co 2 balances and mitigation costs of chp systems with co 2 capture in pulp and paper mills kenneth...
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COCO22 balances and mitigation costs balances and mitigation costs of CHP systems with of CHP systems with
COCO22 capture in pulp and paper mills capture in pulp and paper mills
Kenneth MöllerstenKenneth Möllersten
International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA)(IIASA)
Overview of talkOverview of talk
Background:Background:
- Opportunities for cost-effective CO- Opportunities for cost-effective CO22 reductions through reductions through energy measuresenergy measures in in Swedish pulp and paper millsSwedish pulp and paper mills
COCO22 capture and storage: capture and storage:
- How far can pulp and paper mills go in - How far can pulp and paper mills go in the direction of low-COthe direction of low-CO22 production? production?
- Economic evaluation of CO- Economic evaluation of CO22 capture capture and storageand storage
Reduction options:Reduction options:
• Emissions from the millsEmissions from the mills– Decreased energy consumptionDecreased energy consumption– Fuel switchFuel switch– COCO22 capture and storage (CCS) capture and storage (CCS)
• Emissions from marginal electricity production Emissions from marginal electricity production reduced in case ofreduced in case of
– Decreased on-site electricity consumptionDecreased on-site electricity consumption– Increased on-site electricity productionIncreased on-site electricity production
Reduction potential in SwedenReduction potential in Sweden
Assuming marginal electricity from natural gas-fired CC power plantsAssuming marginal electricity from natural gas-fired CC power plants
MeasureMeasure PotentialPotential (MtCOMtCO2/yr)
% of 1990% of 1990 SwedishSwedish
emissionsemissions Conventional technologiesConventional technologies - Improved performance of steam Improved performance of steam
power cyclespower cycles - Electricity conservationElectricity conservation - Substitution of oil for biofuelsSubstitution of oil for biofuels
33 5 %5 %
Black liquor gasificationBlack liquor gasification 2.52.5 5 %5 % COCO22 capture and storage capture and storage~90 % of carbon in black liquor 90 % of carbon in black liquor andand barkbark
1010 1616 %%
1515.55 26 %26 %
Source: Möllersten K, (2002). Opportunities for CO2 reductionsand CO2-lean energy systems in pulp and paper mills
Biomass energy with COBiomass energy with CO2 2
capture and storagecapture and storage
Energyproducts
Biofuels
CO2
CO2 to underground storage
CO2
(ForestProducts)
A:Reduced process steam requirements: Utilisation of surplus steam for additional power production, C:Electricity conservation: TMP, D:Electricity conservation: Pumps, fans, mixers, and other motor systems, E:Increased utilisation of installed steam turbine capacity, F:Adjusting steam turbine capacity to present process steam demand, G:Wood powder-fired superheater after Tomlinson boiler, K:Electricity production from waste heat, L:Conversion of lime kilns to biofuels, M:Substituting fuel oil for biofuels in steam production.
100
200
84E A
G D
F
M C
K
L
COR[US$/tCO2]
Reduction potential[MtCO2/y]
A D E C G
F
K M
L
Marginal electricity from coal-fired power plants
100
200
84
EAG
D
M
C
K
L
COR[US$/tCO2]
Reduction potential[MtCO2/y]
F
A
D E C
G
F MK
L
Capitalvaluation:IndustrialSocietal
Marginal electricity from NGCC
Reduction potential and cost of reduction - conventional technologies
Marginal electricity from coal-fired power plants
100
102
COR[US$/tCO2]
Reduction potential[MtCO2/yr]
+H
*H+
*I
I+
*J
J
*
+ N
N
6
Capitalvaluation:* Industrial+ Societal
H:Black liquor integrated gasification combined cycle, I: Black liquor integrated gasification combined cycle with pre-combustion CO2 capture and sequestration, J: Black liquor integrated gasification with pre-combustion CO2 capture and sequestration, methanol production and combined cycle, N:Recovery and bark boilers with flue gas CO2 capture and sequestration.
100
10
COR[US$/tCO2]
Reduction potential[MtCO2/yr]
+H
*H
+
*I
I+
*N
J
+
*J
N
2 6
Marginal electricity from NGCC
Reduction potential and cost of reduction - emerging technologies
COCO22 capture in pulp and paper capture in pulp and paper millsmills
• Energy efficiency of technologiesEnergy efficiency of technologies
• COCO2 2 balancebalance
• Capture cost, transportation and Capture cost, transportation and storage coststorage cost
Focus:Focus:
COCO22 capture technologies capture technologies
CO2
capture
Energy
Fluegas
CO2
Heat & electricity
Boiler and turbines
Air
Black liquor
Biomass
CO2-lean flue gas
Post-combustion capturePost-combustion capture
Compressor
COCO22 capture technologies capture technologies
CO2
Capture CC
H2 orH2 and CO
CO2
Pressurised gasifier
O2
Energy
CO shift(optional)
Fluegas
Heat & electricity
Pre-combustion capturePre-combustion capture
CO-shift:CO-shift:
CO + HCO + H22OOvapvap → CO → CO
22 + H + H22 +44.5 MJ/Mol +44.5 MJ/Mol
coco
Compressor
ASU
Black liquor
Biomass
Storage optionsStorage options
Underground geological formationsUnderground geological formations
• Depleated gas & oil wellsDepleated gas & oil wells
• Deep aquifersDeep aquifers
• Deep coal bedsDeep coal beds
• Enhanced oil recoveryEnhanced oil recovery
The deep oceansThe deep oceans
Studied mills• “Ecocyclic pulp mill” reference mill (STFI, 2000)
• 1550 t pulp/day
• Late 1990’s state-of-the-art technologies in all departments
• Market pulp mill – “MPM”– Process steam is 24% lower than the 1994 Swedish average
• Integrated pulp & paper mill – “IPPM”– Process steam is 5% lower than the 1994 Swedish average
• Same pulp wood input. IPPM has higher heat and electricity demand
Blackliquor
Bark /woody biomass ST
Condensatefrom mill
CO2
ST
MP
to mill
LP to m
illand
reboile
r
Recoveryboiler
Biomassboiler
Feedwaterpump
Absorptioncolumn
CO2-leanflue gas
Desorptioncolumn
HP
Flue gas
Reboiler
CO2compressor
System for detailed studySystem for detailed study-recovery boiler caserecovery boiler case
SSiimmuullaattiioonnss wwiitthh AAssppeenn++
BL Gasifier
Acid gasremoval
HRSG
Blackliquor
Biomass Gasifier
Bark /woody biomass
GT
ASU
AirCO shiftreactor
LP
MP
ASU
Air Quench bath
MP LP
CO2physical
absorptionCO2
compressor
MP LP
ST
Feed water
Air
CO
2
LP to mill
HP to mill
Weak wash
System for detailed studySystem for detailed study- gasification case- gasification case
Performance MPMPerformance MPM
0
33
0
27
0
74
0 0
5346
106
71
MPM RB MPM RBCCS
MPM Gasif MPM GasifCCS
CO2 (kg/s)
Biomass (MW)
Net power (MW)
0
52
0
4520
289
114
184
5872
113 115
IPPM RB IPPM RBCCS
IPPM Gasif IPPM GasifCCS
CO2 (kg/s)
Biomass (MW)
Net power (MW)
Performance IPPMPerformance IPPM
Conclusion:Conclusion:In addition to pulp and paper, the mills could potentiallyIn addition to pulp and paper, the mills could potentially- Export electricity, Export electricity, ANDAND- Remove substantial amounts of CORemove substantial amounts of CO22 from the atmosphere from the atmosphere
on a net basison a net basis
COCO22
captured captured and storedand stored(tCO(tCO
22/ADt)/ADt)
Net electricity Net electricity exportexport(MWh/ADt)(MWh/ADt)
CO2 emissionsCO2 emissions(tCO(tCO
22/ADt)/ADt)
Market pulp Market pulp millmill
1.51.5 0.50.5(ref. case 1.0)(ref. case 1.0)
-1.3-1.3
Integrated millIntegrated mill 2.22.2 0.50.5(ref. case 0.5)(ref. case 0.5)
-2.2-2.2
““Global” COGlobal” CO22 emissions compared to reference emissions compared to reference
(NGCC marginal power production)(NGCC marginal power production)
Cost of COCost of CO22 capture and storage (USD/tCO capture and storage (USD/tCO22)=)=
Annual incremental cost / Annually captured COAnnual incremental cost / Annually captured CO22
Where: Where:
Economic evaluationEconomic evaluation
Annual incremental cost =Annual incremental cost =+ Delta capital cost+ Delta capital cost+ Delta O&M+ Delta O&M+ Delta electricity * Price electricity+ Delta electricity * Price electricity+ Delta biomass * Price biomass+ Delta biomass * Price biomass+ Cost of CO2 transportation and storage+ Cost of CO2 transportation and storage
• 11% Discount rate11% Discount rate
Estimated capital costsEstimated capital costs- - example:example: pre-combustion CO pre-combustion CO22
capturecapture
Economic evaluationEconomic evaluation
Incremental capital cost Incremental capital cost relative to base case [MUSD]relative to base case [MUSD]
MPM4MPM4 IPPM5IPPM5
Biomass Biomass gasification gasification island (with island (with ASU)ASU)
-- 7474
Biomass boiler
-- -11-11
Shift reactor 1414 2020
CO2 absorber 1414 2020
Gas turbine 44 1818
HRSG 00 77
Steam turbine -2-2 -2-2
CO2 compressor
88 1111
Total 3838 137137
Scale issues in COScale issues in CO2 2 transportationtransportation• PipelinePipeline
- results from IEA model:- results from IEA model:
0.00
10.00
20.00
30.00
40.00
50.00
60.00
70.00
80.00
0 200 400 600 800
Distance [km]
Cos
t {U
SD
/tCO
2]
5 [kg/s]
20
40
60
100
200
• TankerTanker
~ 15-20 USD/t CO~ 15-20 USD/t CO22
Cost of capture and storage:Cost of capture and storage:Dependence on technologyDependence on technologyand transportation distanceand transportation distance
05
101520253035404550
100 200 400 600 800 1000
Transportation distance [km]
CO
2 ca
ptu
re a
nd
sto
rag
e co
st
[US
D/t
CO
2] MPM2
MPM4
IPPM2
IPPM5
ConclusionsConclusions1.1. Evaluated energy efficiency, COEvaluated energy efficiency, CO22
balances, and cost-effectiveness of balances, and cost-effectiveness of biomass-based CHP systems with biomass-based CHP systems with CCS in pulp and paper millsCCS in pulp and paper mills
2. Steep CO2. Steep CO22 reductions can be reductions can be
achieved through CCSachieved through CCS
3. Systems based on black liquor and 3. Systems based on black liquor and biomass gasification have several biomass gasification have several advantages:advantages:- energy efficiency - energy efficiency - self-sufficiency in electricity and biomass - self-sufficiency in electricity and biomass - a lower cost of CO- a lower cost of CO22 capture capture
Last conclusion confirmed by Last conclusion confirmed by economic assessment using price economic assessment using price scenarios for CO2, biomass, and scenarios for CO2, biomass, and electricity (2020 –2070)electricity (2020 –2070)