co-planar waveguide feeds
TRANSCRIPT
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G 9
NASA Technical Memorandum 104467
AIAA-91-3422
Coplanar Waveguide Feeds for
Phased Array Antennas
Rainee N. Simons
Sverdrup Technology Inc.
Lewis Research Center Group
Brook Park Ohio
and
Richard Q. Lee
National Aeronautics and Space Administration
Lewis Research Center
Cleveland Ohio
Prepared for the
Conference on Advanced Space E xploration Initiative Techn ologies
cosponsored by AIAA, NASA , and OAI
Cleveland, Ohio, September 4 -6, 1991
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COPLANAR WAV EGUIDE FEEDS FOR PHASED ARRAY ANTENNAS
Rainee N. Simons
Sverdrup Technology, Inc.
Lewis Research Center Group
Brook Park, Ohio 44142
and
Richard Q. Lee
National Aeronautics and Space Administration
Lewis Research Center
Cleveland, Ohio 44135
Ahctrart
This paper presents the design and performance of the
following
CPW
microwave distribution networks for linear
as well as circularly polarized microstrip patches and printed
dipole arrays: (1) CPW /Microstrip Line feed, (2) CPW /
Balanced Stripline feed, (3) CPW /Slotline feed, (4) GCPW /
Balanced coplanar stripline feed, and (5) CPW /Slot coupled
feed. Typical measured radiation patterns are presented,
and the
r relative advantages and disadvantages are com pared.
Introduction
Coplanar waveguide (CPW ) is a transmission line which
consists of a center strip and a sem i-infinite ground plane
on either side of it las shown in Fig. 1. This type of
waveg uide offers several advantages over conventional
microstrip line, namely, it facilitates easy shunt as well as
series mounting of active and passive devices; it eliminates
the need for wraparound and via holes, and it has a low
radiation loss. Another important advantage of C PW which
has recently emerged is that CPW circuits render them-
selves to fast and inexpensive on-wafer characterization at
frequencies as high as 50 GHz. 2 Lastly, since the RF
magnetic fields in the CPW are elliptically polarized,3
nonreciprocal compo nents such as ferrite circulators and
isolators
4 can be efficiently integrated with the feed net-
work. These as well as other advantages make CPW useful
for a MM IC based microwave distribution network. Grounded
CPW (GCPW ) is a variant of CPW which incorporates an
additional ground plane on the back side of the substrates
as show n in Fig. 1. This additional ground plane can serve
as a heat sink and provide mechanical strength. In addition,
the ground plane serves as a shield between stacked antenna
boards to improve isolation.
Several CPW fed antennas have been reported in the
literature. A GC PW fed coplanar stripline antenna con-
structed by w idening the center strip of the GCPW to form
a rectangular patch (Fig. 2(a)) has been reported.
6
This
antenna produces a linearly polarized far field radiation
pattern in a direction normal to the plane of the substrate.
CPW fed slot antennas which are the complement to printed
dipole antennas (Fig. 2(b)) have also been reported. This
antenna also radiates in a direction normal to the plane of
the substrate.
This paper presents the design and performance of the
following C PW microwave distribution networks for linear
as well as circularly polarized microstrip patches and printed
dipole arrays: (1) CPW /Microstrip Line feed, (2) CPW /
Balanced Stripline feed, (3) CPW /Slotline feed, (4) GCPW /
Balanced coplanar stripline feed, and (5) CPW /Slot coupled
feed. Typical measured radiation patterns are presented,
and their relative advantages and disadvantages are compared.
CPW Microwave Distribution Network Design
Coplanar Waveguide/Microstrip Line Feed
A CPW to microstrip line feed with post coupler
is
shown in Fig. 3. The CPW and the microstrip line share a
comm on ground plane that has an aperture. The coupler is
formed by a m etal post which passes through the aperture
connecting the strip conductors of the CPW and the microstrip
line. A pair of wire bonds located adjac ent to the post tie
the CPW ground planes and the microstrip ground planes
to a comm on potential. The diameters of the aperture and
the metal post were experimentally optimized to ob tain the
best insertion loss characteristics. The advantage of this
type of feed is that the thickness and relative permittivity
of the dielectric substrates for the feed network and the
antenna can be independently chosen. This allows the
individual components to be optimized for the best
performance.
Coplanar Waveguide/Balanced Stripline Feed
A CPW to balanced stripline feed also makes use of a post
coupler
9
as illustrated in Fig. 4. The mechanical features
of the coupler is similar to that described above. This
coupler in addition uses a tapered stub to improve the
bandwidth of the device. The advantage of this feed is
similar to that of the previous example. -
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Coplanar Waveguide/Slotine Feed
rates the integration of a rectangular patch antenna w ith
the feed.
A CPW to slotline feed lo
which uses a nonplanar CPW
T-junction is illustrated in Fig. 5. The circuit is formed
when a CPW on a separate substrate is placed perpendicular
on the CPW of the CPW /Slotline feed network. The advan-
tage of this type of feed is that it eliminates the need for
direct connection between the feed line and the feed net-
work of the array module.
Grounded Coplanar Wave uide Balanced Coplanar
Stripline Feed
Figure 6 shows a G CPW to balanced coplanar stripline
feed.'' Since the GCPW is an unbalanced structure, the
transition to a balanced coplanar stripline requires a balun.12
At the unbalanced end, currents of equa l magnitudes but
opposite direction flow in the center strip conductor 2 an d
in the ground planes I and 3 of the GCPW . At the balanced
end, currents of equal ma gnitude but opposite in direction
flow in the strip conductors 2 and 3 of the coplanar stripline.
The short circuit placed between co nductors 1 and 2 at the
balanced end results in an open circuit between the conduc-
tors a quarter wavelength away at the unbalanced end
forcing all currents to flow betw een conductors 2 and 3.
In addition, the balun also provides impedance transfor-
mation. This transformation ratio is determined by the
characteristic impedance of the coplanar stripline formed
by conductors 2 and 3. This is because all of the microwave
energy propagates through this section of the transmission
line. The advantage of this type of feed is that it allows
construction of end fire arrays which are necessary for
building large two-dimensional phased arrays. The disad-
vantage is that it requires a bond wire to tie conductors 1
and 3 at equal potential which might impact reliability.
Coplanar W aveguide/Slot Coupled Feed
This circuit is formed by etching a na rrow resonan t slot
in the bottom ground plane of a GCPW. The slot is oriented
symm etrically and transverse to the center strip conductor
of the GCPW . The advantage of this type of feed is that the
microstrip patch antennas can be electromagnetically coupled
to the feed through the aperture thus making integration
easy.
Coplanar Waveguide Feed System P erformance and
Antenna Integration
The measured return loss (S
and insertion loss (S21)
of the CPW /Microstrip line post coupler is shown in F ig. 7.
The return loss and insertion loss are better than 10 and
1 dB, respectively, over a wide band of frequencies extend-
ing from 0.045 to 6.5 G Hz . Figure 8 schematically illus-
The measu red return loss (S
and insertion loss (S21)
of the CPW /Balanced stripline post coupler is shown in
Fig. 9. The return loss and insertion loss are better than 17
and 0.25 dB at the design frequency of 2.2875 GH z. Fig-
ures 10(a) and (b) present the proof-of-concept model of a
seven patch hexagonal circularly polarized (CP) subarray
with the above feed system.
The above are typical characteristics of the feeds dis-
cussed in the previous section and the characteristics of the
other feeds will be presented at the conference.
Far Field Radiation Patterns of the Antennas
The measured far field radiation pattern of the microstrip
patch antennas shown in Fig. 8 are presented in Fig. 11.
The radiation is linearly polarized and is parallel to the
plane of the antenna.
The measured far field radiation patterns of the CP
subarray shown in Fig. 10 is presented in Fig. 12. These
patterns were m easured at 2.325 G HZ. The on-axis axial
ratio for the LHCP is 1.5 and 3 dB beam w idths are 36 in
both planes of the subarray. The gain of the subarray as
determined from the beam widths is 13 dB. The measured
return loss at the coaxial input port of the subarray is better
than 10 dB at 2.325 GH z.
The above are typical measured radiation patterns of the
antennas investigated and more results will be presented at
the conference.
Conclusions and D iscussions
The paper presents the design and performance of several
CPW microwave distribution networks which have poten-
tial applications in phased arrays. Typ ical measured far
field radiation patterns of several antennas with the abov e
feeds have been presented and discussed.
References
1.
Wen, C.P., Coplanar Waveguide:A Surface Strip Transmission Line
Suitable for Nonreciprocal Gyromagnetic Device Applications,
IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques Vol.
MTT-17, No. 12, Dec. 1969, pp. 1087-1090.
2.
Jones, K.E., Strid, E.W., and Gleason, K.R., mm-Wave Wafer
Probes Span 0 to 50 GHz,
Microwave Journal Vol.
30, No. 4,
Apr. 1987, pp. 177-183.
3.
Simons, R.N. and Arora, R.K., Coupled Slot Line Field Compo-
nents,
IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques
Vol. MTT-30, No. 7, July 1982, pp. 1094-1099.
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DIELECTRIC
SUBSTRATE
E
r
A D D I T I O N A L
G R O U N D
P L A N E
i
}
^^ H
i
G R O U N D P L A N E S ^
STRIP
CONDUCTOR
4.
Koshiji, K. and Shu, E., Circulators Using Coplanar Waveguide,
Electronics Letters
Vol. 22, No. 19, Sept. 11, 1986,
pp . 1000 - 1002 .
5.
Shih, Y.C. and Itoh, T., Analysis of Conductor-Backed Coplanar
Waveguide, Electronics Letters Vol . 18 , No . 12 , J une 10 , 1982,
pp. 5 38 - 540.
6.
Greiser, J.W., Coplanar Stripline Antenna, Microwave Journal
Vol. 19, No. 10, Oct. 1976, pp. 47-49.
7. Nesic, A., Printed Slotted Array Excited by a Coplanar Waveguide,
12th European M icrowave Conference Digest
Microwave Exhibi-
tions and Publishers, Kent, England, Sept. 1982, pp. 478-482.
8.
Simons, R.N. and Lee, R.Q., Coplanar Waveguide/Microstrip Probe
Coupler and Applications to Antennas,
Electronics Letters
Vol. 26,
No. 24, Nov. 22, 1990, pp. 1998 2000.
9.
Simons, R.N., Lee, R.Q., and Lindamood, G.R., A New Coplanar
Waveguide/Stripline Feed Network for a Seven Patch Hexagonal
CP Subarray, Electronics Letters, Vol. 27, No. 6, March 1991,
pp. 533-535.
10. Lee, R.Q. and Simons, R.N., Electromagnetically Coupled Feed
Network for an Array Module of Four Microstrip Elements,
1988
IEEE International Symposium
on Antennas
and Propagation Sym-
posium Digest
Vol. 111, IEEE, 1988, pp. 1018-1021.
11. Simons, R.N., Ponchak , G.E., Lee, R.Q., and Fernand ez, N.S., Coplanar
Waveguide Fed Phased Array Antenna, 1990 IEEE International
Sym posium onA ntennas and Propagation
Symposium
Digest
Vol. IV,
IEEE, 1990, pp. 1778-1781.
12. DeBrecht, R.E., Coplanar Balun Circuits for GaAs FET High-Power
Push-Pull Amplifiers, 1973
IEEE G-MTT International Micro-
wave Symposium Digest
IEEE, 1973, pp. 309-311.
Figure 1.Schematic i l lustrat ing the f ie lds along the coplanar
wavegu ide and the op t iona l lower ground p lane .
(a )
CPW p atch an tenna.
(b) CPW slot antenna.
Figure 2 .Cop lanar wave guide an tenna.
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a = 2.07 in.
b = 1.74 5 in.
Dielectric:
substrate
Printed
dipole
X
4 balun
CPW port
1
a=2 . 07 in .
b=1.745 in.
Er3^,
T
3
. 01 in .
Era=2.2
Y
T3
S
1 1
og mag
2 1
Ref. 0.0 dB
ef. 0.0 dB
5.0 dB/
.0 dB/
2
1
Slot
_ ^
l ine
J_ J
C o p l a n ar
W8 Y e g u l d e
Figure 5Schematic of a CPW/slot l ine feed. Start 0.04500000 GHz
Stop 6 .50000000 GHz
Figure 7.Measured return loss
(
S
11 )
and insertion
loss (S 2 1
)
of a CPW /microstrip l ine po st coupler
feed
(a) Direct feed.
3
l
F
oplanar
Coplanar
waveguide
/(unbalanced)
twin strip
transmission line
(balanced) J
Figure 6.Schematic of
a CPW /balanced coplanar str ipl ine
feed.
P ro x i mity Co u p le d
`
C P W p o r t
(b) Prox imi ty coup led feed.
F igure 8 . Schemat ic i ll us trat ing the in tegrat ion o f a p atch
an tenna wi th CPW /micros tr ip feed.
5
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.
4
bb ftp
(a) Antenna layer.
a
00
1 42
0
1 0
Log
-20
magnitude,
Sit
3
db
40
-50
0
Log
magnitude, -
5
d b
1.0 f
db
-1.5
0 4 5
. 0
Frequency GHz
Figure 9 .Measured return loss
(S11)
and inser tion loss (
2 1 )
o f a CPW /balanced s tr ip l ine coup ler feed.
C 90 14443
(b) CPW power divider layer.
Figure 10 .Proo f -0 f -concep t model o f a seven patch hexagonal
CP subarray.
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E-plane
-plane
H-plane-plane
Feed
ee d
Frequency = 2.2 GH z
requency = 2 .2 GH z
p E-plane
pane
10
-
r
a )
I
( b )
a 20
ti
E
E
a
H-plane
-plane
1 0
^
-20
1
9 0 6030
00
0
9 003000
0
Angle, deg
(a) and (c) Antena excited directly
(b) and (d) Antena excited by
by CPW/microstrip feed.
proximity coup led CPW /micro-
strip feed.
Figure 11.Measured far field radiation pattern of the microstrip patch
antenna.
Ampl itude,
1 ^ v Y
ll
20
.^
J
ff
dB
t
V
M ^ I
30
I I Y,
II
4 0
^
(a )
(b = 0` plane.
, h
to--
I I V n i
mude
2 0
it
e i ,
I
^, V^
3 0
I
40
9
6
30
0
0
0
Angle, deg
b)
d) = 90 plane.
Figure 12.Measure far field radiation pattern of the subarray.
r
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S
N a t io n a l A e r o n a u t ic s a n d
ep ort Documentation Page
S p a c e A d m i n is t r a t io n
1 . Repor t No .
ASA TM-104467
2 . G overnment Access ion N o .
3 .
ecipient's Catalog No .
AIAA-91-3422
4. Title and Subtitle
5 . Report Date
Coplanar Waveguide Feeds for Phased Array Antennas
6. Performing Organization Code
7. Au thor(s)
8 .
erforming Organization Report No.
Rainee N. Simons and Richard Q. Lee
E-6315
10. Wo rk Unit No.
506-44-2C
9 . Per forming O rgan ization Name and A ddress
11 . Contract o r Grant No .
National Aeronautics and Space Adm inistration
Lewis Research Center
Cleveland, Ohio 44135 - 3191
13. Type o f R epor t and Per iod Covered
Technical Memorandum
12.
Sponsoring Agency Name and Add ress
National Aeronautics and Space Adm inistration
14. Sponsor ing Agency Code
Washington, D.C. 20546-000 1
15. Supp lementary Notes
Prepared for the Conference on Advanced Space Exploration Initiative Technologies cosponsored by AIAA, NASA, and
OAI, Cleveland, Ohio, September 4-6, 1991. Rainee N. Simons, Sverdrup Technology, Inc., Lewis Research Center
Group, 2001 Aerospace Parkway, Brook Park, Ohio 44142. Richard Q. Lee, NASA Lewis Research Center. Responsible
person, Rainee N. Simons, (216) 433-3462.
16. A bstract
This paper presents the design and performance of the following CPW microwave distribution networks for linear as well
as circularly polarized m icrostrip patches and printed dipole arrays: (1) CPW /Microstrip Line feed, (2) CPW /Balanced
Stripline feed, (3) CPW /Slotline feed, (4) GCPW /Balanced coplanar stripline feed, and (5) CPW /Slot coupled feed.
Typical measured radiation patterns are presented, and their relative advantages and disadvantages are compared.
17. Key Words (Suggested by A uthor(s))
1 8 .
istribution Statement
Phased arrays
Unclassified - Unlimited
Microstrip antennas
Subject Category 33
19. Securi ty Classif.
of the report)
20.
Security Classif. (of this page)
21. No. o f pages
22. Price'
Unclassified Unclassified
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