cmv and herpesviruses michael boeckh, m.d. fred hutchinson cancer research center university of...
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CMV and Herpesviruses
Michael Boeckh, M.D.
Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center
University of Washington
Seattle, WA, USA
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Human Cytomegalovirus
• Beta herpesvirus• Seroprevalence 50-95%• Establishes latency• Sites of latency
– Mononuclear cells– Polymorphonuclear cells– Tissue (e.g. lung )
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CMV Seroprevalence in the US
Staras et al. Clin Inf Dis, 2006
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Transmission of CMV
• Saliva– Toddlers
• Blood products• Transplanted organs• Breast milk• Trans-placental• Sexual contact
– Semen– cervical secretion
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CMV Clinical Disease in Healthy Subjects
• Mononucleosis• Hepatitis• Meningoencephalitis• Myocarditis• Interstitial pneumonia
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Impact of CMV in Immunocompromised Hosts
Stem Cell
TransplantDisease
(Pneumonia, GI Disease, Graft
Failure etc.)
Mortality
Hospitalization
Donor Pool
Other infections
? GvHD
Solid Organ
TransplantDisease
(Syndrome, Hepatitis,
Pneumonia etc.)
Other Infections
Hospitalization
Donor Pool
Rejection
HIVDisease
(Retinitis, GI, CNS etc.)
Hospitalization
Blindness
Mortality
Quality of Life
Treatment- or Prophylaxis-Related Adverse Events
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Congenital CMV• Acquisition during pregnancy• 0.2-2.2% of life birth• Appr. 105 symptomatic• High morbidity of disease
– Leading cause of CNS maldevelopment in children• Hearing loss• Mental retardation• Jaundice• Microcephaly• Seizure• Long-term sequelae
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CMV Pneumonia in HCT Recipients 1970s and early 1980s: CMV disease is the leading
infectious cause of death after HCT 85-90% fatality rate
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Time to CMV Reactivation and Disease after HCT
Any CMV AG/DNA= Reactivation
CMV Disease
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0 7 14 21 28 35 42 49 56 63 70-7
0
20
pp
65 A
G/D
NA
CM
V v
iral
load
Days after Transplantation
CMV Viral Load Endpoints
o
o
o
o
o
o o
10
40
30
50 peak
Area Under the Curve (AUC)
Initial Load(Any Reactivation)
Preemptive Antiviral Treatment
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CMV Disease • Pneumonia• Gastrointestinal disease• Retinitis• Encephalitis• Hepatitis• Marrow suppression
• Immunosuppressive effects• Rejection• GvHD
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Late CMV Disease in HCTClinical Manifestations
IP
IP + GI
GI
Other
< Day 100 >Day 100RetinitisMarrow failureEncephalitisSinusitisCystitis
Boeckh & Marr 2002
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CMV: Current IssuesTransplantation
Drug toxicity HCT > SOT
Survival disadvantage of seropositivepatients undergoing URD/TCD Tx Mainly HCT
Late Disease HCT = SOT
Drug resistance SOT > HCT
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0 7 14 21 28 35 42 49 56 63 70-7
0.1
1
10
Gra
nu
locy
tes
Days after Transplantation
Prophylaxis
Pre-emptive
AntigenemiaDNA/RNA
Current Prevention Strategies
CMV
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CMV Prevention Strategies
Prophylaxis Indirect Effects
Preemptive Therapy Direct Effects
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CMV Prevention in HCT RecipientsHistory
ProphylaxisPreemptive
Therapy
1985 1990 1995 2000
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Antiviral Drug
Time
Preemptive Therapy
PCR, pp65 AGPp67 mRNA
RTCGanciclovir +Foscarnet +Cidofovir not testedValganciclovir pilot study
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Start of Ganciclovir
• Based on– Threshold correlating with disease– In vivo replication dynamics
• Highly immunosuppressed patients have a shorter replication time
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Start of Ganciclovir
• Antigenemia: low/moderate risk
CMV D-/R-Autologous > 1 mg/kg 1/slide
Autologous < 1 mg/kg 5/slide
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Viral Doubling Time in vivo relative to Degree of Immunosuppression
Weeks
Log10
CMV
Weeks
FastSlow
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Viral Doubling Time in vivo relative to Degree of Immunosuppression
Weeks
Log10
CMV
Weeks
FastSlow
R+ or D+/R- allograft< 1 mg/kg steroids and no T cell depletion
All other allosCD34-s autos
Cord blood: very fast
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CMV Viral Load Assay Variability
• Quantitative DNA assays have lower variability than antigenemia assay
• Coefficient of variation of most DNA assays < 0.3
• Viral load increases of > 0.5 log10
likely to indicate true increase
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Preemptive TherapyThreshold Levels for Starting Therapy
Risk Threshold
Very High < day 100: Any level> day 100: 1000 copies/mL
High < day 100: 100 copies/mL*> day 100: 1000 copies/mL
Low < day 100 500 copies/mL*> day 100 1000 copies/mL
* Repeat after 2-3 days if less and treat if next value > 5x baseline
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Other Key Points
• Stop of preemptive therapy:– One negative test
• Valganciclovir– After day 100: ok for induction– Before day 100: generally IV induction
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Case
• 58 yo women, 9 months after NM PBSCT for ALL in 1st remission
• Early posttransplant complications– 2 episodes of CMV reactivation (+ one pre-Tx)– Acute GvHD– RSV URI
• Now severe GI GVHD, diagnosed 4 weeks ago – 1 mg/kg steroids, FK506 and beclomethasone
dipropionate
• Admitted with respiratory failure requiring intubation
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Case – continued • CMV reactivation 7 weeks prior to admission:
– plasma PCR 1100 treated with valganciclovir, – switched to 450 mg/day after one week, – switched back to acyclovir prophylaxis a 2 days prior to
admission
• Lab: Crea 0.2, bili 23.4, AST 390• PCP prophylaxis:
– atovaquone 1500 mg/day, – acyclovir 800 mg BID, – fluconazole 400 mg
• Other medications– prednisone 2 mg/kg– beclomethasone dipropionate, FK506 for GI GVHD
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Case – Questions
What would be your differential diagnosis?
1. PCP
2. CMV pneumonia
3. Respiratory virus pneumonia
4. Bronchiolitis obliterans
5. All of the above
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Case – Questions
The patient was started on broadspectrum antibiotics (imipenem, vancomycin, gentamicin, levofloxacin). Which additional agents would you start empirically?
1. High-dose TMP-SMX2. Ganciclovir induction therapy3. Voriconazole4. Oseltamivir5. 1 and 26. All of the above
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Case – Additional Information• Patient received TMP-SMX and ganciclovir empiricallyAdditional diagnostic
• IT aspirate: GPC, GPR, GNR (mixed flora), yeast• BAL:
– Gram stain: GPC, GNR– Viral DFA; negative for ADV, RSV, FLU, PIV, HMPV– PCP DFA: negative– CMV shell vial: pending– Respiratory 12-virus multiplex PCR: pending– Aspergillus GM: positive (index 2)– Aspergillus PCR: pending– Legionella: negative
• CMV PCR (plasma): 2 million copies/mL
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Case – Interim Working Diagnosis
• Presumed CMV pneumonia– Drug resistance possible if not probable
• Pulmonary aspergillosis
• Bacterial pneumonia
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Utility of Galactomannan Detection in BAL
Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation• Becker et al. Br J Haematol 2003• Musher et al. J Clin Microbiol 2004• Maertens et al. Clin Infect Dis 2009
Hematologic malignancies• Hsu et al. BMC Inf Dis 2010• Bergeron et al. Chest 2010
Lung transplantation• Husein et al. Transplantation 2007• Pascaloto et al. Transplantation 2010
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Case – Questions
How would you adjust treatment?
• Switch to foscarnet
• Add foscarnet
• Add voriconazole
• Add both foscarnet and voriconazole
• No change
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Foscarnet and voriconazole added
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Ganciclovir Resistance against CMV
Prevalence 2010
SOT >>> HCT
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Ganciclovir Resistance against CMV
Prevalence 2010
SOT >>> HCT
However…..
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Low immune status• Drug induced• Severe IS (e.g. TCD,
HD steroids)• D+/R-• CD4 count
Subclinical CMV load Low drug levels
Prolonged
Adminstration
Resistance
Ganciclovir ResistanceNot one single factor is
responsible
+
+
+ +
+ +
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CMV Drug Resistance High Risk Situation
ViralLoad
Months after Transplantation
Ganciclovir
Ganciclovir
• Ganciclovir-experienced patient (prophylaxis, preemptive therapy, pre-transplant use), especially with low doses• Increase of viral load > 2 weeks • High risk transplant setting
• Lung, K-P transplant (D+/R-)• HCT (severe TCD or immunosuppression, e.g. haplo Tx)
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CMV Drug Resistance Low Risk Situation
ViralLoad
Months after Transplantation
Ganciclovir
•Ganciclovir-naïve patient•Increase of viral load during the first 2-3 weeks of therapy•Low risk setting (R+, kidney Tx, liver Tx, heart Tx, HCT)
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CMV Drug Resistance Mutation Map: UL97 and UL54
Chou S, Rev Med Virol 2008
UL97
UL54
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CMV Drug ResistanceDiagnosis
• Increases of viral load as surrogate marker for resistance
– drug-naïve subjects, early during treatment, low risk setting (R+):
• drug resistance unlikely
• increases most likely due to the underlying immunosuppression
– after significant exposure (especially low-dose), high risk setting
• More likely
• True viral load increase: > 0.5 log10 (> 3x baseline)
• Testing: direct genotypic testing if resistance is suspected
– UL97 gene: CMV, maribavir
– UL 54 gene: foscarnet, cidofovir, ganciclovir (high level)
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CMV Drug ResistanceManagement Strategies
• Switch to alternative drug
– Ganciclovir Foscarnet
Cidofovir (some cross-resistance)
– Foscarnet Ganciclovir
Cidofovir
• Reduce immunosuppression (if possible)
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CMV Drug ResistanceManagement Strategies
In refractory situations (viral load increases, clinical deterioration):
– Reduce immunosuppression if feasible
– Consider dose increase if possible (West P et al. Transplant Infect Dis 2008)
– Consider combination therapy
• Continue ganciclovir in addition to foscarnet (Emery et al. PNAS 2008)
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CMV Drug ResistanceManagement Strategies
In refractory situations – continued :
– Consider alternative agents (alone or in combination) CASE REPORTS ONLY – NO CONSISTENT EVIDENCE
• Leflunomide (Avery RK et al. BMT 2004; Battiwalla M et al. TID 2007)
• Artesunate (Shapira et al., CID, 2008; Effert et al. CID, 2008) – not available everywhere
– Consider alternative immunosuppressive agents
• Sirolimus (Chou S, Rev Med Virol, 2008)
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CMV Drug ResistanceManagement Strategies
In refractory situations – continued : – Consider experimental drugs if available:
• High dose maribavir
– Alone
– In combination with foscarnet or cidofovir (not ganciclovir)
• CMX-001 (lipid cidofovir)
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Summary: CMV Drug Resistance
• Increases of viral load as surrogate marker for resistance
– drug-naïve subjects, early during treatment, low risk setting:
• Drug resistance unlikely, increases most likely due to the underlying immunosuppression
– after significant exposure (especially low-dose), high risk setting
• More likely, true increase: > 0.3 log10
• Testing: direct genotyping if resistance is suspected
• Alternative treatment while awaiting results
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Case – Follow-up
• Final BAL results:– Aspergillus GM and PCR positive– CMV SV positive, UL97 mutation detected– Pseudomonas aeruginosa (> 104 cfu/ml)– No evidence of
• Respiratory virus disease• PCP• Legionellosis• Mycobacterial disease
• Patient died of refractory respiratory failure
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Nakamae et al. ASH 2007 abstract
Ganciclovir-related Neutropenia Not Reduced after Non-myeloablative
Conditioning
Adj. HR 1.1, P=0.52
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Reduction of GCV or VGCV-related Neutropenia
Strategies
• Limit use of marrow-toxic drugs – Hold/replace concomitant medications (e.g. TMP-SMX,
MMF, Imatinib)
• Preemptive use of G-CSF– Studied in HIV-infected patients (Dubreuil-Lemaire et al.
Eur J Haematol 2000, Kuritzkes et al. AIDS 1998)
• Foscarnet (Reusser et al. Blood 2002)– Equivalent to IV GCV for CMV disease-free survival– Less neutropenia
• Cidofovir: no randomized trials
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Diagnostic Test Ganciclovir/FSC(e.g. PCR> 1000 copies/mL)
0 200 days100 days
Prevention of Late CMV DiseaseCurrrent Strategies
•Duration of monitoring: until 6-12 m after HCT–Detectable CMV-specific T cell function–No or minimal systemic immunosuppression
•No or minimal systemic steroids•No anti-T cell agents•No DLI
–Several negative surveillance assays
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Control of CMVFuture Strategies
• Novel anti-CMV drugs – Maribavir
• T cell therapy
• Vaccination strategies
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Summary• Current anti-CMV strategies have reduced
the incidence of CMV disease but– A mortality disadvantage persists in high-risk
seropositive recipients– Breakthrough disease continues to occur– Toxicity remains a problem.
• New strategies include– Novel drugs, e.g. maribavir– Combined virologic and immunologic
monitoring– T cell therapy– Vaccination
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Herpesviruses 2010Transplantation
• VZV HCT: Long-term acyclovir works No issues with drug resistance Long-term adherence is a problem When to stop prophylaxis?
SOT: Zoster also occurs in approximately 8-12% no general recommendation for ACV use
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Varicella Zoster Virus
Courtesy of Galvin and D’Alessandro
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VZV after HCT Disseminated and Visceral Disease
• Dissemination in 36%, mainly during the 1st year• Visceral VZV: appr. 1/250 seropositive recipients
– Symptoms– RUQ or back pain– Sometimes vomiting, diarrhea, bloody emesis– NO SKIN LESIONS at onset (may occur after 24-
96 h, maybe rare, always disseminated)– Hallmark: rapidly rising LFT’s (transaminitis >
1000)– Diagnosis: VZV DNA by PCR in plasma, biopsy– Management: empiric use of high-dose IV acyclovir– Outcome: often fatal even with early treatment
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0
5
10
15
20
25
30
96 97 98 99 00 01 02 03 Year of Transplantation
A
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
96 97 98 99 00 01 02 03Year of Transplantation
B
Introduction of Acyclovir prophylaxis
Autologous Transplant Recipients
Allogeneic Transplant Recipients
Introduction of Acyclovir prophylaxis
V Erard et al. Blood 2007
VZV Disease after HCT
Acyclovir 800 mg twice daily
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Acyclovir ProphylaxisExtended during IS
P
robabili
ty
months
Group 0 Group 1 Group 2
0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 24
0.00
0.05
0.10
0.15
0.20
0.25
0.30
0.35
0.40
No ACV (N=932)
1 yr ACV (N=1117)
1 yr + ACV (N=586)
P<0.001P<0.001
P=0.01
V Erard et al. Blood 2007
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Acyclovir ProphylaxisExtended during IS: No Rebound VZV
P
robabili
ty
months
Group 0 Group 1 Group 2
0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 24
0.00
0.05
0.10
0.15
0.20
0.25
0.30
0.35
0.40
No ACV (N=932)
1 yr ACV (N=1117)
1 yr + ACV (N=586)
P<0.001P<0.001
P=0.01
V Erard et al. Blood 2007
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VZV ProphylaxisHow long is enough ?
• Thomson et al. BMT 2005– 200 mg BID until d/c of IS
and CD4 count > 200/uL– Breakthrough during
prophylaxis: 1/247 (0.4%)– 26/64 (40%) developed
herpes zoster a median of 135 after d/c (range 116-959)
– 93% dermatomal
After HCT
After d/c of ACV
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Herpesviruses 2010Transplantation
• HHV-6 HCT: High complication rate in cord blood recipients Encephalitis Other disease endpoints not well defined
Drug toxicities with currently available agents
SOT: rarely a problem
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HHV-6• Most recipients seropositive• Variant A < B (PBL) but high frequency of A in plasma• Early reactivation (first month)• Viremia occurs in 30-70%• Clinical manifestations
– CNS disease (encephalitis): best evidence– Marrow suppression
• Delayed platelet engraftment
– Rash, fever, sinusitis– Interstitial pneumonia ?
• Association with GvHD, rejection ?• Impact on mortality ?
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Risk Factors
• Age
• Underlying Disease
• Cord blood transplantation
• HLA match of transplantation
• Sex match of transplantation
• Anti-CD3 monoclonal antibodies
• Glucocorticoids
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HHV-6 & Clinical Endpoints
Subsequent Events
HR (95% CI)
p-value
Adjusted
HR (95% CI)
Adjusted
p-value
Platelet engraftment 0.4 (0.19, 0.97) 0.03 0.5 (0.2, 1.1) 0.05
All Cause Mortality 2.9 (1.1, 7.5) 0.03
CNS dysfunction 8.5 (0.7, 103) 0.06
Grade 3-4 GVHD 5.6 (1.6, 19) 0.01 4.9 (1.5, 16) 0.02
CMV antigenemia 1.9 (0.9, 4.0) 0.07
Zerr et al. CID 2006
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HHV-6 and Encephalitis Following HCT
• >100 cases described in literature
• Clinical criteria– Delirium +/- seizures– HHV-6 DNA detected in CSF +/- viremia– No other identified etiology
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HHV-6 Encephalitis
• Allogeneic• Present median D +24 (12-39)• Delirium characterized by:
– Short–term memory loss – Confusion – Disorientation – Depressed consciousness
• Seizures in 50%
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HHV-6 Encephalitis
• CSF findings: – pleocytosis uncommon – elevated protein >50%
• MRI abnormal in 9/12 – 7 mesial temporal lobes/hippocampus
(*short term memory loss*)
• All treated with FSC +/- ganciclovir
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HHV-6 Encephalitis (1998-2003): Outcomes
• 4 (29%) died within 1 month
• 10 (71%) survived >1 month– 8 Persistent cognitive deficits
Self report: memory/concentration issues
Severe cognitive impairment
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HHV-6 Treatment
• Drugs with antiviral activity– Foscarnet – Ganciclovir– Cidofovir
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HHV-6Take Home Points
• HHV-6 reactivation occurs in appr. 40% of patients
• HHV-6 is associated with – Encephalitis– Possibly also with delayed platelet engraftment
and GvHD
• Long-term sequelae of CNS disease are common
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Herpesviruses 2010Transplantation
• EBV PTLD in high-risk patients» HCT: T cell depletion» SOT: seromismatch, anti T cell ABs
HCT: » Surveillance and preemptive therapy with rituximab
(non-randomized)» T cell therapy (non-randomized)
• HSV No real issue: no increase of drug resistance with long-term acyclovir (if the dose is high enough)
• HHV-7 No confirmed disease association• HHV-8 Rarely Kaposi sarcoma
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HSV Infection after HCTTake Home Points
• HSV reactivation is common
• ACV prophylaxis now commonly applied– Minimum 30d– At FHCRC: minimum
100 days, > 1 year if VZV positive
– Highly effective, eliminates wildtype and ACV-resistant HSV
– Therapy of resistant disease: IV foscarnet (renal toxicity)
Pro
bab
ility
2yr-probability of HSV disease HCT recipientsmonths
Group 0 Group 1Group 2
0 6 12 18 24
0.00
0.05
0.10
0.15
0.20
0.25
0.30
Pro
bab
ility
2yr-probability of HSV disease HCT recipientsmonths
Group 0 Group 1Group 2
0 6 12 18 24
0.00
0.05
0.10
0.15
0.20
0.25
0.30
Cohort 2
Cohort 1
Cohort 3
Cohort 2
Cohort 1
Cohort 3
Pro
bab
ility
2yr-probability of HSV resistant disease in HCT recipientsmonths
Group 0 Group 1Group 2
0 6 12 18 24
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.02
Pro
bab
ility
2yr-probability of HSV resistant disease in HCT recipientsmonths
Group 0 Group 1Group 2
0 6 12 18 24
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.02
V Erard et al. JID 2007
All HSV disease
ACV-resistant HSV disease
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Cidofovir Lipid Conjugates
• Lipid esters under development as oral therapy for smallpox virus– Also have activity vs. human
herpesviruses, adenovirus, BKV
• In vitro activity enhanced 2o 100-fold increases in intracellular levels– Rapid association with
membrane phospholipids (vs. pinocytosis for CDV)
Ciesla SL et al. Antiviral Res 2003;59:163
N
N
NH2
O
O P
HO
O
O-Na+
O O(CH2)15CH3
CMX001 – Chimerix, Inc.
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CMX001 Potency against dsDNA Viruses
Virus Cell Line
Cidofovir CMX001Enhanced
Activity EC50 (µM) EC50 (µM)
Variola major Vero 76 27.3 0.1 271
Vaccinia Virus HFF 46 0.8 57
HCMV(AD169) MRC-5 0.38 0.0009 422
BK Virus WI-38 115.1 0.13 885
HSV-1 MRC-5 15 0.06 250
HHV-6 HSB-2 0.2 0.004 50
Adenovirus HFF 1.3 0.02 65
HPV 18 HeLa 516 0.42 1229
HPV 11 A431 716 17 42
EBV Dardi >170 0.04 >4250
Provided by Chimerix Inc.
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