw amÀIvkn-b³ Nn´-I-cpsS ss__nÄ hn-Úm-\-¯n\p Ignªp. Ncn-{Xs¯{InkvXp-a-X-hn-tcm-[- nsâ I®n-eqsS am{Xw t\m¡n-¡m-Wp¶ lyqa-\n-Ìp-I-fp-sSbpw ùXn-I-hm-Zn-I-fp-sSbpw \nco-£-W-¯n-\-¸pdwamÀIvkn-b³ aXm-]-{K-Y-\-¯n\p kXy-k-Ô-X-bpsS thcp-I-fn-sÃ¶phyà-am-Wv.

aX-sa¶ kzXz-t_m[wa\p-jysâ kzXz-t_m-[- nsâ A\n-hm-cy- m-K-amWv aXsa¶

kXys¯ \ntj-[n-¡p¶p F¶-XmWv amÀIvkn-b³ aX-ho-£-W-¯nsâ asämcp sshI-eyw. amÀIvknkw aX- n-\-\p-h-Zn-¡p¶ Øew]cn-an-X-amWv F¶ am[y-a-hm-Z-amtWm AYhm amÀIvknkw aX-hn-cp-²-am-sW¶ aueo-I-hm-Z-amtWm k`bpw amÀIvkn-khpw X½n-epÅsshcp-[y-Xbv¡p \nZm-\-sa¶v C\nbpw Cg-]n-cn -s¨-Sp-t¡-- -Xp- - v .

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kzXzhpw hÀ¤hpw X½n-epÅ ]cn-amW ]cn-Wm-a-§-fnÂ tIc-f- nse]mÀ«n-bpsS ssk²m-ńI ]£-¯n-\p-t]mepw C\nbpw ¢n]vXXssIh-¶n-«nÃ F¶Xv ASp-¯-Im-e¯v hyà-am-b-tÃm. aXw a\p-jy-kz-Xz-¯nsâ `mK-am-Wv. hyàn-bpsS aqey-þ-[mÀ½m-Øn-Xz-§sf \nc-ć kwth-Z-\-¯n-eqsS kzm[o-\n-¡p¶ aXhpw A\p-jvTm-\-§-fpw,Ah {]Jym-]nX aX-§-fpsS ]cn-t{]-£y-¯nÂs¸-Sp-¶-h-b-sÃ-¦nÂt]m-epw, kz-Xz-\nÀ½n-Xn-bpsS Ah-iy-L-S-I-§-fm-Wv. a\p-jy-P·whÀ¤w F¶ Bi-b-]-c-X-bpsS AaqÀ¯Xbn-eÃ Ncn-{X- nsâ kzXz-]-c-X-bn-emWv kw`-hn-¡p-¶-Xv. sXmgn-emfn apX-emfn hÀ¤o-I-cWwF¶ Nn´-bpsS aqÀ¯-cq-]-§-fmÀÖn¡pw apt¼ AØnXzw a\p-jy-hÀ¤w F¶ Ahn-`à hÀ¤-¯nsâ AYhm ‘AhÀ¤’¯nsâ`mK-am-bn. AXn-\mÂ hÀ¤-¯n\p apt¼-bpÅ kzXzs¯ \ntj-[n-¡p-¶Xv \mS³`m-j-bnÂ, “DSp-¡msX Xe-bnÂ sI«p¶”Xpt]m-se-bm-Wv. {^©p-Nn-´-I-\mb F½m-\p-hÂ sehn-\m-knsâ \nK-a\wkXy-amWv: Nn´bv¡p apt¼ kwPm-X-am-Ip-¶Xv kzXz-am-Wv. Xncn-¨-dn-hnsâ Ime-am-]n-\n--bnÂ Hcp-hsâ Nn´ Dcp-In-s -fn-bpw-apt¼ XsâAØnXzw aä-t\Iw AØn-Xz-§-tfmSv IS-s¸-«n-cn-¡p¶p F¶ sehn-\m-knsâ Is--¯Â hÀ¤-k-a-c-¯nsâ A]-\nÀ½n-Xn¡v klm-b-I -am -Wv . kzXz -¯n -\p -taÂ hÀ¤s¯ {]Xn -jvTn -¡p -¶-hÀbmYmÀ°ys¯ AaqÀ¯-hÂ¡-cn-¡p¶ A]-I-Sm-h-Ø-bn-emWvsNs¶-¯p-I.

]mÀ«n-bpsS sXäp-Xn-cp-¯ÂtcJ-bnÂ aX-hn-izm-k-¯n\p{`jvSp Iev]n-¨-t¸mÄ Ifw-amdn Nhn-«nb ap³ Fw.-]n-.am-cp hÀ¤-¯n\p]cn-bmWv kzXzw F¶p Xncn-¨-dn-ª-h-c-tÃ. ]mfbw hn«-hschÀ¤o-b-hm-Zn-Ifpw A[n-Im-c-tam-ln-Ifpw Icn-¦m-en-I-fp-ambn Nn{Xo-I-cn¨v apJw an\p-¡m-sa-¦nepw AhÀ DbÀ¯p¶ {]Xy-b-imkv{X{]Xn-kÔn D¯cw \ÂI-s¸-SmsX \nÂ¡p¶p F¶Xv kXy-a-tÃ.]mÀ«n -¡p-ÅnÂXs¶ kzXz-{]-Xn -kÔn A\p-` -hn -¡p-¶-h-cp - - v .“At§-bäw eÖm-Icw” F¶v ]mÀ«n hne-bp-cp-¯nb “ssZh-\m-a-¯n-epÅ kXy-{]-XnÚ” \S-¯nb Fw. FÂ. Famcpw Dwd \a-kvIm-c-¯n\p t]mIp¶ ]mÀ«n-t\-Xmhpw “]qaqSÂ]qP” \S-¯nbtIcfm a{ńbpw “Imfo-]qP” apS-¡m¯ _wKmÄ a{ń-bpw, Aý-Iq-Zmi kzoI-cn¨v hnhm-Z-ap--m-¡nb Fw.-FÂ.-F-bp-saÃmw ASn-¨-aÀ -s¸« kzXz-{]-Xn-k-Ôn-bpsS Imen-I-amb _lnÀkv^p-c-W-§Äam{X-am-Wv. _ZÂ tcJ apXÂ \memw temI-kn-²m-´hpw ]p.-I.-km. hnhm-Z-hpw-hsc tIc-f-¯nse Iayq-WnÌv ]mÀ«n-bnÂ I¯n-]p-Iª hnhm-Z-§-fp-sS-sbÃmw A´À[mc Cu kzXz {]Xn-k-Ôn-bm-


35

bn-cp¶p F¶Xv hmbn-s¨-Sp-¡m³ aq¶mw It®m tkmf-asâ_p²nIqÀ½Xtbm Bh-iy-an-Ã.

k¼¯v F¶ aq¶-£-c-§-fnÂam{Xw a\p-jy-kz-Xzs¯]p\Àhm-bn-¨-Xnsâ ]cn-W-Xn-bmWv sXmgn-em-fn-þ-ap-X-em-fn-þ-hÀ¤-k-a-cw. a\p-jy-kzXzw \nÀ®-bn-¡p¶ At\Iw am\-§-fnÂ H¶p-am-{X-amWv km¼-¯nI hÀ¤-t_m[w F¶ Xncn-¨n-dn-hp-t\-Spw-hsc kzXz-{]-Xn-k-Ôn-bpsS ZpÀ`qXw hÀ¤-k-a-c-¡m-cpsS Dd¡wsISp- pw. sXmgn-em-fn-þ-ap-X-emfn Zzµzw kaq-l-¯nse At\Iw sshcp-[ym-ß-I-X-I-fn-sem-¶p-am-{X-am-Wv. a\p-jys\ km¼-¯nI Pohn-bmbn A]-\nÀ½mWw \S-¯p¶ amÀIvknÌv t_m[-\-im-kv{X-¯n\v a\p-jy-K-Ô-an-Ã. apjvSn-Np-cp«n aq¶p-h«w C³Izn-em_v hnfn- m-Â Hcp-hsâ kzXz-t_m[w s]mgn-ªp-t]m-In-Ã. kzXzw Ncn-{X-\nÀ½n-Xnbpw bmYmÀ°y-hp-am-I-bmÂ kzXz-t_m-[-¯nsâ ASn-Øm-\-¯nÂ kmaq-ly-cm-jv{Sob {]Xn-I-cW-§Ä D-m -hpI km[y-am-Wv F¶ sI. C.F¶nsâ \nco-£-W-¯nÂ Ig-¼p- - v . “]pd-ta¡p se\n-\mbn, ]qPm-ap-dn-bnÂ ]q´m-\-ambn s]m«n-¸n-fcpwhn[-apÅ hncp-²-t_m-[-§-fpsShfÀ¨-bmWv hntam-N-\-t_m-[-§sf ]n¶nÂ\n¶p sh«n-ho-gv¯p-¶-Xv. ]pd¯v sXmgn-em-fnbpw AI¯v apX-em-fn-bp-ambn sXmgn-emfns\SpsI ]nf-cp-t¼mÄ apX-emfn AI¯pw ]pd¯pw apX-em-fn-bmbnhf-cp¶p” 10 F¶ \nco-£Ww aXw, Bßm-hv, ]utcm-lnXyw F¶okzXz-t_m-[-§sf ad-¡p¶ hÀ¤-k-a-c-¯nsâ s]mÅ-¯cw shfn-

hm -¡p -¶p - - v .

ka-\zb km[y-X-IÄaXhpw amÀIvkn-khpw X½nepÅ kwLÀjw BZm-\-{]-Zm-

\-§Ä¡p ]gp-Xn-Ãm-¯-hn[w ]c-kv]c hncp-²-am-sW¶pw Icp-tX---Xn-Ã. hÀ¤-k-a-cw, ùXn-I-hmZw XpS-§nb sshcp²y-§sf kÀ¤-ß-I-ambn \ne-\nÀ¯n-s¡m--p-Xs¶ ê-{]-Z-amb kwhm-Z-¯n\pØew Is--¯m-\m-hpw. amÀIvkn-b³ ]Ým-¯-e-¯nse ]utcm-lnXy kzXz-t_m[w ]p\Àhm-bn-¡-s¸-tS-Xv Cu ka-\zb taJ-e-I-fn-emWv.

H¶m-a-Xm-bn, aX-]£w A\n-hm-cy-ambpw ]peÀ¯p¶ bmYm-Øn-Xn-I-Xzhpw hn¹-h-{]-Øm-\-§Ä apt¶m-«p-h-bv¡p¶ NSp-e-ambkmaq-lnI ]cn-hÀ -\-§fpw X½n-epÅ kÀ¤m-ß-I-kw-LÀjw kaq-l-¯nÂ Btcm-Ky-I-c-amb êw ]pd-s¸-Sp-hn-¡pw. {InkvXp-a-XhpwamÀIvkn-khpw X½n-ep--m-bn-«pÅ Ncn-{X-]-c-amb `n¶-X-I-fnÂ Nne-Xn-s\-sb-¦nepw C{]-Imcw hmbn-s¨-Sp-¡m-\m-hpw. cmPm-[n-]-Xy-§-tfm-

36


SpÅ aX-¯nsâ AÔ-amb hnt[-b-Xzs¯{]Xn amÀIvknkw Ncn-{X-¯nÂ DbÀ¯nb shÃp-hn-fn-Isf Cu ]Ým-¯-e-¯nse ImtW---Xp-Åq. hyh-kmbhn¹-h-Im-e¯v apX-em-fn-hÀ¤-¯nsâ A\o-Xn-Isf \nÊw-K-X-tbmsS t\m¡n-\n-evt¡--n-h¶ aX-]£w hnaÀi-\-§Ä¡p ic-hy-am-b-Xnepw amÀIvkn-ks¯ Ipä-s¸-Sp-t¯---Xn-Ã.

c-m -a-Xm-bn, amÀIvkn-b³ amÀ¤w {InkvXp-hn-cp -²-am-Ip-t¼mgpw amÀIvkn-b³ amÀ¤-¯nsâ DZ-b-¯n\p Imc-W-amb Ak-´p-en-X-amb kmaq-lnI ]cn-tXm-h-Ø-I-fpsS kPohkm¶n[yw{InkvXp-amÀ¤-¯n\v Ah-K-Wn-¡m-\m-hp-¶-X-Ã. “Pohn-X- nse FÃmaWvU-e-§-fnepw X§Ä ]Tn-¸n-¡p-¶h {]tbm-K-¯n-em-¡p-¶-XnÂ{InkvXym-\n -IÄ¡p- -mb ]cm-P-b-¯nsâ HmÀ½s¸Sp-¯-emWvamÀIvknkw” 11 F¶ \ne-]mSv ]cn-K-Wn-t¡- hkvXp-X-bm-Wv.kn²m-´-¯nepw {]tbm-K-¯nepw ]mh-§-fp-sS -]£wtNtc- k`-bnse Hä-s¸« Øm]-\-§tfm \n£n-]vX-Xm-ev]-cy-¡mtcm X§-fpsStkh\taJ-e-Isf k¼¶ hn`m-K-¯n\p am{X-ambn kwh-cWwsN¿p-¶p-s--¦nÂ AXp Xncp-¯m-\pÅ HmÀ½-s¸-Sp-¯Â GXp-]-£-¯p-\n-¶p--m-bmepw k`bv¡p kzoIm-cy-am-I-Ww. A´m-cmjv{S\ne-hm-c-¯nsâ t]cnÂ LKG {]th-i-\-¯n\vt]mepw e£-§Ä\nÀ_-Ô-]qÀÆw ]ncn-¡p¶ Øm]-\-§Ä Bsc-¦nepw \S-¯n-bmÂBZyw tNmZyw-sN-t¿--Xv {InkvXp-a-X-hn-izm-kn-I-fm-Wv. Ah-cXv ad-¶mÂ HmÀ½-s¸-Sp-¯m³ amÀIvkpw GwKÂkpw hcp-¶-XnÂ sXänÃ.

aq-¶m-a-Xm-bn, ]c-tem-I-hn-izm-k- n-epÅ Aan-X-amb Du¶ÂCu temI-¯nse Xn·-bpsS hyhØnIsf Xa-kvI-cn-¡mt\m Ah-tbmSp ka-c-k-s¸-Smt\m AXp ssZh-ln-X-sa¶v Biz-kn-¡mt\maXw \nan-¯-am-Ip-s¶-¦nÂ AXp Xncp-¯-s¸-tS-- -Xm-Wv. Xn·-bpsShyh-Øn-Xn-I-tfmSv ka-c-k-s¸-Smt\m {InkvXp-amÀ¤s¯ ]c-tem-I-¯nsâ t]cnÂ \nÀho-cy-am-¡m-t\m DÅ Hcp {iahpw \ymbo-I-cn-¡-¯-¡-X-Ã. Xn-·-bpsS hyh-Øn-Xn-Isf FXnÀ¡m³ IqSp-XÂ {Inbm-ßI amÀ¤w Is--¯m³ k`-bpsS kmaq-lnI CS-s]-S-ep-IÄ¡vIgn-b-Ww. A[zm-\n-¡p¶ IÀj-Is\ Irjn-`q-an-bnÂ\n¶p Kf-lkvXw sN¿m-\pÅ \o¡s¯ FXnÀ¯ IpSn-bn-d-¡p-hn-cp² ka-c-§-fnÂ tIc-f-k-`bpw Iayq-Wn-khpw ssItImÀ¯Xv Ncn-{X-¯nseA_-²-ambn hne-bn-cp-¯-s¸-tS- - -Xn-Ã. Bcmcpw XpW-bn-Ãm¯aÕy-s¯m-gn-em-fn-I-fpsS A¶w apS-§m-Xn-cn-¡m-\pÅ ka-c-¯nepwk`-]£w t\m¡m-Xn-cp-¶-Xns\ B\p-jw-Kn-I-ambn am{Xw hne-bn-cp-t¯---Xn-Ã. CSp-¡n-bnse `qk-a-c-§-fnÂ CSp-¡n-sa-{Xmsâ {]kvXm-h-\-IÄ I½yq-WnÌv ]mÀ«n-bpsS CSp¡n PnÃm-sk-{I-«-dnbpw A£-


37

c-È -Aw-Ko-I-cn¨v Gäp-]-d-bp-¶Xpw \mw km£yw hln-¨-Xm-Wv. ]c-tem-I-k-a-Xzhpw \·bpw Cu temI-¯nte Bcw-`n-t¡-Xpw A\p-`-hn-t¡-- -Xp-am-sW¶ Nn´ {InkvXp-ZÀi-\-¯nsâ aÀ½w Xs¶-bm-Wv. Cu ssZh-cm-Py-km-£m-XvIm-c-¯n\p ssItImÀ¡m³ X¿m-dp-Å-hsc Kf-lkvXw sNt¿-- -Xn-Ã.

\mem-a-Xm-bn, {InkvXp-a-Xhpw amÀIvkn-khpw X½n-epÅkwhmZ km[y-X-sb-¡p-dn¨v Kth-j-W-{]-_Ôw cNn¨ _nj¸v]utemkv amÀ ]utem-knsâ \nK-a-\-§Ä ChnsS {]kvXm-hy-amWv;Ah-bnÂ Nne-sXms¡ amÀIvkn-b³ hnt[-b-Xz-¯nsâ Gäp-]-d-¨n-ep-I-fm-sW-¦nÂt]mepw. aX-¯nse amÀIvkn-b³ CS-s]-S-ep-Isf\oXn-]qÀÆ-apÅ kmaq-ln-I-{I-a¯nsâ krjvSn-¡m-bpÅ shÃp-hn-fn-I-fm-bn-«mWv amÀ ]utemkv t\m¡n-¡m-Wp-¶-Xv. amÀIvkn-b³ aX-\n-tj[w ssZh-\n-tj-[-aÃ a\p-jy-kzm-X-{ý-¯nsâ ]qÀ®-X-¡p-th--n-bpÅ kacw am{X-am-sW¶v At±lw hne-bn-cp-¯p-¶p. AXn-\mÂamÀIvkn-b³ aX-ho-£Ww aX-¯nsâ _e-lo-\-X-Isf Xncn-¨-dn-bm-\pÅ Blzm-\-ambn a\-Ên-em-¡-W-sa¶pw amÀIvkn-b³ aX-hn-aÀi-\-¯nÂ ]g-b-\n-ba {]hm-N-I-·m-cpsS aX-hn-aÀi-\-¯nsâssienbpw kzm[o-hp-ap-s-¶pw _nj¸v \nco-£n-¡p-¶p. aXs¯\ho-I-cn-¡m-\pÅ Icp¯v amÀIvkn-k¯n\ps-¶pw amÀIvknkwaX- nsâ hgn-Im-«n-bp-am-sW-¶papÅ {]kvXpX \nK-a-\-§-fnÂ hnt[-bsâ ASn-bm-f¯w Zriy-am-Wv. aX-hn-izm-kn-I-fp-sS-bn-S-bnÂ amÀIvkn-k-¯n\v shÅ-]q-im-\pÅ {iahpw CXn-\p-]n-¶n-ep--m-Imw.

amÀIvknkw a\p-jy-kzm-X-{ý-¯nsâ ]qÀ®-X-¡p-th--n -bpÅ ka-c-am-sW¶ Cu ]ptcm-ln-X-{]-ap-Jsâ ho£Ww Ncn-{X-]-c-ambn icn-b-Ã. I½yq-WnÌv Ccp-¼p-a-d-¡p-Ån-emWv a\p-jy-kzm-X-{ýw Gähpw lo\-ambn am\`w-Kw-sN-¿-s¸-«-Xv. P\m-[n-]Xy cmjv{S-

§-fnte `c-W-Iq-S-§Ä¡v ANn-ý-amw-hn[w {Iqchpw Incm-X-hp-amb

\nb-a-§-fn-eqsS AhÀ P\-§-fpsS taÂ GIm-[n-]Xy`cWw \S-¯n.

sXc-sª-Spt¸m P\-lnX]cn-tim-[-\tbm IqSmsX ImÂ \qäm-pw

Ac-\q-äm-psams¡ GIm-[n-]Xy `cWw \S-¯n-bXv Iayq-WnÌv

`c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-IÄ am{X-a-tÃ. djy-bnse Iayq-WnÌv `c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-

I-fpsS `c-W-Imew NphsS tNÀ¡p-¶p. sXcsªSpt¸m P\-ln-X-

]-cntim[\tbm IqSmsX acWw hsc GIm-[n-]-Xy-`-cWw \S-¯n-

b-h-cm-Wn-hÀ.

se\n³ þ 1917 apXÂ 1924 hsc

Ìmen³þ 1924 apXÂ 1953 hsc

38


{IqjvtNhv þ 1953 apXÂ 1963 hsc

{_jvt\hv þ 1964 apXÂ 1982 hsc

tKmÀ_-t¨hv þ 1982 apXÂ 1992 hsc

Iyq_-bnÂ ^nUÂImkvt{Sm Ac-\q-äm--n-tesd `cWw \S-¯p¶p.

]n³Km-an-bmbn hmgn-¡p-¶XmIs« ktlm-Z-c-\mb duÄIm-kvt{Sm-sb-

bm-Wv. ssN\-bnse Iayq-WnÌv t\Xm-¡fpw ImÂ\q-äm- -p -hoXw

`cWw \S- nb GIm-[n-]-Xn-I-fmWv. sXmgn-emfn hÀ¤-kÀÆm-[n-]Xyw

kz]v\w I- amÀIvknkw `c-Ww I-¿m-fnb Øe-§-fn-seÃmw cmP-

-cWs¯ shÃp¶ GIm-[n-]-Xyhpw IpSpw-_-hm-gvN-bp-amWv \ne-hnÂ

h¶-Xv. dpta-\nb apXÂ sh\n-kze hsc-bpÅ Iayq-WnÌv cmPy-§-

fnse AhØbnXm-Wv.

a\p-jym-h-Im-i-¯nsâ Ip¯I hnX-c-W-¡m-cmbn kzbw

thjw sI«p¶ ]ecpw Iayq-Wn-Ìp-`c-W-Iq-S- `o-I-c-X--bnÂ\S¶ \c-

\m-bm-«p-I-sf-¡p-dn¨p au\w `Pn-¡p-¶p. ssN\-bnse Snbm-\³a³

kvIzb-dnÂ kam-[m-\-]qÀ®-ambn {]I-S\w \S-¯nb hnZymÀ°n-Isf

shSn-h-¨p-sIm¶p Nps«-cn¨ a\p-jy-¡p-cpXn kao-]-Im-es¯ Gähpw

henb a\p-jym-h-Im-i ewL\-am-bn-cp-¶p. SFI DÄs¸-sS-bpÅ

hnZymÀ°n kwL-S-\-IÄ Cu hnjbw Xa-kvI-cn-¨-Xp-sIm- -p --am{Xw

Cu oI-cX amªp-s]m-Ip-¶nÃ. \µn-{Km-anÂ kz´w Irjn`qan kwc-

£n-¡m³ kacw sNbvX {Kmao-W-IÀj-Isc Iayq-WnÌv Kp--IÄ

Np«p-sIm-¶-t¸mgpw \yq\-]-£-k-ap-Zm-b-¯nse kv{XoIsf am\-`wKw

sNbvX-t¸mgpw a\p-jym-h-Imiw ewLn-¡-s -«-Xmbn ]p.-I.-k.-IÄ Icp-

Xn-bn-Ã. C¯cw t_m[-]qÀÆ-amb \nkw-K-X-IÄ¡p ap¶n-emWv

ss{IkvXh ]ptcm-ln-Xsâ kzXzw IÀ½-\n-cX ssIh-cn-t¡---Xv.A©m-a-Xm-bn, kmaq-lnI \oXn-bpsS Ip¯-Im-h-Imiw

I½yq-Wn-Ìp-Im-c\v Xosd-gp-Xn-\ÂIn \nÊw-K-cm-hp¶p F¶-XmWv]ptcm-ln-X-hÀ¤-¯nsâ Bß-l-Xym-]-c-amb \ne-]m-Sv. kmaq-ly-\o-Xn-sbbpw a\p-jym-h-Im-i-§-sfbpw kwL-SnX iàn-bp-]-tbm-Kn¨v\ntj-[n-¡p-¶-\n-e-]mSv I½yq-WnÌv `mK¯p-\n-¶p-mIpt¼mÄ{Inbm-ß-I-amb CS-s]-S-ep-IÄ \S-¯m³ k`-bv¡m-I-Ww. aqe-¼-Ån-k-a-c- nepw In\m-eq-cnÂ \S¶ c-W-Iq-S-[mÀjvSy- n-\p-ap-¶nepwhnI-k-\-¯nsâ t]cnÂ ASp-¯-Im-e¯v tIcfw B]m-Z-Nq-Vw-hn-gp-§m³ ]mÀiz-hÀ¯n-I-fmb `qam-^n-bm-IÄ¡v H¯m-i-sN-bvXp-sIm-Sp-¡p¶ `c-W-t\-Xr-Xz-¯n\p ap¶nepw \nÊw-K-cmb ImgvN-¡m-c\m-Imt\ tIc-f-¯nse ]ptcm-ln-X\p Ign-bp-¶p-Åq. ]m{X-¡-Shv {]iv\-


39

¯nÂ P\-]-£- p-\n¶v sXfn-sh-Sp v {]Jym-]n¨ kpKXIpamcn AS-¡-ap-Å-hsc Ìmen-\nÌv amXr-I-bnÂ ]mÀ«n ssIImcyw sNbvX-t¸mgpw kzX{´ tkm^vSvhbÀ ]²Xn A«n-a-dn-¨-t¸mgpw {Inbm-ßICS-s]-S-ep-IÄ \S-¯m³ k`m-t\-XrXzw Aam-´n-¨p. kp\man ]pc-[n-hm-k-¯n-\pÅ tI{µ ^-v Sqdnkw taJ-e-bpsS ]p\-c-[n-hm-k-¯n-\p-th-n hI-am-än-sN-e-h-gn-¨-Xn-s\-Xntc Be-¸pg cq]-X-bpsS t\Xr-Xz-¯nÂ [oc-ambn {]Xn-I-cn¨Xv tIc-f-¯nse ]utcm-lnXy \h-kz-Xz-¯nsâ cq]oI-c-W-¯n\v Znim-kq-Nn-bm-Wv.

Bdm-a-Xm-bn, \h-km-aq-lnI {]Øm-\-§fpw Ah Gsä-Sp-¡p¶ ka-c-§fpw k`-bpsS {i²bpw ]n´p-Wbpw AÀln-¡p-¶-Xm-Wv. `qk-a-c-§fpw IpSn-sbm-gn-¸n-¡Â hncp-²-k-a-c-§fpw aÕy-s¯m-gn-emfn ka-c-§fpw \yq\-]-£-§-fpsS Ah-Imika-c-§fpw kv{Xoþ-a-\p-jym-h-Im-i-{]-iv\-§fpw Gsä-Sp-¡p¶ \h-km-aq-lnI {]Øm-§sf hÀ¤o-b-X-bp-sSbpw hntZ-i-i-àn-I-fp-sSbpw Nm¸-Ip¯n hwi-l-Xy-¡p-hn-t[-b-am¡p¶ {]h-W-X-bmWv Iayq-WnÌv ]mÀ«n-\-S-¯p-¶-Xv.-A-Sp-¯-Im-e¯p \S¶ P\-Io-b-ap-t¶-ä-§-fn-seÃmw em¯n-¸n-Sn-bpsS H¸am-bn-cp¶p ]mÀ«n-bpsS a\Êv. Adp-]-Xp-I-fnÂ ss{IkvX-h-]p-tcm-ln-X-cnÂ\n¶v Iayq-WnÌv ]mÀ«n X{´-]qÀÆw X«n-sb-Sp¯kmaq-ln-I-\o-Xn-bpsS ImÀUv XncnsI t\Sm³ k` {Inbm-ßI CS-

s]-S-ep-IÄ \S-t¯- ka-b-am-Wn-Xv.

Acn-hmfpw IpcnipwI½yq-Wn-k-¯n\p k`-bnÂ\n¶p ]Tn-¡m-\pÅ ]mT-§sf

Ah-K-Wn-¡p-¶Xpw A]-cm-[-am-Wv. \oXn, ka-Xzw, kmtlm-Zcyw XpS-§nb kmaq-ly-aq-ey-§-fpsS CuänÃw {InkvXp-a-X-am-sW¶ kXywIayq-Wn-Ìp-ImÀ AwKo-I-cn-¡-Ww. kmaq-lnI \oXn F¶ ]ZwXs¶It¯m-en-¡m-ssZ-h-im-kv{X-¯nsâ kw`m-h-\-bm-Wv. bpànsbDWÀ¯m\pw hnÚm-\s¯ hnI-kn-¸n-¡m-\p-ambn temI-am-k-IewkÀh-h-I-em-im-e-IÄ XpS-§n-bXv ss{IkvX-h-k-`-bmWv F¶p a\-Ên-em-¡m³ Iayq-Wn-Ìp-ImÀ I®p-Xp-d-¡-Ww. hnÚm-\- nsâ N{I-hm-f-§Ä¡v AXn-cp-I-ev]n-¡m¯ ss{IkvX-h-Nn-´m-k-c-Wn-bnÂXs¶-bmWv Úm\-hm-Zhpw `uXn-I-hm-Zhpw a\p-jy-a-l-Xz-hm-Zhpwbpàn-hm-Zhpw Imev]-\n-I-hm-Zhpw B[p-\n-I-Xbpw D¯-cm-[p-\n-I-Xbpw hfÀ¶p-h-¶-Xv.

I½yq-WnÌv Ncn{Xw Bcw-`n-¡p-¶Xv {^©p-hn-¹-h-t¯msSBbn-cn-¡mw. F¶mÂ Ncn{Xw {^©p-hn-¹-h-¯n\p apt¼ D-m-bn-cp-¶p. thmÄ«-bdpw amÀIvkpw P\n¡pw apt¼ ssS_À\-Zn-bn-eq-sSbpw

40


tXwkn-eq-sSbpw ssd³\-Zn-bn-eq-sSbpw Gsd shÅw Hgp-In-t¸m-bn-«p--m-bn-cp¶p F¶ hkvXpX I½yq-Wnkw ]Tn-¡-Ww. a[y-Im-es¯GXm\pw sNfn-¸m-Sp-I-sfbpw ]pgp-¡p-¯p-I-sfbpw Nq-n “temIs¯Gähpw henb \·-bmb” ss{IkvX-h-k-`-sbbpw ZÀi-\-s¯bpw Xa-kv¡-cn-¡m³ I½yq-Wn-Ìp-ImÀ Hcp-s¼-S-cp-Xv. I½yq-Wn-k-¯n\pw\qäm - - p -IÄ¡p-apt¼ a\p -jym -h -Im -i -¯n\pw kmaq -ln -I -\o -Xn¡pwth-n ]mh-§-fpsS ]£w tNÀ¶v ]S-s]m-cp-Xm³ k` am{XtaD-m-bn-cp-¶p-Åq. aX-s¯-¡p-dn¨p amÀIvkp \S-¯nb \nco-£-W-§Ä {InkvXp-ZÀi-\-¯nÂ A{]-k-à-am-Wv.

`mc-X-sa-¶mÂ _wKmfpw tIc-fhpw am{X-am-sW¶pw temI-sa-¶mÂ ssN\bpw Iyq_bpw am{X-am-sW¶pw Icp-Xp¶ I½yq-WnÌvk¦p-NnXXXzs¯ Xncp-¯m³ ss{IkvXh k`-bp-am-bpÅ kwhmZwI½yq-WnÌv ]mÀ«nsb klm-bn-¡pw. Ime-tZi kwkv¡m-c-§-fpsShyXn-bm-\-§sf kÀ¤-ßm-I-ambn kzmwio-I-cn¨v Ime-¯n\pw tZi-¯n\pw kwkv¡m-c-¯n\pw hgn-hn-f-¡m-Im³ kl-{km-_v[-§-fmbnk`bv¡p Ign-bp-¶-Xnsâ Imc-Ww {Kln-¡p-¶-Xn-eqsS “A[n-ImcwIn«n-bmÂ Ac-¡mXw” am{Xw apt¶-dm-\m-hp¶ I½yq-WnÌv KXn-tI-Sn\p ]cn-lm-c-am-Ipw.

IqSm-sX, k¼-¯nsâ \Sp-¡-S-enÂ Zni-In-«msX izmkwap«p¶ tIc-f- nse I½yq-WnÌv {]Øm-\- n\v k¼- nsâ kÀ¤m-ß-I-hn-\n-tbm-K-¯n\v k`-bp-am-bpÅ kwhmZw KpWw sN¿pw. AXn-eq-sS-bpÅ {]tbm-P\w \mSn\pw \m«p-I-mÀ¡pw In«p-Ibpw sN¿pw.Ømh-c-Pw-K-a-§-fmbn k`bv¡v {Z-ambn BkvXn-bp-s-¶v knhnÂtc-J-IÄXs¶ hyà-am-¡p-¶p. F¶mÂ Ch-sbm¶pw k`m-[n-Im-cn-IÄkzmÀ°-em-`-¯n-\mbn hn\n-tbm-Kn-¡p-Itbm kznkv _m¦n-te¡v\o¡p-Itbm sN¿p-¶n-Ã. tXy\ Xytà\ `pRvPnXw F¶ D]-\n-j-Xnsâ C¡-tWm-anIvkv k`-bnÂ\n¶v ]Tn-¡p-¶Xv ]mÀ«n-¡p-\-Ã-Xm-Wv. hkvXp B[m-c-§-fnÂ apgp-h³ XpIbpw ImWn-¡p-¶Xvss{IkvX-h-Øm-]-\-§Ä am{X-am-sW-¶Xv \ntj-[n-¡m³ GsX¦nepwcPn-kv{SmÀamÀ¡v Ign-bptam? km¼-¯nI kpcm-XyX k¼m-Z-\-¯nepw hn\n-tbm-K-¯nepw Hcp-t]mse {]mtbm-Kn-I-am-sW¶ kXywk`-bp-am-bpÅ kwhm-Z-¯n-eqsS ]mÀ«n¡p ]Tn-¡mw.

hÀ¤-k-a-c-¯n-sâbpw Igp-¯-d-¡-en-sâbpw sh«n\nc-¯n-en-sâbpw {]mIr-X-amÀ¤-¯nÂ\n¶v Imehpw kwkv¡m-chpw Gsdapt¶m-«p-t]mbn F¶p {Kln-¡m³ I½yq-Wn-Ìv ]mÀ«n¡v k`-bp-am-bpÅ kwhmZw klm-b-I-am-Wv. s]mcp-Xp-¶-Xp-am-{X-aÃ £an-¡p-I,ad-¡p-I, s]mdp-¡pI F¶n-hbpw kaq-l- nsâ \ne-\n-ev]n\p klm-


41

b-I-am-sW¶v ]mÀ«n ]Tn-t¡-- -Xp- - v . `À¯m-hns\ Np«p-sIm-¶-h-tcm-Sp-£-an-¡p¶ anknkv {Klmw-sÌbv\pw tN¨n-bpsS LmX-Is\cmJn-sI-«n-k-tlm-Z-c-\mbn kzoI-cn¨ kn. dmWn-a-cn-b-bpsS ktlm-Z-cnbpw cà-¡-d-]p-c- I½yq-Wn-k-¯n\p ]pXn-b-sh-fn¨w ]I-cpw._wKm-fnse apgp-h³ I½yq-Wn-Ìp-Imcpw tNÀ¶v kap-²-cn-¨-XnepwIqSp-XÂ Zcn-{Zsc kap-²-cn-¡m³ aZÀsX-tc-k-bv¡p-I-gn-ªXpw]mÀ«n¡v ]T-\-]n-j-b-am-¡m-hp-¶-Xm-Wv. km[p-P-\-kap-²m-cWw A[-c-hym-bmaw am{X-am-Ip¶ tIc-f-¯nse ]mÀ«nIÄ¡v k`-bpsS Poh-Im-cp-Wy-Øm-]-\-§-fnÂ\n¶v I½yqWvÌv am\n-s^-tÌmbpw aqe-[-\-hpw ]Tn-¸n-¡p-¶-Xnepw IqSp-XÂ ]mT-§Ä ]Tn-¡m-\p-- v.

tIc-f-k-`-bnse ]ptcm-ln-X-kzXzw \nÀ®-bn-¡p-¶-XnÂamÀIvkn-b³ CS-s]-S-ep-Isf Ah-K-Wn-¡m-\m-hn-Ã. {]kvXp-X-{]-Xy-b-imkv{Xw F{X-I-v Akzo-Im-cy-am-sW-¦nepw (de jure) P\-km-am-\y-¯nse \sÃm-cp-i-X-am\w AXnÂ B{i-bw-h-bv¡p¶p F¶hkvXpX (de facto). ]ptcm-ln-X\v hnkva-cn-¡m-\m-hnÃ amÀIvkn-k-¯nsâ km¶n-[ys¯ Xa-kvI-cn-¨p-sIm--Ã amÀIvkn-b³ {]Xy-b-im-kv{X-¯nsâ aÀ½-cm-ln-Xys¯ shfn-hm-¡n-s¡m-p am{Xsa tIc-

f-¯nÂ ]ptcm-ln-X-ip-{iqj km[y-am-hp-I-bp-Åq.

ASn-¡p-dn-¸p-IÄ

1. Karl Marx, Kritik der Hegelischen Gott P. 29.2. Lenin, Marx, Engels, Marxism, P. 308.3. amÀIvkv, GwKÂkv þ aX-s - -än, t{]m{Kkv ]»n-tj-gvkv, tamkvtIm 1983,P.153.4. Ibid, P. 154.5. Ibid, P. 323.6. Ibid, P. 325.7. Iayq-WnÌv am\n-s -tÌm, 41.8. amÀIvkv, GwKÂkv þ aX-s - än, P. 332.9. Ibid, P. 334.10. mjm-t]m-jnWn hmÀjn-I- -Xn¸v 2010, sI.-C.F¶p-am-bpÅ A`n-ap-Jw, P.31.11. ss\\mÀ tImin, Ipg¸w ]mÀ«nt¡m aX- nt\m?

amXr-`qan: BgvN-¸-Xn-¸v, sabv 9 (2010), P. 12.

42


tIcf \thm-°m\hpw aX-§fpw

aXs¯ AÔ-hn-izm-ktam A\m-Nm-ctam Aev] Úm\tamBbn-I-cp-Xp¶ amÀIvkn-b³ Nn´m-k-c-Wn-bnÂ bmYm-Øn-Xn-IX-bpsS Imh-em-fp-Ifpw \thm-°m\ Nn´-IÄ¡p hgn-ap-S-¡p¶ ZpÈ-Ip-\-§fpw kmaq-lnI ]cn-jvI-c-W-§-fpsS {]Xn-tem-a-i-àn-I-fp-am-bmWv aXw hne-bn-cp-¯-s¸-Sp-¶-Xv. Cu amÀIv-kn-b³ ho£-Ws¯km[q-I-cn-¡m³ tIc-f-¯nsâ kmaq-ln-I, cmjv{So-b, km¼-¯n-I,[mÀ½nI aWvU-e-§-fnÂ aX-§Ä \S-¯nb kÀ¤m-ß-I-amb CS-s]-S-ep-Isf Xa-kvI-c-W-¯n-eqsS A{]-k-à-am-¡mt\m Xnc-kvI-c-W-¯n-eqsS \nÀho-cy-am-¡mt\m DÅ t_m[-]qÀÆ-amb {ia-§ÄamÀIvkn-b³ A¨nÂhmÀs -Sp¯ ae-bmf Ncn-{X-{K-Ù-§-fnÂ {]I-S-am-Wv. DZm-l-c-W-ambn _n. cmPo-hsâ “hm¡p-Ifpw hkvXp-¡fpw”\S-¯p¶ \nco-£Ww {i²n-¡pI:

“C¶p -Im-Wp¶ PmXn-I-fp-sSbpw aX-hn-izm-k-§-fp-sSbpwNcn{Xw hkvXp\njvT-ambn ]cn-tim-[n-¨mÂ, {_n«ojv Ime-L-«-¯n-\p-ap¼v h¼n¨ _lp-P\ kwL-§-sf¶ \ne-bnÂ aX-§Ä¡p-Io-gnÂ C´y³ P\X kwLSn¨n-cp-¶n-Ã- F¶p ImWm³ Ignbpw. CubmYmÀ°yw ImWmsX C´y-bpsS Ncn-{Xs¯ aX-k-aq-l-hn-`m-K-§-fpsS Ncn-{X-ambn Nn{Xo-I-cn¨p F¶-XmWv ]mÝm-Xy-cpsS Ncn-{X-ho-£-W-¯nsâ asämcp hiw. kaq-l-Po-hn-X-¯nsâ FÃm Xe-§-fnepw {]hÀ¯n-¡p¶ a\p-jysc apgp-h³ DÄs¡m-Åp¶ Hcp lnµp-a-Xtam _p²-a-Xtam CÉmw-a-Xtam {_n«ojv Ime-L-«-¯n\v ap¼vD -m -hpI km[y-a -Ã” .1 aXs¯ sImtfm-Wn-b-en-k- n-sâtbm km{am-PyXz A[n-\n-th-i-¯n-sâtbm Dt]mÂ]-¶-ambn Nn{Xo-I-cn-¡m-\pÅ{ia-am-Wv-C-hnsS _n. cmPo-h³ \S-¯p-¶-Xv. aXs¯ \nb-X-amb N«-¡q-Sp-am-{X-ambn a\-Ên-em-¡p¶p F¶-Xn-\m-emWv amÀIvkn-k-¯n\vCu A_²w ]nW-bp-¶-Xv. hyàn-bpsS B´-cn-I-X-bnse ssZhn-Ihpw Bßo-I-hp-amb B`n-ap-Jy-¯nÂ\n-¶mWv aXm-ß-IX P\n-¡p-¶-Xv. Cu AÀ°- nÂ thZ-§Ä¡pw thZm- -§Ä¡pw ]n¶nseaXm-ß-I-Xsb BÀ¡pw \ntj-[n-¡m-\m-hn-Ã. B -cn-I-Xsb Xa-kvI-cn¨ kmaq-lnI N«-¡q-Snsâ sI«p-d-¸p-am-{X-ambn aXs¯ amäp-¶Xv

amÀIvkn-b³ aX-\n-µ-bpsS `mK-am-Wv.

3


43

tIc-fob kmaqly bmYmÀ°y-§ÄtIcfw `mc-X-¯nsâ `mK-am-sW-¦nepw `mc-X-¯n-\p -

s]mXphnÂ ]d-bp¶ ]e-XnÂ\n¶pw hyXn-cn-à-amb kmaq-lnIbmYmÀ°y-amWv tIc-f-¯nÂ F¡m-ehpw \ne-\n-¶n-cp-¶-Xv. C. Fw.Fkv (Kerala Society and Politics), ]n. sI. _me-Ir-jvW³ (Pm-Xn-hy-h-Øn-Xnbpw tIc-f-N-cn-{X-hpw) Un. Un. tImkw_n (Introductionto the Study of Indian History), _n. cmPo-h³ (hm-¡p-Ifpw hkvXp-¡-fpw) F¶o Ncn-{X-{K-Ù-§Ä Cu kmaqly bmYmÀ°ys¯amÀIvkn-b³ ]cn-t{]-£y-¯nÂ A]-{K-Yn-¡p-¶p--v. Ah-bnÂ {it²-b-amb Nne \nco-£-W-§Ä NphsS tNÀ¡p-¶p:

1. CXc C´y³ kaq-l-§-fnÂ Zriy-am-bn-cp¶ PmXn hyh-ØnXn þ NmXpÀhÀWy-hy-h-ØnXn þ AtX-]Sn tIc-f-¯nÂ HcpIme¯pw D-m-bn-cp-¶n-Ã. {_mÒ-W-c-Ãm-¯-h-scÃmw Hä-Pm-Xn-bmbn]cn-K-Wn-¡-s¸-«n-cp-¶p. sshiyÀ Fs¶mcp hn`m-Kw-Xs¶ tIc-f-¯n-en-Ã. hÀW-hy-h-Ø-bpsS Xm¯zn-I-cq-]hpw {]mtbm-Kn-I-cq-]hpwX½nÂ C{X henb Hc-´cw tIc-f-¯nÂ F§s\ kw`-hn¨p?CXn\p ]d-bm-hp¶ hyà-amb Hcp¯cw, ImÀjn-I-{Km-a-hy-hØ cq]-s¸-Sp-¶-Xn-\p-ap¼v tIc-f-¯nÂ \ne-\n¶ tKm{X-k-aq-l-§-fnÂNmXpÀhÀWy-hy-h-Ø-bnÂ DÄs -Sm³ ]mI- nÂ sXmgnÂ hn -P\wkw`-hn¨p Ign -ªn-cp -¶nÃ F¶-Xm-Wv. sshiyÀ Fs¶mcphn`mKwXs¶ tIc-f-¯nÂ cq]-s¸-Sm-Xn-cp-¶Xv {]tXyIw {i²n-t¡-hkvXp-X-bmWv. tIc-fo-b-hÀW hyh-Ø-bnÂ Cu hn`m-K-¯nsâA`mhw ImÀjn-I-{Km-a-hy-hØ cq]w-sIm- Imes¯ tIc-fo-b-k-aq-l-¯nsâ km¼-¯n-Im-h-Ø-bpsS \nZÀi\w Xs¶-bm-Wv. 2 Cu\nco-£Ww tIcf kaq-ls¯ k¼qÀ®ambpw lnµp kmaqly-{I-a-¯nÂ k¦-ev]n-¨p-sIm- -p -Å-Xm-Wv. sIm¨n-þ-Xn-cp-hn-Xmw-IqÀDÄs¡m-Åp¶ A¶s¯ tIc-f-¯nse ià-amb Hcp P\-hn-`m-K-am-bn-cp¶p ss{IkvX-hÀ. Ah-scbpw Ah-cpsS kmaq-lnI kw`m-h\Isfbpw k¼qÀ®-ambn hnkva-cn-¡m³ t{]cn-¸n-¡p¶ {]Xy-b-imkv{X BÔyw aqe-amWv tIc-f-N-cn-{Xm-]-{K-Y-\-¯nÂ taÂ]-dªalm-·mÀ¡v hgn-sX-äp-¶-Xv.

2. tIc-f-¯nÂ PmXn-hy-h-Øn-Xn¡p]cn- tKm-{X-hy-h-Øn-Xn-bmWv \ne-\n-¶n-cp-¶Xv F¶ ]n. sI _me-Ir-jvWsâ \nco-£Wwicn-bm-Im-\mWv km[yX.3 Chn-Sps¯ hyXykvX kaq-l-§ÄkhÀ®m-hÀ®-t`-Z-an-ÃmX BN-cn-¨p-t]m¶ Abn¯w CXnsâ sXfn-hm-Wv. tIc-f-¯nÂ \¼q-Xn-cn-amÀ khÀW-Pm-Xn-I-tfmSpw Abn¯w

44


]peÀ¯p-¶p. tIc-fob PmXn kaq-l-¯nsâ asämcp {]tXy-IXImÀjnI ASn-a-I-fm-bn-cp¶ ]pe-b-PmXn AS-¡-apÅ AhÀW-Pm-Xn-IÄ¡n-S-bnÂ kmÀÆ-{Xn-I-ambn ImWp¶ Abn- m-Nm-c-am-Wv. {_mÒ-W-cnÂ\n¶v Xo-m-¸m-S-Iew Gähpw IqSnb PmXn-bmWv \mbm-Sn.\mbmSn Xo-n -bmÂ \¼q-Xncn ap§n-¡pfn sIm-p -am{Xw ip²-\m-hp-I-bn-Ã. Ipfn-¡p-tijw ]qWqÂ amdp-Ibpw ]©-Khyw Ign-¡pIbpwthWw. C§s\ Gähpw \njn-²-\mb \mbm-Sn¡v ]pe-bt\m ]d-bt\m sXm« `£Ww \njn-²-am-Wv. ]pe-b\pw ]d-b-\p-am-Is« ]c-kv]cw sXm«mÂ Abn-¯-s¸-Sp-¶-hcpw ap§n-¡p-fn¨v ip²nhcp-t¯-- -h-cp -am -Wv. DÅmS³ ]pe-bs\ Xo-n -bmÂ Ggp h«w -Ip -fn¨vssIbnse sNdp-hn-c-enÂ\n¶v GXm\pw XpÅn càw hmÀ¯p-I-f-ªmÂ am{X-amWv ip²-\m-hp-I. AtX-k-abw ]pe-b³ sXm«`£Ww hÀÖn-¡p-¶-h-\mWv DÅm-S³. C§s\ khÀW-Pm-Xn-IÄt]mepw- Abn-¯-Pm-Xn-I-fm-bn-cn¡p-Ibpw, Gähpw XmW PmXn-IÄt]mepw ]c-kv]cw Abn¯w BN-cn-t¡- hnip-²-cm-bn-cn-¡p-Ibpw sN¿p¶ tIc-fo-b-PmXn LS-\-bpsS Cu khn-ti-jX AXnsâDÛ-h-s¯-¡p-dn-¨pÅ Hcp hkvXpX hyà-am-¡p-¶p-- v. hÀ¤-k-aq-l-¯nsâ amXr-I-bn-te¡v PmXn-I-sf¶ \ne-bnÂ DÄt¨À¡s¸«tIc-fo-b-tKm-{X-§Ä Hmtcm¶pw tKm{X-hn-ip-²n-bpsS t]cnÂ ]c-kv]cw hÀÖn-¡p-¶-h-bm-bn-cp-¶p.

tIc-f-¯nse hnhn[ ss{IkvXh hn`m-K-§fpw Cu tKm{X-hn-ip-²n-bpsS XS-h-d-bnÂ\n¶v ]qÀ®-ambpw tamNn-X-cm-bn-cp-¶nÃF¶p thWw Icp-Xm³. Xo-Â, Abn¯w XpS-§n-bh ss{IkvX-h-cp-sS-bn-S-bnÂ CÃmbncps¶¦nepw hnhn[ ss{IkvX-h-hn-`m-K-§ÄX½n-epÅ hnhm-l-_-Ô-§Ä A]qÀÆ-am-bn-cp¶p F¶Xpw hnh-n[-tKm-{X-§-fnÂ \n¶p “amÀ¤w” kzoI-cn¨ph¶-hÀ tZhm-e-b-§-fnÂt]mepw \nb-X-amb Øm\-\nÀ®bw Bh-iy-s¸-«n-cp¶p F¶XpwCXnsâ sXfn-hm-Wv.

3. tIc-f-¯nse _lp-`m-cym-Xzhpw _lp`ÀXr-Xzhpw \ne-\n-¶n-cp¶ IpSpw_hyh-Øn-Xn-sb-¡p-dn-¨pÅ amÀIvkn-b³ Ncn-{X-Im-c-·m-cpsS \nco-£-Whpw hnNn-{X-am-Wv. “Hcp ]pcp-j\v Hcp `mcy”F¶ {InkvXob {]t_m-[\w temI-amsI kzoI-cn-¨-Xp-t]mse tIc-fhpw kzoI-cn¨p F¶-XmWv kXyw. ]mÝm-XyÀhgnss{IkvXhZÀi\§-fp-ambn ssIh¶ k¼À¡-¯n-eqsS tImf-\n-hm-gvN-Im-e¯v tIc-f-¯nse IpSpw_ hyh-Øn-Xn-I-fnÂ h¶ KpW-]-c-amb amä-§-fmb GI `mcym-Xzw, `ÀXrXzw F¶n-h-sb-¡p-dn¨vhkvXp-\n -jvT-amb ]T-\-§Ä C\nbpw \S-t¯-- -Xp - - v . F¶mÂ


45

IpSpw_ cwKs¯ Cu amä-s¯-t¸mepw amÀIvkn-b³ kzm[o-\-ambnAh-X-cn- n-¡m³ Cu Ncn-{X-Im-c-·mÀ¡p Ign-bp¶p F¶-XmWv AÛp-Xm-h-lw. “_lp-`m-cym-Xz-¯n-sâbpw _lp-`À¯r-Xz-¯n-sâbpwhnhn[ cq]-§-tfm-Sp-Iq-Snb Iq«p-Ip-Spw-_-§Ä tIc-f-¯nÂ ASp-¯-Im-ew-hsc \ne-\n-¶p-t]m-¶p. B[p-\n-I-bpKwhsc Cu hyhØ tIc-f-¯nÂ \ne-\n-¶p-t]m-cm-\pÅ Imc-W-§-sf-¡p-dn¨v Ncn-{X-Im-c-·mÀ]e \nK-a-\-§-fnepw F¯p-¶p- - v . F¶mÂ Ch-bnÂ Gähpwimkv{Xo-b-sa¶p Icp-Xm-hp-¶Xv tamÀK-s\bpw GwKÂkn-s\-bpw-t]m-ep-Å-hÀ IpSpw-_-cq-]-§-fpsS ]cn-Wm-a-s¯-¡p-dn¨p \S-¯p¶ ]T-\-§sf Bkv]-Z-am¡n cq]o-I-cn-¨n-«pÅ H¶m-Wv. CX-\p-k-cn¨v tIc-f-¯nse Iq«p-Ip-Spw-_-hy-hØnXn¡m-[m-c-amb kv{Xo]p-cp-j-_-Ô-¯nsâ hnhn[ cq]-§Ä tKm{X-k-aq-l-§-fnse bqY-hn-hm-l-k-{¼-Zm-b-¯nÂ\n¶pw Zm¼-Xy-hn-hm-l-k-{¼-Zm-b-¯n-te-¡pÅ ]cn-Wm-a-¯nsâ A´-cm-f-L-«-s¯-bmWv {]Xn-\n[m\w sN¿p-¶-Xv. F¶mÂCh XpSÀ¶v ]pXnb cq]-§-fn-te¡p ]cn-W-an-¡msX Dd-¨p-\n-¶p-

t]m -b -sX -´p -sIm - v F¶-t\z -jn -t¡- - -Xp - - v .” 4

amÀIvkn -s\tbm GwKÂkn -s\tbm amÀIvkn -k-s¯tbmIpdn¨v tI«p-tIÄhn-t]m-ep-an-Ãm¯ Ime-¯p-\-S¶ kmaq-ln-I-]-cn-hÀ -\- n-\p-t]mepw amÀIvkn-b³ ss]XrIw tXSp-¶Xv hnNn-{X-am-Wv. amÀIvkn-b³ ho£-W-¯nse IpSpw-_-c-lnX hyh-Øn-Xn-bn-te-¡pÅ hfÀ¨-bpsS ]Sn-bmbn tIc-f-¯nse _lp`mcym`ÀXrk{¼-Zm-bs¯ hni-Zo-I-cn-¡m³ A]m-c-amb BÔyw Bh-iy-ap-- v.GI-`m-cym-Xzw, GI-`ÀXrXzw F¶ Pohn-X-{Iaw amXr-Im-]-c-ambnPohn-¨p-Im-Wn-¡p¶ Hcp kaq-l-¯nsâ (ss{IkvX-h-cpsS) km¶n-[ytam kzm[o-\tam Xa-kvI-cn-¡m\pw CtX AÔX A\n-hm-cy-amWv.

4. `mcX-¯nÂ \ne-\n-¶-ncp¶ NmXpÀhÀWy-hy-h-Øn-XnsbImÀjn-I-hy-h-Øn-Xn-bnse sXmgnÂ hn`-P-\-¯nsâ t]cnÂ \ymbo-I-cn-¡m\pw amÀIvkn-b³ Ncn-{X-Im-c-·mÀ¡p Ign-bp-¶p. C´ybnÂPmXn-hy-hØ Ipe-s¯m-gn-ep-IÄ¡v A\p-k-cn¨v a\pjysc Pohn-tXm-]m-[n-I-fpsS DXv]m-Z-\- nsâ Xe- nÂ hn -Pn¨p\nÀ¯n-bn-cp¶Hcp sXmgnÂhn`-P\coXn-bm-bn-cp-¶p. F¶mÂ, PmXn-hy-hØ HcpsXmgnÂhn`-P\w am{X-am-bn-cp-¶nÃ. a\p-jy-cpsS AkvXn-Xz-¯n\vAXncpw AÀYhpw sImSp-¡p¶ hnizm-k-§-tfmSpw BNm-c-§-tfmSpw_Ô-s¸« Hcp [mÀ½nI hyh-Ø-bm-bn-cp¶p PmXn. C§-s\ -]-gbC´y³ ImÀjnI {Kma-k-aq-l-§-fnÂ Htckabw c-W-k-{¼-ZmbhpwsXmgnÂ hn`-P-\hpw [mÀ½n-I-hy-h-Ø-bp-ambn {]-hÀ¯n¨ Hcpk¦oÀ®b{´-am-bn-cp¶p PmXn. F¶mÂ {_n«ojv `cWw h¶-tXm-

46


sS-bmWv PmXn-hy-h-ØnXn ]oV-\-b-{´-ambn amdn-bXv F¶vamÀIvknb³ Ncn-{X-Im-c-·mÀ hnh-£n-¡p-¶p. C´y³PmXn hyh-Øn-Xn-bnÂ Xmgv¶ PmXn-¡mÀ A\p-`-hn¨ hnth-N\¯n\p apgp-h³{_n«ojv `c-Ws¯ ]gn-Nm-cp -¶-hÀ {]kvXp-X-Pm-Xn-hy-h-Øn-Xns¡Xncmbn s]mcp-Xnb ss{IkvXh anj-\-dn-amsc ImWmsXt]mbXv Kth-j-W-¯nsâ Ipd-hp-sIm--mtWm AtXm ss{IkvXhXa-kvI-c-W-¯nsâ `mK-am-bn-«mtWm F¶Xv hne-bn-cp-¯-s¸-tS-- -

Xm-Wv.

ss{IkvX-hcpw tIcf \thm-°m-\hpwtIc-f-N-cn{Xw cNn¨ Ncn-{X-Im-c-·m-cnÂ ]ecpw ss{IkvX-

hÀ \mSnsâ \·-¡p-th-n sNbvX {]hÀ¯-\-§sf Xa-kvI-cn-¡p-I-bmWp sNbvX-Xv. F¶mÂ, NmXpÀhÀWyhyh-Øn-Xn, ASn-a-¡-¨-h-Sw, kv{Xohn-th-N\w, kXn XpS-§nb kmaq-lnI A\m-Nm-c-§Äa®nÂ\n¶v XpS-¨p-\o-¡m-\m-bXv {InkvXy³ anj-W-dn-am-cpsS \nc-´-c-amb ]cn-{i-a-¯n-eq-sS-bm-Wv.

NmXpÀhÀWy-hy-h-Øn-Xn-bpsS B\p-Iqeyw ]än-bn-cp-¶XvkhÀ® {_mÒ-Wcpw A[n-Imcw I¿m-fn--bn-cp¶ £{Xn-bcpw Bbp-[-]-cn-io-e\w kn²n¨ \mb-·m-cp-am-bn-cp-¶p. A[x-Ir-X-cmbn Icp-X-s¸-«n-cp¶ hn`m-K-§sf (DZm: ]pe-bÀ, ]d-bÀ, thSÀ) I¶p-Im-en-I-sf-t¸mse hm§p-Ibpw hnÂ¡p-Ibpw sNbvXn-cp-¶p. s]mXp-h-gn-IÄD]-tbm-Kn-¡mt\m, kvIqfntem Bip-]-{Xn-bntem t]mImt\m t£{X-§-fpsS ]cn-k-c-¯p-t]mepw IS-¶p-sN-Ãmt\m C¡q-«À¡v A\p-hm-Z-ap--m-bn-cp-¶n-Ã. NmXpÀhÀWy-hy-h-Øn-Xnsb FXnÀ¯v kmaq-ln-I-k-aXzw F¶ al-\o-b-amb kphn-ti-j-ZÀi\w tIc-f-¯nÂ BZy-ambn Ah-X-cn-¸n-¨Xv {InkvXy³ anj-\-dn-am-cm-bn-cp-¶p. anj-\-dn-amÀBcw- n¨ ]Ån-¡q-S-§-fn-eq-sSbmWv {][m-\-ambpw Cu hn¹-h-I-c-ambBibw ssIamäw sN¿-s¸-«-Xv.

“ss{IkvXhcpw tZio-b-{]-Øm-\-§fpw” F¶ {KÙ-¯nÂ{io tPm¬ I¨-d-aäw ss{IkvX-an-j-\-dn-am-cpsS kw`m-h-\-I-sf-¡p-dn-¨pÅ hnJym-X-cpsS he-bn-cp-¯-ep-IÄ tcJ-s¸-Sp-¯p-¶p-- v.5 Xncp-hn-Xmw-IqÀ tÌäv am\p-h-enÂ hn. \mK¿ C{]-Imcw Fgp-Xn-bn-cn-¡p¶p:“Cu {InkvXob anj-\-dn-amÀ CÃm-bn-cp-¶p-sh-¦nÂ sslµh kap-Zm-b-¯nse XmW ]Sn-bnÂs¸« ChÀ F¶pw C§s\ D²-cn-¡-s¸-SmsX InS-¡p-am-bn-cp-¶p. Ah-cpsS hmk-Ø-e-§-fnÂ t]mbn, D¯-a-amw-hn[w Cu temI-¯nÂ Pohn-¡p-¶-Xn-\pÅ Hcp t_m[w Ah-cnÂ DÂ`q-X-am-¡n-sb-¶pÅ ta·bv¡v ss{IkvXh anj-\-dn-am-cmWv


47

Ah-Im-in-IÄ. anj-\-dn-am-cpsS Cu {]hr¯n tIhew {]mNo-\-N-cn-{X-¯nsâ Hcp \ho-I-c-Ww-þ-\n-e-hn-en-cn-¡p¶ amXr-I-bpsS Hcp an\p-k-s¸-Sp-¯Â AYhm ]cn-jvI-cWw Bbn-cp-¶n-Ã. {]kvXpX {]iw-k-\o-b-amb ipjvIm-ńtbmSpw, ]e-t¸mgpw FXnÀ¸n-s\bpw aX-]oU\s¯bpw Ah-K-Wn-¨pw AhÀ \S-¸nÂ hcp-¯nb ]qÀ®-ambn\ho-\hpw BZr-jvS-]qÀÆÆpw Bb Hcp Bi-b-am-bn-cp¶p.”

Xncp-hn-Xmw-IqÀ Kh¬saânsâ No^v sk{I-«-dn-bm-bn-cp¶tUm. F³. Ipª³]nÅ 1931-þse sk³kkv dnt¸mÀ«nÂ C{]-ImcwFgp-Xn-bn-cn-¡p¶p: “X§-fpsS Zb-\o-b-amb \ne-sbbpw, AXns\A`n-hr-²n-s¸-Sp-t¯---Xnsâ Bh-iy-I-X-sbbpw]än Cu A[x-Ir-XÀ¡v Hcp t_m[-ap--m-¡n-s¡m-Sp-¯Xv Cu anj-\-dn-am-cm-Ip-¶p. kap-Zm-b-¯nse XmW-]-Sn-bn-epÅ X§-fpsS \nÀ`m-Ky-cmb ktlm-Z-c-·msc Ignª Ime-§-fnÂ Ah-K-Wn-¨n-cp-¶-Xnsâ Zpc-´-^-e-§ÄD¶-X-Pm-Xn-IÄ¡p a\-Ên-em-¡n-s¡m-Sp-¯Xpw Cu anj-\-dn-am-cpsStkh-\-§-fm-Wv.”

ss{IkvXh anj-\-dn-am-cpsS hnZym-`ymk {]hÀ¯-\-§-fmWvA[x-Ir-X-cpsS kmaq-lnI \thm-°m-\-¯n\v Imc-W-am-b-sX¶v {]ap-J-N-cn-{X-Im-c-\mb sI. ]n. ]Zva-\m-`-ta-t\m³ “sIm¨n cmPy-N-cn{Xw”F¶ {KÙ-¯nÂ Fgp-Xn-bn-cn-¡p¶p:

“ {InkvXy³ an-j-\-dn-am-cpsS hnZym-`ymk {]hÀ¯-\s¯F{X {]iw-kn-¨mepw A[n-I-am-hp-I-bn-Ã. Ah-cpsS kvXpXyÀl-ambCu HuZmcy {]hr-¯n-sIm-v sNdp-a-I-fp-sSbpw ]pe-b-cp-sSbpwAhØ \¶mbn h¶n-«p-- v. cmPys¯ Hmtcm sXmgn-epI-fpsS \S-¯n-¸n\v ]-p -]t- h¨n-«pÅ GÀ¸m-Sp -Isf amän -¡-f-bp-¶-Xmb]mXn-cn-am-cpsS Cu {]hr-¯nsb Ime-K-Xn¡v Hcp hn[-¯nepw XSp-¡-¯-¡-X-Ã. AhÀ Xmgv¶ PmXn-¡mÀ¡v Cu Aaq-ey-amb hnZym-[\w \ÂIp-Ibpw kmap-Zm-bn-Im-h-Ø-bnÂ Ahsc DbÀ¯p-IbpwsNbvX-Xp-sIm- v s]mXp-P-\m-`n -hr-²n-¡p- -m -bn-«pÅ klm-bs¯Nnń¨v \mw Ahsc A`n\µnt¡--Xm-Wv. Xmgv¶ PmXn-¡mÀ kZmA`n-hr-²nsb A`n-K-an-¡p¶p F¶p-ÅXv Nmcn-XmÀ°y-P-\-I-am-bn-cp-¶p. ]pe-bÀ apX-em-b-h-cpsS ØnXnbpw \¶m-bn-h-cp-¶p--v. hgn-am-dp-¶-Xn-\pÅ Ak-ly-X-tbbpw the-\-S-¯n-¸n-\pÅ D]-{Z-h-s¯bpwhnNm-cn¨pw {]tZ-i¯v ]mS¯p ]Wn-sb-Sp-¡p¶ ]pe-bÀ CuhI\nhr- n-¡mbn Ime- p-ap-XÂ kÔy-bm-hp-¶-Xp-hsc Igp- nÂ ]g-b-Iqdv {InkvXym-\n-I-fpsS AS-bm-f-amb shó§m [cn-¡p-¶-Xmbn

Adn-bp-¶p.”

48


aX-\n-jn² \thm-°m\wtIc-f-¯nse \thm-°m\ {ia-§-f-s{Xbpw aX\njn² hyh-

Øn-Xn-bnÂ \n¶p cq]w sIm--Xm-sW¶p Øm]n-¡m-\pÅ {ia-¯n-eqsS Iayq-Wn-k-¯nsâ hc-hn\pw apt¼ tIcfw Iayq-WnÌvNn´m-K-Xn-¡p-th-n ]mI-s¸-Sp-¯-s¸« a®m-bn-cp¶p F¶p hcp-¯n-¯oÀ¡m-\mWv Iayq-Wn-Ìp-ImÀ {ian-¨-Xv. tIcf \thm-°m-\-¯nsâ\mb-I-\mbn {io\m-cm-b-W-Kp-cp-hns\ {]Xn-jvTn-¡p-¶Xpw Acp-hn- pdw{]Xn-jvTsb tIcf \thm-°m-\-¯nsâ inem-Øm-]-\-IÀ½-ambnDbÀ¯n-¡m-«p-Ibpw sN¿p-¶-Xn-eqsS Iayq-WnÌv Ncn-{X-Im-c-·mÀC{]-Im-c-samcp hgn-sbm-cp-¡-em-Wp -\-S-¯p-¶Xv. {io\m-cm-b-W-Kp-cp-hnsâ Bß-tX-P-Êns\ Ah-K-Wn¨v At±-l-¯nsâ kaq-l-]-cn-jvI-c-Wmw-is¯ ]pI-gv¯p-¶-Xn-eqsS {io\m-cm-b-W-Kp-cp-hns\ F. sI.Pn¡pw C. Fw. Fkn-\p-sam¸w kmaq-lnI ]cn-jvIÀ¯m-hmbn am{XwHXp-¡m-\mWv amÀIvkn-Ìv Ncn-{X-Im-c-·mÀ {ian-¨-Xv. Acp-hn-¸p-d¯v{io\m-cm-b-W-Kpcp Acn-hmfpw Npän-I-bp-aÃ ]c-a-inh {]Xn-jvT-bmWv\S-¯n-b-Xv F¶ hkvXpX amÀIvkn-b³ Ncn-{X-Im-c-·mÀ kuI-cy-]qÀÆw hnkva-cn-¡p-I-bm-Wv. PmXn-t`Xw aX-tZz-jw, GXp-an-ÃmsXkÀÆ-cpw, tkmZ-c-tZz\ hmgp¶, amXr-Im-Øm-\-amWnXv F¶ Kpcp-kq-às¯ Iayq-Wn-Ìva-X-\n-cm-k-hp-ambn Xmc-X-ay-s -Sp- p¶ kml-kn-I-IÀ½hpw Cu Ncn-{X-{K-Ù-§-fnÂ ImWmw. {io\m-cm-b-W-Kpcpae-bm-f-¯nsâ Gähpw alm-\mb k´m-\-am-bn-cp¶p F¶ Imcy-¯nÂ BÀ¡pw ktµ-l-an-Ã. F¶mÂ At±-ls¯ sNs¦mSn ]pX-¸n-¡m-\pÅ {iaw At±-ls¯ Imhn-bp-Sp-¸n-¡m³ hÀj-§-fmbn ]cn-{i-an-¡p¶ kwL-]-cn-hm-dnsâ {ia-§-tf-¡mfpw H«pw t{ijvT-aÃF¶p Nq-n-¡m-«m-\mWv C{Xbpw ]d-ª-Xv.

tIcf \thm-°m-\-¯nsâ DuSpw ]mhpw s\bvXn-cn-¡p-¶Xvae-bm-f-¡-c-bpsS aXm-ß-I-X-bn-em-Wv. AXns\ Xa-kv¡-cn-¡m³Bsc-Ãmw -{i-an- mepw A\n-tj-[y-amb Ncn-{X-h-kvXp-X-IÄ FXnÀkm-£n-I-fmbn cwK¯p \nd-bpw. aX- \-ho-I-c-W -{]-Øm-\-§sf aX\ncm-k\ {]Øm-\-§tfm \nco-iz-c-hmZ {]Øm-\-§tfm Bbn ]p\-kr-jvSn-¡m³ {ian-¨-t¸m-gmWv Iayq-WnÌv Ncn-{X-Im-c-·mÀ¡v hgn-sX-än-¯p-S-§n-b-Xv. tIcf \thm-°m\ kwcw-`-§-sfÃmw aX-hn-izm-k-¯nsâ NqSpw icn-bmb Cuizc `àn-bpsS {]Im-ihpw t]dp-¶-h-bm-bn-cp-¶p. 1888-þÂ \S¶ Acp-hn-¸pdw {]Xn-jvTbpw XpSÀ¶v Cughkap-Zm-b-¯nsâ ka-{K-h-fÀ¨-bv¡p-th-n 1903-þÂ {io\m-cm-bW[À½-]-cn-]m-e-\-kw-L-¯nsâ Øm]-\hpw aX-hn-izm-khpw Cuiz-c--ànbpw Du«n-bp-d- n-¡p¶ kw -h-§-fm-bn-cp-¶-tÃm. kmaq-lnI \thm-


49

°m\ \mb-I-cnÂ {]ap-J-\mb asämcp t\Xmhv N«-¼n-kzm-an-I-fm-bn-cp-¶p. PmXn-hy-h-Øn-Xn-bnÂ {_mÒ-W-cpsS Zmky-hr¯n t{ijvT-ambn Icp-Xn-bn-cp¶ \mb-·msc Bßm-`n-am-\-ap-Å-h-cm-¡m³ kzman-IÄ kÀÆXm ]cn-{i-an-¨p. At±lw cNn¨ “ {]mNo\ ae-bmfw” F¶IrXn-bnÂ \mbÀ kap-Zmbw A`n-am-\-{]Xo-I-ambn Icp-Xp-bn-cp¶{_mÒW kw_-Ôs¯ \mbÀ kap-Zm-b-¯nsâ Bßmhp \in-¸n¨{]hr-¯n-bmbn kzman-IÄ hnh-cn-¨p. {InkvXy³ anj-\-dn-am-cp-ambnhmZ-{]-Xn-hm-Z-¯n-teÀs¸-SpI F¶Xpw lnµp-aXw {InkvXp-a-X-t¯-¡mÄ t{ijvT-am-sW¶p Øm]n-¡pI F¶Xpw kzman-I-fpsS {][m\ZuXy-§-fm-bn-cp-¶p. Cug-hÀ Iq«-t¯msS {InkvXp-aXw BtÇ-jn-¡m-\pÅ \o¡-ap--m-b-t¸mÄ AXns\ ^e-{]-Z-ambn XS-ªXpw N«-¼n-kzm-an-I-fm-bn-cp-¶p. 1924-þÂ kzman-IÄ ]·-\-bnÂ kam-[n-b-S-ª-t¸mÄ At±-l-¯nsâ injyÀ At±-l-¯n-\mbn t£{Xw ]WnXvAt±-l-¯nsâ ssNX\yw AhnsS IpSn-bn-cp-¯n. Npcp¡n¸d-ªmÂN«-¼n-kzm-an-I-fpsS {]hÀ¯-\hpw \thm-°m\ \o¡-§fpw ]qÀ®-ambpw aXm-[n-jvTn-X-ambncp¶p.6

D¯-c-tI-c-f-¯nÂ PmXn-Nn-´-bvs¡-Xn-scbpw aZy-hÀÖ-\-¯n\pth-nbpw Bß-hn-Zym-kwLw Øm]n¨p s]mcp-Xnb hmKv `-Sm-\-µ\pw (1885-þ1939). taÂap-p ka-c-¯n-eqsS sX¡³ tIc-f-¯nÂià-amb kmaq-lnI km¶n[yw Adn-bn-¡p-Ibpw “ka-Xz-kamPw”F¶ t]cnÂ tIc-f-¯nÂ BZys¯ kmaq-ln-I kwL-S\ Øm]n-¡p-Ibpw sNbvX sshIp-WvT-kzm-anbpw (1809-þ1851) aX-\n-tj-[¯-n-eq-sS-bÃ aX-hn-izm-k-¯n-eq-sS-bmWv kmaq-ln-I-]-cn-jvI-cWw km[n-¨-Xv. apÉnw kap-Zmb kap-²m-c-W-¯n-\mbn bXv\n-¨ -h¡wA_vZpÄJm-ZÀ aue-hnbpw (1873-þ1932) aX-hn-izm-ks¯ {]mW-hm-bp-hm¡n kmaq-lnI ]cn-jvI-c-W- n\p Xncn-sX-fn-bn¨ hyàn-bmWv.

hyàn-IÄ am{X-aÃ kmaq-lnI ]cn-jvI-c-W-{]-Øm-\§fpwbYmÀ° aX-hn-izm-ks¯ t]mjn-¸n-¡m\pw aX-¯nsâ t]cn-epÅA\m-Nm-c-§sf FXnÀ¡m\pwth-n Øm]n-¡-s¸-«-h-bm-bn-cp-¶p.1903þ sabv 15þ\v Øm]n-X-amb {io\m-cm-bW [À½ ]cn-]m-e-\-kw-Lhpw 1914-þ-H-IvtSm-_À 31þ\v a¶-¯v]-Zva-\m-`sâ t\Xr-Xz-¯nÂØm]n¨ \mbÀ kÀÆokv skmssk-änbpw XnI¨pw aX-k-ap-Zm-bm-[n-jvTnX \ho-I-cW {]Øm-\-§-fm-bn-cp¶p. 1908-þÂ hn.Sn `«-Xn-cn-¸m-Snsâ t\Xr-Xz-¯nÂ {_mÒ-W-cpsS kap²m-c-W-¯n-\mbn Bcw-`n¨ tbmK-t£-a-k-`bpw Cuiz-c-hn-izm-k-s¯-{]Xn kmaq-ln-I-]-cn-jvI-cWw F¶ bmYmÀ°yw DÄs¡m-p {]hÀ¯n-¨ kwL-S-\-bm-bn-cp-¶p. 1907-þÂ A¿³Im-fn-bpsS (1866-þ1941) t\Xr-Xz-¯nÂ lcn-P-

50


\-k-ap-²mcW-¯n-\mbn Bcw-`n¨ “km[p-P-\-]-cn-]m-e-\-tbmK”hpwssZh-hn-izm-khpw aXm-ß-I-Xbpw ]peÀ¯n-b-kw-L-S-\-bm-bn-cp¶p.tIc-f-\-thm-°m\ Ncn-{X-¯nse \mgn-I-¡-Ãp-I-fmb kw`-h-§-sfÃmwXs¶ aX-hn-izm-k-hp-ambn _Ô-s¸-«-h-bm-Wv. ssh¡w kXym-{K-lw (1924 þ1925), Kpcp-hm-bqÀ kXym-{Klw (1931-þ1932), {ioNn-¯n-c-Xn-cp-¶m-fnsâ t£{X-{]-th-i-\-hn-fw-_cw (1936, \hw-_À 12) XpS-§n-b-h-sbÃmw aX-]-£-¯p\n¶mcw`n¨ kmaq-lnI CS-s]-S-ep-I-fm-bn-cp-¶p. Npcp-¡-¯nÂ I½yq-WnÌv Ncn-{X-Im-c-·mÀ kaÀ°n-¡m³{ian -¨-Xn -Â\n¶pw XnI¨pw hn`n -¶-ambn aX-\n -cmk-¯nepwCuizc\ntj-[-¯nepw Du¶n-b-{i-a-§-fÃ adn¨v aX-hn-izm-k-¯nsâkÀ¤m-ßI CS-s]-S-ep-I-fmWv tIc-f-¯nsâ \thm-°m\ Ncn-{X-

¯nsâ ImXÂ F¶v a\-Ên-em-¡-m\mIpw.

ASn¡pdn-¸p-IÄ

1. _n. cmPo-h³, hm¡p-Ifpw hkvXp-¡-fpw, Un.-kn. _pIvkv, tIm«-bw,2009,p.344.

2. Ibid, p. 300

3. ]n.sI _me-Ir-jvW³, PmXn-hy-hØn-Xnbpw tIc-f-N-cn-{Xhpw, p.174.

4. cmPo-h³, hm¡p-Ifpw hkvXp-¡fpw, p.301.

5. tPm¬ I -nd-a-äw, ss{IkvX-hcpw tZiob {]Øm-\-§-fpw, I¨n-d-aäw ut--j³, 2000, p.68-þ70.

6. F. {io[-c-ta-t\m³, tIc-f-N-cn{Xw, Un. kn _pIvkv, tIm«-bw, 2009, p.378-þ388.


51

hÀ¤o-b-Xbpw tZio-b-Xbpw

hÀ¤o-bX aX-]-c-amb bmYmÀ°y-am-sW-¦nÂ tZio-bXcmjv{So-b-]-c-am-Wv. X·qew hÀ¤o-b-Xbpw tZio-b-Xbpw X½n-ep-Å]mc-¼-cy-¯nsâ hni-I-e\w aX-cm-jv{Sob Xe-§-fpsS k¦-e-\-§-sf-¡p-dn- m-ImsX Xc-an-Ã. aX-hn-izm-kn-I-sf-bmsI hÀ¤o-b-hm-Zn-IfpwaX-\n-tj-[n-Isf tZio-b-X-bpsS Xo£vW {]hm-N-I-cp-ambn Nn{Xo-I-cn-¡p¶ {]h-W-X-bmWv amÀIvkn-b³ Ncn-{X-Im-c-·mÀ s]mXp-thAh-ew-_n-¡p-¶-Xv. AÔ-hn-izm-k-§-fpsS BsI-¯p-Ibpw km{am-Py-i-àn-I-fpsS I¿nse ià-amb Bbp-[-ambpw hn¹-h-¯n\p hne-§p-XSn krjvSn-¡p¶ {]Xn--tem-a-i-àn-bm-bp-amWv aXw hne-bn-cp-¯-s -Sp-¶-Xv. aX- nt\m aX-hn-izm-k-§Ät¡m cmjv{S-\nÀ½m-W- ntemtZio-tbm-Zv{K-Y-\-¯ntem Øm\-an-sÃ¶p am{X-aÃ Ahsb hÀ¤obhn`m-Ko-b-X-bpsS ]nń-cn-¸³ iàn-bm-bn-«mWv amÀIvknkw hne-bn-cp-¯p-¶-Xv. F¶mÂ `mc-X-N-cn{Xw \ÂIp¶ kqN-\-IÄ hyXy-kvX-am-Wv. kzmX-{ý-k-a-c-Im-e¯v tZiob hncp²hnImcw kq£n¨ CS-Xp-]-£hpw tZio-b-hn-cp² kao-]\w hfÀ¯m³ {ian¨ aXm-[n-jvTnX]mÀ«n-Ifpw Hcp-t]mse hÀ¤o-b-X-bpsS {]Nm-c-I-cmbn amdn F¶-XmWvkXyw. `mc-X-N-cn -{X-¯nÂ F¶pw tZio-b-X¡p hncp-²-ambbmYmÀ°y-am-bn-cp¶p hÀ¤o-b-X. BscÃmw GsXÃmw Imc-W-¯mÂtZio-b-t_m-[s¯ XÅn-¡-f-ªpthm Ah-scÃmw GsX-¦nepw hn[-¯nÂ hÀ¤o-bX hfÀ¯n-b-h-cm-bn-cp-¶p. hÀ¤o-b-X¡v aX-t¯-¡mÄ tZio-b-X-tbmSp _Ô-apÅ A]qÀÆ-{]-Xn-`m-k-amWv `mc-X-

¯nÂ \ne-\n-¶n-cp-¶-Xv.

Cý³ kmaq-ln-I-imkv{X Kth-j-W-Iu¬kn-ensâ A[y-£-\mb _n]n³ N{µ Cý-bnse hÀ¤o-b-X-bpsS hfÀ¨-sb-¡p-dn¨p\S- p¶ GXm\pw \nco-£-W-§Ä {it²-b-amWv. GsXmcp hÀ¤ob{]Xy-b-im-kv{X- n\pw ASn-Øm-\-]-c-ambn aq¶p-X-e-§Ä (L-«-§Ä)Ds-¶v At±lw km£y-s¸-Sp-¯p-¶p.1

4

52


H¶m-aXv, Htc aXw A\p-jvTn-¡p¶ Bfp-IÄ FÃm-hÀ¡pws]mXp-hmb atX-X-c-Xm-Xv]-cy-§Ä D-v AYhm s]mXp-hmb cmjv{So-b, km¼-¯n-I, kmaq-ln-I, kmwkvIm-cnI XmXv]-cy-§Ä D-v F¶hnizm-k-am-W-Xv.

C´y-sb-t¸mse Hcp _lp-a-X-k-aq-l-¯nÂ Hcp aX-¯nsâA\p-bm-bn-I-fpsS kmaq-ln-I, kmwkvIm-cn-I, km¼-¯n-I, cmjv{So-b-Xm-Xv]-cy-§Ä AYhm atX-X-c-Xm-Xv]-cy-§Ä asämcp aX-¯nsâA\p-`m-hn-I-fp-tS-XnÂ\n¶v hn`n-¶hpw hyXy-kvXhpw Bbn-cn¡pwF¶ Bi-b-¯n-t·-emWv hÀ¤o-b-X-bpsS {]Xy-b-im-kv{X-¯nsâc-m-as¯ LSIw \ne-sIm-Åp-¶-Xv.

hyXykvX aX-¡m-cpsS XmXv]-cy-§Ä ]c-kv]cw tbmPn-¡m-¯-hbpw i{Xp-Xm-]-chpw hnhn-[-hp-am-sW¶v ho£n-¡-s¸-Sp-¶-tXm-sS-bmWv hÀ¤o-b-X-bpsS aq¶mw L«w BIp-¶-Xv.

Cu ASn-Øm\ {]ta-b-§sf km£n-\nÀ¯n Nn´n-¡p-t¼mÄ lnµp-þ-ap-Éow-þ-{In-kvXy³-þ-knJv hÀ¤o-b-X-IÄ X½nÂ ASn-Øm-\-]-c-amb hyXym-k-§fnÃ F¶p Is--¯m-\m-hpw. lnµp-hÀ¤o-b-Xsb tZio-b-t_m-[-ambpw CÉm-an-I-hÀ¤o-bXsb oI-c-hm-Z-ambpw{InkvXy³ hÀ¤o-b-Xsb sImtfm-Wn-bÂ Nn´m-K-Xn-bmbpw thÀXn-cn-¡p-¶-XnÂ AÀ°-an-sÃ¶p kmcw. hÀ¤o-b-X, hnti-jn¨pw AXnsâaq¶m-as¯ L«-¯nÂ GXp-a-X-hp-ambn _Ô-s¸-«-Xm-sW-¦nepw

AXy´w B]ÂI-c-am-Wv.

Iev]nX hÀ¤o-bXhÀ¤o-b-Xsb tIhew aX-]-c-sa¶v A[n-t£-]n¨v Xa-kvI-

cn-¡p-¶-Xn-\-¸pdw AXnsâ Imcy-Im-c-W-§sf ]cn-tim-[n¨p ]cn-l-cn-¡p-I-bm-Wm-hiyw. ]e-t¸mgpw hÀ¤o-bX km¦-ev]n-Ihpw Btcm-]n-X-hp-am-bn-cn-¡mw. CXnsâ Imc-W-§Ä hyXy-kvX-am-Wv. H¶m-a-Xm-bn, hÀKo-bX F¶p hnti-jn-¸n-¡-s¸-Sp¶ ]e kmaq-ln-I-\o-¡-§Ä¡p ]n¶nepw Nqj-W- n\pw ASn- -aÀ -en\pw FXn-cmb hnIm-c-§Ä D-m-tb-¡mw. kn.-Pn.jm \S-¯p¶ \nco-£Ww C¯-cp-W-¯nÂ {it²-b-am-Wv. “hÀ¤ob {]Nm-c-W-¯nsâ k½À±-¯n³IognÂ _lp-P-\-§Ä¡v Ah-cpsS Nqj-W-¯nsâ, aÀ±-\-¯nsâ,Zp-cn-X-¯nsâ, bYmÀ° Imc-W-§Ä I-p-]n-Sn-¡m-\m-hp-¶n-Ã. AhÀAh-bpsS Dd-hnSw Iev]n-X-amb Hcp-hÀ¤o-b-X-bm-sW¶v [cn-¡p¶p” 2

`c-W-IqS [mÀjvSy-¯n-s\-Xn-cmbn \S-¯p¶ P\-Iob apt¶-ä-§sfhÀ¤o-b-X-bpsS \ndw-I-eÀ¯n hne-Ip-d-ª-Xm-¡m³ t_m[-]qÀÆ-{iaw \S-¡m-dp- - v. In\m-eq-cnse \mep-hcn]mX-s¡-Xn-cmb kacw


53

kÀ¡m-cnsâ sXämb hnI-k\ \b-¯n-s\-Xn-cmb ka-c-am-b-n-cp-¶p.F¶mÂ AXns\ CÉm-anI Xo{h-hm-Zambn Nn{Xo-I-cn-¡m-\mWv `c-W-IqSw {ian-¨-Xv. ka-c-¯n-\p t\XrXzw sImSp¡p¶-hÀ¡v hÀ¤obNn´bpw e£y-hp-ap- -m-bn-cn-¡mw. F¶mÂ Hcp P\-k-aq-l-amsI{]Xn-I-cn-¡m-\pÅ BZym-h-k-c-¯n-\p-th--n Im¯n-cn-¡p¶ kmaq-lnI ]cn-tXm-hØ Df-hm-¡n-b-XnÂ hÀ¤o-b-hm-Zn-IÄ¡p ]¦n-Ã.AhÀ {]kvXpX P\-hn-Im-cs¯ X§-fpsS e£y-¯n-\mbn ^e-{]-Z-ambn hn\n-tbm-Kn-¡pI am{X-amWv sNbvX-Xv. tIc-f-¯nÂ kao-]-Im-e¯p \S¶ ]e hÀ¤ob kwLÀj-§-sfbpw C¯-c-¯nÂ hne-bn-cp-¯m-hp-¶-Xm-Wv.

c-m-a-Xm-bn, Nne P\-ap-t¶-ä-§-fnÂ ]s¦-Sp-¡p-¶-h-cpsS Dt±-iy-e-£y-§-fnÂ hÀ¤o-b-{[p-ho-I-cWw IS-¶p-I-b-dn-bn-«n-Ãm-bn-cn¡mw.F¶mÂ, Ahsb hne-bn-cp- nb \nco-£-IÀ {]kvXpX apt¶-ä-§sfhÀ¤o-b-ambn Nn{Xo-I-cn-¡p¶ kml-N-cy-ap--m-Imw. am[ya {]hÀ¯-Icpw cmjv{So-b-¡mcpw Ncn-{X-Im-c-·mcpw C{]-Imcw Iev]nX hÀ¤o-b-X-bpsS D]Úm-Xm-¡-fm-Im-dp- - v. DZm-l-c-W-am-bn, ASp-¯-Im-e¯p \S¶ tIcf tIm¬{K-kp-I-fpsS eb-\-s¯-¡p-dn¨v DbÀ¶p-h¶ \nco-£-W-§-fnÂ `qcn-]-£hpw hÀ¤ob Nph-bp-Å-Xm-bn-cp-¶p.tIc-f-tIm¬{K-kp-ImÀ kz`m-h-¯mÂXs¶ ]nf-cp-Ibpw Hcp-an-¡p-Ibpw sN¿p-¶-h-cm-Wv. tPmk^v {Kq¸nse A´-Ñn-{Zhpw Ak-µn-Kv²mhØbpw apX-se-Sp¯v amWn-{Kq¸v \S-¯nb X{´-]qÀÆ-ambcmjv{Sob Icp-\o-¡-ambn AXns\ hne-bn-cp-¯p-¶-Xm-bn-cp¶pcmjv{Sob kXy-k-Ô-X. F¶mÂ, Chn-Sps¯ am[y-a-{]-hÀ¯-Icpwcmjv{So-b-{]-hÀ¯-Icpw AXns\ {InkvXy³ hÀ¤ob {[pho-I-c-W-ambn Nn{Xo-I-cn-¨p. _nj-¸p-am-sc-t¸mepw ]gn-Nm-cp-Ibpw sNbvXp.tIcfm tIm¬{K-kn-ep-Å-Xnsâ ]¯n-c«n {InkvXym-\n-IÄ AwK-§-fm-bpÅ tIm¬{Kkv ]mÀ«n-bpsS kwØm\ t\Xm-¡Ät]mepw Cueb-\-¯nÂ {InkvXy³ hÀ¤o-bX Btcm-]n¨p F¶-XmWv AÛp-X-I-cw. I½yq-WnÌv ]mÀ«n ss{IkvXh tae-[y-£-·msc t]sc-Sp-¯p-]-dªv A[n-t£-]n-¨p. kzm{i-b-\n-ba hncp² ka-c-¯nepw hnZym-`ym-k-cw-Ks¯ ]cn-jvI-c-W-§Äs¡-Xn-cmbn \S¶ {]Xn-I-c-W-§-fnepw hÀ¤o-bX hmbn-s -Sp-¡m-\pÅ kq£-va-ZÀin-\n-bp-am-bmWv Chn-Sps¯ am[ya hnim-c-Z-·mÀ \S-¶-Xv. CÃm¯ hÀ¤o-b-X-bpsS `oI-cXIm«n CX-c-k-ap-Zm-b-§-fpsS a-\-ÊnÂ Bi-¦bpw hntZz-jhpwhfÀ¯m\pw hÀ¤o-b-Xsb kmam-\y-hÂ¡-cn-¡m\pw am{Xta C¯cw\o¡-§Ä klm-b-I-am-hp-I-bp-Åq.

aq¶m-a-Xm-bn, `n¶n-¸n¨p `cn-¡pI F¶ sImtfm-Wn-bÂ

54


X{´w tIc-f- nse apJy-[m-cm-cm-jv{Sob ]mÀ«n-IÄ Ah-k-cw-t]mse{]tbm-Kn¨p F¶Xpw ChnsS hÀ¤o-b-X hf-cm³ Imc-W-am-- b n « p - v .apÉow-eo-Kns\ XfÀ¯m³ ]n.-Un.-]n, FÂ.-Un.-F-^v, Pam-As¯CÉm-an, t]m¸p-eÀ {^-v XpS-§nb Xo{hhÀ¤obhmZn-I-fp-ambnI£n-tNÀ¶ I½yq-WnÌv ]mÀ«n-bpsS A`n-\h t\Xr-Xz-¯nsâZoÀL-ho-£-W-¡p-d-hmWv kao-]-Im-e¯v tIc-f-a-®nÂ hÀ¤o-bXAÛp-X-]qÀÆ-ambn Xg-¨p-h-f-cm³ Imc-W-am-bXv F¶Xv C¶v I½yq-Wn-Ìp-ImÀt]mepw k½-Xn-¡p¶ kXy-am-Wv. sshIn--bm-sW-¦nepw]mÀ«n sXäpIÄ Xncp-¯p-¶-Xn\v X¿m-dm-Ip-¶-Xns\ tIc-f-P-\XBizm-k-]qÀÆ-amWv t\m¡n-¡m-Wp-¶-Xv. tIc-fm-tIm¬{K-kp-Isfkaqew ]nfÀ¯n \nÀho-cy-am-¡p-¶-Xn\v {io. sI. Icp-Wm-I-cs\t{]cn-¸n-¨Xv cmjv{So-b-e-£y-§-sf-¡mÄ hÀ¤o-b-þ-kap-Zmb Nn´-I-fm-bn-cp¶p F¶Xpw kXy-am-Wv. kap-Zm-b-¯nsâ Iq«m-bvasb `n¶n-¸n-¡p-Ibpw GsX-¦nepw Hcp hn`m-Ks¯ XmÂ¡m-en-I-ambn hgn-hn«p]n´p-W-¡p-Ibpw Ah-cpsS hÀ¤o-b-\o-¡-§Ä¡p-t]mepw hfw-h-¨p-sIm-Sp-¡p-Ibpw sN¿p-¶-Xn-eqsS ]nfÀ¸p-cm-jv{Sobw hÀ¤o-b-X-bpsShfÀ¨bv¡p \ÂIp¶ B¡w AÛp-Xm-h-l-am-Wv.

\mem-a-Xm-bn, \yq\-]£ `qcn -]-£-hÀ¤o-b-Nn -´-IsfkPoham¡n \nÀ¯m³ `c-W-IqSw \S-¯p¶ Icp-\o-¡-§Ä ChnsShÀ¤o-b-Xbv¡p hgn-a-cp-¶n-«n-«p-- v. tIc-f-k-aq-l-¯nÂ, hnti-jn¨pwhnZym-`ym-k-ta-J-e-bnÂ ss{IkvX-hÀ¡pÅ taÂt¡m-bvasb Nq-n-¡m«n CX-c-k-ap -Zm-b-§sf ss{IkvX-hÀs¡Xnsc Xncn -bm³Blzm\w sNbvX ‘kzm{i-b-\n-baw’ CS-Xp-]-£-¯nsâ hÀ¤ob{]oW-\-\-b-¯nsâ ià-amb sXfn-hm-Wv. {]kvXpX \nb-a-¯nse8 (b) D]-h-Ip-¸n-eqsS ss{IkvX-h-Øm-]-\-§-sf-am{Xw sXc-ªp-]n-Sn v hnth-N\w Im«m³ hyhØ sNbv-XXv tIc-f-k-aq-l- nÂ hyà-amb hÀ¤o-b-{[q-ho-I-c-W-¯n\v If-sam-cp-¡n. CS-Xp-]-£-`-cWw `qcn-]-£-hÀ¤o-bX t{]mÕm-ln- n¡p-¶Xpw \yq\-]-£-hn-cp-²-hp-am-sW¶Nn´ Chn-Sps¯ \yq\-]-£-§-fnÂ hnti-jn¨pw ss{IkvX-h-cpsSbnS-bnÂ kwPm-X-am-bn. ss{IkvX-h-t\-Xr-Xz- nÂ\n¶v XpSÀ -bmbn ]pd-¯n-d-§p¶ CS-b-te-J-\-§fpw {]kvXm-h-\-Ifpw Cu Ac-£n-Xm-h-Ø-sb-bmWv {]Xn-^-en-¸n-¡p-¶-Xv. tIc-f-¯nse Nne kÀÆ-I-em-im-e-IÄ {InkvXy³ amt\-Pvsaân-epÅ kzm{i-b-Øm-]-\-§sf sXc-ªp-]n-Sn¨v A^n-en-tb-j³ d±m-¡p-¶-XnÂh-sc-sb¯n \nÂ¡p¶pCS-Xp-]-£-¯nsâ hÀ¤ob {]oW\\--bw.

A©m-a-Xm-bn, tIc-f-¯nse kap-Zm-bnI kwL-S-\-I-fnÂH¶n\pw {]kvXpX kap-Zm-b-§-fpsS k¼qÀ® ]n´pW Ah-Im-i-


55

s¸-Sm-\m-hnÃ F¶-XmWp kXyw. Fkv.-F³.-Un.-]n-bn-ep-Å-XnepwIqSp-XÂ Cug-hÀ kn.-]n.-F-½nepw tIm¬{K-kn-ep-ap-s- -¶-XmWvkXyw. F³.-F-kv.-F-kn-s\bpw apÉow-eo-Kn-s\bpw kw_-Ôn¨pw Cu{]kvXm-h\ kXy-am-Wv. kap-Zm-bs¯ icn-bmb AÀ°-¯nÂ {]Xn-\n-[o-I-cn-¡m-¯-hÀ kap-Zm-b-¯n-\p-th-n \S-¯p¶ ka-c-§-f-s{Xbpw kap-Zmb kwL-S\m t\Xr-Xz-§-fpsS t\«-¯n\pw em`-¯n-\pw-th-n am{X-am-Ip¶p F¶-XmWv kXyw. aZy-ap-X-em-fn-amcpw_n\man t]cnÂ tImSn-IÄ hmcn-¡q-«p-¶-hcpw km¼-¯n-I-ta-e-bnÂ\nKqV AP---I-fp-Å-h-cp-amWv tIc-f-¯nse ]e kmap-Zmb kwL-S-\-I-fp-sSbpw Xe- - p-Å-Xv. X§-fpsS \n£n]vX Xmev]-cy-§Ä¡p-th-n kap-Zm-b-§sf ad-bm¡n AhÀ \S-¯p¶ hne-t]-i-ep-I-sfbpw Icp-\o-¡-§-sfbpw hÀ¤o-b-X-bm-bn-«Ã hyà-amb Agn-a-Xn-bm-bn-«mWv ]cn-K-Wn-t¡---Xv. Ch-cpsS kmaq-ln-Im-h-iy-§Ä ]c-am-h[n kÀ¡mÀ tPmen-bnse kwh-cWw F¶ Bh-iy-¯nÂ HXp-§m-dmWv ]Xn-hv. AXm-Is« {]kvXpX kap-Zm-b-¯nse Hcp iX-am\w am{Xw-h-cp¶ taÂ¯-«p-Imsc am{Xw _m[n-¡p¶ hnj-b-am-Wv. kap-Zm-b- nse _lp- q-cn-]-£w-h-cp¶ km[m-c-W-¡m-cpsS Bh-iy-§Ä t\Sn-sb-Sp-¡p-¶-XnÂ tIc-f-¯nse kmap-Zm-bnI kwL-S-\-IÄ XoÀ¯pw \nÊw-K-cm-Wv.

aX-s¯bpw aXm-[n-jvTn-X-þ-cm-jv{Sob kzXz-s¯bpw thÀXn-cn-¡p-¶-XnÂ hcp¶ ]cm-P-b-amWv hÀ¤o-b-Xbv¡p ]n¶nÂ aX-s¯bpw ssZh-hn-izmk-s¯bpw ]gn-¡m³ CS-h-cp-¯p-¶-Xv. aX-¯nÂ\n¶v hÀ¤o-bX DbÀ¶p-h-cp¶p F¶ XXzhpw tIc-f-k-aq-l-¯nÂ icn-bm-bn-cp-¶n-Ã. `mc-X-¯nsâ kzmX-{ý-k-acw hnim-e-ambAÀ°-¯nÂ ]cn-K-Wn-¡p-t¼mÄ tZio-b-Xbpw aXm-ß-I-Xbpw ]c-kv]-c-]q-c-I-§-fm-bn-«mWv hfÀ¶p-h-¶n-cp-¶Xv F¶v a\-Ên-em-¡m-hp-¶-Xm-Wv. DZm-l-c-W-ambn `mc-X-¯nse ss{IkvX-hÀ tZio-b-Xbv¡p

\ÂInb kw`m-h-\-IÄ ]cn-tim-[n-¨mÂ CXv hyà-am-Ipw.

ss{IkvX-hcpw tZiob {]Øm-\-§fpw`mc-X-¯nsâ kzmX-{ý-k-a-c-¯nÂ X¦-en-]n-I-fmÂ Bte-

J\w sNt¿- {]Øm-\-amWv Cý³ \mj-WÂ tIm¬{K-kv. CXvØm]n-¨Xv 1885 Â {_n«ojv ss{IkvX-h-\m-bn-cp¶ F.-H.-lyqw BWv.tIm¬{Kkv, tlmwdqÄ F¶o {]Øm-\-§-fpsS hfÀ¨-bnÂss{IkvX-h-cpsS kw`m-h-\-I-sf-¡p-dn¨v tPm¬ I¨n-d-aäw \ÂIp¶hnh-cWw {it²-b-am-Wv:3

Cý¡v ]cn-]qÀ® kzmX{ýw t\Sn-sb-Sp-¡pI F¶ e£y-

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t¯m-Sp-Iq-Sn-bm-bn-cp-¶nÃ tIm¬{Kkv Øm]n-¨-Xv. Cý-¡m-cpsS{]iv\-§Ä {_n«o-jp-Im-cpsS {i²-bnÂ s]Sp-¯pI, Ahbv¡v ]cn-lmcw ImWpI F¶-Xm-bn-cp¶p A¶p apJy-e-£yw. 1885 apXÂ1904 hsc-bpÅ Ime-L«w {]ta-b-§-fpsS ]mkm-¡-en-sâbpw h³tbmK-§-fp-sSbpw Ime-L-«-am-bn-cp-¶p. _wKmÄ hn`-P\w \S¶ 1905apXÂ 1918 hsc-bpÅ Ime-L-«- nÂ Cý-¡m-cpsS tZim- n-am-\s¯X«n-bp-WÀ¯p-¶-Xn\pw kzmX{ýka-c-¯n\v P\-§sf kÖ-cm-¡p-¶-Xn-\p-ambn NÀ¨mkt½-f-\-§fpw I¬sh³j-\p-Ifpw \S-¯n. 1918apXÂ kzmX-{ý-{]m-]vXn-h-sc-bpÅ Ime-L-«- nÂ \nc-h[n {]t£m-`-W-§Ä¡v tIm¬{Kkv t\XrXzw \ÂIn.

tIm¬{K-knsâ BZy-Im-es¯ {]hÀ¯\ ssien-tbmSvanX-hm-Zn-I-f-Ãm-¯-hÀ¡v s]mcp-¯-s¸-Sp-hm³ km[n-¨n-Ã. Ah-cpsSap¶-Wn-bnÂ\n¶v {]hÀ¯n-¨-h-cnÂ ]ecpw ss{IkvX-h-cm-bn-cp-¶p.tIm¬{K-knsâ {]hÀ¯-\-§-fnepw apJy-]¦v ss{IkvX-hÀ hln-¨n-cp-¶p. tIm¬{Kkv cq]o-I-cn-¡p-¶-Xn\v ap¶n-«p-\n¶v {]hÀ¯n¨ss{IkvX-h-\mb F.-H.lyqw tIm¬{K-knsâ P\-dÂ sk{I-«-dn-bmbnZoÀL-\mÄ {]hÀ¯n-¨p. tIm¬{K-knsâ BZys¯ {]kn-Uâ vss{IkvX-h-\mb U»nbp. kn. _m\ÀPn (1885þ86) Bbn-cp-¶p.ss{IkvXh t\Xm-¡-fmb tPmÀÖv IqÀ (1886þ89), hneywt_UÀt_¬ (1889þ90), U»n-bp. kn. _m\ÀPn (c-mw {]mhiyw1892þ93), BÂ{Ûv sh¼v (1894þ95), sl³{Sn tIm«¬ (1904þ1095),hneyw t_UÀt_¬ (c-mw {]mhiyw 1910þ11), ]n. B\µ hmÀep(1911þ12), tUm. B\n _kâ v (1917þ18) F¶n-hÀ tIm¬{Kkv {]kn-Uâp-am-cmbn {]hÀ¯n¨v kzmX-{ý-k-a-c-¯n\v t\XrXzw \ÂInbss{IkvX-h-cm-Wv. 1920 Â Cý³ \mj-WÂ tIm¬{K-knsât\XrXzw alm-ßm-KmÔn Gsä-Sp-¡p-¶-Xp-hsc ss{IkvX-h-t\-Xm-¡-fm-bn-cp¶p kwL-S-\sb {][m-\-ambpw \bn-¨-Xv. 1920 \v tijwCý³ tZiob cwK¯v alm-ßm-Km-Ôn-¡p--m-bn-cp¶ AXn-\m-b-IXzw AXn\p ap¼pÅ \mep Zim-_vZ-Imew {ioaXn B\n _kân-\m-Wp- -m -bn -cp -¶-Xv.

tlmwdqÄ {]Øm\w1885 Â tIm¬{Kkv P·-sa-Sp-s¯-¦nepw kzbw-`-c-W-¯n-\p-

th-n iàn-tb-dnb {]t£m-`Ww \bn-¡p-hm³ km[n-¨n-Ã. AXnÂ]e cmPy-kvt\-ln-Ifpw Zp:JnX-cm-bn-cp-¶p. H¶mw temI-a-lm-bp-²-Im-e¯v kzbw-`-c-W-¯n-\p-th-n iàn-tb-dnb Hcp \o¡w tdma³It¯m-en-¡-\m-bn-cp¶ tPmk^v _m]vän-Ìm-bpsS A²y-£-X-bnÂ


57

t_mws_-bnÂ tNÀ¶p. kzmX-{ý-¯n-\mbn {]t£m-`Ww \S-¯p-hm³ Blzm\w sNbvX _m]vän-Ì, H¶mw-tem-I-a-lm-bp-²-¯nÂ{_n«s\ klm-bn-¡p-¶-Xn\p ]I-c-ambn kzbw-`-cWw `mc-X-P-\-Xbv¡p \ÂI-W-sa¶v Bh-iy-s¸-«p. 1916 G{]nÂ 28 \v _ÂKm-anÂ tNÀ¶ kt½-f\w tlmwdqÄ {]Øm-\-¯n\v cq]w-\ÂIn.tlmwdqÄ {]Øm-\-¯nsâ {]Ya {]kn-Uâmbn tPmk^v _m]vän-Ìmbpw sk{I-«-dn-bmbn F³.-kn. sIÂ¡mdpw sXc-sª-Sp-¡-s¸-«p.

Cý³ kzmX-{ý-k-a-c-¯nse ap¶-Wn-t¸m-cm-fnbpw Xo{h-hm-Zn-bp-am-bn-cp¶ _me-Kw-Km-[c Xne-I\pw Cý³ P\-X-bpsSlrZbw IhÀ¶ tUm. B\n _kâpw tlmwdqÄ {]Øm-\-¯nÂkPo-h-ambn ]¦p-tN-cp-Ibpw alm-cm-jv{S-bnepw a{Zm-knepw tlmwdqÄeoKv Øm]n-¡p-¶-Xn\v ap³\n¶v {]hÀ¯n-¡p-Ibpw sNbvXp. ]q\-bnse {]hÀ¯-\-§Ä¡v t\XrXzw \ÂIn-bXv tPmk^v _m]vän-Ìm-bn-cp-¶p.

1916 Â Bcw-`n¨ tlmwdqÄ eoKn\v t\XrXzw \ÂIn-b-h-cnÂ \Ã-]¦pw ss{IkvX-h-cm-bn-cp-¶p. {ioa-Xn. B\n-_-kân-sâbpw_me-Kw-Km-[c Xne-I-sâbpw t\XrXzw Cu {]Øm-\- n-te¡v Bbn-c-§sf BIÀjn-¡m³ CS-\ÂIn. {]Øm-\-¯nsâ Øm]I {]kn-Uâ v tPmk^v _m]vän-Ìv {_n«¬ kµÀin¨v kzbw-`-c-W-¯n-\m-bpÅ \o¡-§Ä hni-Zo-I-cn-¡p-Ibpw AhnsS Hcp {]N-cWw \S-¯p-Ibpw sNbvXp. tlmwdqÄ {]Øm-\s¯ {]Xn-\n-[o-I-cn¨v 1919Â {_n«-\nÂ \S¶ te_À tIm¬^d³knepw At±lw ]s¦-Sp-¯p.

H¶mw temI-a-lm-bp-²-¯nÂ {_n«s\ klm-bn-¨-Xnsât]cnÂ Cý¡v kzmX{ýw A\p-h-Zn-¡p-sa¶v `mc-Xo-bÀ \ymb-ambn {]Xo-£n-¨p. F¶mÂ, {_n«¬ AXn\p X¿m-dm-bn-Ã. 1919 ÂGÀs¸-Sp-¯nb dufäv BIvSv `c-W-]-cn-jvImcw tIm¬{Kkv XÅn-¡-f-ªp. dufäv BIvSn-s\-Xn-sc-bpÅ {]t£m-`Ww Bfn-¡-¯n.dufäv BIvSn-s\-Xnsc KmÔnPn Blzm\w sNbvX \nÊ-l-I-cW{]Øm-\-¯nepw D¸p-k-Xym-{K-l-¯nepw ss{IkvX-hÀ kPo-h-ambn]¦p - sIm - - p .

A¶s¯ hmÀ¯m am[y-a-§-fnÂ ss{IkvX-h-]-¦m-fn-¯-s¯-¸än icn-bmbn hnh-cn-¨n-«p-- v. ss{IkvXh anj-\-dn-am-cm-WtÃmA -Snbpw aäpw ChnsS Bcw- n- -Xv. ss{IkvX-h-an-j-\-dn-am-cpsS {]kn-²o-I-c-W-amb lmÀshÌv ôÂUv amknI Cý³ P\-X-bpsStZiobt_m[w hfÀ¯p-¶-Xn\pw kzmX-{ý-k-a-c- n-te¡v P\-§sfBIÀjn-¡p-¶-Xn\pw {ian-¨p. {]kvXpX amkn-I-bpsS apJ-{]-kw-K-

58


§Ä ss{IkvX-h-P-\-Xsb kzmX-{ý-k-a-c-¯n-te¡v Blzm\wsNbvXp-sIm--p-Å-Xm-bn-cp-¶p. sP. C. ss\Â BWv Cu kwc-`-¯n\v t\XrXzw \ÂIn-b-Xv.

KmÔn-Pn-bpsS k_ÀaXn B{i-a-¯nse {][m\ Npa-Xehln-¨n-cp¶ Irjn-im-kv{X-Ú-\m-bn-cp¶p ssSäkv. KmÔn-Pn-tbm-sSm¸w ZWvUn-bm-{X-bnÂ Cu ss{IkvX-h-im-kv{X-Ú\pw kPo-h-am-bn -]-s¦-Sp-¯n-cp-¶p.

C§s\ kzmX-{ý-k-a-c-Im-es¯ Cý³ ss{IkvX-hÀCý³ kzmX-{ý-k-a-c-{]-Øm\ Ncn-{X-¯nsâ Ahn-`m-Py-amb `mK-ambn. kwJym-]-c-ambpw KpW-]-c-ambpw ss{IkvX-hÀ X§-fpsS hep-¸-¯nÂ hfsc IqSp-XÂ ]¦m-fn¯w kzmX-{ý-k-a-c-¯nÂ hln-¨p. 1885 apXÂ 1947 hsc-bpÅ 62 hÀjs¯ t]mcm«w ss{IkvX-h-tZ-io-bXzw (ssl-µhþapÉow ktlm-Z-c-§-fp-tS-Xn-s\m-¸w) tIm¬{K-knsâ IognÂ DWÀhpw Dd-¸n-¡epw ZrVo-I-cn-¡epw km[n-¨-XnsâkphÀ®m-[ym-b-am-Wv. cmjv{So-b-sFIyw sshhn[yw \ndª kmaq-lnI kmwkvIm-cnI hn`m-K-§-fpsS DZv{K-Y\w F¶n-h-bpsS ASn-¯-d-bnÂ Hcp \qX\ tZiob ‘kzXzw’ Is- -¯m-\pÅ Cý-bpsSAt\z-j-W-¯nepw Hcp atX-X-c-P-\m-[n-]-Xy-þ-s^-U-dÂ cmjv{S-am-Im-\pÅ ]cn-Wm-a-{]-{In-b-bnepw Cý-bnse {InkvXym-\n-I-Ä apJy-]-¦p -h -ln -¨n -«p - v .

kzmX-{ý-k-a-c- nse hÀ¤ob {[pho-I-c-W-§ÄAdntªm Adn-bm-sXtbm Ccp-]Xmw \qäm--nsâ Bcw-`-

¯nÂ `mc-X-¯nsâ kzmX-{ý-k-a-c-hp-ambn _Ô-s¸« tZio-bXmNn´-I-fnepw {]hÀ¯-\-§-fnepw hen-sbm-c-f-hnÂ lnµp-kzcwDbÀ¶p \n¶n-cp¶p F¶v _n]n³ N{µ \S-¯p¶ \nco-£WwHs«ms¡ icn-bm-Wv. apKÄ `c-WImes¯ `mc-X-¯nsâ CÉm-anIss]XrIw ]cn-Xy-Pn¨v ]ucm-WnI `mc-X-¯nsâ kmwkvIm-cn-I-¯-\n-aIÄ¡v Du¶Â e`n-¨p-Xp-S-§n-bXv Cu Ime-L-«-¯n-em-Wv. KtW-i-]q-Pbpw inhPn DÕ-hhpw KwKm-kv\m-\-hp-sams¡ tZiob {]t£m-`-§-fpsS Ahn-`mPy `mK-am¡n Xne-I³ amän-bXpw CtX- Im-e-L-«¯n-emWv. _¦nw-N{µ NmäÀPn AS-¡-apÅ tZio-b-km-ln-Xy-Im-c-·mÀ apÉo§sf hntZ-io-b-cmbn Nn{Xo-I-cn¨v BJym-bn-I-§Ä cNn-¨Xpw kzmX-{ý-k-a-c-¯n\v lnµp hÀ¤o-b-X-bpsS \ndw ]IÀ¶p.tZio-b-{]-Øm\w hnP-bn-¨mÂ hcp-¶-Xv lnµpcmPy-am-sW¶ NnápÉn-§-fp-sS-bn-S-bnÂ ]c-¯m³ Cu kml-Ncyw CS-bm-¡n.

Aen-KÀ tImtf-Pnsâ Øm]-I-\mb kbnZv Al-½-ZvJm-sâ


59

t\Xr-Xz-¯nÂ lnµp-hÀ¤o-b-X-bvs¡-Xntc apÉo-§Ä kmh-Imiw{]Xn-I-cn-¨p-Xp-S-§n. Cý¡p kzmX{ýw e`n-¨mÂ `qcn-]-£-amblnµp kap-Zmbw apÉo-§-fp-sS-taÂ A[n-Imcw {]tbm-Kn-¡p-sa¶pwAXn-\mÂ apÉow \yq\-]-£-¯nsâ Xmev]-cy-§Ä kwc-£n-¡m³Gähpw A\p-tbm-Py-am-bXv {_n«ojv `c-WamsW¶pw kbnZvAl½Zv apÉo-§sf t_m[-hÂ¡-cn-¨p. 1907-þÂ BKm-Jm³, [m¡-mbnse \hm-_v, \hm_v samlvkn³-þ-DÂ-þ-ap¡v F¶n-hÀ tNÀ¶v AJn-teým apÉow-eoKv Øm]n-¨p. {_n«ojv `c-W-t¯m-SpÅ AN-©-e-amb Iqdpw tIm¬{Kkv t\XrXzw \ÂIp¶ tZiob apt¶-ä-t¯m-SpÅ shdp¸pw apÉow-eo-Knsâ apJ-ap-{Z-bm-bn-cp-¶p.

apÉow hÀKo-b-Xsb {]Xn-tcm-[n-¡m-\m-bn«v F¶p ]d-bm-\m-hn-sÃ-¦nepw 1909-þÂ ]©m_v lnµpk`bpw 1915-þÂ AJn-teýmlnµp-a-lm-k-`bpw \ne-hnÂh-¶p. apÉo-§sf {]oWn-¸n-¡m³ lnµp-¡-fpsS Ah-Im-i-§Ä _en-sIm-Sp-¡p¶p F¶v Btcm-]n¨v lnµp-a-lm-k-`bpw tIm¬{K-knsâ tZiob apt¶-ä-§sf F´p hne-sIm-Sp¯pw XS-bm³ Bh-iy-s¸-«p. “tIm¬{Kkv F¶ hnjw lnµp-¡-fpsS D·q-e-\-¯n-\p-Å-Xm-I-bmÂ AXv OÀ±n-¨p-I-f-tb- kabwAXn-{I-an¨p” F¶mWv lnµp-a-lm-k-`-bpsS A[y-£³ emÂNµv{]kw-Kn-¨n-cp-¶-Xv. lnµp-a-lm-k-`-bpsS FXnÀ¸pw {_n«o-jpImÀs¡-Xntc Bbn-cp-¶nÃ. lnµp apÉow kwLÀj-¯nse \njv]-£-ambaq¶mw I£n-bm-bn-«mWv emÂNµv {_n«ojv kÀ¡m-cns\ I--Xv.

Cu hÀ¤ob {[ph-§Ä¡n-S -bnÂ Cý³ \mj-WÂtIm¬{Kkv F¶ tZio-b-{]-Øm\w AXnsâ kzXzw Is--¯m³_p²n-ap-«n. 1916-þse eJv\u kt½-f-\-¯nÂ temI-am-\y-Xn-e-I\pwapl-½-Zen Pn¶bpw tNÀ¶v tIm¬{KkvþeoKv kJyw cq]o-I-cn-¡p-Ibpw Cý-bpsS kzbw- -c-Ww apJy-{]-ta-b-ambn AwKo-I-cn-¡p-IbpwsNbvXp. F¶mÂ \yq\-]-£-§Ä¡v koäv kwhcWw F¶ hÀ¤ob\ne-]mSv AwKo-I-cn-t¡--n-h-¶Xv tIm¬{K-knsâ \b-]-c-amb hogvN-X-s¶-bm-bn-cp-¶p. F¦nepw kmap-Zm-bnI sFIy-¯nsâ iwsJmenCý-bn-ep-S-\ofw apg-¡m³ eJv\u kt½-f-\-¯n\p Ign-ªp.ISp¯ Bcy-k-am-P-¡m-c-\mb kzman {i²m-\-µns\ UÂln Ppam-a-kvPn-ZnÂ {]kw-Kn-¡m³ £Wn-¨Xpw tUm. ssk^p-±o³ In¨vep-hn\vAar-X-k-dnse kphÀ® t£{X-¯nsâ Xmt¡mÂ ssIam-dnbXpwkzmX-{ý-k-a-c-N-cn-{X-¯nÂ {it²-b-amb ]e-am-ä-§Ä¡pw hgn-sX-fn¨ kw -h-§-fm-bn-cp-¶p. F¶mÂ 1922þHmsS aX-ku-lmÀ±m- -co£w]msS Iep-jn-X-am-bn. hÀ¤ob Iem-]-§Ä kÀÆ-km-[m-c-W-am-bn.lnµp-¡-fp-sS-bn-SbnÂ kwL--¯m³, ip²n-{]-Øm-\-§Ä F¶n-hbpw

60


apÉo§fp-sS-bn-S-bnÂ ‘X³kow’ ‘ X_veoKv’ XpS-§nb {]Øm-\-§fpw Xo{h-hÀKo-bX hfÀ¯n. Ccp-Iq-«cpw tZio-b-Xm-hm-Zs¯]nim-Nnsâ {]hÀ¯n-bmbpw kz´w a-X-¯n-s\-Xn-cmb Icp-\o-¡-ambpw Icp-Xn-bn-cp-¶p. tZio-b-X¡p hncp²amb iàn-bmbn hÀ¤o-bX ]qÀ®-ambpw {]Xn-jvTn-¡-s¸«p F¶-XmWv Cu Ime-L-«- nsâkhn-ti-j-X. tZio-b-hm-Zn-I-fm-bn-cp¶ ePv]-X-dm-bn, aZ³taml³ amf-hy, F³.-kn. tImÂ¡À F¶n-hÀ lnµp-a-lm-k-`-bnÂ tNÀ¶v lnµp-hÀ¤o-bX Bfn-¡-¯n-¨p. ]gb Jnem-^¯p {]Øm-\-¡m-cm-bn-cp¶auem\ apl-½Zv Aen, ju¡¯v Aen XpS-§n-b-hÀ apÉow Xo{h-hm-Z-]-£-t¯¡p Nph-Sp-am-äp-Ibpw tIm¬{Kkv e£y-am-¡p-¶Xvlnµp-kÀ¡m-cn-s\-bm-sW¶v {]N-cn-¸n-¡p-Ibpw sNbvXp.

1930 Ifnse h«-tai kt½-f-\-§-fnÂ hÀ¤o-b-hm-Zn-IÄ kÀÆ-i-ànbpw kw`-cn¨v X½n-e-Sn-¨p. _n]³N-{µ-bpsS hm¡p-I-fnÂXs¶Cu `n¶-XbpsS Nn{Xw hyà-am-Wv.

1932 Â lukv Hm^v tIma¬knÂ h¨v \S¶ Hcp tbmK-¯nÂ BKm-Jm³, Ihn saml-½Zv CJv_mÂ, Ncn-{X-Im-c³ j^m vAl-½-ZvJm³ F¶n-hÀ ‘lnµp-hn-sâbpw apÉo-an-sâbpw cmjv{So-b-Xm-Xv]-cy-§ÄþAsÃ-¦nÂ XoÀ¨-bmbpw kmaq-lnI XmXv]-cy-§Ä-þ-X-½n-semcp eb\w Aćm Akm-[y-amWv’ F¶pw “ {_n«ojvGP³kn apJm-´-c-a-ÃmsX atä-sX-¦nepw Xc-¯nÂ Cý `cn-¡p-¶Xv A{]m-tbm-Kn-I-amIpw” F¶pw Du¶n-¸-d-ªp. 1933 Â lnµpalm-k` tbmK-¯nÂ A[y£w hln-¨p-sIm-v `mbv ]c-am-\µvlnµp-¡fpw {_n«ojv kÀ¡mcpw X½nÂ kl-I-cWw thW-sa¶vA`yÀ°n-¡p-Ibpw “]pXnb Cý-bnse cmjv{Sob Øm]-\-§-fnÂCý-bnse A{K-{Kman kap-Zmbw F¶ \nebv¡v lnµp-¡-fpsS ]Z-hnbpw D¯-c-hm-Zn-Xzhpw AwKo-I-cn-¡p-I-bm-sW-¦nÂ lnµp-¡Äs{Kbväv {_n«-\p-ambn kl-I-cn-¡pw” F¶p {]Jym-]n-¡p-IbpwsNbvXp.4

ss{IkvX-hcpw tZio-b-XbpwlnµpþCÉmw aX-hn-`m-K-§fnse Hcp \yq\-]£sa¦nepw

kzmX-{ý-k-a-c-N-cn-{X-¯nÂ hÀ¤o-b-Xsb hfÀ¯p¶ \ne-]mSvkzoI-cn- n-cp¶p F¶v taÂhn-h-cn¨ Ncn-{Xm-t\z-j-W- nÂ\n¶v hyà-am-Ip-¶p. F¶mÂ ss{IkvX-hÀ mc-X- nsâ tZio-b-X-tbmSv tNÀ¶p\nÂ¡m-\mWv F¡m-ehpw B{K-ln-¨n-cp-¶-Xv. `n¶n-¸n¨p `cn-¡pIF¶ {_n«ojv X{´-¯nsâ `mK-ambn \yq\-]-£-§Ä¡pw Ah-i-hn-`m-K-§Ä¡p-ambn {]tXyI \ntbm-P-I-a-WvU-e-§Ä GÀs¸-Sp-¯n-


61

s¡m- v {_n«ojv Kh¬saâ v “C´ym BIvSv” F¶t]cnÂ ]pXnb\nbaw sIm-p-h-¶p. 1930 \hw-_À 12 apXÂ 1931 P\p-hcn 19 hsce--\nÂ \S¶ H¶mw h«-tai kt½-f-\-¯nÂ ]s¦-Sp¯ sI.än.t]mfpw dmhp-_-l-ZqÀ ]¶oÀskÂhhpw c-mw h«-tai kt½-f-\-¯nÂ ]-s¦-Sp¯ Fkv.-sI. Z¯pw ss{IkvX-hÀ¡v hÀ¤o-bmSnØm\-¯nÂ aWvU-e-§Ä Bh-iy-an-sÃ¶v Bh-iy-s¸-«n-cp-¶p.-]-cn-]qÀ®P\m-[n-]-Xy-¯n\pw s]mXp-\n-tbm-P-I-a-WvU-e§Ä¡pw th-n-bmWvss{IkvX-hÀ hmZn- n-cp-¶-Xv. F¶mÂ hnhn[ aX-hn- mK§sf X½nÂ`n¶n- n-¡pI F¶ e£y-t¯msS “I½yq-WÂ hmÀUv” F¶ t]cnÂ\yq\-]-£-§Ä¡pw A[-Øn-XÀ¡pw {]tXyI aWvU-e-§Ä GÀs -Sp-¯p-I-bmWv {_n«o-jp-ImÀ sNbvX-Xv.

kmap-Zm-bn-I-ambn Gsd t\«-ap--m-¡m-am-bn-cp¶ Xocp-am-\-am-bn-cp-¶n«pw ss{IkvX-hÀ Cu \o¡s¯ FXnÀ¯p. hÀ¤ob \ntbm-P-I-a-WvU-e-§Äs¡-Xnsc KmÔnPn Pbn-enÂ InS¶p \S-¯nb 21Znh-ks¯ \ncm-lm-c-k-a-c- n\p ]qÀ® ]n´p-W-bp-ambn BZyw cwK-¯p-h-¶Xv ss{IkvX-h-cm-bn-cp-¶p.

KmÔn-Pn-bpsS ka-c-¯n\p ]n´p-W-b-dn-bn-¨p-sIm-v ]q\m-bnÂtNÀ¶ ss{IkvXh kt½-f-\-¯nÂ ^m. Ptdmw Unkq-k,Atem-jykv tkmd-kv, FÊv.sI. Z¯ XpS-§n-b-hÀ ]s¦-Sp- p. cmPy-¯nsâ apJy-[m-c-bpsS `mK-ambn am{Xta ss{IkvX-hÀ \ne-sIm-Åp-I-bpÅq F¶p {]Jym-]n-¨-tXm-sSm¸w hÀ¤o-b-\n-tbm-P-I-a-WvU-e-§-fnÂ {InkvXym-\n-IÄ aÕ-cn-¡m-\n-sÃ¶pw kt½-f\w Xocp-am-\n-¨p. hÀ¤ob \ntbm-P-I-a-WvU-e-§Äs¡-Xnsc _nj¸v hn.-F-¨v.AÊ-dnbm ]pd-s¸-Sp-hn¨ {]kvXm-h\ ss{IkvX-h-cpsS tZi-kvt\-l-¯nsâ Pzen-¡p¶ km£y-amWv:

“FÃm aX-hn-`m-K-§-sfbpw kzmKXw sNbvX \mSmWv `mc-Xw. FÃm aX-§-sfbpw BZ-cn-¡p-Ibpw FÃm kwkvIm-c-§-sfbpwkzoI-cn-¡p-Ibpw FÃm-hn[ BNm-c-§Ä¡pw _lp-am\w \ÂIp-Ibpw sNbvXp-t]m-¶n-«p-Å-XmWv `mc-Xob kwkvIm-cw. C{Xal¯mb Hcp kwkvIm-c-¯nsâ Dd-hn-S-amb Cu a®nÂþ`mc-X-¯nÂþ {InkvXym-\n-I-fmb \ap¡v s]mXp-hmb \ntbm-P-I-a-WvU-e-§-fnÂ thm«p-sN-¿m³ Ah-Im-i-an-Ãm-Xmbn F¶Xv tJZ-I-c-am-Wv.\ntbm-P-I-a-WvU-e-§-fnÂ\n¶pw sXc-sª-Sp-¡-s¸-Sp¶ FÃm P\-{]-Xn-\n-[n-Ifpw FÃm kap-Zm-b-§-fp-sSbpw Xme-]cyw kwc-£n-¡p-¶-h-cm-bn-cn¡pw F¶v R§Ä¡v D¯-a-t_m-[y-ap - - v . AXmWv\½psS cmPy-¯nsâ al-¯mb ]mc-¼-cy-sa¶pw B ]mc-¼-cy-¯nÂDd-¨p-\n-¶psIm-pam-{Xta C´y³ P\X {]hÀ¯n-¡p-I-bp-Åq-

62


sh¶pw ss{IkvX-h-cmb R§Ä hniz-kn-¡p¶p F¶v A`n-am-\-]qÀÆw ]d-bp-hm³ B{K-ln-¡p-¶p. Chn-Sps¯ ss{IkvX-h-cpsS ]uc-Xm-ev]-cy-§Ä aäv kap-Zm-b-§-fpsS ]uc-Xm-ev]-cy-§-fnÂ\n¶pw hn`n-¶-a-sÃ¶v ASn-h-c-bn«v {]Jym-]n-¡p-hm³ B{K-ln-¡p-¶p”.5

1945 Â Cý-bnÂ h¶ Im_n-\äv anj-\nepw XpSÀ¶v kzX-{´-`m-c-X-¯nsâ `c-W-L-S-\m-k-an-Xn-bnepw ss{IkvX-hÀ CtX \ne-]mSv BhÀ¯n-¨p.

1942 Â alm-ß-Pn-bpsS t\Xr-Xz-¯nÂ \S¶ Iznäv Cým{]t£m-`-¯n\v ss{IkvX-h-k-ap-Zmbw FÃm-hn[ ]n´p-Wbpw \ÂIp-I-bp--m-bn. {]apJ sXmgn-emfn bqWn-b³ {]hÀ¯-I\pw ss{IkvX-h-t\-Xm-hp-am-bn-cp¶ hn. N¡ssc Iznäv Cý {]t£m-`-W-t¯mSvss{IkvX-hÀ¡pÅ sFIy-ZmÀVyw {]Jym-]n-¨p. {_n«sâ ASn-¨-aÀ¯Â \b-¯n-s\-Xn-cmbn t]mcm-Sm³ ss{IkvXh kt½-f-\-§ÄBlzm\w sNbvXp.

ss{IkvX-h-cpsS \qäm- -p -I-fm-bpÅ tZi-kvt\-l-]-c-amb{]hÀ¯-\-§sf ]ecpw {]iw-kn-¡p-I-bp- -m -bn. `mc-X-¯nsâKhÀ®À P\-d-em-bn-cp¶ kn. cmP-tKm-]m-em-Nmcn `mc-X-¯nsess{IkvX-hÀ FÃm kt½-f-\-§-fnepw ]cn-]qÀ® ]n´pW tZiob{]Øm-\-¯n\v \ÂIn-bn-cp-¶p-sh¶v A`n-{]m-b-s¸-«p. -lnµpalm-k-`-bpsS A[y-£³ _n.-F-Êv. tam³sP ss{IkvX-h-cpsS hÀ²n-¨p-sIm--n-cn-¡p¶ tZiob Nn´m-K-Xn-sbbpw Ah-cpsS \nÝb ZmÀVy-s¯bpw {]iw-kn¨v {InkvXym-\n-IÄ aäv \yq\-]-£-§Ä¡v amXr-I-bm-sW¶v FSp-¯p-]-d-ªp.-IÂ¡-«-bnÂ\n¶pw ]pd-s¸-Sp¶ Aar-X-_-kmÀ ]{Xn-I-bnÂ tam³sP A`n-{]m-b-s¸«p: `mc-X-ss{I-kvX-hÀapÉow-§-sf-¡mÄ sNdp-Xmb Hcp kaq-l-am-sW-¶pw F¶n«pw Ah-cpsS aXw A]-I-S-¯n-em-sWt¶m `qcn-]£kap-Zmb]oU-\-¯n\vFs¶-¦nepw hnt[-b-cm-Ip-sat¶m Hcp Nn´ AhÀ¡n-Ã. HuZm-cy-§tfm {]tXyI ]Z-hn-Itfm AhÀ B{K-ln-¡p-¶p-an-Ã.

tIm¬{Kknsâ tZio-b-Xm-hm-Z- n\v Hcp aXw F¶-\n-e-bnÂ]n´pW e`n-¨Xv ss{IkvX-h-cnÂ \n¶p am{X-am-sW¶v Cu Ncn-

{Xm-]-{K-Y\w km£y-s¸-Sp-¯p-¶p.

CS-Xp-]-£hpw hÀ¤o-b-Xbpw tZio-b-XbpwtIm¬{K-kn-\-Is¯ Xo{h-\n-e-]m-Sp-Im-cpsS kwL-amWv CS-

Xp-]-£-ambn hnI-kn-¨p-h-¶-Xv. cmjv{So-b-kzm-X{ýw F¶ Bi-b-¯n\v hyà-amb kmaq-ln-I-þ-km-¼-¯n-I-am\w Bh-iy-am-sW-¶pÅNn´-bnÂ\n-¶mWv tIm¬{Kkv t\Xm-¡-fm-bn-cp¶ kp`m-jvN-{µ-


63

t_mkpw Ph-lÀemÂ s\{lphpw tNÀ¶v tkmjy-enÌv Nn´m-[m-csb Cý³ tZio-bXm apt¶-ä-¯nsâ apJy-[m-c-bnÂ {]Xn-jvTn-¨-Xv. 1917 HIvtSm-_À 7 \v hn.-sF. se\n\nsâ t\Xr-Xz-¯n-epÅt_mÄsj-hnIv (I-ayq-Wn-Ìv) ]mÀ«n kmÀ N{I-hÀ¯n-am-cpsS GIm-[n-]-Xy-`-cWw XIÀ¯v djy-bnÂ tkmjy-enÌv hn¹hw \S-¸n-em-¡nb Ncn-{X-kw-`-hhpw Cý³ Nn´m-K-Xn-bnÂ h¶ tkmjy-enÌvB`n-ap-Jy-¯n\p ]n¶n-ep-- v. sXmgn-emfn IÀjI {]Øm-\-§-fnÂkPo-h-am-bn-cp¶ BZy-Ime Cý³ I½yq-Wn-Ìp-IÄ FÃmwtIm¬{K-knÂ AwKXzw t\Sn-bn-cp-¶p. 1932 Â I½yq-Wn-Ìp-ImÀs¡-Xnsc kÀ¡mÀ sIm-p-h¶ and-äp-Kq-Vm-temN\tIknÂ Ad-Ìn-emb32 I½yq-WnÌv t{SUv bqWn-b³ {]hÀ¯-IÀ¡pth-n tImS-Xn-bnÂ tIkv hmZn-¨Xv s\{lp, Fw.-F. A³km-cn, Fw.-kn. O¥ XpS-§nb tZiob t\Xm-¡-fm-bn-cp-¶p. tIm¬{Kkv \b-§Ä¡v ià-amb ]n´pW \ÂIn tZiob {]Øm-\-¯nsâ iàn-bmbn I½yq-Wn-Ìp-ImÀ \ne-sIm- Cu Ime-L«w hÀ¤o-b-Xsb FXnÀ¡m³]cym-]vX-amb Ime-am-bn-cp-¶p.

F¶mÂ, I½yq-WnÌv CâÀ\m-j-W-ensâ Bdmw tIm¬{K-knse {]ta-b-§-fpsS shfn-¨-¯nÂ I½yq-Wn-Ìp-ImÀ tIm¬{K-kp-am-bp-Å _Ôw ]qÀ®-ambpw hntO-Zn-¨p. tIm¬{Kkv t\Xm-¡sf_qÀjzm GPâp-am-cmbpw KmÔnsb cmPy-t{Zm-ln-bmbpw Alnw-km-kn-²m-´s¯ hnUvVn-¯-ambpw I½yq-Wn-Ìp-ImÀ Nn{Xo-I-cn-¨p.hÀt¡gvkv Bâ v s]kâ vkv ]mÀ«n (WPP) AS-¡-apÅ CS-Xp-]£sXmgn-emfn {]Øm-\-§sf ]ncn-¨p-hn«v GIo-IrX I½yq-WnÌv ]mÀ«ncq]o-I-cn-¡m³ {]Øm-\-¯n-sâ -k-Ie Ignhpw hn\n-tbm-Kn-¡m³Xocp-am-\-am-bn. Ak-a-b¯pw Btem-N-\-c-ln-X-ambpw I½yq-Wn-Ìp-ImÀ FSp¯ Cu Xocp-am\w tZio-b-{]-Øm-\-¯n-t\Â]n¨ {]lcwI\-¯-Xm-bn-cp-¶p. tIm¬{K-kns\ Hä-s¸-Sp-¯pI F¶ hÀ¤obI£n-I-fpsS \bw I½yq-Wn-Ìp-Imcpw IqSn Gäp-]mSn XpS-§n-b-tXmsShÀ¤o-b-X-bpsS kzcw IqSp-XÂ I\-¯Xpw hÀ¤o-b-hm-Zn-I-fpsS \o¡-§Ä IqSp-XÂ Xo{h-hp-ambn amdn. hÀ¤o-b-hm-Zn-Isf kw_-Ôn-¨n-S-t¯mfw A{]-Xo-£n-X-ambn In«nb AÛp-Xm-h-l-amb ]n´p-W-bm-bn-cp¶p I½yq-WnÌv ]mÀ«n-bpsS \bw-am-äw.

hÀ¤o-bX Hcp Ips¯m-gp-¡m-Wv, Icp-t¯m-sSbpw Icp-X-tem-sSbpw FXnÀZn-i-bnÂ Xpg-tb--n-bn-cp¶ I½yq-Wn-Ìp-ImÀ Xpg-¨nÂ\nÀ¯n hÀ¤ob {]hm-l- nsâ tIm¬{Kkv hncp² at\m- m-h- nÂ]¦m-fn-I-fm-b-t¸mÄ hÀ¤o-b-X¡v A{]-Xn-tcm-[y-amb Bthiw ssIh-¶p.

64


KmÔn-Pn-bpsS t\Xr-Xz-¯nÂ \S¶ sska¬ I½o-j³hncp² ka-cw, D¸p-k-Xym-{K-lw, Iznäv Cým-k-a-cw, k¼qÀ® kzcm-Pn\p th-nbpÅ kacw XpS-§nb sFXn-lm-knI kzmX{ý ka-c-§-sf-sbÃmw A«n-a-dn-¡m³ {ian¨p F¶Xv I½yq-WnÌv ]mÀ«n¡v\ntj-[n-¡m-\m-hm¯ hkvXp-X-bmWv. 1935þÂ tamkvtIm-bnÂ IqSnbIayq-WnÌv CâÀ\m-j-W-ensâ {]ta-b-¯nÂ P\-dÂ sk{I-«dn Unan-t{Smhpw Gjy³ Imcy-sk-{I-«dn hm§van§pw tNÀ¶p \S-¯nb{]kvXm-h\ {it²-bamWv: “Cý-bnÂ \½psS kJm-¡Ä¡p ]änbsXäv Cý³ \mj-WÂ tIm¬{K-knsâ IognÂ kwL-Sn-¸n¨ _lp-P\ {]t£m-`-§-fnÂ ]s¦-Sp-¯nÃ F¶-Xm-Wv. taenÂ Iayq-Wn-Ìp-ImÀ KmÔn-bpsS tIm¬{K-knÂ tNÀ¶p {]hÀ¯n-t¡---Xm-Wv ”(Marxism, 21). djy-¡m-c\v Cý³ tZio-b-X-tbm-Sp -mbn-cp¶kvt\lw t]mepw Chn-Sps¯ Iayq-Wn-Ìp-ImÀ¡nÃbncp¶p F¶Btcm-]-W-¯nsâ s]mcpÄ CXm-bn-cp-¶p. 1942 Â kÀ Ìmt^mUv{In]vkv Cý-bnÂ h¶v Cým-¡mÀ¡v A]-am-\-I-c-amb \nb-a-hy-h-Ø-IÄ \nÀ½n-¨-t¸mÄ I£n-cm-jv{Sob t`Z-sat\y kI-e-]mÀ«n-Ifpw AXns\ FXnÀ¯p. F¶mÂ, Cu hyh-Ø-Isf Ccp-I¿pw\o«n kzoI-cn¨Xv Iayq-Wn-Ìp-ImÀ am{X-am-bn-cp-¶p.

Cý³ kzmX-{ý-k-a-cs¯ Hän-s¡m-Sp-¡m³ Iayq-WnÌv]mÀ«nsb t{]cn-¸n-¨Xv djy³ t\Xm-hm-bn-cp¶ Ìmen³ Bbn-cp-¶p.lnäve--dpsS \mkn-k-¯n-s\-Xntc djybpw {_n«\pw kJy-I-£n-I-fmbn c-mw temI-a-lm-bp²w \S-¡p-I-bm-bn-cp-¶-Xn-\mÂ {_n«\vA\p-Iq-e-ambn \nÂ¡m³ Cý³ Iayq-Wn-Ìp-I-tfmSv Ìmen³ Bh-iy-s¸-«p. XXv^-e-ambn amXr-cm-Py-¯nsâ kzmX{ý kz]v\-§sfdjy-bpsS Xmev]-cy-{]-Imcw I-ayq--Wn-Ìp-ImÀ Hän-s¡m-Sp-¯p. KmÔn-Pnsb “IÅ-k-\ymkn”sb¶pw kp`mjv N{µ-t_m-[ns\ “P¸m³ImhÂ\mb” F¶pw s\{l-dp-hns\ “ {_n«ojv sNcp- p-Ip¯n” F¶pwIayq-Wn-Ìp-ImÀ Bt£-]n-¨p. s\lv-dp-hnsâ ]©-h-Õc]²-Xn-Isf“]ª-h-Õc ]²-Xn-IÄ” F¶mWv Iayq-Wn-Ìp-ImÀ Bt£-]n-¨-Xv. “Ìmen-sâbpw {IqjvtN-hn-sâbpw {_jvt\-hn-sâbpw Ime¯vAta-cn-¡³ tKmX¼pw sabvkp-s]m-Snbpw djy Cd-¡p-aXn sNbvX-Xns\ A\p-Iq-en¨ Iayq-Wn-Ìp-ImÀ Cý-bnse ss{IkvX-h-Øm-]-\-§-fpÄs¸-sS-bp-Å-hÀ Ata-cn-¡³ tKmX¼p kzoI-cn-¨-Xn-s\-¡p-dn¨v km{am-Py-Xz-¯n-\pÅ ASna¸Wn” F¶mWv Bt£-]n-¨-Xv.

apÉow-hÀ¤o-b-Xsb t{]mÕm-ln-¸n-¡m³ I½yq-Wn-Ìp-Imcpw{ian¨p F¶Xv kXy-am-Wv. 1942 apXÂ 1946 hsc apÉow-eo-Kns\A\p-\-bn- n-¡m-s\¶ hymtP\ eoKpw I½yq-WnÌp ]mÀ«nbpw X½nÂ


65

Ahn-ip-²-amb Hcp Iq«p-sI«v \ne-hnÂh-¶p. F¶mÂ apÉow-eo-Kns\am\-km-´-c-s¸-Sp-¯m³ Ign-ªnÃ F¶p-am-{X-aÃ I½yq-Wn-Ìp-Im-cmb \ÃNne tIUÀamsc apÉow-hÀ¤o-b-hm-Z-¯n-te¡p hn«p-sIm-Sp-¡p-¶-Xn-te¡pw Cu _Ôw hgn-sX-fn-¨p.6 1946 Â am{X-amWv I½yq-WnÌv ]mÀ«n eoKnsâ hÀ¤o-b-Xsb {]oWn-¸n-¡p¶ \bw Ah-km-\n- n- -Xv.

kzmX{ýka-cs¯ ]cm-P-b-s¸-Sp-¯m³ {ian¨ Iayq-Wn-Ìp-ImÀ BZys¯ kzmX-{ý-Zn\w Icn-Zn-\-ambn BN-cn-¨p. XpSÀ¶v6 hÀj-§ÄIqSn AhÀ BKkvXv 15 Icn-Zn-\-ambn BN-cn-¨p. 1948 ÂcW-Zn -sh-bpsS t\Xr-Xz -¯nÂ Ah-X-cn -¸n¨ Ip{]-kn-²-amb“ IÂ¡¯m Xoknkv” kzX{´ Cý-bnÂ kmbp-[-hn-¹-h-¯n-\pÅBlzm-\-am-Wv. CXnÂ \n¶pw {]tNm-Z\w DÄs¡m-v kzmX{ýwt\Sn-¡-gn-ªn«pw hn¹-h-¯n\p tIm¸pIq-«nb kJm-¡-fpsS ]cm-{I-a-§-fmWv hnJym-X-amb ]e I½yq-WnÌv ka-c-§fpw. 1953þ Â djy³{]knUâmbncp¶ {IqjvtNhv Cý-bnÂ h¶t¸mÄv Cý kzX-{´-cm-Py-amWv F¶v {]Jym-]n-¨p. A¶p-ap-X-emWv Iayq-WnÌpImÀkzX-{ý-Zn\w BtLm-jn¨p XpS-§n-b-Xv F¶-XmWv ck-I-c-ambInwh-Z-ń. FÃm kzmX-{ý-Zn-\-¯nepw “a\p-jy-N-§e”bpw “a\p-jy-a-Xnepw” XoÀ¡m\pw km{am-Py-Xzs¯ Ad-_n-¡-S-enÂ Xmgv-¯m-\p-ambpw X{Xs¸-Sp¶ DYFI bpsS t\Xm-¡Ä Cým-N-cn{Xw icn-bmw-hn[w ]Tn-¨mÂ kzmX-{ýZn-\-¯nÂ Xe-bnÂ ap-n«p\S-t¡-nhcptam?

CSXp \b-§-fnse sshIeyw kzmX-{ým-\- c Cý-bnepwhÀ¤o-b-hm-Z-¯n\v Adntªm Adn-bm-sXtbm hfw-h¨p \ÂIn-bn-«p-- v. Gähpw HSp-hn-es¯ tZio-b-X-e-¯n-epÅ DZm-l-cWw 1989 setemI-k`m Xnc-sª-Sp-¸m-Wv. 1984 Â A©nÂ \mev `qcn-]-£-hp-ambn A[n-Im-c-¯n-te-dnb cmPohvKmÔn-bpsS `c-W-¯n\v AdpXnIpdn-¡pI F¶ XmÂ¡m-enI e£yw ap³\nÀ¯n _n.-sP.-]n, P\-Xm-ZÄ, sXep-¦-tZ-iw, BÊmw KW-]-cn-jXv {ZmhnU apt¶ä-IgIwF¶n-h-bp-ambn Iq«p-tNÀ¶v hnime tIm¬{Kkv hncp² ap¶-Wn-bp--m-¡m³ ap¶n-«n-d§n {]hÀ¯n-¨Xv CS-Xp-]-£-am-bn-cp-¶p. XXv^-e-ambn 1984 se sXc-sª-Sp-¸nÂ tIhew 2 koäp-ambn HXp-§n-bn-cp¶ _n.-sP.-]n. F¶ hÀ¤o-b- I£n 1989 se sXc-sª-Sp-¸nÂ 98koäp-ambn ap³\n-c-bn-se-¯n. _n.-sP.-]n.-bpsS hÀ¤ob hfÀ¨bv¡phgn-a-cp-¶n-«-XnÂ CS-Xp-]-£-¯nsâ kw`m-h\ hep-Xm-bn-cp-¶p. 1989Unkw-_À 2 \p \ne-hnÂh¶ hn.-]n. -knwKv a{ń-k-`sb Xm§n-\nÀ¯nb s\Spw-Xq-Wp-I-fn-sem¶v _n.-sP.-]n.bpw asäm¶v CS-Xp-]-

66


£-hp-am-bn-cp-¶p.2004þÂ \ne-hnÂh¶ bp.-]n.-F. kÀ¡m-cns\ BW-h-¡-cm-

dnsâ t]cnÂ _n.-sP.-]n.-bp-ambn tNÀ¶v A«n-a-dn-¡m³ {ian-¨-tXmsSCS-Xp-]-£w hÀ¤-k-a-c-t¯-¡mÄ hÀ¤o-b-k-a-c-¯n-emWv hniz-kn-¡p-¶-sX¶v mc-Xo-bÀ¡p t_m[y-am-bn. CS-Xp-]-£- nsâ Cc-«- m-¸n\v 2009 se Xnc-sª-Sp-¸nÂ ià-amb Xncn-¨Sn e`n-¨p. Ah-cpsStemI-k-`-bnse {]mXn-\n[yw aq¶n-sem-¶mbn Npcp-§n. CS-Xp-\-b-§-fnse sshcp-[y-§Ä `mc-X-¯nÂ hÀ¤o-bX hfÀ¯p-¶-XnÂ

\nÀ®m-bI ]¦p-h-ln-¨n-cp¶p F¶-XmWv kXyw.

ASn¡pdn¸p-IÄ

1. Bipin Chandra, India’s Struggle for Independence, New Delhi, 1995, p.441-474.2. C.G Sha, Marxism, Gandhism, Stalinism, Bombay 1963, p. 1853. tPm¬ I¨n-d-a-äw, ss{IkvX-hcpw tZio-b-{]-Øm-\-§-fpw, p.219- -þ2224. Bipin Chandra, India’s Struggle for Independence, p. 4735. Cfr. tPm¬ I¨n-d-a-äw, ss{IkvX-hcpw tZio-b-{]-Øm-\-§-fpw, p.2106. Bipin Chandra, India’s Struggle for Independence, p. 487


67

tIcf ss{IkvX-hcpw tZio-b-Xbpw

`mc-X-P-\-kw-Jy-bnÂ tIhew c--c-i-X-am\w am{Xw hcp¶ss{IkvX-hÀ amXr-cm-Py-¯nsâ kzmX-{ý-¯n\pw tZio-tbm-Zv{K-Y-\-¯n\pw \ÂInb kw`m-h-\-IÄ amXr-Im-]-c-am-Wv. F¶mÂ `mc-X-ss{I-kvX-hÀ kzmX-{ý-k-a-c-Im-e v {_n«o-jp-Im-cpsS ZÃm-fp-I-fmbn{]hÀ¯n-¡p-I-bm-bn-cp¶p F¶ Zpcm-tcm-]Ww aX-au-en-I-hm-Zn-Ifpw\nco-iz-c-hm-Zn-Ifpw tNÀ¶v ]e-t¸mgpw D¶-bn-¡m-dp--v. Cý³ kzmX-{ý-k-a-c-Im-e¯v Poh-s\-t¸mepw XrW-hÂK-Wn¨v [oc-t\-XrXzwsImSp¯ ss{IkvX-h-cmb tZim-`n-am-\n-I-fpsS t]cp-t]mepw kzmX-{ý-k-a-c-N-cn-{X-¯nÂ\n¶v sh«n-\o-¡n-s¡m--n-cn-¡p-I-bm-Wv.

]mÝm-XyÀ ss{IkvX-h-cm-bn-cp-¶-Xn-\mÂ Xt±-io-b-ss{I-kvX-hÀ hntZi iàn-Isf kzmKXw sNbvXp F¶ Btcm-]WwASn-Øm-\-c-ln-X-am-Wv. hntZ-i-ss{I-kvXh ta[m-hn-Xz-¯n-s\-XnscBZys¯ {]Xn-tj[w tIc-f-¯nse ss{IkvX-h-cpsS `mK-¯p-\n-¶mWv DbÀ¶-Xv. 1653 P\p-hcn 3þmw XobXn a«m-t©-cn-bnse ssZh-am -Xm -hnsâ ]Ån -b -¦ -W-¯nÂ Ipcn -inÂ Bem-¯p -sI«nAXnÂsXm«v Xt±-iob ss{IkvX-hÀ kXyw-sN-bvXp “R§fpwR§-fpsS k´-Xn-Ifpw DÅn-S-t¯m-fw-Imew hntZ-i-taÂt¡mbvaAwKo-I-cn-¡nÃ” . `mcX kzmX-{ý-k-a-c-N-cn-{X-¯n\p XpS-¡w-Ip-dn¨sFXn-lm-knI kw`-h-am-bn-cp-¶n«pw Iq\³ Ipcn-ip-k-Xys¯Cý³ Ncn-{X-Im-c-·mÀ I-n-sÃ¶p \Sn-¨p.

tPm¬ I¨n-d-aäw Nq-n-¡m-«n-b-Xp-t]mse, Cý³ tZiob\thm-°m-\-¯nsâ hfÀ¨bv¡v A[zm-\n¨ cmPm dmwtam-l³dmbpwkzman Zbm-\-µ-k-c-kz-Xnbpw AhÀ Øm]n¨ {_Ò-k-am-Phpw Bcy-k-am-Phpw ss{IkvXh ho£-W-¯n\v Du¶Â \ÂIn-bmWv{]hÀ¯n- -Xv. hntZi ss{IkvXh anj-\-dn-amÀ ChnsS GÀs -Sp- nbCw¥ojv hnZym-`ymkw e`n¨ `mc-Xo-bÀ¡v temI-¯nsâ hnhn[ `mK-§-fnÂ h¶p-sIm--n-cn-¡p¶ amä-§Ä a\-Ên-em-¡p-hm³ km[n-¨p.ASn-a-hym-]mcw \nÀ -em-¡p-¶-Xn\pw kXn, \c-_-en, inip-hn-hmlwapX-emb kmaq-ly-Zp-cm-Nm-c-§Ä CÃm-Xm-¡p-¶-Xn\pw ]cn-{i-an-¡p-hm³ Cw¥ojv hnZym-`ymkw e`n¨ `mc-Xo-bÀ X¿m-dmbn apt¶m-«p-

h¶p.1

5

68


hÀ¯-am-\-]p-kvXIwCý³ kzmX{ý ka-c-N-cn-{X- nse \mgn-I-¡-Ãmb asämcp

kw`hw “hÀ¯-am-\-]p-kvXI”¯nsâ {]kn-²o-I-c-W-am-bn-cp-¶p. 605\m«p-cm-Py-§-fmbn `n¶n¨pw Ie-ln¨pw Ign-ªn-cp¶ `mc-Xo-b-cnÂ“Cý” F¶ amXr-cm-Py-hn-Imcw BZy-ambn DWÀ¯n-bXv ae-bm-f-¯nse BZys¯ bm{Xm-hn-h-c-W-{KÙw IqSn-bmb hÀ¯-am-\-]p-kvX-I-am-bn-cp-¶p. ]mtd-½m-¡Â tXmam-I-¯-\mÀ cNn¨ Cu {KÙ-¯n-emWv “kzbw `cWw” F¶ Bibw BZy-ambn apt¶m-«p-h-¨-Xv.hntZi ta[m-hn-Xz-¯n-s\-Xnsc `mc-X-¯nÂ Fgp-X-s¸« BZy-{K-Ù-amb hÀ¯-am-\-]p-kvX-I-§-sf-¡p-dn¨v s{]m^. ao\m£n A½-bpsS\ncq-]Ww {it²-b-am-Wv.

“Cu IrXn-bnÂ GXp-`m-Khpw ap¶n-«p-\nÂ¡p-¶Xv aev]msâcmPym-`n-am-\hpw tZi-kvt\-lhpw hÀ¤m-`n-am-\hpw `mjm-kvt\-l-hp-am-Wv. kq£va Nn´-I\pw \oXn-Ú-\p-amb I¯-\mÀ Hmtcm kµÀ`-¯nepw Xsâ A\p-`-h-§Ä ]IÀ¯n-bn«v hnNm-c-]-c-amb Hcp XXz-\n-cq-]Ww \S- n-bn-«p-ÅXv hmbn-¡p-t¼m-gmWv Cu at\m- m-h-§-fpsSamlmßyw a\-Ên-em-Ip-¶-Xv. KÀÆn-jvT-·m-cmb hntZ-in-IÄ aev]m-t\mSpw aäpw hoc-]m--n-tZ-i¯p h¨v _lp-am\w ImWn-¡m-¯-XnÂAhn-sS-bpÅ \mS³ {InkvXym-\n-IÄ¡v hnj-a-ap- -m-b-Xn-s\-¸änI¯-\mÀ hÀ¯-am\]pkvX-I-¯nÂ C§s\ ]d-bp¶p CXv F´p-sIm - v ? ]s£ ap³]nÂ R§-fp -am -bn -«p -Å I- -d n -hp -sIm -t -m ,R§Ä GXm\pw at\m-KpWw AhÀ¡p sNbvX-Xp-sImt-m BbXvH¶p-sIm- -p -aÃ ]ns¶tbm \msa-Ãm-hcpw Hcp PmXn AXm-bXvCým-¡m-cm-b-Xp-sIm-v hÀ¤-¯n-\-Sp¯ Cu kvt\lw Ah-cpsSlrZ-b-§sf Cf-¡n-b-Xp-sIm- -s{X”.

C¶s¯ `mc-Xo-bÀ¡pt]mepw `mhn-¡m³ Ign-bm¯ Hcpkzbm-`n-am-\-atÃ {KÙ-IÀ¯m-hnsâ iàn-tb-dnb hm¡p-I-fnÂ \mwImWp-¶-Xv. Cý³ P\X Adp-\q-dnÂ]cw \m«p-cm-Py-§-fmbn hn`-Pn-¨n-cp¶ Hcp Ime-L-«-¯n-em-Wv, ]©m-_n-sb¶pw ae-bm-fn-sb¶pw_wKm-fn-sb¶pw ]d-bp-Ibpw A§s\ {lkz-ambn Nnń-¡p-IbpwsNbvXn-cp¶ Hcp Ime-L-«-¯n-emWv tXmam-¡-¯-\mÀ \mw `mc-Xo-b-sc¶v Dds¡ {]Jym-]n-¨-Xv.

]mtd-½m-¡Â tXmam-¡-¯-\mcpw Icn-bmän tPmk^vaev]m\pw tdman-te¡p \S-¯nb bm{X-bpsS hnh-c-W-ambn am{XwhÀ¯-am-\-]p-kvX-Is¯ ImW-cp-Xv. adn¨v kzmX-{ý-s¯-¡p-dn¨pwtZio-b-X-sb-¡p-dn- p-apÅ Aán-kv]p-enw-K-§Ä mc-Xo-bsâ a\-ÊnÂBZy-ambn DWÀ¯nb al-¯mb {KÙ-am -bn -cp¶p hÀ¯-

am\]pkvXIw.


69

A¦-amen ]Sn-tbm-ebpw Zo]n-Ibpw1787 s^{_p-hcn H¶mw XnbXn {]kn-²o-I-cn¨ “A¦-am-en-]-

Sn-tbme” kzmX-{ý-k-acNcn-{X-¯nse asämcp \nÀ®m-bI Nph-Sp-sh-¸m-bn-cp-¶p. ]mtd-½m-¡Â tXmam-¡-¯-\msc kzbw`c-Wm-h-Im-iapÅ sa{Xm-t¸m-eo-¯-bmbn AwKo-I-cn-¨n-sÃ-¦nÂ t]mÀ¨p-KokpcmÚn-bpsS A[n-Imcw tIcf ss{IkvX-hÀ AwKo-I-cn-¡nÃ F¶-Xm-bn-cp¶p A¦-am-en-]-Sn-tbm-e-bpsS DÅ-S-¡w.

amÀt¯m-½m-{In-kvXym-\n-I-fpsS kzbw c-W- n-\pÅ B{K-l-amWv Cu ]Sn-tbm-e-bnÂ ZÀin-¡p-I. amÀ Icn-bm-änbpw ]mtd-½m-¡Â tXmam-¡-¯-\mcpw X¨nÂ am¯p-X-c-I\pw ]q\-¯nÂ C«n-¡p-cp-hnf Xc-I\pw Hs¡-IqSn \bn¨ k`-bnse Cu kzmX-{ý-k-acw20þmw \qäm--nÂ \S-¡m-\n-cn-¡p¶ kwL-Sn-X-amb cmjv{Sob hntam-N\ {]Øm-\-¯nsâ apt¶m-Sn-bm-bn-cp-¶p-sh¶v Xd-¸n¨p ]d-bm³km[n-¡pw.2

1887 Â G{]nÂ 15 \v am¶m-\-¯p-\n¶v ae-bm-f-¯nse {]YaZn\-]-{X-amb Zo]nI ]pd-¯n-d-§n. tIc-f-¯nsâ kmaq-ln-I,kmwkvIm-cnI hnZym-`ymk, cmjv{Sob cwK-§se aqeym-[n-jvTn-X-ambncq]o-I-cn-¡m³ {ian-¨p-sIm-v tIcf \thm-°m-\-¯n\v s\Sp-\m-b-IXzw hln-¨Xv Zo]n-I-bm-Wv. Abn-t¯m-¨m-S-\w, A[-Ir-X-cpsS D¶-a-\w, t£{X {]th-i\kzmX-{ýw, ]ucm-h-Imi ka-Xzw, hnZym- ymkkzmX{ýw XpS-§nb kmaq-lnI hnj-b-§Ä¡pth-n i_vZ-ap-bÀ¯m³ Cu ]{Xw ap³]-ń-bn-ep--m-bn-cp-¶p. IqSmsX kzX-{´-`m-cXw F¶ kpµ-c-kz-]v\s¯ ae-bm-fn-bpsS a\-ÊnÂ hncn-bn-s¨Sp¡m\pw kzmX-{ý-k-a-cmán \msS§pw Bfn- -SÀ¯m\pw Zo]nI]{X-¯n\p Ign-ªp. tZiob Ah-t_m[w krjvSn-¡m³ Zn\-]-{X-t¯mfw t{ijvTambn asäm-¶p-anÃ F¶p Is-¯n AXn-\mbn AXy-[zm\w sNbvX ss{IkvX-h-t\-Xm-¡-fpsS {Im´-ZÀi\w AÛp-Xm-h-

l-am-Wv.

ssh¡w kXym-{K-lhpw ss{IkvX-hcpwXmgv¶ PmXn-¡mÀ¡v ssh¡w t£{X-¯n-\p-k-ao-]-apÅ hgn-

bn-eqsS k©mc kzmX-{ýw A\p-h-Zn-¡-W-sa¶ Bh-iy-ap-¶-bn-¨p-sIm- v ssh¡¯v \S¶ 603 Znh-k-§Ä \o- ka-c-amWv ssh¡wkXym-{K-l-sa-¶-t]-cnÂ Adn-b-s¸-Sp-¶-Xv. “ssh¡w kXym-{K-l-¯nse ]pe-b-]-¦m-fn¯w” F¶ hyJymX {KÙ-¯nsâ Ah-Xm-cn-I-bnÂ ap³a{ń ]n.sI cmL-h³ Fgp-Xnb hcn-IÄ Cuk-a-c-¯nsâ{]m[m\yw hyà-am-¡p-¶p:

70


“hkvXpX F´p-X-s¶-bm-bmepw 603 Znhkw \o-p-\n¶ssh¡w kXym-{Klw AJn-te-´ym-X-e-¯nÂ {i² ]nSn-¨p-]-änb Hcpkw`-h-am-bn-cp-¶p. A¡m-es¯ A[:ØnX-cpsS ØnXn ]pXnb Xe-ap-dbv¡v DÄsIm-Åmt\m k¦Â¸n-¡mt\m Ign-bp-I-bn-Ã. tIc-f- nÂam{X-aÃ `mc-X-¯n-ep-S-\ofw AhÀ®sâ \ne AXm-bn-cp-¶p. PmXnAXnsâ FÃm {Iqc-X-I-tfmSpw IqSn Agn-ªm-Sn-b-Im-e-am-bn-cp¶pAXv. ChnsS {io\m-cm-b-W-Kp-cphpw `mcXw ZÀin¨ kmaq-ly-hn-¹-h-Im-cn-I-fnse ap³\n-c-¡m-c-\mb {io. A¿³Im-fn-bp-saÃmw \S-¯nb[oc-amb t]mcm-«-§sf B ASn-Øm-\-¯n-emWv hne-bn-cp-t¯---Xv. s]mXp-h-gnsb \S-¡m³, amdp-a-d-bv¡m³ IÃp-ame amäm³, A£cw]Tn-¡m³ A[-Øn-XXzw Ah-km-\n-¸n-¡m³ Hs¡-bm-bn-cp¶p Bt]mcm-«-§Ä. kwL-_ew kzcq-]n- m-bn-cp¶p AhÀ B t]mcv kwL-Sn-¸n-¨Xv. cq]-¯nepw `mh-¯nepw hnZy-bnepw kz¯nepw ipNn-Xz-¯nepw PmXn-ln-µp-¡Ä¡v ka-·m-cm-bn«pw Fsâ CughÀ Abn-¯-¡m-cmbn F¶v KmÔnPn kt½-f-\-¯nÂ Dd-s¡-tNm-Zn-¨Xpw, Chn-S-amWv PmXn-bpsS {`m´m-e-b-sa¶v kzman hnth-Im-\µ³ {]h-Nn-¨XpwA¡m-e-¯m-bn-cp¶p. NmXpÀhÀWy-¯nsâ ]pd-¯p-Å-h-scÃmwChnsS h©-Icpw AXp-sIm-v Xs¶ lo\cpw t¾Ñcpw NWvUme·m-cp-sam-s¡-bm-bn-cp¶p. Ahsc XÃm\pw sImÃm\pw hnÂ¡m\pw hne-bv¡p-hm-§m\pw PmXn-t{i-Wn-bnÂs¸-«-hÀ¡pw Ah-Im-i-ap--m-bn-cp-¶p.” 3

1923 Â auem\m apl½Zv aue-hn-bpsS A[y£-X-bnÂIm¡n-\m-S-bnÂ tNÀ¶ tIm¬{Kkv kt½-f\w Abn-t¯m-Ñm-S\{]hÀ¯-\-§-fnteÀs¸-Sm³ Xocp-am-\n-¨p. Cu Xocp-am-\-{]-Imcw1924 amÀ¨v 30 \v ssh¡w kXym-{Klw Bcw-`n-¨p. Xncn-hn-Xmw-IqÀ{]Pm-k-`-bnÂ ssh¡w kXym-{K-l-¯n\v ]n´p-W-\ÂIn hotdm-sS-hm-ZnNvXpw m. tPmk^v sh«n-¡m- nÅn, {io. t]mÄ hn. Um\n-tbÂ,{io. tPm¬ \n[ocn, sjh-en-bmÀ Ce-ªn-¡Â XcyXpsXm½³,sI.kn am½³ am¸nf XpS-§n-b-hcmbn-cp-¶p. {ioaXn B\n-_-kânsâtlmwdqÄ {]Øm-\-¯nsâ Aa-c-¡m-c-\m-bn-cp¶ _mcn-ÌÀ tPmÀPPvtPmk^v IqSn F¯n-b-tXmsS kXym-{Klw P\-{i-²-t\Sn. kXym-{K-l-¯nÂ ]s¦-Sp¯v Pbn-enÂ t]mb {InkvXym-\n-IfnÂ tPmÀÖvtPmk^v `tP-Xcw am¯p-®nbpw Ipcp-hnf amXyphpw ]qh-¯pw-aq-«nÂ sk_m-Ìy\pw DÄs¸Sp-¶p. k©m-c-kzm-X-{´yw ]ucm-h-Im-i-am-sW¶v Øm]n¨v {io. Fw. Fw. hÀ¡n X¿m-dm-¡nb teJ-\-§ÄP\-a-\-km£n DWÀ¯n.

kXym-{Kl ]´Â kµÀin¨ alm-ßm-KmÔn Aln-µp-¡Ä


71

ka-c-¯nÂ\n¶v ]n³am-d-W-sa¶v Bhiys¸«-Xn-\mÂ {]Xy-£-k-a-c-cw-K-¯p-\n¶v ss{IkvXhÀ amdn-\nÂt¡-n h¶p. F¶mÂ, Xan-gv\mSv tIm¬{Kkv {]hÀ -I-scbpw ]©m-_nÂ\n¶v 15 AwK kn¡{]Xn-\n[n kwL-s¯bpw ssh¡¯v F¯n-¡p-¶-Xn\pw kXym-{K-ln-IÄ¡v `£Ww F¯n-¡p-¶-Xn\pw _mcn-ÌÀ tPmÀÖv tPmk-^nsâ kzm[o\w ià-am-bn-cp-¶p. ss{IkvX-h-cpsS ià-amb t\Xr-Xzhpw ]n´p-Wbpw aqe-amWv ssh¡w kXym-{Klw hnPbw I--

sX¶v kmcw.

ae-bm-fn- sa-t½m-dn-bepw ]uc-k-a-XzhpwXncp-hn-Xmw-Iq-dnÂ \S¶ P\-Io-b-{]-t£m-`-§-fnÂ Gähpw

{]k-à-am-bXv ae-bmfn sat½mdnb-em-Wv. amÀ¯m-WvU-hÀ½ alm-cm-Pm-hnsâ a\-km-£n-kq-£n¸p-Im-c-\m-bn-cp¶ cma-¿-³ F¶ Xan-gv_v]m-Ò-W³sc kzm[o-\-¯nÂ Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq-dnse kÀ¡mÀ DtZym-K§fs{Xbpw ]c-tZ-in-I-fmb Xangv {_mÒ-WÀ¡p e`n-¨p-Xp-S-§n.]c-tZi {_mÒ-W-cpsS {]mamWyw D¨m-h-Ø-bn-se-¯n-bXv Znhm³Sn. am[-h-dm-hp-hnsâ Ime-¯m-Wv.

Cw¥o-jn-epÅ DbÀ¶ hnZym-`ymkw kÀ¡mÀ kÀÆo-kn-te-bv¡pÅ {]th-i-\-¯nsâ apJy-am-\-Z-WvU-am-b-tXm-Sp-IqSn ]c-tZ-i-{_m-Ò-W-cpsS apt¶äw A{]-Xn-tcm-²y-am-bn-¯oÀ¶p. 1890 Â ap³Zn-hm³ Sn.[-h-dm-hp-hnsâ _Ôp-hmb Sn. cma-dmhp Znhm³Pn-bm-bn.A¶s¯ \mep Znhm³t]-jvIm-c-·m-cnÂ aq¶p-t]cpw _ncp-[-Zm-cn-I-fmb ]c-tZ-i-{_m-Ò-W-cm-bn-cp-¶p. sslt¡m-S-X-I-fn-tebpw PnÃm-t¡m-S-Xn-I-fn-tebpw ]Xn-s\«v PUvPn-am-cpsS Øm\-§fpw Ah-cmWv hln-¨n-cp-¶-Xv. ssek³kpÅ 231 h¡o-e-·mcpw ¹oU-·m-cnÂ 145 t]cpwaäm-cp-am-bn-cp-¶n-Ã. Ccp-]- n-sbm³]Xv XlknÂZmÀam-cnÂ ]Xn-\©vt]cpw ap¸Xv Cw¥ojv sslkvIqÄ slUvam-ÌÀamcnÂ ]Xn-t\gvt]cpw ]c-tZ-i-{_m-Ò-W-·m-cm-bn-cp-¶p.4

sXmgnÂ]c-amb Cu kmaq-lnI A\o-Xn-s¡-Xnsc kacw \S-¯n-b-h-cnÂ {]ap-J³ \n[o-cn-¡Â amWn-¡- -\m-dm-bn-cp-¶p. sXmgnÂ taJ-e-I-fnÂ Xt±-io-bÀ¡v {]mapJyw thWw F¶v Bh-iy-s¸-Sp¶ `oa-l-À-PnbnÂ. 10037 t]À H¸n-«p. sat½m-dn-bÂ kaÀ¸-W-s¯-¡p-dn¨vDbÀ¶ kmap-Zm-bnI XÀ¡-§Ä cay-ambn ]cn-l-cn-¨Xv amWn-¡-¯-\m-cpsS kµÀt`m-Pn-X-amb CS-s]-S-en-eq-sS-bm-bn-cp-¶p. ae-bm-fn-sa-t½m-d-bÂ kaÀ¸-W-¯nÂ Zo]nI Zn\¸{Xhpw kÀÆ-hn[ ]n´p-Wbpw\ÂIn-bn-cp-¶p. cmP-`-c-W-Im-e¯v Znhmsâ \b-§Äs¡-Xnsc \ne-sIm-ÅpI Bß-l-Xym-]-c-am-bn-cp-¶n«pw AXn-\mbn [oc-ambn \ne-

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sIm-Åp-Ibpw \\m-PmXn aX-Ø-cmb tIc-fo-bÀ¡v sXmgn-e-h-k-c-§Ä Dd-¸p-h-cp-¯p-Ibpw sNbvXXv {InkvXob kaqlw hln¨ ]¦v\nkvXp-e-am-Wv.

\nhÀ¯-\-{]-t£m]wC´y-bnse \m«p-cm-Py-§-fpsS Ncn-{X-¯n-em-Zy-ambn \nb-a-

\nÀ½-W-k` Bcw- n- Xv Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq-dnÂ Bbn-cp-¶p. 1888 Â Bcw-`n¨ \nb-a-\nÀ½m-W-k- -bnÂ P\-kw-Jym-\p-]m-Xn-I-ambn {]mXn-\n[ywCÃm-bn-cp-¶p. khÀ®-hn-`m-K-§f am{Xw P\-{]-Xn-\n-[n-I-fm-Ip¶kwhn-[m-\-amWv \ne-hn-ep--m-bn-cp-¶-Xv. \nIpXn \ÂIp-¶-hÀ¡p am{X-ambn thm«-h-Imiw \nP-s -Sp- n-b-Xn-\mÂ Zcn{Zcpw A[xØnX hn`m-Khpw P\-{]-Xn-\n[n k`bpw \n¶v AI-än-\nÀ¯-s¸-«n-cp¶p.

A¶s¯ k½-Xn-Zm\ tbmKy-Xbpw \ntbm-P-I-a-WvUe hn`-P-\hpw s]mXpsh hfsc XpÑ-amb Hcp sNdn-b-hn-`m-K-¯n\p am{Xw]ucm-h-Imiw e`n-¡-¯-¡-Xm-bn-cp¶psh¶-Xn\pw ]pdsa B sNdn-b-hn-`mKw Xs¶ kmap-Zm-bn-I-ambn khÀ®-ln-µp-¡-fnÂ am{XwDÄs¸-Sp-¶-h-cp-am-bn-cp-¶p. 1922-þse Xnc-sª-Sp-¸nÂ 13.47 e£w P\-kw-Jy-bpÅ \mb-·mÀ¡pw khÀ®-ln-µp-¡Ä¡pw IqSn 16 koäv e`n-¨-t¸mÄ 16.04 e£w P\-kw-Jy-bpÅ ss{IkvXhÀ¡v 7 koäpw 8.69e£w P\-kw-Jy-bpÅ Cug-hÀ¡pw 3. 53 e£w P\-kw-Jy-bpÅapÉow-§Ä¡pw ]qPyw koäp-ho-X-amWv e`n-¨Xv. 1925-þse Xnc-sª-Sp- nÂ khÀ®-þ-\m-bÀ lnµp-I-IÄ¡v 17 koäv e`n- -t¸mÄ ss{IkvX-hÀ¡v shdpw 7 koäpw 1928-þse Xnc-sª-Sp-¸nÂ lnµp¡Ä¡v 16koäv e`n-¨-t¸mÄ ss{IkvXhÀ¡v shdpw 4 koäv am{X-amWv e`n-¨-Xv. Cu \mev sXc-sª-Sp-¸p-I-fnepw 8.69 e£w P\-kw-Jy-bpÅCug-hÀ¡v Hcp koäp-t]mepw e`n-¨n-Ã. 1928 Xnc-sª-Sp--¸nÂ am{XwapÉo-§Ä¡pw 1931-þse Xnc-sª-Sp-¸nÂ am{Xw AhÀ® lnµp-¡Ä¡pw Hmtcm koäv am{Xw e`n-¨p. A¶s¯ \ntbm-P-I-a-WvUehn`-P-\hpw thm«-h-Im-i-co-Xnbpw \mb-·mÀ¡pw khÀ®-ln-µp-¡Ä¡pw am{Xw {]th-i\w e`n-¡p¶ coXn-bn-em-bn-cp-¶p.5

CughÀ, apÉow-§Ä F¶n-hÀ P\-{]-Xn-\n-[n-k-`-bnÂ \n¶vk¼qÀ®-ambn Ah-K-Wn-¡-s¸-«-Xn-s\-Xn-scbpw ss{IkvX-hÀ¡v P\-kw-Jym-\p-]m-Xn-I-{ ]m-Xn-\n[yw e`n-¡m-Xn-cp- n-s\-Xn-tcbpw ss{IkvX-h-cpsS t\Xr-Xz-¯nÂ cq]w sIm- {]t£m-]-amWv \nhÀ¯-\-{]-t£m`w F¶ t]cnÂ Ncn-{X-¯nÂ Adn-b-s¸-Sp-¶-Xv. \nth-Z-\-§ÄkaÀ¸n-¨p-sIm--mWv {]t£m`w Bcw-`n-¨-Xv. 1932 HIvtSm-_À 15-þ\v{ioNn-¯n-c-¯n-cp-¶mÄ_me-cm-a-hÀ½ cmPmhn\p kaÀ¸n¨ \nthZ-


73

\-¯nÂ P\-kw-Jym-\p-]m-XnI {]mXn-\n[yw FÃm kap-Zm-b-§Ä¡pwe`y-am-I-W-sa¶v ss{IkvX-hÀ Bh-iy-s¸-«p. CX-c-k-ap-Zm-b-§-fpsSAh-Im-i-§Ä¡p-th-nbpw kmaq-lnI Ak-a-Xz-§Äs¡-Xn-scbpwF¡m-ehpw tIc-f-ss{I-kvXhÀ \ne-sIm--n-cp¶p F¶-Xnsâ hyà-amb sXfn-hmWv \nhÀ¯-\-{]-t£m-`w. {io. tPm¬ \n[ocn, _mcn-ÌÀ tPmÀÖv tPmk-^v, sI.-än. tXma-kv, Ce-ªn-¡Â tPm¬, F³.hn. tPmk^v XpS-§nb ss{IkvXh {]ap-JÀ \nhÀ¯\ {]t£m-`¯n\v s\Sp-\m-b-IXzw hln-¨-h-cm-Wv. F¶mÂ ]nÂ¡m-e-N-cn-{X-K-c-Ù-§-sfÃmw \nhÀ¯-\-{]-t£m-`-N-cn{Xw Ah-X-cn-¸n-¨-t¸mÄ Cu\mb-Isc hnkva-cn-¨p.

\nhÀ¯-\-{]-t£m`w sImSp-¼n-cn-sIm--n-cp¶ Ime-¯mWvssht{km-bn-bmb shÃnw-KvS¬ {]`p Xncp-hn-Xmw-IqÀ kµÀin-¡p-¶-Xv. 1933 þÂ sImÃ-¯p-h¶ ssht{km-bnsb \nhÀ¯-\-{]-t£m-`-I-cpsS Bhiyw t_m[y-s¸-Sp-¯m³ _mcn-ÌÀ tPmÀÖv tPmk-^v.Fw. Fw. hÀ¡n XpS-§n-b-h-cpsS CS-s]-S-en-eqsS km[y-am-bn. Xncp-hnXmw-IqÀ Znhm-\mbncp¶ kÀ. kn. ]n cma-kzman A¿À Dcp-¡p-ap-jvSn-sIm-v \nhÀ¯-\-{]-t£m`w ASn-¨-aÀ¯m³ D¯-c-hn-«p. kÀ¡m-cnsâ \ntcm-[-\mÚ ewLn¨v 1935 sabv 13-þ\v tIm«-b-¯p-\-S¶kt½-f-\-¯n-sâ A[y-£-\m-bn-cp¶ kn. tIi-h³ Pbn-en-e-S-¡-s¸«p. CtXmsS Sn. Fw hdpKo-knsâ t\Xr-Xz-¯nÂ \nhÀ¯-\-{]-t£m`w Xncp-hnXmw-Iq-dnÂ Bfn- -SÀ¶p. 1936 BKkvXv 16-þ\v \nhÀ -\-{]-t£m-`-I-cpsS Bh-iy-§Ä AwKo-I-cn-¡-s¸-«p.

CtX kap -Zm -b -§-fp -ambn tXmtfm -Sp -tXmÄ tNÀ¶v{]hÀ¯n¨ kmaq-lnImkaXz§Ä XpS-¨p-\o-¡p-¶-XnÂ ss{IkvX-hÀ ap³\n-c-bnÂ D-m-bn-cp-¶p.

Ip¼-f¯p i¦p-¸nÅ Xsâ Bß-I-Y-bnÂ C{]-Imcw Fgp-Xn-bn-cn-¡p-¶p. “\nhÀ¯-\-{]-t£mW Imew apXÂ Chn-Sps¯{InkvXob kap-Zm-b-§Ä cmjv{Sob {]t£m-`-W-§Ä hgn \nÀÆ-ln¨ ]¦v aäv GXp kaq-Zm-bs¯ At]-£n¨p t\m¡n-bmepw ]n¶n-e-Ãm-bn-cp-¶p. cmjv{So-b-am-b -{]-t£m-`W§Ä¡pw {]Nm-c-W-§Ä¡pw ssIb-b¨p kw`m-h\ sN¿p¶ Imcy- nepw AhÀ apt¶m-

¡-am-bn-cp-¶p.”

ss{IkvX-hÀ hÀ¤o-b-X-bvs¡-Xnscss{IkvX-h-k-aqlw F¡m-e-¯pw hÀ¤o-b-]-c-amb \ne-]m-

Sp-IÄs¡-Xnsc \ne-bp-d-¸n-¨n-cp-¶p. doPâ v alm-dm-Wn-bpsS `c-W-Im-e¯v Znhm³ cmL-h-¿m-bpsS G]n³Km-an-bmbn \njv]-£-a-Xnbpw

74


kaÀ°-\p-amb hyàn F¶ \ne-bnÂ Cw¥-v h¡o-em-bn-cp¶se^väâ v tIWÂ tamdn-kv. C. hmSvkns\ \nb-an-¡m³ Xocp-am-\n-¨p. At±lw {InkvXym\n BWv F¶ Imc-W-¯mÂ \nb-a-\-¯n-s\-Xnsc hÀ¤ob hnImcw DWÀ¯n hn«p-sIm-v ]«w XmWp-]nÅ,hn. A¨p-X-ta-t\m³, ]n. sI. \mcm-b-W-¸nÅ XpS-§nb ]uc-{]-ap-JÀ cwK¯p-h-¶Xv ss{IkvX-hsc A£-cmÀX°-¯nÂ sR«n-¨p.kÀÆkap-Zm-b-ssa-{Xn-bpsS hàm-¡-fmbn \mfn-Xp-hsc \ne-sIm-Ch-cpsS hÀ¤ob Nmbvhv {InkvXym-\n-Ise Gsd thZ-\n-¸n¨pF¦nepw ss{IkvXh kao-]\w ]men-¨p.

\nhÀ¯-\-{]-t£m-`-¯n-eqsS P\-kw-Jym-\p-]m-XnI {]mXn-\n[yw F¶ XXzw AwKo-I-cn-¡-s¸-«-t¸mÄ Znhm³ kÀ. kn. ]n. cma-kzman A¿cpw \mbÀ kÀÆokv skmssk-änbpw ss{IkvX-hÀs¡-Xn-cm-bn-cp¶p. F-¶mÂ 1937 Â Xnc-sª-Sp¸p h¶-t¸mÄ {InkvXy³þ \mbÀ Iq«p-sI-«n-eqsS arKob `qcn-]£w t\Sm-sa¶ Bi-b-hp-ambn F³. Fkv. Fkv. apt¶m«p h¶p. CX-c-k-ap-Zm-b-§Ä¡v AÀl-am-bXv \ntj-[n-¡p¶ Xc-¯n-epÅ ap¶-Wn-_Ôw icn-b-sÃ¶phmZn¨v {InkvXy³ t\Xm-¡-fmb C. sP. tPmWpw F.F t]mfpwCu \o¡s¯ FXnÀ¯p. kmap-Zm-bn-Ihpw cmjv{So-b-]-c-hp-ambn Nn´n-¡p-t¼mÄ ss{IkvXh kap-Zm-b-¯n\v h³ t\«w e`n-¡m-am-bn-cp¶cmjv{Sob Iq«p-sI«v Dt]-£n- XneqsS hÀ¤o-b-X-bvs¡-Xnsc [oc-amb\ne-]m-Sm-Wv ss{IkvXh t\XrXzw ssIsIm-- -Xv.

hÀ¤ob \e-]m-Sp-IÄs¡-Xnsc ss{IkvXh kaqlw kzoI-cn¨ \ne]mSv amXrIm]c-am-bn-cp-¶p. kz -ambn kmap-Zm-bnI cmjv{So-b-kw-L-S\ Øm]n¡msX tÌäv tIm¬{K-knsâ mK-ambn {]hÀ¯n-¡m-\mWv ss{IkvX-hÀ Xocp -am -\n -¨-Xv. Xncp -hnXmwIqdnsetIm¬{Kkv kwL-S-\sb {InkvXy³ hÀ¤ob kwL-S\ F¶v kÀkn. ]n bpw F³. Fkv. Fkpw At£-]n- n-cp-¶p. kvtääv tIm¬{KkvBlzm\w sNbvX PnÃm-Xe \nbaewL\tbmK-§fnÂ ]s¦Sp¯h-cnÂ \n¶v Cug-h-scbpw apÉow§sfbpw Hgn-hm¡n ss{IkvX-hscam{Xw Xnc-ªp-]n-Sn¨v Ad-Ìp-sNbvXv aÀ±n-¡m³ Znhm³ D¯-c-hn-«p.kap-Zm-b-§-fnÂ `n¶X hfÀ¯pI {InkvXym-\n-Isf Hä-s¸-Sp-¯pIF¶n-h-bm-bn-cp¶p Znhmsâ e£yw. Fkv. F³. Un. ]n. F³. Fkv.Fkv. XpS-§nb kap-Zmb kwL-S-\-Isf ss{IkvX-hÀs¡-Xnsc Xncn-¡p-¶-Xn-\mbn kÀ. kn. ]n. hnZ-Kv[-ab Icp-¡Ä \o¡n-bn-cp-¶p. 1944se \nb-a-k` Xnc-sª-Sp-¸nÂ kap-Zmb kwL-S-\-I-fnÂ s]Sm-¯-h-cp-sSbpw tÌäv tIm¬{Kkv {]hÀ¯-IcpsSbpw ]{Xn-I-IÄ XÅn-¡-f-ªp-sIm-v \mbÀ þ Cugh Iq«p-sI-«n\v h³ qcn-]£w t\Sm³


75

kÀ. kn. ]n. If-sam-cp-¡n.tIc-f-N-cn{Xw ]cn-tim-[n-¨mÂ hÀ¤o-b-{[p-ho-I-c-W-¯nsâ

km[y-X-IÄ sXfn-ªp-h¶ kÀÆ-km-l-N-cy-§-fnepw aX-km-tlmZ-cy-¯nsâ Zo]-\mfw AW-bmsX Im¯p-kq-£n-¡m³ ss{IkvX-h-k` {]Xn-_-²-am-bn-cp¶p F¶v hyà-am-Ipw. ss{IkvX-h-k-`-bnÂAt\Iw kmap-Zm-bnI kwL-S-\-IÄ D-m-bn-cp-¶n-«pw, tIUÀ ]mÀ«n-Isf shÃp¶ sI«p-d¸v ssIap-X-embn D-m-bn-cp-¶n«pw Ah-bn-sem-¶p-t]mepw cmjv{So-b-ap-X-se-Sp-¸n\v cwK-¯n-d-§n-bn-«nÃ F¶-Xn\vNcn{Xw km£n-bm-Wv. Imem-Im-e-§-fnÂ cmjv{So-b-em-`-¯n-\p-th-nhÀ¤o-b-Xsb DuXn-¡- n- -hÀ {]kvXp-X-]m-]- mc¯nsâ ]¦m-fn¯wss{IkvX-h-k- -I-fp-sS-taÂ Btcm-]n-¡p-¶Xv Ncn-{X- n-epÅ AÚ-X-sIm-t-m {]Xy-b-im-kv{X -A-Ô-X-sImt-m BWv.

ASn-¡p-dn-¸p-IÄ

1. tPm¬ I¨n-d-aäw, ss{IkvX-hcpw tZio-b-{]-Øm-\-§-fpw, p. 89.2. Ibid., p. 983. ]n.sI cmL-h³, ssh¡w kXym-{K-l-¯nse ]pe-b-]-¦m-fn¯w, p.4.4. tPm¬ I¨n-d-aäw, ss{IkvX-hcpw tZio-b-{]-Øm-\-§-fpw, p. 124.5. Ibid., p. 181-182..

76


hntam-N-\-k-achpw hn¹-h- nÂ \n-¶pÅhntam-N\hpw

sFIytIc-f-¯nsâ Ncn-{X-¯nse {]Ya P\-Iob {]t£m-

`-sa¶ JymXn F´p-sIm-pw hntam-N\ ka-c-¯n-\Àl-am-Wv.{]kvXp-X-k-a-c-¯nsâ \ymbm-\ym-b-§fpw Pbm-]-P-b-§fpw Xe-\m-cn-g-Iodn ]cn-tim-[-\-Xp-S-§n-b-Xnsâ AÀ²-i-Xm_vZn BtLm-jn- n«pwhntam-N-\-k-a-c-N-cn-{X-t¯mfw Xa-kvI-cn-¡-s¸-Sp-Itbm hy`n-N-cn-¡-s¸-Sp-Itbm sNbvX asämcp ka-c-N-cn-{Xhpw sFIy-tI-cfNcn-{X-¯n-enÃ F¶Xv kXy-am-Wv. hntam-N-\-k-a-c-¯nsâ Imcy-Im-c-W-§ÄNÀÆn-X-NÀÆWw sN¿-s¸-«-Xm-sW¦nepw Ah-sbÃmw I½yq-WnÌp]£- p-\n-¶p-am-{X-apÅ hmb-\bpw ]p\Àhm-b-\-bp-am-bn-cp-¶p. AXn-\mÂ I½yq-Wn-Ìp-I-®S -Iq-SmsX hntam-N-\-k-acNcn{Xw hmbn-¨mÂ]p\-cp-àn-sb-¡p-dn-¨pÅ Bi-¦-bv¡n-S-ap- -m-hp-I-bn-Ã. cmjv{So-b-¯nsâ Nph¸p-I-®-S-bnÂ sXfn-bm-sX-t]mb ]mT-§sf Ncn-{X- nsât\Àh-c -bnÂ hmbn -s¨-Sp -t¡- - -Xp - - v .

1957 G{]nÂ 5þ10 #w XnbXn A[n-Im-c-taä temIs¯BZys¯ P\m-[n-]Xy Iayq-WnÌv Kh¬saân\v A[n-Im-c-I-tk-c-bnÂ 848 Znh-k-§tf Ign-bm-\mbpÅp F¶-Xn\v P\-[n-]-Xyhpw Iayq-Wn-khpw X½n-epÅ sshcp-²m-ß-I-X-bnÂ am{X-amWv AÀ°w tXtS---Xv. Iayq-Wn-khpw ]mÀe-saâdn P\m-[n-]-Xyhpw Hcp-an¨v tNÀ¯-XmWv C´y³ I½yq-Wn-k-¯nse sshcp-²ym-ßn-I-X. Cu sshcp-[y-¯nsâ s]mbv¡m-ep-I-fn-eq-¶n-\n¶psIm-v Iayq-Wn-Ìp-ImÀ \S-¯p¶ {Sn¸o-kp-I-fnbnÂ \ne-\n-ev]nsâ k´p-e\w \jvS-s¸«v Imen-Sdn hoW-Xnsâ Ncn{Xw hntam-N-\-k-a-c-¯n-em-cw-`n¨v BW-h-¡-cmÀ

hnj-b-¯nse hogv¨-h-sc-sb-¯n-\nÂ¡p¶p.

a\waSp-¸n¨ skÂ`cWwA[n-Im-c-¯nsâ ZWvUp I¿n-te-´n-bmÂ Rmªqepw

hmep-bÀ¯p¶ \m«nÂ Iayq-Wn-Ìp-ImÀ A[n-Imcw ]nSn- -t¸mÄ tIc-

6


77

f-¯n-ep-S-\ofw ]mÀ«n-bpsS skÂ`-c-W-am-cw-`n-¨p. tIhew 35.28%am{Xw thm«p-e-`n¨v c-W-¯n-te-dnb Iayq-WnÌp ]mÀ«n-bpsS {_m©p-sk-{I-«dn apXÂ A[n-Im-c-¯nsâ KpW-t`m-àm-¡-fm-bn. P\m-[n-]-Xy-¯nÂ {Ia-k-am-[m\ ]me-\-¯n-\pÅ hyh-Øm-]n-X-amÀ¤-ambt]meokv tk\-bpsS \nb-{´Ww \m«nse kJm-¡Ä I¿-S-¡n.sNs¦m-Sn¡p hn¹-hm-`n-hm-Zy-aÀ¸n-¡m-¯-h\p \m«nÂ Pohn-¡m-\m-hm¯ Ah-Ø-bp- -m-bn. ho-p -hn-Nm-c-an-ÃmsX XS-hp-Imsc apgp-h³hn«-b-bv¡p-Ibpw tIkp-IÄ ]n³h-en-¡p-Ibpw sNbvXp. sIme-]m-X-Ihpw tamj-W-hpw \nXy -kw-`-h-§-fmbn. ]mÀ«n-¡m-c-Ãm-¯-h-cpsSPoh\pw kz¯n\pw kwc-£-W-an-Ãm-Xm-bn. Cu Ime-L-«-s¯-¡p-dn¨vka-Im-en-I-\mb Hcp Ncn-{X-Im-c³ \ÂIp¶ hnh-cWw D²-c-Wo-b-amWv: “28 amks¯ `c-W-¯n-\n-S-bnÂ 7 shSn-shbv]v \S-¯p-Ibpw19 t]À sImÃ-s¸-Sp-Ibpw sNbvXp. I½yq-WnÌv `c-W-Im-e¯v 757sXmgnÂ ka-c-§Ä D-m-hp-Ibpw 87 hyh-kmb ime-IÄ ]q«n-bn-Sp-Ibpw 16735 Bfp-IÄ sXmgnÂc-ln-X-cm-bn-¯o-cp-Ibpw sNbvXp.-\m-em-bncw IpSpw-_-§-fn-embn A[n-h-kn-¡p¶ GXm-v Ccp-]-Xn-\m-bn-c- nÂ ]cw IÀj-Isc IpSn-bn-d¡v \S-]-Sn¡v hnt[-b-cm-¡n. I½yq-Wn-Ìp-Im-cpsS `qan ssIt¿-ä-§Ä B-bn-c-¯n-e-[n-I-am-Wv. I½yq-Wn-Ìp-Im-cpsS t]cn-ep--m-bn-cp¶ 2050-þÂ ]cw {Inan-\Â tIkp-IÄ]n³h-en-¡-s¸-Sp-Ibpw cmPy¯v Ak-am-[m\w Agn-¨p-hn-Sp-IbpwsNbvXp. 523 sIme-]m-X-I-§fpw 3913 `h-\-t`-Z-§fpw \S-¶p. CXvap³hÀj-¯n\v 50%-hsc IqSp-X-em-Wv. cmjv{So-b- ]-I-aqew 196 t]scsIme-s¸-Sp-¯n. cmjv{Sobh[-{i-a-§fpw ssI-t¿-ä-§fpw 193 BWv.326 {]mhniyw em¯n-¨mÀÖv \S-¯p-Ibpw 149847 t]sc AdÌvsNbvXv Ccp-¼-gn-IÄ¡p-ÅnÂ AS-bv¡p-Ibpw sNbvXp. 60000-þÂ ]cwkv{XoIsf Ad-Ìp-sN-bvXp. kz´-¡mÀ¡mbn 300 cq]-bv¡p-taÂ 255DtZym-K-§Ä krjvSn- p. I½yq-WnÌv kÀ¡mÀ \nb-an¨ I½-än-I-fnsesam¯w F®w 9000 Bbn-cp-¶p. AXnÂ 7013 t]À I½yq-Wn-Ìp-Im-cm-bn-cp-¶p” .

P\-hn-cp-²-amb C¯cw {]hÀ¯-\-§-fnÂ apgp-Inb kÀ¡m-cn-s\-Xntc DbÀ¶ P\-hn-Im-cs¯ tIhew hn-Zym--`ymk _nÃn-t\m-SpÅ FXnÀ¸p-am-{X-ambn Nn{Xo-I-cn-¡p-¶Xv Ncn-{X-h-©-\-bm-Wv.hnZym`ymk-_nÃv Fcn-Xo-bnÂ F®sbmgn¨ kw`-h-am-bn-cp-¶p.kÀ¡m-cn-s\-Xn-sc-bpÅ _lp-P-\-hn-tcm[w ad-\o¡n ]pd-¯p-h-cm³hnZym-`ym-k-_n-Ãn-s\-Xn-sc--bpÅ kacw \nan-¯-ambn F¶p-I-cp-Xp-¶-XmWp kXyw. a¶¯p ]Zva-\m-`sâ t\Xr-Xz-¯nÂ F³. Fkv.Fkpw. BÀ. i¦-dnsâ t\Xr-Xz-¯nÂ Fkv.F³.Un.]nbpw kn. F¨v

78


apl-½Zv tIm-b-bpsS t\Xr-Xz-¯nÂ apÉoweoKpw tIc-f-¯nse {]Xn-]£ ]mÀ«n-I-sfm-¶-S¦hpw Iayq-WnÌv a{ń-k-`-bvs¡--Xntc \ne-sIm-, tIcfw I- Gähpw henb P\-Iob {]t£m-`s¯tIhew ]Ån-a-Wn-b-Sn¨v Bsf-¡q-«nb ka-c-ambn sNdp-Xm-¡m³

Chn-Sps¯ Ncn{-X-Im-c-·mÀ InWªp {ian--¡p -¶p - - v .

ap- -tÈ-cn-bpsS hnZym-`ym-k-_nÃv1957 Pqsse 7 \mWv ap--tÈcn hnZym-`ym-k-_nÃv Ah-X-cn-

¸n-¨-Xv. tIc-f-¯nsâ hnZym-`ym-k-a-WvU-e-¯nÂ \ne-\n-¶n-cp¶ NneA[n-\n-th-i-§sf sNdp-¡p-I-bm-bn-cp¶p Cu _nÃnsâ e£yw.A¶p tIc-f -¯n-ep - -m -bn --cp¶ ]Xn-\m-bn-c-t¯mfw kvIqfp-I-fnÂGgm-bn-c-- nÂ ]chpw kzIm-cy-kvIq-fp-I-fm-bn-cp-¶p. hnZymÀ-°n-I-fnÂ\n¶pw ]ncn-s¨-Sp-¡p¶ ]cn-an-X-amb ôkp-sIm--p-am-{X-amWv CukvIqfp-IÄ apt¶m-«p-t]m-bn-cp-¶-Xv. i¼-f-amtbm {Kmâ v BtbmkÀ¡mÀhI klm-b-§-sfm-¶pw kzIm-cy-hn-Zym-`ym-k-ta-J-ebv¡pe`n- n-cp-¶n-Ã. F¶mÂ kvIqfp--I-fpsS, Øm]-\hpw {]th-i-\hpw \nb-a-\hpw \S-¯n-¸p-apÄ¸sS amt\-Pvsaâp---IÄ¡v k¼qÀ® A[n-Im-c-ap--m-bn-cp-¶p. Cu kzImcy kvIqfp-Isf tZi-kmÂ¡-cn-¡pI F¶e£y-t¯m-sS-bmWv hnZym-`ymk a{ń-bm-bn-cp¶ tPmk^v ap--tÈcn_nÃv Ah-X-cn- n- -Xv. ]Xn-\mep hb-Êp-h-sc-bp-Å-hÀ¡p hnZym- ymkwkuP-\y-am-¡p-I, hnZym-`ymkw \evIpI F¶Xv kÀ¡m-cnsâ IS-a-bm-b-Xn-\mÂ A[ym-]-IÀ¡pÅ i¼fw kÀ¡mÀ \ÂIpI XpS-§nb `mhmßI \S-]Sn{Ia-§fpw _nÃnÂ hyhØ sN¿-s¸-«n-cp-¶p. F¶mÂ A[ym-]I \nb-a\w kÀ¡mÀ \nÝbn¡p¶ ]m\-enÂ\n¶p am{Xta ]mSpÅp F¶pw hnZym-e-b-§Ä kÀ¡m-cn-tebv¡pI-p-sI-«m³ kÀ¡m-cn\v A[n-Im-c-ap-s- -¶p-apÅ hyh-Ø-I-fn-eqsS_nÃv amt\-Pvsaâp-I-fpsS tcmjw Pzen- n¨p. Npcp¡w Nne ap«m-f³am-cmb am-t\-PÀamsc \ne-bv¡p-\nÀ¯m-\pÅ hgn tXSp-¶-Xn\p ]IcwkIe amt\-PÀam-scbpw _qÀjzm-I-fmbpw A[ym-]-Isc sXmgn-emfnhÀ¤-am -bpw Icp -Xp¶ I½yq -WnÌv kao-]-\-amWv kÀ¡mÀkzoIcn¨Xv. \yq\-]-£-§Ä¡v `c-W-LS\ Dd-¸p-\-evIp¶ BÀ«n-¡n-Ä 30 se 1,2 hIp-¸p-I-fpsS \á-amb ewL-\-am-Wv ]pXnb _nÃvF¶ kXyw kÀ¡mÀ kuI-cy-]qÀÆw hnkva-cn-¨p. hnZym-`ym-k- _n-ÃnÂ {]Xy-£-¯n-ep-mbn-cp¶ C¯cw {]iv\-§-tf-¡p-dn¨pw \b-ssh-I-ey-§-tf-¡p-dn¨pw Nph-¸p-tIm-«n« ]nev¡me Ncn{X]WvUn-XÀ au\w Zo£n-¡p-¶p.

hnZym-`ymk _nÃv Ah-X-cn-¸n¨ DSs\ It¯m-en¡m k`


79

hntam-N\ kacw {]Jym-]n¨p F¶ hmZ-hpw ASn-Øm\ cln-X-am-Wv. 1957 G{]nÂ apXÂ 1959 Pq¬ amkw hsc km[y-amb kIeamÀ¤-§-fn-eq-sSbpw _nÃnse \yq\X Nq-n¡m-Wn-¡m³ k` ]cn-{i-an-¨n-cp-¶p. 10 e£w t]À H¸n« k¦S lÀPn KhÀWÀ¡p kaÀ¸n-¨Xpw tIcf It¯m-en¡m _nj-¸p-am-cpsS hnZym-`ymk {]hÀ¯IkanXn (KCBEAC), {InkvXy³ hnZym-`ymk {]hÀ¯I kan-Xn(CEAC), kzImcy kvIqÄ Ah-Imi kwc-£W kanXn (PSRPC),AJne tIcf It¯m-en¡m tIm¬{Kkv (AKCC) F¶o kan-Xn-I-fpsS {]Xn-\n-[n-IÄ kÀ¡m-cp-ambn NÀ¨-IÄ \S-¯m³ \nc-ćw]cn-{i-an-¨p-sIm-t--bn-cp¶p. ]e-t¸mgpw NÀ¨-IÄ¡v kÀ¡mÀ X¿m-dm-bn-cp-¶nÃ; \S-¯nb NÀ¨-I-fm-Is« `c-W-Iq-S-¯nsâ [mÀjvSywaqew \njv{]-tbm-P-\-I-c-hpam-bn-cp¶p.

Fcn-Xo-bnÂ F®-sbm-gn-¡p-¶-Xp-t]mse ]mT-]p-kvXI ]cn-jvI-c-W-hpw kÀ¡mÀ \S-¸n-em-¡n. 1957 \hw-_À 21 \v hnZym-`ymka{ń tPmk^v ap--tÈcn cq]w sImSp¯ kne-_kv I½än ]S-s¨-Sp¯ ]pkvX-I-§-f-s{Xbpw Iayq-Wn-k-¯nsâ “ZnKznPbw” {]tLm-jn-¡p-¶-h-bm-bn-cp¶p. djy³ hn¹-hhpw ssN\okv hn¹hhpwkpZoÀLm {]Xn-]m-Zn¨ {]kvXpX ]mT-]p-kvX-I-§Ä Cý³kzmX{ý ka-cs¯ Xa-kvI-cn¨p. “_qÀjzm” “]n³Xn-cn-¸³”C³¦zn-em_v knµm_mZv XpS-§nb I½yq-WnÌv ]Z-§-fpsS Bhn-jvImc thZn-bmbn sSIvÌv _p¡p-IÄ amä-s¸-«p. hnZym-`ymk cwK-amsI Nph-¸--Wn-bn-¡m³ kÀ¡mÀ XpS-§n-h¨ {ia-¯nsâ XpSÀ¨-bm-bn-«mWv ]mT-]p-kvXI \ho-I-c-Ws¯ tIcf P\X hne-bn-cp-¯n-b-Xv. hntam-N-\-k-a-c- nsâ \ymbm-\ym-b-§Ä hne-bn-cp- n-b-hÀ ]mT-]p-kvX-I-§sf Nph-¸n-¡m-\pÅ {ias¯ kuI-cy-]qÀÆw hnkva-cn-¡p-¶p.

Ip«n-IÄ amXm-]n-Xm-¡-fp-sS-XÃ cmjv{S-¯n-sâ-Xm-sW-¶pwAhÀ F´p ]Tn-¡Ww FhnsS ]Tn-¡Ww F¶nh Xocp-am-\n-t¡--Xv tÌämWv F¶p-apÅ I½yq-WnÌv kn²m-´-¯nsâBhn-jvIm-c-amWv hnZym-`ymk _nÃn-eq-sSbpw ]mT-]p-kvXI ]cn-jvI-c-W-¯n-eq-sSbpw C.-Fw.Fkv a{ń-k` \S- n-em-¡m³ {ian- -Xv. tIc-f- nse]mT-]p-kvX-I-§Ä ssN\okv I½yq-WnÌv ]mTy]²-Xn-b-\p-k-cn¨v{Iao-I-cn-¨-XmWv F¶v “Cý³ FIvkv{]kv ”]{Xw Catch ThemYoung F¶ apJ-{]-kw-K-¯n-eqsS Nq-n -¡m-Wn-¨Xpw hntam-N-\-k-a-c-¯n-\pÅ Gähpw ASp¯ Imc-W-am-bn-cp-¶p.

80


`q]-cn-jvI-cW \nbaw

hntam-N\kacw {]Xy-£-¯nÂ hnZym-`ymk ka-c-am-bn-«mWv

Adn-b-s¸-Sp-¶-sX-¦nepw AXnsâ ]n¶nse AÛp-X-Icamb P\-]n-´p-Wbv¡v 1957 Unkw-_À 18 \v \nb-a-k-`-bnÂ Ah-X-cn--¸n-¡p-Ibpw1959 Pq¬ 10 \v ]mÊm-¡p-Ibpw sNbvX `q]-cn-jvI-cW \nb-a-hpwImc-W-am-bn-«p- - v. tIc-f-¯nse `qc-ln-Xcpw IpSn-In-S-¸p-Imcpamb_lp-`q-cn-]£w hcp¶ IÀj-I-s¯m-gn-em-fn-IÄ¡pw Xncp-h-Xmw-Iq-dnÂ \n¶pw aäpw ae-_m-dn-te¡pw ssltd-©n-te¡pw IpSn-tbdn]mÀ¯v P·n-am-cnÂ \n¶p `qan ]m«-¯n-s\-Sp¯v IrjnsNbvXp h¶n-cp¶ IpSn-tbä IÀj-IÀ¡pw `qan-bpsStaÂ Ah-Imiw A\p-h-Zn¨v\ÂInb sFXn-lm-kn-I-amb _nÃm-bn-cp¶p CXv.-km-aq-ln-I-\o-Xn-bpsS\S- n- n-\mbn tIcf \nb-a-k` ]mÊm-¡n-b-XnÂ h¨v Gähpw {it²-b-amb _nÃv CXm-Wv. ss{IkvX-h-cnÂ _lp-`q-cn-]-£-¯n\pw k`m-t\-Xr-Xz-¯n\pw Cu _nÃn-t\mSv A\p-Iqe \ne-]m-Sm-bn-cp-¶p. IpSn-tb-ä-¡m-cnÂ `qcn-`m-Khpw {InkvXym-\n-I-fm-b-Xn-\mÂ Cu _nÃn-t\-sNmÃn k`m t\XrXzw DÅmte kt´m-jn-¨n-cp¶p F¶-XmWvkXyw. F¶mÂ `q]-cn-jvI-c-W-\n-b-as¯ ]Ãpw \Jhpw D]-tbm-Kn¨v FXnÀ¯n-cp¶ a¶-¯nsâ ]n´pW hnZym`ymkka-c-¯n\v Dd-¸p-h-cp-¯m-\mbn q]-cn-jvI-c-W-\n-b-a-s¯bpw k`m-t\-XrXz¯n\v X-Ån-¸-d-tb-n-h¶p.Ah-k-c-hmZ cmjv{So-b-¯nsâ hgntb \S-¡m³A¶p k`bpw \nÀ_-Ôn-X-am-bn. kmaq-ly-\o-Xn-bpsS BZym-£-c-§sf-t¸mepw Ah-K-Wn¨ Cu BZm\{]Zm\ {]{In -b-bpsSA´namÀ°¯nÂ \jvSw k`mt\Xr-Xz- n\p Xs¶-bm-bn-cp-¶p. k`]mh-§-fpsS ]£-¯Ã F¶pw qhp-S-a-I-fmb k¼-¶-cpsS Xmev]cy-amWv k`bv¡p hepXv F¶p-apÅ sXän-²m-cW kmam\y P\-¯n-\n-S-bnÂ {]N-cn-¸n-¡m³ Cu \ne-]m-Sp-amäw I½yq-Wn-Ìp-ImÀ¡v Ah-k-c-sam-cp-¡n. \mfn-Xp-h-scbpw ]mh-§-fpsS ]cn-c-£-I-bm-bn-cp¶k`sb _qÀjzm-]-£¯p Xf-¡m³ Cu ka-c-¯n-eqsS I½yq-Wn-Ìp-ImÀ¡v Ignªp. A[zm-\n-¡p-¶-hsâ Ahkm\ A¯m-Wn-bm-bn-t¸mepw k`bv¡p Øm\-an-sÃ¶pw Ah-cpsS BZy-s¯bpw Ah-km-\-t¯bpw A¯mWn I½yq-WnÌp ]mÀ«n-bm-sW-¶p-apÅAhØ tIc-f-cm-jv{So-b-¯nÂ I½yq-WnÌp ]mÀ«n¡p t\Sn-s¡m-Sp¯ kzoIm-cy-X, hnti-jn¨pw ]nt¶m¡ hn`m-K-§Ä¡n-S-bnÂ,AÛp-Xm-h-l-am-bn-cp-¶p. hntam-N\ka-c- n-eqsS Øm]-\-§sf kwc-£n-¡m³ Ign-sª-¦nepw k`-bpsS bYmÀ° k¼-¯mb ]mh-§Äk`-bpsS i{Xp-]-£-¯mbn F¶ Zpc´w kw`-hn-¨p.


81

1959 sabv 1 mw XnbXn N§-\m-tÈ-cn-bnÂ tNÀ¶ ka-c-k-an-Xn-bmWv hntam-N-\-k-ac{]Jym-]\w \S-¯n-b-Xv. AXp-h-scbpw hnhm-Z-_n-Ãp-IÄ ]n³h-en-¡pI F¶ Bhiyw am{Xw D¶-bn¨ ka-c-¡m-cnÂ\n¶p `n¶-ambn a¶¯p ]ß-\m -`³ {]Jym -]n¨p:“Kh¬saâns\ Xmsg-bn-d-¡pI F¶-XmWv ka-c-¯nsâ e£yw” .1959 Pq¬ 13 \v apJy-a-{ń-bpsS P·-Zn-\-¯nÂ A¦-am-en-bnÂ Ggp-t]sc shSn-sh¨psIm¶p-sIm-v kÀ¡mÀ ka-cs¯ t\cn-«p. Pq¬13 apXÂ Pqsse 31 hsc tIc-f-amsI ka-cmán Bfn-¡-¯n. `c-W-IqS òI-cX I½yq-Wn-k-¯nsâ Icn-\n-g-enÂ F{X-I-p _o`Õ-amIpw F¶-Xnsâ sXfn-hmbncp¶p Cu H¶-c-am-k-¡m-ew. 17 t]Àt]meokv shSn-sh-bv]nÂ acn-¨p. IqSmsX 21 cmjv{Sob sIme-]m-X-I-§Ä Cu Ime-b-f-hnÂ \S-¶p.139 Øe-§-fnÂ \S¶ em¯n-¨mÀPnÂ ]Xn-\m-bn-c-t¯mfw t]À¡v Kpcp-X-c-ambn ]cn-t¡-äp. “tIcfsabnÂ” Zn\-]{Xw apJ-¡p-dn-¸nÂ A¶v Fgp-Xn-bXv kXy-amWv:“kzmX{ý ka-c-Im-e-¯p-t]mepw C{Xbpw sImSnb `c-W-Iq-S-ò-I-cX \S-am-Sn-bn-cp-¶nÃ” . H-¶-c-e-£-t¯mfw t]À XS-hn-em-¡-s¸«pAXnÂ aq¶n-semcp`mK-sa-¦nepw kv{XoI-fm-bn-cp¶p. K-Xy-´--can-Ãm-sX KhÀWÀ kaÀ¸n¨ dnt¸m-«nsâ ]n³_-e-¯nepw {][m-\-a{ńs\lvdp t\cn«p Xncp-h-\-´-]p-cs¯¯n \nco-£n¨p t_m[y-am-b-Xnsâ shfn-¨-¯nepw 1959 Pqembv 31 \v I½yq-WnÌv a{ń-k-`sb]ncn- p-hn-«p. C¶m-«nse Ncn-{X-Im-c-·mÀ Bt£-]n¡pw t]mse kwL-Sn-X-cmb \yq\-]£w qcn-]-£- n-s\-Xnsc \S- nb ka-c-am-bn-cp¶phntam-N-\-k-a-c-sa-¦nÂ XpSÀ¶p \S¶ sXsc-sª-Sp-¸nÂ `qcn-]-£-]n-´p-W-tbmsS I½yq-WnÌv ]mÀ«n A[n-Im-c-ta-td-- -Xm-bn-cp-¶n-tÃ.]s£ kw`-hn-¨Xp adn-¨-tÃ. `mh\m Iev]nX IYIfpw Ncn-{XhpwX½nÂ hyXym-k-an-sÃ¶p Icp-Xp¶ I½yq-WnÌv Ncn-{X-ho-£-W-¯nÂ bpàn-]-cX Ah-e-£-W-am-b-Xn-\mÂ Ncn-{X-¯nÂ\n¶vbpàn-c-ln-X-amb \nK-a-\-§-fn-se-¯m³ _p²n-ap-«p--m-hp-I-bn-Ã.

cà-km-£n-IÄ

cà-km-£n-IÄ¡p km¼-¯n-I-k-lmbw \ÂIn-bn-sÃ¶pw

k` A¦-amenIÃ-d-Isf ad-s¶-¶p-amWv amXr-`qan hmcn-I-bn-eqsSF. Pb-i-¦À hne-]n-¡p-¶-Xv.-A-¦-am-en-bnse IÅp-jm- p-k-a-c-hp-ambn_Ô-s¸-«m-sW¶p Pb-i-¦dpw kam-[m-\-]-c-ambn \S-¯nb ka-cs¯ A{Ia ka-c-sa¶v t]meokv sXän-²-cn-¨-Xn-\mÂ ]änb A_-²-amWv A¦-amen shSn-sh-bvs¸¶v ae-bmfw hmcn-I-bnÂ sI.kn.InS-§qcpw, t__n Bâ-Wnbpw ]d-bp-¶p-- v. F¶mÂ cà-km-£n-

82


I-fpsS ac-W-¯nsâ hnZqc D¯-c-hm-ZnXzw t]mepw t]meo-knt\m`c-W-Iq-S-¯nt\m DÅ-Xmbn Cu “alm-Úm-\n-IÄ ”k½-Xn-¡n-Ã.acn-¨Xv {InkvXym-\n-I-fm-b-Xn-\mÂ D¯-c-hm-Zn-IÄ ]Åo-e-¨·m-cm-sW¶p Øm]n-¡m³ ChÀ¡p --]p\-cm-tem-N\ Bh-iy-an-Ã.

{InkvXob hnizm-k-¯nÂ cà-km-£n-Xz-¯n\p {InkvXp-hnsâ _en-tbmfw hne-bp-- v. cmjv{So-b-¡m-sc-t¸mse Xesb®nhne-bp-d-¸n¨p Nmth-dp-I-fm-Ip-¶-h-cÃ {InkvXy³ cà-km-£n-IÄ.cà-km-£n-IÄ¡p hne-]-d-bp¶ ]mÀ«n kwkvIm-c-¯nÂ hfÀ¶-hÀ¡v hntam-N-\-k-a-c-¯nse cà-km-£n-Isf a\-Ên-e-¡m-\m-hm-sX-t]m-bXv kzm`m-hn-Iw. Poh-t\-¡mfpw hnizmks¯ kvt\ln-¨-hÀkzÀ¤-¯n-\mbn kz´-am-b-sXÃmw Dt]-£n-¨-XmWv cà--km-£nXzw.AXn\p hne-\n-Ý-bn-¡p-¶-Xn\p ]Icw Ah-cpsS tNmc-bnÂ\n¶pwhnizm-k-¯nsâ Zo]-\m-f-§Ä Db-cp-I-bmWv sNbvX-Xv. B Zo]-\m-f-§-fpsS PmPzey tim`-bn-emWv BZys¯ I½yq-WnÌv kÀ¡mÀIS-]p-gIn hoW-Xv. I½yq-WnÌv \nco-iz-c-hm-Z-hp-am-bpÅ kÔn-bnÃmka-c-amWv hntam-N-\-k-a-c-¯nse cà-km-£n-IÄ¡p \evIm-hp¶ AwKo-Im-cw. kÀ¡mÀ \ÂInb aqhm-bncw cq]-bpsS klm-b-[\w ths- -¶p-h¨ B cà-km-£n-I-fpsS IpSpw -_mwK-§Ä{InkvXob cà-km-£n-Xz-¯nsâ AÀ°adn-ª-h-cm-Wv.

F¶mÂ k`-bm-Is« hntam-N-\-k-a-c-¯nsâ Be-ky-¯nÂaXn-sI-«pd-§m³ CS-h-¶p. k`m-t\-Xr-Xzhpw hnizm-kn-Ifpw X½n-epÅhÀ¤-k-acw Icp-¸n-Sn-¸n-¡m³ hn¹-h-Im-cn-IÄ Hfnªpw sXfnªpw\S-¯p¶ {ia-§sf ImWm-Xn-cn-¡mt\m I-n-sÃ¶p \Sn-¡mt\mCS-h¶p. Hcn-¡Â ]cm-P-b-s¸-Sp-¯n-b-hÀ \nXy-Im-ehpw A[o-\-cm-bn-cn¡pw F¶ “_qÀjz auVyw” k`-tbbpw _m[n-¨p. \nco-iz-c-hm-Z-¯n-s\-Xn-sc- Ipcn-ip-bp²w \S-¯ms\mcp-¡nb Ih-N-Ip-- -e-§-f-gn-¨p-h-¨v Bh-\m-gn-bnÂ abnÂ¸o-enbpw sh©m-a-c-hp-sam-cp¡m³]ecpw hy{K-X-s¸«p. I½yq-Wn-khpw k`bpw X½nÂ ]gb AIewCt¸m-gn-Ã F¶ HutZym-Kn-I-`mjyw CXns\ ASn-h-c-bn« A\p-_-Ô-am-bn. hnizm-k-¯nÂ \n¶v Ahn-izm-k-¯n-te-¡pÅ Zqcw Npcp-§p-¶Xv ImWmt\m ]Ån-`-c-W-k-an-Xn-bnse `qcn-]-£hpw Ahn-izm-kn-I-fm-Ip¶ sshcp-²ym-ß-IX k`-bnÂ hf-cp-¶Xv ImWmt\m CuBekyw aqew k`bv¡p Ign-ªn-Ã. i{Xp-hnsâ {ZwjvS Igp-¯n-en-d-§n-¯p-S-§n-b-t¸mÄ t]Sn-¨-c- - -hsâ t]¡n-\m-hpam-{X-ambn c-mwhntam-N-\-k-a-c-¯nsâ kz]v\-ap-d§m-\mWv km[yX.


83

kwkvIm-chpw kapZm-bhpw

kwkvImcw cq]o-I-cn-¡-s¸-Sp¶ kmaq-ln-I-X-bpsS A\n-hm-

cy- m-K-amWv kmap-Zm-bn-I-X. n¶-X-Isf Xa-kv¡-cn-¡p¶ amIvknb³Dt«m-]ybnÂ kap-Zmbw {]Xn-tem-a-i-àn-bmbn hyh-l-cn-¡-s¸-Sp-¶Xvkz`m-hn-I-am-Wv. kmap-Zm-bn-I-X-bpsS mhm-ß-I-X-I-sft¸mepw \nÀÆo-cy-am-¡m-\pÅ {iaw \nkvX-{µ-ambn XpS-cp-t¼mÄ kmap-Zm-bn-I-X-bpsSEWm-ß-Ihpw Ccp-- -Xp-amb apJ-§Ä {]Xy-£-am-Ip-¶p. hÀ¤o-b-X-bp-sSbpw hÀ¤ka-c-¯n-sâbpw a\-imkv{Xw ASn-Øm-\-]-c-ambnH¶m-bn-cn-¡p-¶-Xnsâ ImcWw CXm-Wv. kap-Zm-bhpw kaq-lhpwX½n-epÅ k¦oÀ®-amb k¦-e-\s¯ hÀ¤o-b-X-bpsS I®n-eqsSam{Xw hmbn-s¨-Sp-¡m³ {ian¨p F¶-XmWv I½yq-Wn-k-¯nsâ ]cm-Pbw, IY-Ifpw sFXn-ly-§fpw hnizm-k-kw-ln-X-Ifpw ]mc-¼-cy-§fpw Cg-tNÀ¶p \nÂ¡p¶ kap-Zm-bn-I-X-bpsS hnlm-b-kn-emWvHcp-hsâ [mÀ½n-I-X-bpsS N{I-hmfw hnS-cp-¶Xv F¶v lmhÀhm-kns\t¸mepÅ [À½-ÚÀ ]d-bp-¶Xv Cu ]Ým-¯-e-¯n-em-Wv.

cmjv{Snbhpw aXhpw X½n-epÅ k¼qÀ® hn`m-Ko-I-c-Ws¯ kz]v\w ImWp-¶Xv auVy-amWv, hnti-jn¨pw alm-`q-cn-]-£hpw aX-hn-izm-kn-I-fmb `mc-X-¯nÂ. KmÔn-sb-t¸mse aXs¯cmjv{S-¯nsâ Bßm-hmbn k¶n-th-in-¸n-¡m³ CÑm-i-àn-bpÅcmjv{Sob-þ-a-X-t\-Xr-Xz-am-Wn-hnsS Bhn-iy-am-bn-«p-Å-Xv. aebpw a\p-jy-\p-apÅ Ime-t¯mfw aX-hp-ap--m-Ipw. aXs¯ Xa-kvI-cn¨p Kf-lkvXw sN¿m-\pÅ ]cn-{i-a-saÃmw ]mgvthe-bm-bn-cp-s¶¶v djybpwssN\bpw Iyq_bpw t]mf--p-sams¡ km£y-s¸-Sp-¯p-¶Xv I½yq-Wnkw ad-¡-cp-Xv. Imcy-em-`-¯n\pÅ BÄ¡q-«-ambn am{Xw A\p-bm-bn-Isf ]cn-K-Wn-¡p¶ {]h-WX aX-§fpw Ah-km-\n-¸n-¡-Ww.At¸mÄ bYmÀ° hntam-N-\-¯nsâ {]Imiw A¦-amen IÃ-d-taepw

hogpw.

84


kphn-ti-j-h-XvI-c-Whpw ]mh-§-fp-sS-]-£w-tN-cepw

BapJw

“A{I-a-¯n-s\-Xnsc {]Xn-I-cn-¡m-¯-h³ ss{IkvX-h-\Ã”F¶p {]Jym-]n-¨p-sIm-v, auen-Im-h-Im-i-amb aX-kzm-X{´yw \ntj-[n-¡-s¸« ]m¡n-Øm³ {InkvXym-\n-IÄ¡p-th-n Hcp sa{Xm³Bßm-lqXn \S¯n. 1 (Cu ac-W-¯nsâ \oXnbpw \ymbhpw hyh-tÑ-Zn-¡p¶ ]Wn [mÀ½nI ssZhim-kv{X-Ú-·mÀ¡p hnSp-¶p).FÂkmÂh-tZm-dnse ASn-¨-aÀ¯-s¸-«-hÀ¡p-th-n hmZn¨ BÀ¨p-_n-j¸v sdmtatcm _en-th-Zn-bnÂ shSn-tb-äp-ho-Wp. “hn¹-h-Im-cn-b-Ãm¯ ss{IkvX-h³ Nmhp-tZm-j-¯nÂ Pohn¡p¶p” F¶p ]Tn-¸n-¡p-Ibpw Incm-X-amb ]«m-f-`-c-Ws¯ A«n-a-dn¡m³ Hfn-t¸m-cn-teÀs¸«p acn-¡p-Ibpw sNbvX ]ptcm-ln-X-cpsS \o--\n-c-Xs¶ emän-\-ta-cn-¡³ cmPy-§-fn-ep-v. \nkzcpw _e-lo-\-cp-amb ssZh-P-\-¯nsâ ]£w tNÀ¶ CS-b-·m-cpsS Nn{X-§-fm-Wn-h. Hmtcm ]£w-tN-cepw adp-]-£-¯nsâ i{XpX £Wn-¨p-h-cp-¯p-sa-¶-dn-ªn«pwAhÀ ]£w tNcm³ X¿m-dm-bn. AP-KWw Ic-bp-t¼mÄ CS-b\pNncn-¡m-\-h-Im-i-an-sÃ¶ Xncn-¨-dn-hmWv Ahsc CXn\p t{]cn-¸n-¨Xv.

“]mh-§-fpsS ]£w-tN-cÂ” F¶ ]Z-¯nsâ D]-Úm-Xm-¡Ä hntam-N\ ssZh-im-kv{X-Ú-cm-sW-¦nepw Cu Bi-b-¯n\pkphn-ti-j-t¯mfw ]g-¡-ap-- v. Cu ]£w-tN-c-ens\ amÀIvkn-b³hÀ¤-k-a-c-ambn sXän-²-cn-¡p-Ibpw CXnsâ {]tW-Xm-¡sf k`-bnse CS-Xp-]-£-¡m-sc¶p ap{Z-Ip¯n then¡p ]pd-¯m-¡p-IbpwsN¿m-\pÅ {ia-amWv ]e-t¸mgpw \S-¶n-«p-Å-Xv. ]£w tNcÂ kphn-ti-j-h-XvI-c-W-¯nsâ ASn-b-´n-cm-h-iy-am-sW¶p kaÀ°n-¡p-I-bmWv Cu teJ-\-¯nsâ e£yw.

7


85

Zcn-{ZÀþ hn. {KÙ- mjywkI-e-Pm-Xn-I-tfm-Sp-ambn {]tLm-jn-¡m³ BÚm-]n-¡-s¸-

«n-cp¶ kphn-tijw (a¯m 28:19; aÀt¡m 16:15) tIh-e-samcp hn`m-K-¯nsâ ]£w-tN-c-embn ]cn-W-an-¸n-¡p-¶-Xnsâ km[pX tNmZyw-sN-¿-s¸-tS--Xp Xs¶-bm-Wv. F¶mÂ, tbip Xs¶ ]dªp Xm³Zcn-{Z-tcmSp kphn-tijw {]kw-Kn-¡m³ A`n-tjIw sN¿-s¸-«-h-\m-sW¶v (eq¡m 4: 18). tbip-hnsâXs¶ {]kvXm-h-\-I-fn-epÅsshcp²yamWv ChnsS hnhmZ hnj-b-am-Ip-¶-Xv. Zcn-{ZÀ F¶ ]Z-¯nsâ ]cn-t{]£yamWv ChnsS kq£vam-]-{K-Y-\-¯n\p hnt[-b-am-tI- - -Xv. Xm³ e£y-am-¡p¶ Zcn-{Z-hn-`m-K-§-fpsS ]«n-IbpwhyXykvX kml-N-cy-§-fn-embn tbip hyà-am-¡p-¶p-v: ASn-¨-aÀ¯-s¸-«-hÀ, AÔÀ, apS-´À, IpjvT-tcm-Kn-IÄ, XfÀhm-X-tcm-Kn-IÄ, DuaÀ, _[n-cÀ, Np¦-¡mÀ, hnPm-Xo-bÀ, thiy-IÄ XpS-§n-b-hÀ. tbip-hnsâ ho£-W- nÂ Zmcn{Zyw tIhew km¼- n-I-a-sÃ¶vCu ]-«n-I-bnÂ \n¶p-Xs¶ hyà-am-Wv. kz´-ambn taÂhn-em-k-an-Ãm-¯-hcpw kaq-l-¯nsâ apJy-[m-c-bnÂ\n¶v amän\nÀ¯-s¸-«-hcpwapJ-an-Ãm-¯-h-cpamWn-hÀ. C¡q-«À GsX-¦nepw hn[-¯n-epÅ ]cm-[o-\X A\p-`-hn-¡p-Ibpw AXnÂ\n¶pÅ c£ Imw£n-¡p-IbpwsN¿p-¶p. Npcp-¡-¯nÂ, c£ tXSp-¶-h-scÃmw þ AXv Bßo-btamimco-cn-Itam am\-kn-Itam BIs« þ tbip-hnsâ ZrjvSnbnÂ Zcn-{Z-cm-Wv. C{]-Imcw Zmcn{Zya\p`hn¨hcmWv tbip-hnÂ c£--tXSnbXv.Xm³ c£n-¡-s¸-tS-h\msW¶ Ah-t_m-[-amWv Zcn-{Zsâ kl-Pm -h -t_m[w. CXn\p hncp²ambn Nn´n -¨ -hÀ AXm-b -X v ,X§fnÂXs¶ c£-Isc Is-¯nb-hcmbn-cp-¶p \nb-a-Úcpw^cn -tk-bcpw. ]pdta \n¶pÅ GXp c£I\pw AhÀ¡vhÀ¤i{Xphpw Ipe-t{Zm -lnbpamWv. c£n¡s¸«-hÀ F¶anYymht_m-[-¯nsâ ]n³ _e-¯nÂ Ah-À Ac-£n-Xsc (Z-cn-{Zsc)kaq-l-¯nsâ apJy[mc-bnÂ\n¶p Kf-lkvXw sNbvXp. Npcp-¡-¯nÂ, Xm³t]m-cn-a-bvs¡Xn-cmbsXÃmw hnip² {KÙ-Zr-jvSn-bnÂZmcn-{Zy-¯nsâ hI-t`-Z-§-fmWv. c£ Imw£n-¡p-¶-hscÃmw Zcn-{Z-cmWv. X³-aqew Zcn-{Z³ F¶ ]Z-¯nsâ ]cn-t{]£yw Gsd-¡psd

kÀhmtÇjnbm-sW¶p ImWmw.

kphntij {]tLmjWw tbip-hnsâ ZrjvSn-bnÂhn. {KÙ-¯nÂ kphn-ti-j-sa-¶Xp tIh-e-samcp ktµ-i-

aÃ AsXmcp hyànbm-Wv. a\p-jym-h-Xmcw sNbvX tbip-{In-kvXp-hyànbnÂ\n¶v hyXn-cn-à-am-sbmcp ktµiw kphn-ti-j-h-Xv¡-c-

86


W-am-hn-Ã. X·qew tbip-hm-Ip¶ ASn-Øm-\-{]-Xn-am-\s¯ B[m-c-am¡n thWw kp-hn-ti-j--h-Xv¡-c-W-¯nsâ GXp ]mThpw ]Tn--¡m³.tbip ssZh]p{X-\m-sW¶p Xncn¨dnbp-¶-Xpw (aÀt¡m. 1 : 1) tbip-hn-eqsS ssIh¶ c£ {]tLm-jn-¡p--¶Xpw (1 tImdn. 9: 14; ^ne. 1:5; 2: 22) kphn-ti-j-am-Wv. tbip ssZh-]p-{X-\m-sW-¶pÅ Xncn-¨-dnhvc£m-I-c-am-Wv. {]-kvXpX c£-bpsS {]tLm-j-W-amWv kphnti-j-{]tLmjWw.

tbip ssZh-]p-{X-\m-sW¶v ka-Im-eo-\À Xncn¨dnªsX§-s\-bmWv? ]t{Xmkv tbip-hnsâ ZnhyXzw Xnc-¨-dnªv Ahn-Sps¯Poh-Zm-b-I-amb htNm-hn-em-k-¯mÂ BIr-jvS-\m-bn-«m-sW-¦nÂ(a¯m. 16:16; tbml. 6:68) D°n-Xsâ kvt\l imk-\-¯n-eq-sS-bmWvtXmakv tbip-hnsâ ssZhn-IX Xncn-¨-dn-bp-¶Xv. AÔ-\m-bn-cp-¶-h³ X\n¡p ImgvN e`n-¨-t¸mÄ tbip ssZh-]p-{X-\m-sW¶p hnfn¨p]dªp (tbm-l. 9:33). _[n-ccpw, aqIcpw, Duacpw, Ipcp-Scpw X§-fpsS AwK-ssh-I-eyw- \n-hm-cWw sNbvX-h-\nÂ ssZh-]p-{Xs\ ZÀin-¨p.-X-s¶-¯s¶ P\-¯n\p kZzmÀ¯-bmbn \evIp-¶-XnÂ tbipZ¯m-h-[m-\-\m-bn-cp¶p. AÔ-\m-b-hs\ kw_-Ôn- n-S-t¯mfw ImgvN-bnÂ Ipd-ª-sXm¶pw Ah\p kphn-ti-j-am-In-sÃ¶v tbip-hn-\-dn-bm-am-bn-cp-¶p.- IpjvTtcmKn¡p hN-\-s¯-¡mÄ tcmK-ku-Jy-amWvkphn-ti-j-am-Ip-¶-sX¶v aämcpw ]d-bmsX a\-Ên-em-¡p-hm³ tbip-hn\p Ign-ªn-cp-¶p. kphn-ti-j-h-XvI-c-Ws¯ tIhew hN-\-{]-tLm-j-W-¯n-sem--Xp-¡p¶ ssien tbip-hn\v A\y-am-bn-cp-¶p. _[n-csâImXpw Duasâ hmbpw Ipcp-Ssâ I®pw Xpd-¶-t¸mgpw ac-hn¨ arX-i-co-c-¯n\p Poh³ sImSp-¯-t¸mgpw ASn-¨-aÀ¯-s¸-«-hÀ¡pkzmX{´yw {]Jym]n¨t¸mgpw tbip Xs¶-¯s¶ kphn-ti-j-ambnAh-X-cn-¸n-¡p-I-bm-bn-cp-¶p. hni-¡p-¶-hsâ ap¼nÂ A¸-ambn {]Xy-£-s -Sp¶ ssZh- n\p am{Xta Ahsâ c£-I-\m-Im³ Ignbq F¶vtbip-hn-\-dn-bm-am-bn-cp-¶p. kphn-ti-j-h-XvI-c-W-¯nsâ krjvSn-]-c-amb Cu am\w ssItamiw h¶-XmWv A`n-\-h-kp-hn-ti-j-{]-tLm-j-W-¯nsâ \njv^-e-Xbv¡p Imc-Ww.

ssZh-cmPysa¶Xv kam-K-X-am-bn-¡-gnª hÀ¯-am\Ime-kXyw IqSn-bm-sW¶ hkvXp-X \mw ]mtS ad¶p t]mIp-¶p. ]IcwssZh-cm-Py- nsâ C\nbpw ]qÀ®-am-Im¯ mhn-Im-e-am-\- n\p \mwAanX {]m[m\yw \evIn. ssZh-cm-Py-sa-¶Xv hcm-\n-cn-¡p-¶-XÃ h¶p-I-gn-ª-XmWv F¶ Xncn-¨-dn-hmWv Cu temI-¯nse A\o-XnbpwAgn-a-Xnbpw ASn-¨-aÀ¯epw FXnÀ¡-s¸-tS- - -Xm-sW¶ Ah-t_m[w P\n-¸n-¡p-¶Xv. ssZh-cmPyw Cu`q-an-bnÂ Bcw-`n¨p Ign-


87

sª-¦nÂ ssZh-cm-Py-hy-h-Øn-Xn-s¡-Xn-cmbn \ne-hn-epÅ FÃm hyh-Øn-Xn-Ifpw Xn·-bm-Wv. Ah-bvs¡-Xnsc kÔn-bn-Ãm-k-acw {]Jym-]n -t¡- -Xpw, Ahsb ]cm-P-b-s¸-Sp -t¯--Xv ssZh-cm-Py-¯nsâhym]-\-¯n\v A\p-t]-£-Wo-b-hp-am--sW¶ Xncn-¨-dn-hnÂ \n¶mWv]mh-§-fpsS ]£wtNcm³ k` \nÀ_-Ôn-X-bm-Ip-¶-Xv. ]mh-§-fpsS]£w-tN-cpI F-¶mÂ ssZh-cm-Py-¯nsâ hÀ¯-am-\-Im-e-am\wAwKo-I-cn-¡p-I-sb-¶À°w.

1971-þÂ tdmanÂ \S¶ sa{Xm-·m-cpsS kn\-Un-t\m-S-\p-_-Ôn¨p{]kn-²o-I-cn¨ {]am-W-tc-J-bnÂ kphn-tijhXvI-c-W-¯nsâkrjvSn-]-chpw ssZh-cm-Py-¯nsâ hÀ¯-am-\-Im-e-]-c-hp-amb am\-¯n\p {]m[m\yw \ÂIn-bn-«p - - v : “\oXnbv¡pw kam-[m-\-¯n\pwth-n-bpÅ {]hÀ¯-\-§Ä kphn-ti-j-h-XvI-c-W-¯nsâ kÀ¤m-ß-I -h-i-§-fm-Wv. FÃm-hn-[-¯n-epÅ ASn-¨-aÀ¯-ep-I-fnÂ \n¶pwa\p-jys\ hntam-Nn-¸n-¡p¶Xneq-sS-bmWv kphn-tijw Poh-Zm-b-I-am-Ip-¶-Xv.” 2

kphn-ti-j-h-XvI-c-W-Z-i-I-t¯m-S-\p-_-Ôn¨v tIc-f-k`{]Jym-]n¨ hnhn[ hÀj§Ä (IÀjI hÀjw, bph-P-\-hÀjw,Poh³c-£m-hÀjw F¶n-h) tIhew skan-\m-dp-Ifpw {]`m-j-W-§-fp-ambmWv \mw sIm-m-Sn-b-Xv. CXp XnI¨pw kpc-£n-X-am-sbmcpkphn-ti-j-h-XvI-c-W-{]-{In-b-bm-Wv. ChnsS A]-I-S-¯n-sâtbm oj-Wn-bp-sStbm shÃp-hn-fn-bp-sStbm em©-\-t]m-ep-an-Ã. ImcWw kphn-ti-j-h-XvI-c-W-¯nsâ krjvSn-]-c-amb am\w \mw kuI-cy-]qÀÆwad-¶p. kmam-\y-P-\-¯nsâ \odp¶ {]iv\-§Ä¡p ]cn-lmcw \nÀt±-in-¡m³ kphn-ti-j-¯n\pw k`bv¡pw Ign-hn-sÃ¶ {]Xo-Xn-bmWv\mw P\n-¸n-¨p-sIm--n-cn-¡p-¶-Xv. hni-¡p¶ a\p-jy-t\mSv hcm-\n-cn-¡p¶ temI-¯nsâ alXzw hÀ®n¨v Ahs\ Xr]vX-\m-¡m-\pÅ{ia-am-bn-cp¶p CXp-h-sc-bpÅ \½psS kphn-ti-j-h-XvI-c-Ww. a\p-jys\ tIhew ]c-tem-I-¸m-ä-I-fm¡n amämt\ \mw {ian-¨p-Åq. aX-]-ctam AXn-ù-Xn-Itam bpKm-ý-]-ctam AÃm¯ {]iv\-§Ä¡v\mw aX-]-chpw AXn-ù-Xn-Ihpw bpKm-ý-]-c-hp-amb D¯cw\evIp¶p F¶-XmWv A`n-\-h-kp-hn-ti-j-h-XvI-c-W-¯nsâ t]mcm-bva. hni-¸v, Zmlw, hkv{X-an-Ãm-bva, ]mÀ¸n-S-an-Ãmbva, sXmgn-en-Ãm-bva, Agn-a-Xn, kzP-\-]-£-]m-Xw, ssI¡q-en, Icn-©´ XpS§nbh-sbm¶pw AXn-ù-Xn-Itam bpKm-ý-]-ctam Bb {]iv\-a-Ã. C¶nsâ\nan-j-§-fnÂ Pohn-¡p¶ a\p-jysâ \odp¶ {]iv\-§-fmWv.{]kvXpX {]iv\-§Ä¡v bpKm-ý-]-c-amb ]cn-lmcw \nÀt±-in-¡p-¶Xv kphn-ti-j-hn-cp-²-am-sW¶p am{X-aÃ IrXy-hn-tem]w IqSn-bmWv.

88


]£w-tN-c-en-eqsS kphn-ti-j-h-XvI-cWwhtc-Wy-hÀ¤w kaq-l-¯nsâ apJy-[m-c-bnÂ\n¶p Kf-

lkvXw sNbvX Zcn-{Z-cpsS þ Ac-£n-X-cpsS ]£w tNÀ¶mWv tbipkphn-ti-j-am-bXpw kphn-ti-j-ta-In-bXpw. PmXn-bpsSbpw aX-¯n-sâbpw ]mWvUn-Xy- n-sâbpw ]cn-ip-²n-bp-sSbpw Ipeo-\-X-bp-sSbpwt]cnÂ D¨-\o-N-Xz-§fpw Akv]r-i-Xbpw ]peÀ¯n-bn-cp¶ Hcp kaq-l- n-emWv tbip Pohn- n-cp-¶-Xv. iàsc knwlm-k-\-§-fnÂ \n¶vadn-¨n«v ]Xn-Xsc DbÀ¯p¶ ssZhkvt\l¯n-sâ a\p-jy-cq-]-amWvtbip. AXpsIm -pXs¶ htcWyhÀ¤w then-s¡-«n-\-¸p-d-¯p \ndp-¯nb “t¾Ñ·m”tcmsSm¯v tbip Du¬tai ]¦n«p (eq¡m 5:30;14:13). k¼-¶À ssZhm-\p-{K-l-¯nsâ \nd-Ip-S-§-fmbn hmgv¯-s¸-«n-cp¶ kaq-l-¯nÂ k¼-¶À¡p \mihpw Zcn-{ZÀ¡p `mKyhpw {]h-Nn-¡m-\pÅ N¦qäw tbip-hn\p am{Xta D-m-bn-cp-¶pÅq (6:20). aX-kw-hn-[m\w lo\-cm¡n {`jvSp-I-ev]n¨ Np¦-¡mcpw ]m]n-I-fp-amWpssZh-k-¶n-[n-bnÂ kzo-Im-cyÀ (7:29-þ30; 11:52; 18:14) F¶p {]Jym-]n-¡pI am{X-aÃ aX-t\-XrXzw Ipe-t{Zm-ln-bmbn hn[n¨ kt¡-hq-knsâho«nÂ Ah³ A¯m-g-¯n-\p-sa¯n (19:7). blq-Z-t\-XrXzw \mbv¡-sf¶p hnfn-¨m-t£-]n¨ ka-cn--bm-¡m-cn-sem-cp-hs\ ssZh-kvt\-l-¯nsâ A£p-®-am-Xr-I-bm¡n (10:33). am\y-\mb blq-Z-{]-am-Wn¡v]m]n-\n-bpsS ]Ip-Xn-t]mepw BXn-Yy-a-cym-Z-bn-sÃ¶v Ahn-Sp¶vBt£-]n¨p (7:44). k¼-¶sâ [mcm-fnXzw hnkÀÖn-¡p¶ e£-§-fpsS kw`m-h\ hn[-h-bpsS NnÃn-¡m-in\p ap³]nÂ H-¶p--asÃ¶psXfn-bn-¨- tbip (21:3) ssZh-kvt\-l-¯nsâ ]£w-tN-cÂ hyà-am-¡p-I-bm-bn-cp¶p. a\p-jyÀ shdp¯-hÀ ssZh-Xn-cp-ap-¼nÂ IqSp-XÂhne-bp-Å-h-cmbn amdp¶ ]c-a-amb kXyw kphn-ti-j-¯nsâ A´-k-¯-bm-Wv.

“tbip-hnsâ aXm-ß-I-X-bpsS tI{µ-_nµp a\p-jy-\m-bn-cp¶p.” 3 a\p-jy-a-l-Xz-¯n-s\-Xn-cp-\nÂ¡p¶ “F´pw ssZhn-I-X-bv¡p-sa-Xn-cm-sW¶v tbip {]Jym-]n-¨p. a\p-jysâ alXzw \ntj-[n-¡p-¶Xp aX-am-sW-¦nÂ B aX-¯nsâ {]am-W-§-sfbpw DÃw-Ln-¡m³ Ahn-Sp-¶m-h-iy-s¸-«p. km_-¯p-{]-am-W-§-sf-¡mÄ Iq\n-t¸mb Hcp kv{XobpsS KZvK-Z-¯n\v Ahn-Sp¶v hne \evIn. tami-bpsS ]cn-]m-h-\-amb \nb-a-s¯-¡mÄ thiy-bpsS I®o-cn\v Ah³hne Iev]n- p. [m\y-¡-XnÀ ]dn- -Xn\p injyÀ¡p-t\sc hmtfm-§nb^cn-tk-b-a-Xm-ß-I-X-bvs¡-Xnsc Ah³ kzc-ap-bÀ¯n. a\p-jyÀ aX-¯n\p th-n -bÃ aXw a\p-jy-\p-th- - n -bm-sW¶ hn¹-h-I-c-ambktµiw temIs¯ ]Tn-¸n-¨Xv tbip-hm-Wv. tbip Xsâ ]c-ky-Po-


89

hn-X- n-ep-S-\ofw bXv\n- Xv al-Xz-an-Ãm¯ a\p-jy-]p-{XÀ¡p alXzwt\Sn-s¡m-Sp-¡m-\m-Wv. hmSn-t¸mb Pohn-X-§fpw tImSn-t¸mb hZ-\-§fpw sImgn-ªp-t]mb kz]v\-§fpw ssZh-kvt\-l-¯nsâ \oÀ[m-c-bnÂ Poh-Êp-ä-Xm¡n a\p-jy-a-l-Xz-¯nsâ kphn-tijhXvI-c-W-amWv tbip \S-¯n-b-Xv. a\p-jysâ Xe-bnse apSn-\m-cn-g-t]mepws]mgn-bp-¶Xv Adn-bp¶ ssZhw a\p-jysâ Imcy-¯nÂ kÀhZmXÂ]-c-\m-sW¶v Ahn-Sp¶p ]Tn-¸n-¨p. a\p-jy-h-XvI-cWw kphn-ti-j-h-XvI-c-W- nsâ BZy-]-Sn-bm-sW¶ tbip]mTw ]Tn-¡p-t¼m-gmWva\pjyXzw \ntj-[n-¡-s¸-«-h-cpsSþZcn-{Z-cpsS ]£w tNtc---XnsâBh-iy-IX hyà-am-¡p-¶-Xv. kphn-ti-j-t¯m-SpÅ {]Xn-_-²X Zcn-

{Z-t\m-SpÅ {]Xn-_-²-X-bnÂ \n¶mWv Bcw-`n-¡p-¶-Xv.

]mh-§-fpsS ]£w-tN-cÂ tIc-f-k-`-bnÂCu ]Ým-¯-e-¯n-emWv tIc-f-k-`-bnse kphn-ti-j-h-XvI-

cW {]hÀ¯-\-§-fnse ]mh-§-fpsS ]£w-tN-c-ens\ hne-bn-cp-t¯---Xv. ]«n¡pw ]q¨bv¡pw \S-¡m-hp¶ hgn-bn-eqsS lo\Pm-Xn-¡m-c\p k©m-c-kzm-X{´yw \ntj-[n-¨n-cp¶ PmXn-hy-h-Ø-bvs¡-Xnsc]mh-§-fpsS ]£w-tNÀ¶v [oc-ambn s]mcp-Xm³ BZy-ambn N¦qäwImWn-¨Xp ss{IkvX-h-k-`-bm-Wv. t£{X-{]-th-i\w t]mbn«p tZh-\maw t]mepw D -cn-¡m³ A\p-hm-Z-an-Ãm¯ Akv]r-iyÀ¡v {InkvXo-b-tZ-hm-e-b-§-fnÂ kaXzw A\p-h-Zn- p. “ip{Z-a-£-c-kw-bpàw ZpcnX]cn-hÀtÖ-bXw” F¶p ]mSn-bn-cp¶ kaq-l-¯nÂ A[x-Ir-XsâIp«n¡v A£cw ]Tn-¡m-\pÅ GI A¯mWn {InkvXy³ ]Ån-¡q-S-§-fm-bn-cp-¶p. PmXn-bpsS t]cnÂ htc-Wy-hÀ¤w kaq-l-¯nsâapJy-[m-c-bnÂ\n¶p Nhn-«n-¸p-d-¯m¡n ImÂ¡o-gn-e-aÀ¯n-b-hsâH¸w \nÂ¡m³ Hcp-Im-e¯p It¯m-en-¡m-k` Im«nb N¦qäw tIc-f -N-cn - {X-¯nÂ X¦-en -]n -I-fnÂXs¶ Bte-J\w sNt¿-Xp - v .PmXn-t{i-Wn-bnÂ Xmtg-¡n-S-bn-epÅ kv{XoIÄ¡p amdp-a-d-bv¡m\pw]pe-bÀ¡p ]¸Sw Im¨n-¡q-«m\pw t]mepw A\p-hmZw \njn²-am-bn-cp¶ kaq-l-¯n-emWv FÃm-hcpw ssZh-a-¡-fm-sW¶ ktµiw{InkvXp-aXw ]Tn-¸n-¨-Xv. A¡m-e-§-fnÂ Xsâ km¶n-[y-a-dn-bn-¡p-hm³ am{Xw k` ChnsS kPo-h-am-bn-cp-¶p. {InkvXp-a-X-¯n-te¡vGä-hp-a-[nIw ]cn-hÀ¯\w \S¶ Ime-L-«hpw asäm-¶m-bn-cp-¶n-Ã.a\p-jysâ \odp¶ {]iv\-§-tfmSp {]Xn-I-cn-¡m³ tIc-f-k` B`n-apJyw Im«n-b-t¸m-sgms¡ {InkvXpamÀ¤w ChnsS BIÀj-Wo-b-am-bn-cp-¶p.

kaq-l-¯nÂ thZ-\-b-\p-`-hn-¡p-¶-hÀs¡m¸w \nÂ¡m³

90


tIc-f-k` Hcp ]cn-[n-hsc {i²n-¨n-cp-¶p. kmaq-ln-I-tk-h-\-cw-K¯pwZmcn-t{Zym-¨m-S-\-{]-hÀ¯-\-§-fnepw C{X-am{Xw \nkzmÀ°-ambn{]hÀ¯n¨ asämcp GP³knbpw tIc-f-¯n-ep--m-bn-«n-Ã. KqU-Ãq-cnepw jntam-K-bnepw sIm«n-bq-cp-sams¡ IpSn-bn-d¡pw IpSn-bn-d¡p`oj-Wn-bp-ap--m-b-t¸mÄ hgn-bm-[m-c-am-Ip-am-bn-cp¶ ]mh-s¸-«-hsâ]£w-tN-cm³ tIc-f-k-`bv¡p Ign-ªp. hS-t¡-¡fw `qan-bnÂ\n¶v1600-þ-Hmfw IpSpw-_-§sf IpSn-bn-d-¡m³ 1998-þÂ sslt¡m-SXn D¯-c-hn-«-t¸mÄ \nÊ-lm-b-cm-bn-¯oÀ¶ ]mh-s¸« IÀj-Isc kwL-Sn-¸n¨v If-Ivt{Säp ]Sn-¡Â Xe-tÈcn BÀ¨p-_n-j¸v tPmÀÖv hen-b-aäw D]-hm-k-an-cp-¶p. aq¶mÀ IpSn-bn-d¡v F¶ cm{ãob \mS-I-¯n-s\-Xnsc [oc-ambn s]mcp-Xnb CSp¡n sa{Xm³ amÀ B\n-¡p-gn-¡m-«n-ensâ kmaq-lnI {]Xn-_-²-Xbpw FSp-¯p-]-d-tb---Xm-Wv. ]mh-§-fpsS ]£w-tN-cÂ F¶ Xsâ {]Jym-]nX e£y¯nÂ\n¶v tIc-f-k` _lp-Zqcw thdn-«p-t]m-bn-«nÃ F¶mWv Cu hkvXp-X-IÄ shfn-hm-¡p-¶-Xv.

F¶mÂ, ]Xn-X-cpsS ]£¯v Ønc-ambn Nph-Sp-d-¸n-¡m³tIc-f-k-`bv¡p Ign-ªn-«n-Ã. htc-Wy-hÀ¤-¯nsâ emh-W-§ÄAhsf ]e-t¸mgpw lTm-Zm-IÀjn-¨n-«p-- v. Cu Nm©eyw apX-se-Sp-¯mWv CS-Xp-]£ hn¹-h-{]-Øm-\-§Ä tIc-f-¯nÂ iàn-{]-Jym-]n- -Xv. the-¡m-c\p Iqen-sIm-Sp-¡-W-sa¶pw thX\w P·n-bpsS HuZm-cy-a-Ã, sXmgn-em-fn-bpsS AhImiamsW¶pw tIc-f-¡-c-bnÂ BZyw]d-ªXv {InkvXy³ anj-\-dn-am-cm-Wv. Imc-Ww, hn. {KÙw A\p-im-kn-¡p¶ Imcy-§-fm-Wn-h. F¶mÂ amXmhpw Kpcp-\m-Y-bp-am-tI-k` Krl-]mTw sN¿m³ ad¶t¸mÄ {]kvXp-X-]mTw kmam-\y-P-\-¯n\p ]IÀ¶p-sIm-Sp-¡m³ amÀIvkn-Ìp-ImÀ¡p Ign-ªp. \oXn-t_m[w P\-at[y apf-sb-Sp-¸n-¡m³ amÀIvknkw Ai-à-am-Wv.{InkvXp-aXw ià-ambn thtcm-Sn-bn-cp-¶n-S-§-fnÂ am{Xta CSXp{]Øm-\-§Ä¡p Nph-Sp-d- n-¡m³ Ign-ªp-Åq. Hcp {InkvXy³ ]mj-WvU-X-bm-bn-«mWv amÀIvknkw hne-bn-cp-¯-s¸-Sp-¶-Xv. ImcWwAXnsâ ASn-Øm-\-§-fnÂ ]eXpw {InkvXo-b-X-bnÂ\n¶p IS-sa-Sp-¯-Xm-Wv. CXp tIc-f-¯n-setbm C´y-bn-setbm am{Xw hkvXp-X-bÃ temI-¯m-Iam\w Zriy-amb {]Xn-`m-k-am-Wv. kzX-{´-tI-c-f-¯nsâ Ncn-{X-¯nse BZy Zi-I-§Ä It¯m-en-¡m-k`bpwamÀIvkn-khpw X½n-epÅ _e-]-co-£-W-¯nsâ \mfp-I-fm-bn-cp-¶p.It¯m-en-¡m-k` htc-Wy-cpsS ]£-¯m-sW¶ [mcW P\n-¸n-¡m³ Cu _e-]-co-£-W-§Ä amÀIvkn-kn-äp-Imsc Hs«m-¶p-aÃklm-bn-¨n-«p-Å-Xv. IpSn-bms\ `qhp-S-a-bm-¡p¶ sFXn-lm-knIamb`q]-cn-jvI-c-W-\n-baw amÀIvknÌp kÀ¡mÀ \S- nÂ hcp- n-b-t¸mÄ


91

It¯m-en-¡m-k` AXns\ FXnÀ¯p. X·qew k` ]mh-§Äs¡-Xn-cm-sW¶ {]XoXn km[m-c-W-¡m-cp-sS-bn-S-bnÂ hfÀ¶p iàn-s¸Sm³ XpS-§n.

`cW-¯nsâ ioX-f-Om-b-bnÂ CS-Xp-]-£-]mÀ«n-IÄ hn¹-hhpw kmaq-ln-I-\o-Xnbpw ad¶v A[n-Im-c-¯nsâ kpc-]m\w sN¿p-I-bm-Wv. \oXn-sb-¡mÄ hepXv A[n-Im-c-am-sW¶pw hÀ¤ cln-X-k-aq-l-sa-¶Xv h¦-¯-c-am-sW¶pw AhÀ¡p t_mt[m-Zbw e`n-¨p.amÀIvknÌv BNm-cy-·mÀ Ip¯I apX-em-fn-am-cpsS A¦-W-¯nÂB\q-Iq-ey- n-\mbn A«n-t -dp-In-S-¡p-Ibpw apX-em-fn-am-cpsS CjvSm-\n-jvS-§Äs¡m¯v \b-§Ä cq]n-I-cn-¡p-Ibpw sN¿p-t¼mÄ km[m-c-W-¡mÀ ho-pw c£-Is\ tXSp-I-bm-Wv. Cu ]Ým-¯-e-¯n-emWvtIc-f-k` kmaqly\oXn-bpsS ]p\xØm]-\-¯n-\mbn ]p\-cÀ¸WwsNt¿---Xv. C¶m-«nse thZ-\n-¡p-¶-hsâ lrZ-b-kv]µ\§Ä k`-bp-tS-Xp-am-I-Ww. h¯n-¡m³ Iu¬knÂ A\p-im-kn-¡p-¶-Xp-t]mse “C¡m-es¯ a\p-jy-cpsS hninjym ]mh-§-fp-sSbpw ]oUn-X-cp-sSbpw kt´m-j-§fpw {]Xo-£-Ifpw k¦-S-§fpw DXv¡WvTbp-saÃmw {InkvXp-hnsâ A\p-bmbnIfp-sSbpw IqSn-bmWv.” 4 ]mh-s¸-«-h-sâbpw ASn- -aÀ -s -«-h-sâbpw \nÈ-_vZ-tcm-Z-\-§-fm-bn-cn-¡Ww\b-cq-]o-I-c-W-¯nÂ k`-bpsS Nme-I-i-àn. sImfw-_n-bm-bnseIÀj-I-tcmSp t]mÄ Bdm-a³ amÀ]m¸ ]d-ªp, “Ct¸mÄ \n§Ä\nÈ-_vZ-cmbn Fs¶ {ihn-¡p-¶p. F¶mÂ, \n§-fpsS thZ-\-I-fnÂ\n¶p-b-cp¶ Zb-\o-b-kzcw Rm³ tIÄ¡p-¶p.” 5 C¯cw Zb-\o-b-kz-c-§Ä tIÄ¡m-\pÅ {ihW iàn-bmWv tIc-f-k` ssIh-cn-t ¡ - - - X v .

tIc-f-¯nse F¶Ã C´y-bn-se-Xs¶ P\-§-fpsS Gähpwhenb {]iv\w Zmcn-{Zy-am-Wv. CXm-Is« km¼-¯n-I-hn-X-c-W-¯nseA\o-Xn-]-c-amb Ak-a-Xzw-aqew kw`-hn-¡p-¶-Xm-Wp-Xm-\pw. A\o-Xnbpw Agn-a-Xnbpw ]mh-s¸-«-hsâ tNmc-bq-än-¡p-Sn-¡p-¶p. DÅ-h\pIqSp-XÂ \ÂI-s¸-Sp-Ibpw CÃm-¯-h-\nÂ\n¶v DÅ-Xp-IqSn FSp-¡-s -Sp-Ibpw sN¿p¶ A`n-\h k¼-Zvhy-h-Øn-Xn-bnÂ k`bv¡p hyà-amb \ne-]m-Sp -I-fpt-m?

h³InS I¼-\n-I-fpsS I¸-ep-Ifpw Iqä³ t_m«p-Ifpw Xoc-t¯m-S-Sp¯p t{Smfn§v \S-¯p-¶-Xn-\mÂ, ]I-e-´n-tbmfw he hen-¨n«pw Hcp a¯n-¡p-ªn-s\-t¸mepw In«msX tIc-f-¯n-e-t§m-f-an-t§m-f-apÅ IS-tem-c-a-¡Ä I®o-scm-gp-¡nbt¸mÄ AhÀ¡p-th-ni_vZn-¡m³ Ign-ªn-sÃ¶p am{X-aÃ i_vZn-¨-h-cpsS hmb-S-bv¡m-\pÅ {iahpw F¬]-Xp-I-fnÂ HutZym-KnI t\Xr-Xz-¯nsâ `mK-

92


¯p-\n-¶p--m-bn. XnI¨pw \ymbhpw bpà-hp-amb Imc-W-§-fm-emWvk` A{]-Imcw {]Xn-I-cn-¨-sX¶p Icp-Xn-bmepw ]mh-§-fpsS ]£w-tNÀ¶ {InkvXp-hnsâ XpSÀ¨-bmtWm tIc-f-k-`-sb¶p ktµ-ln-¡m³ Cu kw`hw \nan-¯-am-bn-.

ssI¡qen sImSp-¡m³ Imin-Ãm-¯-Xn-\mÂ Imcy-km-[y-¯n-\mbn ]©m-b-¯m-¸okp apXÂ sk{I-«-dn-tbäphsc Ibdnbnd§nImep-tX-ª-hsâ DÅw-Im-ense s]mÅepw DÅnse hnIm-c-¯-Åepw ImWm-\pÅ kq£va-ZrjvSn k`-bv¡p-th-Ww. Ignhpw{]mKÂ`y-hp-ap-Å-hÀ tPmen-tXSn sX-p-t¼mÄ ]Whpw ]nSn-]m-Sp-ap-Å-hÀ anI¨ tPmen-IÄ ]¦n-s«-Sp-¡p-¶p. Agn-aXn ASn-apSn {Kkn¨Cu kaq-l-Km-{X-¯nÂ Nqj-W-¯n-\n-c-bm-Ip-¶-h-cpsS H¸w \nÂ¡m-\pÅ {]Xn-_-²X k`-bv¡pt-m? Hcp ]pcp-jm-bpÊp apgph³ A[zm-\n¨p ae-a-S-¡nÂ I\Iw hnf-bn¨ Ipä-¯n\p \nb-a-¯nsâ \qem-am-e-bnÂ IpSp¡n ]mh-s¸« IÀj-Is\ IpSn-bn-d-¡p¶ Incm-X-\n-b-a-§Ä¡p ap¶nÂ FXnÀ¸nsâ kphn-ti-j-\mZw apg-¡m³ k`bv¡pIgn-bptam? Hcp Nm¬ hb-dnsâ \nd-hn-\mbn F¨nÂsXm-«n-bnÂ ]«n-I-fp-ambn aÃn«p ]cm-P-b-s¸«p Ic-bp¶ Ipªnsâ ssZ\yX I-pIqsS-¡-c-bm³ Ign-bp-t¼mgpw a\p-jysâ _e-lo-\-Xsb NqjWwsNbvXp aZy-sam-gp¡n ]Ww-hm-cp¶ A_vImcn {]`r-Xn-IÄs¡-Xn-scbpw Agn-a-Xn-s¡-Xn-scbpw sNdp-hn-c-e-\-¡m³ Iq«m-¡m¯ `c-W-Iq-S-¯n-s\-Xn-scbpw Ipcnip-bp²w {]Jym-]n-¡m-\pÅ XtâSw t\Sp-

t¼m-gmWv \mw ]mh-§-fpsS ]£-¯m-sW¶p sXfn-bn-¡p-¶-Xv.

]£w-tN-cepw hÀ¤-k-a-chpwZcn-{Zsâ ]£w-tN-cWw F¶-Xnsâ adp-hiw Nqj-I-cmb

[\n-I\v FXncp \nÂ¡Ww F¶-Xp-X-s¶-bmWv (To be with theoppressed is to be against the oppressor). kÀÆm-tÇ-jn-bmb ssZh-kvt\-l-¯nsâ shfn-¨-¯nÂ Cu ]£w-tN-cÂ kphn-ti-jm-\p-kr-X-amtWm F¶-XmWv ASn-Øm\ {]iv\w. CXv amÀIvkn-b³ ho£-W-¯nse hÀ¤-k-a-c-¯nsâ X\n-bm-hÀ¯-\-atÃ F¶p kwi-bn-¡p-¶ -h - c p - - v .

Zcn-{Zsâ ]£w-tN-cmsX [\n-I-t\mSpw Zcn-{Z-t\mSpw ka-Zq-c-kn-²m´w ]men-¡p-¶Xv kphn-ti-jm-\p-kr-Xtam? FÃm-h-tcbpw{]oWn-¸n-¡m-\pÅ \bw ]nim-Np-am-bn-t]mepw H¯p-XoÀ¸n-\pÅ {ia-am-Wv. Cu {]oW-\-\bw kphn-ti-j-hn-cp-²hpw {]Xn-km-£y-P-\y-hp-am-Wv. A\o-Xn-bpsS hyh-Øn-Xn-IÄs¡-Xnsc kzc-ap-bÀ¯n-b-Xnsâ]cn-Wn-X-^-e-amWv tbip-hnsâ Ipcniv. kaq-l-¯nse ]mh-s¸-«-h-


93

\p-th-n Ahsâ H¸w \n¶v Ah-cn-sem-cm-fmbn hmZn-¨-Xn-\m-emWvAh³ Ipcn-in-te-ä-s¸-«-Xv. ]mh-s¸-«-hsâ ]£w-tNÀ¶Xnsâ ^e-ambn acWw hcn¨ tbip-hnsâ ac-W¯neqsS ssIh¶ c£-bpsS{]Jym-]-\-amWp kphn-ti-j-{]-tLm-j-W-sa-¦nÂ kphn-ti-j-h-XvI-c-W-¯nsâ ASn-Øm\ {]Xn-am-\w-Xs¶ ]mh-§-fpsS ]£w tNcÂBh-iy-s¸-Sp-¶p- - v . FXnÀ¡-s¸-tS- hyh-Øn-Xn-IÄ FXnÀ¡-s¸-S-Ww. Ah-bp-am-bpÅ H¯p-XoÀ v tbip-amÀ¤- n-\-\y-am-Wv. hni¶pIc-bp-¶-h-t\m-SpÅ A\p-`mhw ]£w tNc-ensâ Hcp `mKw am{XtaBIp¶pÅq. Ah\v A¸w \ntj-[n¨ hyØn-Xn-IÄs¡-Xn-sc-\n¶vAhsâ Ah-Im-i-ambn A¸s¯ A\p-kyqXw {]m]vX-am-¡p-¶-Xn-eqsS am{Xsa ]£w tNcÂ ]qÀ®-am-hq.

Cu FXnÀ¸v Hcp hÀ¤-k-a-c-a-Ã, ImcWw AXv Bcp-sSbpw\mi-am-{K-ln-¡p-¶n-Ã. A\o-Xn-bpsS hyh-Øn-Xn-Isf XInSw adn-¡p-¶-Xn-eqsS Nqj-I-s\bpw Nqjn-X-s\bpw ssZh-cmPy hyh-Øn-Xn-bpsS`mK-am¡n amäpI F¶-XmWv Cu FXnÀ¸nsâ e£yw. Nqj-Is\sIm¶v Nqjn-X³ cmPm-hm-Ip¶ amÀIvknÌp hyh-Øn-Xn-bp-ambn Cu]£w-tN-c-en\v (option for the poor) Ccpfpw shfn-¨hpw X½n-epÅhyXym-k-ap- - v. ]Xn-X-sc-t¯Sn h¶ ]c-a-Im-cp-Wn-I-\mb ssZh-¯nsâ cmPy-¯nse \nXy-\q-X-\-amb ssZh-kvt\-l-¯nsâ \oÀ[m-c-bnÂ [\n-I\pw Zcn-{Z\pw H¶m-I-Ww. hÀ¤-k-acw kmtlm-Z-cy- n\phgn-am-dWw. X·qew Zcn-{Z-t\m-SpÅ ]£w-tN-cÂ [\n-I\v FXn-cm-bn-«m-sW-¦nepw, Ah\p IjvS-\-jvS-§Ä¡p Imc-W-am-tb-¡m-sa-¦n-epw, ASn-Øm-\-]-c-ambn Ah-t\bpw c£n-¡p-hm-\m-Wv. Cu ]£w-tN-c-en\p k` k¶-²-am-ImsX hcp-t¼mÄ [\n-I\pw Zcn-{Z\pw c£n-¡-s¸-Sm-sX-t]m-Ip-¶p.

tIc-f-k` ]e-t¸mgpw ]£-wtN-cm³ aSn-¡p-¶Xv kpc-£n-X-Xz¯nsâ emh-W-§Ä \jvS-am-Ip-sa¶p `b-¶m-Wv. `c-W-I-£n-\n-baw ssIbn-se-Sp¯v A½m-\-amSn cmjv{So-b-{]-Xn-tbm-Kn-Isf Hs¶m-¶mbn ae-_m-dnÂ hI-h-cp-¯p-t¼mÄ {]Xn-I-cn-¡m³ k` `b-¡p-¶p. Imc-Ww, `c-W-I-£n-bpsS A{]oXn kpc-£n-X-Xz-¯n\p `oj-Wn-bm-Wv. ]Xn-\m-bn-c-§Ä ]«nWn InS¶p acn-¡p¶ \m«nÂ hnI-e-amb hnI-k-\-\-b-s¯-¡p-dn¨v hoc-hmZw apg-¡p-¶-hÀs¡-Xnsc hmXpd-¡m³ aSn-¡p-¶-Xn\pw ImcWw asäm¶-Ã. Pohn-Xm-tbm-[-\- nsâ\odp¶ apdn-hp-IÄ¡pw ]pI-bp¶ kwLÀj-§Ä¡pw at[y Cd-§n-s¨¶v ssZh-kvt\-l-¯nsâ \oÀ[mc \nÀ`bw Hgp-¡m-\mWv tbipk` Øm]n-¨-Xv. ocp-¡Ä ssZh-cmPyw Ah-Im-i-am-¡p-I-bnÃ (shfn.21, 3). kpc-£n-X-Xz¯nsâ Xoc¯p kzØ-ambn \¦q-c-an«p \qäm-

94


-p-I-fmbn InS¶p Ne-\-tijn ssItamiw h¶p-Xp-S-§nb tIc-f-k-`sb C¶m-«nse ]mh-s¸-«-hsâ {]iv\-k-¦oÀ®-amb Pohn-X-km-K-c-¯n-te¡v XÅn-bn-d-t¡-- -Xp- - v. Npäp-ap-b-cp¶ \ne-hn-fn¡p ImXp-sIm-Sp-¡m¯ t\ml-bpsS bm\-]m-{X-aÃ k`.

]£w-tN-c -ens\ FXnÀ¡m³ tIc-f -k-` -bnsebmYmØnXnI ssZh-imkv{X ]£w km[m-c-W-ambn apt¶m«phbv¡p¶ hmZw. “a\-Øn-Xn-bm-Wp-am-td-- -Xv, hyh-Øn-Xn-bÃ” F¶-Xm-Wv. {]Xy-£-¯nÂ bpàn-k-lhpw BIÀj-I-hp-ambn tXm¶m-sa-¦nepw Cu hmZw hkvXp-X-IÄ¡p \nc-¡p-¶-X-Ã. Xg-In-t¸mbA\o-Xn-bpsS hyh-Øn-Xn-IÄ kwhn-[m-\m-ß-I-Xn-·-bmbn cq]-s¸-«p-I-gn-ªmÂ Ahsb tIhew sshb-ànI ]cn-hÀ¯-\-¯n-eqsSAXn-Po-hn-¡m-\m-hn-Ã. DZm-l-c-W-ambn tIc-f-¯nÂ \ne-hn-ep--m-bn-cp¶ Abn-¯m-Nmcw XnI¨pw \oXn-bp-àhpw ssZh-ln-Xm-\p-kr-X-hp-am-sW¶v Hcp-t]mse hniz-kn-¨n-cp-¶-h-cmWv Chn-Sps¯ A[o-\cpw A[o-icpw. kmaq-ln-I-hn-¹-h-¯n-eqsS {]kvXpX hyh-Øn-Xnbv¡v A´yw Ipdn-¨-t¸m-gmWv Ccp Iq«-cp-sSbpw at\m-`m-h-§Ä¡vamäw h¶-Xv. X·qew hyh-Øn-Xn-bÃ a\-Øn-Xn-bmWp amtd--XvF¶ XXzs¯ ssZh-Z¯amb \nb-aw-t]mse apdp-sI- n-Sn-¡m³ tIc-

f-k` {]XnÚm _²-am-I-cp-Xv.

]£w-tN-c-ensâ {]mtbm-Kn-IXF{]-Im-c-amWv ]£wtNtc--Xv F¶ {]iv\-amWv kphn-

ti-j-{]-tLm-j-Is\ ]e-t¸mgpw Ae-«p -¶-Xv. ap¸Xv hÀj-§Ä¡pap¼v hyà-amb e£y-t_m-[hpw hn«p-ho-gvN-bn-Ãm¯ \nÝ-b-ZmÀVyhpw kv]jvS-amb Pohn-X-km-£yhpw Zcn-{Z-tcmSv BßmÀ°-amb ]£-]m-Xhpw hgn k`m-k-aq-l-¯n\v t\XrXzw \evIm-\p-d¨emän-\-ta-cn-¡³ sa{Xm-·m-cpsS (CELAM) “k`bpw cmjv{Shpw” F¶{]am-W-tc-J-bnÂ\n¶v GXm\pw hnNn-´-\-§Ä NphsS tNÀ¡p-¶p.6

“sa{Xm-·mcpw sshZn-Icpw [\n-I-tcmSp ]£w-tN-cp¶p F¶Bh-em-Xnbv¡v AdpXn hcp-¯p-I-bmWv \mw BZyw sNt¿-- -Xv.ChnsS hkvXp-X-I-fpsS ]pd-t´mSpw kXym-h-Øbpw X½nÂ ]e-t¸mgpw A´-c-ap-v F¶ Imcyw R§Ä A\p-kva-cn-¸n-¡-s«. HutZym-Kn-I-k`sb [\n-I-bmbn Nn{Xo-I-cn-¡p-¶-Xn\p ]e kwK-Xn-IÄ Imc-W-am-bn-«p-- v. henb Ac-a-\-IÄ, km[m-cW P\-¯n-sâ-Xn-t\-¡mÄsa -amb sshZn-I-a-µn-c-§Ä, k¶ym-k- -h-\-§Ä, sIm«m-c-k-am-\-ambImdp-IÄ, Ign-ª-Im-e¯p \n¶p ISw-hm-§nb thj-hn-[m-\-§ÄapX-em-bh CXnÂs¸-Sp-¶p.” 7


95

þ a\p-tjym-Nn-X-ambn Pohn-¡m-\m-h-iy-amb ùXnI hkvXp-¡-fpsS A`mhw F¶ AÀ°-¯nÂ Zmcn{Zyw Xn·bpw A]-e-]-\o-b-hp-am-sW¶ [mcW P\§fnÂ hfÀ¯p-I. 8

þ ùXn-I-h-kvXp-¡sf kz´-am¡n kq£n-¡p¶ kzmÀ°-X-bpsS sI«p-IÄ s]m«n¨v iànbpw k¼¯pw s]mXp-\·sb e£ywh¨p {Iao-I-cn-¡p-¶-Xn\p ss{IkvX-hs\ Dt¯-Pn-¸n-¡p¶ Zmcn{Zywsa{Xm-·mcpw sshZn-Icpw Aevam-bcpw k¶y-kvXcpw kz´-am-¡-Ww.9

þ Gä-hp-a-[nIw Zmcn-{Zy-a-\p-`-hn-¡pIbpw GsX-¦nepw Imc-W-h-imÂ Hä-s -Sp- p-Ibpw sN¿-s -«-h-cpsS H¸w \nÂ¡m³ k -bv¡p-I-gn-b-Ww. 10

þ Zcn-{Z-cpsS {]iv\-§fpw Ah-cpsS ka-c-§fpw k`-bp-tS-Xp-am-I-Ww. Zcn{ZcpsS `mj kwkm-cn¡m³ k`-bv¡p-I-gn-b-Ww.11

þ A\o-Xnbv¡pw aÀ±-\-¯n-\p-sa-Xnsc i_vZ-ap-bÀ¯pI Zcn-{ZÀ A\p-`-hn-t¡--n -h-cp¶ ZpÊ-l-amb kml-N-cy-§Äs¡-Xnsckacw sN¿p-I. {]kvXpX kml-N-cy-¯n-\p-¯-c-hm-Zn-I-fmbhyàn-I-fp-ambn kwhm-Z-¯n-teÀs¸«v Ahsc X§-fpsS IS-a-sb-¡p-dn¨v t_m[-hm-·m-cm-¡pI.12

þ kzbw ]cn-Xy-Pn¨v Zcn-{Z-tcm-sSm¯p {]hÀ¯n-¡p¶ t{]jn-X-tcmSv Ft¸mgpw tNÀ¶p-\n¶v sa{Xm-·mÀ AhÀ¡v D-t¯P-\hpwt{]mÕm-l-\hpw \evI-Ww. AXp-hgn X§Ä Ft¸mgpw Ah-cpsS]£-¯m-sW¶pw Ah-cpsS {]hr-¯n-Isf Xmd-Sn-¡m³ {ian-¡p¶Xev]-c-I-£n-Isf X§Ä Hcn-¡-epw {ihn-¡p-I-bn-sÃ¶pw Ahsct_m[y-s¸-Sp-¯-Ww.13 Ch-bnÂ ]eXpw tIc-f-k-`-bnepw {]mtbm-Kn-

I-am-¡m-hp¶XtÃ?

D]-kw-lmcwkphn-ti-j-h-XvI-cWw kphn-ti-jm-\p-kr-X-am-I-W-sa-¦nÂ

]mh-§-fpsS ]£wtNtc- - -Xp- - v . kphn-ti-j-h-XvI-cW bXv\-§-fp-sS-sbÃmw BXy-ńI e£yw amt½m-Zo-k-bm-Wv. F¶mÂ AXvkphn-ti-j-h-XvI-c-W-¯nsâ BZy-]-Sn-bm-I-cp-Xv. Hcp-hs\ a\p-jy-\m-¡m-\pÅ {ia-amWv BZyw th--Xv. a\p-tjym-Nn-X-amb al-XzhpwPohn-X-km-l-N-cy-§fpw \ntj-[n-¡-s¸-«-h-tcmSp tNÀ¶v Ah-bv¡p-th-n t]mcm-Sp-t¼mÄ kphn-tijw {]mtbm-Kn-I-am-¡-s¸-Sp-I-bm-Wv.kphn -ti -j-h -X vI -c -Ws¯ tIhew t_m[-h -X vI -c -Wtam(conscientization) hntam-N-\tam (liberation) am{X-am¡n amäm-\pÅGXp {iahpw A]-e-]n-¡-s¸-tS-- -Xm-Wv. hntam-N-\hpw t_m[-h-XvI-c-Whpw amÀ¤-a-Ãm-XpÅ kphn-ti-j-h-XvI-c-Whpw A]-e-]n-¡-s¸-tS-

96


- - X m - W v .BS-bm-`-c-W-§-f-Wn-ªv Ae-¦-cn¨ thZn-I-fnÂ \n¶p \S-

¯p¶ Kw`o-c-{]-kw-K-§-fÃ kphn-tij {]tLm-j-Ww. IÀ¯mhpsNbvXXv AX-Ã. thZ-\n-¡p-¶-h-t\m-sSm¸w \nÂ¡m-\m-W-hn-Sp¶v ]Tn-¸n-¨-Xv. Cu ]mTw ad-¡p-t¼mÄ kmam\y P\-¯n\pw kphn-ti-j-¯n\pw A{]-k-à-am-b-h-bnÂ Nn -Isf Npän- n-cn-bm³ k` \nÀ_-Ôn-X-bmIpw F¶-Xnsâ D¯-tam-Zm-l-c-W-amWp tIc-f-k-`. ao³\m-dp¶ ]S-hns\ hN-\-th-Zn-bm¡n, apdn-thä lrZ-b-§sf Xsâ lrZ-b-t¯mSp tNÀ¯p-\nÀ¯n, a\p-jy-lr-Z-b-¯nsâ Xo{h-Zpx-J-§sfssZh-kvt\-l-¯nsâ Aar-X-[m-c-bnÂ ]pf-I-a-Wn-bn¨ tbip-hnsâA\p-bm-bn-IÄ C¶p hN-\-s¯-¡p-dn-¨p-t]mepw Nn´n-¡msX hN-\-th-Zn-bpsS Øm\-s¯-s¨mÃn Ie-ln-¡p-¶p. Zcn-{Zsâ ]£w-tN-cp-¶-Xn\p Xs¶-¯s¶ _en-bÀ¸n-t¡---nh¶-hsâ A\p-bm-bn-IÄ¡vZcn-{Zt\m _entbm hnj-b-aÃmXmIp-¶p. Hcp-a-bpsS \h-Po-h³ knc-I-fnÂ ]I-cm³ acn-¨-hsâ t]cnÂ do¯p-Ifpw k¦p-NnX Xmev]-cy-§fpw Ww hnSÀ¯n At\ym\yw hnjw-No-äp-¶p. sImXp-Ins\ Acn-¨p-\o¡n H«-Is¯ hngp-§m-\pÅ (a-¯m. 23:24) Cu {]h-WX Zcn-{Zsâ ]£w tNcm-\pÅ tIc-f-k-`-bpsS sshap-Jy-¯nsâ Zpc-´-^-

e-am-Wv.

ASn-¡p-dn-¸p-IÄ

1. ]m¡n-Øm-\nse ss^k-em-_mZv cq]-X-bpsS sa{Xm-\m-bn-cp¶ _nj v tPm¬tPmk^v 1998 sabv 6 \mWv acn-¨-Xv. CXv Bßm-l-qXn-bm-sW¶pw sIme-]m-X-I-am-sW¶pw A`n-{]m-bm-´-c-§fp--v.2. Declaration of the Bishop’s Synod, Rome, 19713. Fkv. ss]\m-S-¯v, \h-tN-X-\, L.8; p.6.4. k` B[p-\n-I-tem-I-¯nÂ 1 (G.S. 1)5. t]m v t]mÄ VI 1968 BKÌv 23 \v sImfw-_n-bm-bnse tamkvJ-cm-bnÂh vIÀj-I-tcmSp \S- nb {]kw-Kw.6. k`bpw Zmcn-{Zyhpw : 1968 BKÌv 24 apXÂ sk]väw-_À 6 hsc CELAMsasZ-Ãn-\nÂ kt½-fn¨p ]pd-s¸-Sp-hn¨ {]amWtcJ.7. Ibid., No. 2.8. Ibid., No. 4a.9. Ibid., No. 7.10. Ibid., No. 1011. Ibid.12. Ibid.13. Ibid., No. 11.

cmjv{sob sszh-imkv{xw tic-f-k-`bpw...

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