co2 n he - mattijn b big 5 010416.pdf · kelvin celsius critical temperature o 2 90 k -183 c -119 c...

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The big 5 gases in diving Mattijn Buwalda Anesthesioloog-intensivist Diving Medicine Physician O 2 N 2 CO 2 Ar He

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Page 1: CO2 N He - Mattijn B big 5 010416.pdf · Kelvin Celsius Critical temperature O 2 90 K -183 C -119 C N 2 77.3 K -196 C -147 C He 4.2 K -269 C -267 C Ar 87.2 K -186 C -122 C CO 2 195

The big 5 gases in diving

Mattijn Buwalda

Anesthesioloog-intensivist

Diving Medicine Physician

O2

N2

CO2

Ar

He

Page 2: CO2 N He - Mattijn B big 5 010416.pdf · Kelvin Celsius Critical temperature O 2 90 K -183 C -119 C N 2 77.3 K -196 C -147 C He 4.2 K -269 C -267 C Ar 87.2 K -186 C -122 C CO 2 195

English and Dutch slides …… sorry

Slides available at:

www.mattijnb.nl

Even voorstellen…….

Salem Express Red Sea

Page 3: CO2 N He - Mattijn B big 5 010416.pdf · Kelvin Celsius Critical temperature O 2 90 K -183 C -119 C N 2 77.3 K -196 C -147 C He 4.2 K -269 C -267 C Ar 87.2 K -186 C -122 C CO 2 195
Page 4: CO2 N He - Mattijn B big 5 010416.pdf · Kelvin Celsius Critical temperature O 2 90 K -183 C -119 C N 2 77.3 K -196 C -147 C He 4.2 K -269 C -267 C Ar 87.2 K -186 C -122 C CO 2 195

Kelvin Celsius Critical temperature

O2 90 K -183 C -119 C

N2 77.3 K -196 C -147 C

He 4.2 K -269 C -267 C

Ar 87.2 K -186 C -122 C

CO2 195 K -78.5 C 31 C

Gassen boven de kritische temperatuur blijven gas-fase bij compressie

Kookpunt

Page 5: CO2 N He - Mattijn B big 5 010416.pdf · Kelvin Celsius Critical temperature O 2 90 K -183 C -119 C N 2 77.3 K -196 C -147 C He 4.2 K -269 C -267 C Ar 87.2 K -186 C -122 C CO 2 195
Page 6: CO2 N He - Mattijn B big 5 010416.pdf · Kelvin Celsius Critical temperature O 2 90 K -183 C -119 C N 2 77.3 K -196 C -147 C He 4.2 K -269 C -267 C Ar 87.2 K -186 C -122 C CO 2 195
Page 7: CO2 N He - Mattijn B big 5 010416.pdf · Kelvin Celsius Critical temperature O 2 90 K -183 C -119 C N 2 77.3 K -196 C -147 C He 4.2 K -269 C -267 C Ar 87.2 K -186 C -122 C CO 2 195

• Bohr model

• electron shells

• 2,8,18,32 electrons

• Oxygen has 6 electrons in outer shell

oxygen: physicochemical aspects

Oxidizer

• outer shell ‘needs’ 2 electrons

• oxidizer = electron acceptor

• reducer = electron donor 7

Page 8: CO2 N He - Mattijn B big 5 010416.pdf · Kelvin Celsius Critical temperature O 2 90 K -183 C -119 C N 2 77.3 K -196 C -147 C He 4.2 K -269 C -267 C Ar 87.2 K -186 C -122 C CO 2 195

Covalent binding

8

Page 9: CO2 N He - Mattijn B big 5 010416.pdf · Kelvin Celsius Critical temperature O 2 90 K -183 C -119 C N 2 77.3 K -196 C -147 C He 4.2 K -269 C -267 C Ar 87.2 K -186 C -122 C CO 2 195

1. most abundant chemical element on earth!

– 49.2% of the earth’s crust (by mass)

– 88.8% oceans (by mass)

2. second most abundant of the earth’s atmosphere

3. third most abundant in the universe

– after Hydrogen and Helium

– 0.9% of the Sun’s mass

– end product of Helium fusion in stars

Oxygen: hall of fame

9

Wikipedia: oxygen lemma accessed may 2015

Page 10: CO2 N He - Mattijn B big 5 010416.pdf · Kelvin Celsius Critical temperature O 2 90 K -183 C -119 C N 2 77.3 K -196 C -147 C He 4.2 K -269 C -267 C Ar 87.2 K -186 C -122 C CO 2 195

Fractionele distillatie

10

N2 -196o C O2 -183o C Ar -186o C

the liquid with the lowest boiling point boils first! alcohol 78o C water 100

o C

Page 11: CO2 N He - Mattijn B big 5 010416.pdf · Kelvin Celsius Critical temperature O 2 90 K -183 C -119 C N 2 77.3 K -196 C -147 C He 4.2 K -269 C -267 C Ar 87.2 K -186 C -122 C CO 2 195

Fractional distillation of air

11

Page 12: CO2 N He - Mattijn B big 5 010416.pdf · Kelvin Celsius Critical temperature O 2 90 K -183 C -119 C N 2 77.3 K -196 C -147 C He 4.2 K -269 C -267 C Ar 87.2 K -186 C -122 C CO 2 195

Linde Gas Schiedam NL

12

• air intake: 50.000 M3/h

• O2 output: 10.000 M3/h

Air intake & filter

Page 13: CO2 N He - Mattijn B big 5 010416.pdf · Kelvin Celsius Critical temperature O 2 90 K -183 C -119 C N 2 77.3 K -196 C -147 C He 4.2 K -269 C -267 C Ar 87.2 K -186 C -122 C CO 2 195

Linde Gas Schiedam NL

13

molecular sieve air zeolite and silica gel adsorbents: • CO2

• Hydrocarbons • trace H20

Fractionation column

Page 14: CO2 N He - Mattijn B big 5 010416.pdf · Kelvin Celsius Critical temperature O 2 90 K -183 C -119 C N 2 77.3 K -196 C -147 C He 4.2 K -269 C -267 C Ar 87.2 K -186 C -122 C CO 2 195

Linde Gas Schiedam NL

14

Argon Column end product: LOX liquid oxygen

one grade only! medical & Industrial use

Page 15: CO2 N He - Mattijn B big 5 010416.pdf · Kelvin Celsius Critical temperature O 2 90 K -183 C -119 C N 2 77.3 K -196 C -147 C He 4.2 K -269 C -267 C Ar 87.2 K -186 C -122 C CO 2 195

basaal 250 ml/min

wakker 500 ml/min

duiken 1000 ml/min

max inspanning 3-5 L/min

200 x 2 = 400 L O2

= 400 min!

Zuurstof verbruik

Page 16: CO2 N He - Mattijn B big 5 010416.pdf · Kelvin Celsius Critical temperature O 2 90 K -183 C -119 C N 2 77.3 K -196 C -147 C He 4.2 K -269 C -267 C Ar 87.2 K -186 C -122 C CO 2 195

Zuurstofgebrek (hypoxie)

Symptomen van zuurstoftekort: • Tekenen van een (ernstig) zuurstoftekort zijn: • Onrust en opwinding (agitatie) • Versnelde ademhaling (niet te verwarren met hyperventilatie) • Versnelde hartslag • Bleekheid of grauw gelaat • Blauwe verkleuring van de slijmvliezen (cyanose): gelaat, lippen,

tong, vingers, nagels • Onduidelijke spraak, coördinatiestoornissen • Verlaagd bewustzijn, slaperigheid • Trekkingen, insult • Overlijden

https://youtu.be/7ySTY4HiQks

Page 17: CO2 N He - Mattijn B big 5 010416.pdf · Kelvin Celsius Critical temperature O 2 90 K -183 C -119 C N 2 77.3 K -196 C -147 C He 4.2 K -269 C -267 C Ar 87.2 K -186 C -122 C CO 2 195

• nauwere bloedvaten (vasoconstrictie)

• tragere hartslag (bradycardie)

• zuurstoftoxiciteit – oxidatie van enzymen (met SH groepen)

– Zuurstof radicaal vorming

• antioxidant systeem (verdediging) – maar antioxidanten zijn beperkt!

Hyperoxie

Page 18: CO2 N He - Mattijn B big 5 010416.pdf · Kelvin Celsius Critical temperature O 2 90 K -183 C -119 C N 2 77.3 K -196 C -147 C He 4.2 K -269 C -267 C Ar 87.2 K -186 C -122 C CO 2 195

–molecule with an unpaired electron

–will remove an electron from nearby molecules

– forming an other radical (chain reaction)

What is a radical?

18

Page 19: CO2 N He - Mattijn B big 5 010416.pdf · Kelvin Celsius Critical temperature O 2 90 K -183 C -119 C N 2 77.3 K -196 C -147 C He 4.2 K -269 C -267 C Ar 87.2 K -186 C -122 C CO 2 195

What is a radical?

Page 20: CO2 N He - Mattijn B big 5 010416.pdf · Kelvin Celsius Critical temperature O 2 90 K -183 C -119 C N 2 77.3 K -196 C -147 C He 4.2 K -269 C -267 C Ar 87.2 K -186 C -122 C CO 2 195

• highly reactive! – attack double bounds

• targets: – DNA:

• strand breaks

• nucleic acid changes

– lipid peroxidation (cell membrane)

• membrane receptors

• ion channels

– proteins • sulfhydryl groups

• conformation change

– enzymes

• neurological oxygen toxicity (diving)

• pulmonary toxicity

• ischemia and reperfusion injuries

• aging

• malignancy

• alzheimer

• parkinson

• atherosclerosis

• and many more

‘bad’ radicals

20

Page 21: CO2 N He - Mattijn B big 5 010416.pdf · Kelvin Celsius Critical temperature O 2 90 K -183 C -119 C N 2 77.3 K -196 C -147 C He 4.2 K -269 C -267 C Ar 87.2 K -186 C -122 C CO 2 195

• neurological oxygen toxicity

• pulmonary oxygen toxicity

• ocular toxicity

• and more.......

• divers

• astronauts

• hyperbaric oxygen treatment (HBO)

• neonates

• ventilated ICU patients

Oxygen toxicity

Page 22: CO2 N He - Mattijn B big 5 010416.pdf · Kelvin Celsius Critical temperature O 2 90 K -183 C -119 C N 2 77.3 K -196 C -147 C He 4.2 K -269 C -267 C Ar 87.2 K -186 C -122 C CO 2 195
Page 23: CO2 N He - Mattijn B big 5 010416.pdf · Kelvin Celsius Critical temperature O 2 90 K -183 C -119 C N 2 77.3 K -196 C -147 C He 4.2 K -269 C -267 C Ar 87.2 K -186 C -122 C CO 2 195

Neurological oxygen toxicity

Page 24: CO2 N He - Mattijn B big 5 010416.pdf · Kelvin Celsius Critical temperature O 2 90 K -183 C -119 C N 2 77.3 K -196 C -147 C He 4.2 K -269 C -267 C Ar 87.2 K -186 C -122 C CO 2 195

Een epileptisch insult onderwater is dodelijk!

NOTOX kills

- neurological oxygen toxicity -

Page 25: CO2 N He - Mattijn B big 5 010416.pdf · Kelvin Celsius Critical temperature O 2 90 K -183 C -119 C N 2 77.3 K -196 C -147 C He 4.2 K -269 C -267 C Ar 87.2 K -186 C -122 C CO 2 195

• gevoeligheid verschilt per dag

• gevoeligheid verschilt per persoon

• waarschuwing is onbetrouwbaar (VENTID)

• vele risicofactoren

NOTOX: het probleem

Page 26: CO2 N He - Mattijn B big 5 010416.pdf · Kelvin Celsius Critical temperature O 2 90 K -183 C -119 C N 2 77.3 K -196 C -147 C He 4.2 K -269 C -267 C Ar 87.2 K -186 C -122 C CO 2 195

• 1942-43 (Donald 1947)

• 1 proefpersoon 20 x

• in 3 months

• 100% O2 @ 3.7 bar

• tijd tot aanval

Tijd tot epileptische aanval

Donald, Kenneth W. (1947). "Oxygen Poisoning in Man: Part I". British Medical Journal 1 (4506): 667–672.

Grote variatie !

Page 27: CO2 N He - Mattijn B big 5 010416.pdf · Kelvin Celsius Critical temperature O 2 90 K -183 C -119 C N 2 77.3 K -196 C -147 C He 4.2 K -269 C -267 C Ar 87.2 K -186 C -122 C CO 2 195

• 4 uren 100% O2 at 7 meter = PO2 1.7 = veilig

• grens afhankelijk van soort duik: – 1.4 rec scuba diving

– 1.6 Tec, deco stops

– 2.0 short periods under operational circumstances (military)

Maximale pO2

Butler FK, Thalman ED. Central nervous system oxygen toxicity in closed circuit scuba divers II. Undersea Biomed Res 1986;13:193-223

MOD = (14 : fiO2) – 10

Page 28: CO2 N He - Mattijn B big 5 010416.pdf · Kelvin Celsius Critical temperature O 2 90 K -183 C -119 C N 2 77.3 K -196 C -147 C He 4.2 K -269 C -267 C Ar 87.2 K -186 C -122 C CO 2 195

National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration

NOAA CNS O2 limits

NOAA. NOAA diving manual, 4th ed. Flagstaff AZ: Best publishing company:2001

wel cummulatief effect maar geen vaste relatie tijd > convulsie niet gebasseerd op onderzoek!

Page 29: CO2 N He - Mattijn B big 5 010416.pdf · Kelvin Celsius Critical temperature O 2 90 K -183 C -119 C N 2 77.3 K -196 C -147 C He 4.2 K -269 C -267 C Ar 87.2 K -186 C -122 C CO 2 195

• Grote variatie in symptomen

• PADI: VENTID

NOTOX symptoms

probable symptoms: • nausea (N)

• dizziness (D)

• headache

• disorientation

• Irritability (I)

• light-headedness

• apprehension

definite symptoms:

• blurred vision (V)

• tunnel vision (V)

• tinnitis (ringing ears) (E)

• irregular breathing

• twitching; lip, mouth, eye (T)

• convulsions

Bitterman N. CNS toxicity. UHM 2004;34: 63-71

Page 30: CO2 N He - Mattijn B big 5 010416.pdf · Kelvin Celsius Critical temperature O 2 90 K -183 C -119 C N 2 77.3 K -196 C -147 C He 4.2 K -269 C -267 C Ar 87.2 K -186 C -122 C CO 2 195

Epileptische aanval

Page 31: CO2 N He - Mattijn B big 5 010416.pdf · Kelvin Celsius Critical temperature O 2 90 K -183 C -119 C N 2 77.3 K -196 C -147 C He 4.2 K -269 C -267 C Ar 87.2 K -186 C -122 C CO 2 195

• is usually fatal! • problem technical + military divers • traditional teaching:

– wait for convulsion to die down and then ascend – but this could take several minutes – US Navy manual advice: wait

• time is of essence and many experienced divers would make an ascent if possible

• the only person who survived was brought up immediately after losing consciousness

• control buoyancy with the victims BCD • don’t go up yourself if you have a deco obligation!

A seizure during diving.....

Page 32: CO2 N He - Mattijn B big 5 010416.pdf · Kelvin Celsius Critical temperature O 2 90 K -183 C -119 C N 2 77.3 K -196 C -147 C He 4.2 K -269 C -267 C Ar 87.2 K -186 C -122 C CO 2 195

Also a case of bad timing........

Page 33: CO2 N He - Mattijn B big 5 010416.pdf · Kelvin Celsius Critical temperature O 2 90 K -183 C -119 C N 2 77.3 K -196 C -147 C He 4.2 K -269 C -267 C Ar 87.2 K -186 C -122 C CO 2 195

• critical PO2 is higher in the chamber

• Table 6 PO2 during recompression = 2.8

• DCI patients more at risk then elective patients

• O2 seizure is rare

– 0.6% in DCI patients

– 0.03% in elective HBOT patients

• usually not harmful

A seizure in the chamber

Smerz RW. Incidence of oxygen toxicity during the treatment of dysbarism. UHM 2004;31:199-202 Hampson N, Atik D. Central nervous system oxygen toxicity during routine hyperbaric oxygen therapy. Undersea Hyperb Med 2003;30:147-153 Lambertsen CJ, Clark JM, Gelfand R, et al. Definition of tolerance to continuous hyperoxia in man: an abstract report of predictive studies V. In: Bove AA, Bachrach AJ, Greenbaum LJ, eds. Proc 9th

International Symposium on Underwater and Hyperbaric Physiology. Undersea and Hyperbaric Society, Bethesda, MD. 1987: 717-735.

Page 34: CO2 N He - Mattijn B big 5 010416.pdf · Kelvin Celsius Critical temperature O 2 90 K -183 C -119 C N 2 77.3 K -196 C -147 C He 4.2 K -269 C -267 C Ar 87.2 K -186 C -122 C CO 2 195

Air breaks

Page 35: CO2 N He - Mattijn B big 5 010416.pdf · Kelvin Celsius Critical temperature O 2 90 K -183 C -119 C N 2 77.3 K -196 C -147 C He 4.2 K -269 C -267 C Ar 87.2 K -186 C -122 C CO 2 195

• hypercapnia

• exercise

• immersion

• darkness

• hypothermia

• circadian rhythm

• drugs – amphetamines

– aspirin

NOTOX risk factors

Page 36: CO2 N He - Mattijn B big 5 010416.pdf · Kelvin Celsius Critical temperature O 2 90 K -183 C -119 C N 2 77.3 K -196 C -147 C He 4.2 K -269 C -267 C Ar 87.2 K -186 C -122 C CO 2 195

Active: max pO2 = 1.4

Passive: max pO2 = 1.6

PO2 = 1.4 PO2 = 1.6

21% 56 m 66 m

32% 33 m 40 m

50% 18 m 22 m

80% 7 m 10 m

100% 4 m 6 m

Maximum Operating Depth

36

Maximum operating depth

Page 37: CO2 N He - Mattijn B big 5 010416.pdf · Kelvin Celsius Critical temperature O 2 90 K -183 C -119 C N 2 77.3 K -196 C -147 C He 4.2 K -269 C -267 C Ar 87.2 K -186 C -122 C CO 2 195

• less N2 to decrease nitrogen narcosis • less O2 to minimize risk O2 toxicity

• Example: dive to 110 m!

– O2 10% > pO2 = 1.2 bar – He 50% – N2 40% > pN2 = 3 bar (EAD 28 m)

37

Trimix

Page 38: CO2 N He - Mattijn B big 5 010416.pdf · Kelvin Celsius Critical temperature O 2 90 K -183 C -119 C N 2 77.3 K -196 C -147 C He 4.2 K -269 C -267 C Ar 87.2 K -186 C -122 C CO 2 195
Page 39: CO2 N He - Mattijn B big 5 010416.pdf · Kelvin Celsius Critical temperature O 2 90 K -183 C -119 C N 2 77.3 K -196 C -147 C He 4.2 K -269 C -267 C Ar 87.2 K -186 C -122 C CO 2 195

• 3 hours PO2 3 bar

• peripheral visual field narrowing

• tunnel vision!

• retinal vasoconstriction

• rapidly and fully reversible

Tunnel visie

Lambertsen CJ, Clark JM, Gelfand R, Pisarello JB, Cobbs WH, Bevilacqua JE, Schwartz DM, Montabana DJ, Leach CS, Johnson PC and Fletcher DE. Definition of tolerance to continuous hyperoxia in man. An abstract report of Predictive Studies V. In: Bove AA, Bachrach AJ, Greenbaum LJ, eds. Underwater and Hyperbaric Physiology IX. Bethesda, MID: Undersea and Hyperbaric Medical Society, 1987:717-735.

Page 40: CO2 N He - Mattijn B big 5 010416.pdf · Kelvin Celsius Critical temperature O 2 90 K -183 C -119 C N 2 77.3 K -196 C -147 C He 4.2 K -269 C -267 C Ar 87.2 K -186 C -122 C CO 2 195

• progressive myopic change during HBO treatments 0.25 diopter/week

• oxidative changes of the lens > increased refraction

• axial length and cornea don’t change • reversal within 3-6 weeks after stopping HBO, but

can take 6-12 months • hood > mask (corneal diffusion) • also in CCR divers! • cataract formation > 100 HBO treatments

Hyperoxic myopia

Thom SR, Clark JM. The toxicity of oxygen, carbon monoxide, and carbon dioxide. In: Bove AA, ed. Bove and davis Diving Medicine. Philadelphia; WB Saunders,1997:131-145.

Anderson B, Jr., Farmer JC, Jr. Hyperoxic myopia. Trans Am Ophthalmol Soc 1978;76:116-24.

Butler FK, White E, Twa M. Hyperoxic myopia in a closed-circuit mixed-gas scuba diver. Undersea Hyperb Med 1999;26:41-5.

Evanger K, Haugen OH, Irgens A, Aanderud L, Thorsen E. Ocular refractive changes in patients receiving hyperbaric oxygen administered by oronasal mask or hood. Acta Ophthalmol Scand 2004;82:449-53.

Page 41: CO2 N He - Mattijn B big 5 010416.pdf · Kelvin Celsius Critical temperature O 2 90 K -183 C -119 C N 2 77.3 K -196 C -147 C He 4.2 K -269 C -267 C Ar 87.2 K -186 C -122 C CO 2 195

Pulmonary oxygen toxicity

Page 42: CO2 N He - Mattijn B big 5 010416.pdf · Kelvin Celsius Critical temperature O 2 90 K -183 C -119 C N 2 77.3 K -196 C -147 C He 4.2 K -269 C -267 C Ar 87.2 K -186 C -122 C CO 2 195

Lung tissue is the frontline of oxygen toxicity!

Intensive care medicine: limit fiO2 < 0.6

POTOX

Page 43: CO2 N He - Mattijn B big 5 010416.pdf · Kelvin Celsius Critical temperature O 2 90 K -183 C -119 C N 2 77.3 K -196 C -147 C He 4.2 K -269 C -267 C Ar 87.2 K -186 C -122 C CO 2 195

• can start after 6 hours of 100% normobaric O2

• not noticed in a sedated ICU patient

• could be of relevance in HBOT/ long technical dives.

• symptoms: – tickle at inspiration

– burning sensation centrally, substernal

– progressive coughing

– dyspnoe

POTOX - symptoms

Page 44: CO2 N He - Mattijn B big 5 010416.pdf · Kelvin Celsius Critical temperature O 2 90 K -183 C -119 C N 2 77.3 K -196 C -147 C He 4.2 K -269 C -267 C Ar 87.2 K -186 C -122 C CO 2 195

Vitale capaciteit

• door ontsteking van het longweefsel verkleeft een deel van de longblaasjes

• die doen niet meer mee met de ademehaling • en dat kun je meten

Page 45: CO2 N He - Mattijn B big 5 010416.pdf · Kelvin Celsius Critical temperature O 2 90 K -183 C -119 C N 2 77.3 K -196 C -147 C He 4.2 K -269 C -267 C Ar 87.2 K -186 C -122 C CO 2 195

• 4% decrement FVC acceptable for technical/ commercial divers • subclinical! • how to keep track of your O2 exposure? • REPEX method Dr Hamilton 1981 • UPTD = OTU

Pulmonary O2 exposure

1h

2 ATA

Page 46: CO2 N He - Mattijn B big 5 010416.pdf · Kelvin Celsius Critical temperature O 2 90 K -183 C -119 C N 2 77.3 K -196 C -147 C He 4.2 K -269 C -267 C Ar 87.2 K -186 C -122 C CO 2 195

Period

(days) Dose/day

(units) Total

(units)

1 850 850

2 700 1400

3 620 1860

4 525 2100

5 460 2300

6 420 2520

7 380 2660

Oxygen Toxicity Unit

where:

• t is the exposure time in minutes

• PO2 is the partial pressure of oxygen in Bar

• 0.5 is the threshold below which no significant

pulmonary oxygen toxicity has been observed.

• 0.83 is the exponent which gives the best fit to

experimental observations.

Example: 40 min 80% O2 @ 10 msw = 40 min 1.6 bar O2 = 77 OTU

Page 47: CO2 N He - Mattijn B big 5 010416.pdf · Kelvin Celsius Critical temperature O 2 90 K -183 C -119 C N 2 77.3 K -196 C -147 C He 4.2 K -269 C -267 C Ar 87.2 K -186 C -122 C CO 2 195

• oxygen affects the whole body

• in diving we look at CNS & pulmonary toxicity

• neurological toxicity is lethal during diving!

• POTOX does not occur in normal recreational diving

• also relevant for HBOT

• toxicity can be avoided by proper pre dive planning

Take home

Page 48: CO2 N He - Mattijn B big 5 010416.pdf · Kelvin Celsius Critical temperature O 2 90 K -183 C -119 C N 2 77.3 K -196 C -147 C He 4.2 K -269 C -267 C Ar 87.2 K -186 C -122 C CO 2 195
Page 49: CO2 N He - Mattijn B big 5 010416.pdf · Kelvin Celsius Critical temperature O 2 90 K -183 C -119 C N 2 77.3 K -196 C -147 C He 4.2 K -269 C -267 C Ar 87.2 K -186 C -122 C CO 2 195

• Geen vloeistoffase, gaat van gas direct over in vaste fase (droog ijs)

• kleurloos, reukloos

• zwaarder dan lucht

Kooldioxide

Page 50: CO2 N He - Mattijn B big 5 010416.pdf · Kelvin Celsius Critical temperature O 2 90 K -183 C -119 C N 2 77.3 K -196 C -147 C He 4.2 K -269 C -267 C Ar 87.2 K -186 C -122 C CO 2 195

Grotto del cane

Cave is 10 m long Volcanic release of CO2

1 meter high CO2 layer (near ground)

Page 51: CO2 N He - Mattijn B big 5 010416.pdf · Kelvin Celsius Critical temperature O 2 90 K -183 C -119 C N 2 77.3 K -196 C -147 C He 4.2 K -269 C -267 C Ar 87.2 K -186 C -122 C CO 2 195

• product van stofwisseling (oxidatie van glucose) • in rust 200 ml/minuut, neemt toe met inspanning

Kooldioxide productie

Page 52: CO2 N He - Mattijn B big 5 010416.pdf · Kelvin Celsius Critical temperature O 2 90 K -183 C -119 C N 2 77.3 K -196 C -147 C He 4.2 K -269 C -267 C Ar 87.2 K -186 C -122 C CO 2 195

Koolzuur

• pH bloed zeer nauw gereguleerd 7.35-7.45

• H+ en CO2 worden gebufferd in het bloed

• Teveel CO2 (hypercapnie) geeft andere symptomen dan hypoxie

Page 53: CO2 N He - Mattijn B big 5 010416.pdf · Kelvin Celsius Critical temperature O 2 90 K -183 C -119 C N 2 77.3 K -196 C -147 C He 4.2 K -269 C -267 C Ar 87.2 K -186 C -122 C CO 2 195

Symptomen hypercapnie

Page 54: CO2 N He - Mattijn B big 5 010416.pdf · Kelvin Celsius Critical temperature O 2 90 K -183 C -119 C N 2 77.3 K -196 C -147 C He 4.2 K -269 C -267 C Ar 87.2 K -186 C -122 C CO 2 195

Hypercapnie tijdens het duiken

Oorzaken • te veel inspanning, • verhoogde dichtheid inademings gas op diepte • ademen op diepte kost meer energie en produceert ook zelf

meer CO2

• slecht afgestelde/ onderhouden regulator • skip breathing • CCR related....

Risico’s

• sufheid, coma, verdrinken, paniek > uncontrolled ascent

• verhoogde gevoeligheid voor stikstofnarcose en zuurstof toxiciteit

http://www.divetheblue.net/pdf/DiveMed117.pdf

Page 55: CO2 N He - Mattijn B big 5 010416.pdf · Kelvin Celsius Critical temperature O 2 90 K -183 C -119 C N 2 77.3 K -196 C -147 C He 4.2 K -269 C -267 C Ar 87.2 K -186 C -122 C CO 2 195

• scrubber failure

• O-ring or spacer....

• mushroom valves

Hypercapnie en rebreathers

• 5 min prebreathing test is not reliable!

• 25% merkt niets na 5 min ademen zonder scrubber!

Deng C, et al. The five minute prebreath in evaluating carbon dioxide absorption in closed-circuit rebreather: a randomized single blind study. DHM 2015;45:16-24

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Carbon dioxide absorption

The overall reaction is: CO2 + Ca(OH)2 → CaCO3 + H2O + heat (in the presence of water) The reaction can be considered as a strong-base-catalysed, water-facilitated reaction. Mechanism: 1) CO2 → CO2 (aq) (CO2 dissolves in water - slow and rate-determining) 2) CO2 (aq) + NaOH → NaHCO3 (bicarbonate formation at high pH) 3) NaHCO3 + Ca(OH)2 → CaCO3 + H2O + NaOH • (NaOH recycled to step 2) - hence a catalyst) • Each mole of CO2 (44 g) reacted produces one mole of water (18 g).

sodalime baralyme litolyme

catalyst 3% NaOH 1% KOH

20% BaOH

CaOH 75% 80%

H2O 20%

capacity 110-150 L/kg 450L/kg

advantage Less weight

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Scrubber exhaustion

• CaCO3 formation produces heat • Temperature monitoring

• Time based scrubber change • CO2 % in the loop

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Houston we have a problem........

Lithium Hydroxide (LiOH) Canister, Apollo Command Module, Block II improvised for use in the LM

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Conductief warmte verlies: Alleen als er een temperatuursverschil is tussen lichaam en omgeving Lichaam > insufflatie gas > wand droogpak > water

Conductief warmte verlies

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Conductief warmte verlies

• Warmtegeleiding van gas omgekeerd evenredig met molekuul gewicht.

• Hoe kleiner het molekuul, hoe hogere warmte geleiding en dus hoe meer afkoeling!

• Hoe zwaarder het gas hoe beter de isolatie

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2001

• Noorse marine, 6 gezonde duikers, O/C, totaal 12 duiken

• Lucht vs argon in droogpak (blind)

• Inactive at sea bottom, 60 min@ 10 msw (or until discomfort)

• Water temp 2 gr C

Risberg J, Hope A. Thermal insulation properties of argon used as a dry suit inflation gas. Undersea Hyperbaric medicine 2001;28:137-143

Argon of lucht?

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Flushing the dry suit

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Geen verschil!

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NL onderzoek 2013

• seven male Special Forces divers from the Royal Netherlands Marine Corps

• 17 dives, 60 min@ 3 m in basin 13o C • oxygen rebreather divers • same dry suit flush procedure • ook geen verschil in kern temperatuur • en geen verschil in subjectieve temperatuur

Vrijdag et al.: Argon used as dry suit insulation gas for cold-water diving. Extreme Physiology & Medicine 2013 2:17.

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N2 gas

• kleurloos, reukloos, diatomair gas • ontdekker: Scottish physician Daniel

Rutherford in 1772 • 5 electronen in buitenste schil • N2 heeft een hele sterke 3-voudige

binding. • inert gas: gaat geen bindingen in het

lichaam. • relevantie voor duiken:

– supersaturatie en belvorming – stikstofnarcose

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• denken wordt trager

• geheugenverlies

• zelfoverschatting

• opgewonden

• heel blij

• hallucinaties

• suf

• coma

N2 narcose - symptomen

Motorische vaardigheden veel minder aangetast

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• voor het eerst herkend in 1835 by Junod (fr) • aanvankelijk toegeschreven aan:

– verontreinigde lucht, olie compressor – kooldioxide

• Behnke 1935 stelde vast dat het om N2 ging • grote variatie in gevoeligheid

– subjectief begin meestal rond 30 msw – bewusteloosheid 100-150 msw – compensatie door concentratie en anticipatie – snel verdwijnen symptomen na opstijgen

• verlies van helder denken is niet ongevaarlijk!

N2 narcose

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• onderzoek dmv: – neuropsychologische testjes – EEG en flicker fusion test

• verschijnselen houden langer aan dan gedacht! – effect meetbaar tot 30 min na de duik!

• predisponerende factoren: – inspanning – hypercapnie – koude – vermoeidheid – angst – alcohol of tranquillizer gebruik – (heftig alcohol gebruik geeft geen bescherming!)

N2 narcose

C Balestra, P Lafère, P Germonpré (2012) Persistence of critical flicker fusion frequency impairment after a 33 mfw SCUBA dive: evidence of prolonged nitrogen narcosis? European journal of applied physiology 112: 12. 4063-4068 Dec.

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72

Waarom?

Alle in vet oplosbare gassen hebben een narcotisch effect!

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• Zelfde aangrijpingspunt als alcohol en narcose middelen

lipide dubbelmembraan en GABA

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Dry dive: – PADI specialty

– 40 msw

– experience nitrogen narcosis

– experience the increased density of air and other effects

Chamber awareness course

Herkennen van de symptomen, onder veilige en gecontroleerde omstandigheden

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• ontdekt in 1868 door de Fransman Pierre Janssen en de Engelsman Norman Lockyer

• genoemd naar de Griekse god van de zon: helios • de zon (sterren) zitten er vol mee • product van de H2 fusie • 2e meest voorkomende element in het heelal • maar op aarde helaas relatief zeldzaam • gewonnen uit aardgas in VS, Algerije en sinds kort

in Quatar • fractionele distillatie (net als O2)

History van helium

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Waterstoffusie in de zon

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Hele lage atoom massa (4)!

• heel klein

• heel licht

• hoge warmtegeleiding

• hoge geluidsnelheid

• alleen H2 gas overtreft He

Klein en licht

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Helium als ademgas

• narcotisch effect (zeer gering)

• ademarbeid (makkelijker ademen op diepte)

• warmte geleiding (afkoeling)

• weefsel diffusie (snel gas)

• (bij gebruik > 160 msw: HPNS)

• bij gas switches: let op ICD

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• Narcotisch effect evenredig met vetoplosbaarheid

• Zenuwweefsel bevat veel vet!

• Helium is amper in vet oplosbaar

Vetoplosbaarheid

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Molecular weight Relative narcotic potency

Lipid solubility

He 4 0.2 0.015

Ne 20 0.3 0.019

H2 2 0.6 0.036

N2 28 1 0.067

Ar 40 2.3 0.14

Kr 83 2.5 0.43

Xe 131 25 1.7

O2 32 1.7 0.11

81

‘inert’ gas narcosis

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• N2 en O2 ongeveer zelfde narcotisch effect

• He heeft zeer gering narcotisch effect

Equilavent air depth

EAD: (1- Hefr). (diepte + 10) -10 Tx 10/60 100 msw duik (1-0.6).(100 + 10) -10 = 34 msw

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• (medische factoren) • te strak pak/BCD • capaciteit/ afstelling regulator (tweede trap) • CCR:

– diameter en lengte loop – absorber – hydrostatische afstand mid lung point en counter lung

• soort gas (viscositeit) • diepte (dichtheid)

– lucht @ 1 bar: 1.3 kg/M3

– lucht @ 10 bar: 13 kg/M3

– bij toename dichtheid: turbulente flow! > flinke toename ademweerstand

– veel minder ademweerstand bij gebruik He!

Ademweerstand

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• Grahams law: volume of a gas diffusing into a liquid is inversely proportional to the square root of the molecular weight of the gas

Snel gas

• massa He = 4, N2 = 28

• Speed He/speed N2 = √28/ √4 = 2.65

• He is 2.65 x zo snel als N2

• Geldt ook voor de halfwaarde tijden van de compartimenten!

Page 85: CO2 N He - Mattijn B big 5 010416.pdf · Kelvin Celsius Critical temperature O 2 90 K -183 C -119 C N 2 77.3 K -196 C -147 C He 4.2 K -269 C -267 C Ar 87.2 K -186 C -122 C CO 2 195

• Half times He zijn 2.65 x korter vergeleken met N2

• gebruik van He in je back gas kan deco tijd iets verlengen maar niet altijd!

– snellere in maar ook uitwas

– hangt af van deco mix

– hangt af van duikduur: TBT > 2 uur dan met He kortere deco tijden

He en deco tijd

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Half times He vs N2

Factor 2.65

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• snellere inwas van He

• meer comparimenten verzadigd met He dan met N2

• Veel compartimenten hebben hogere PHe

• Bij de trage compartimenten is de PN2 hoger waarom?

Tx 20/40 40 min @ 60 msw

Half times He vs N2

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• hogere PHe in de snelle compartimenten > M waarde eerder bereikt • iets diepere eerste stop tov geen He in de mix • Oplosbaarheid N2 is 1.4 x in bloed en 4.5 x in vet vergeleken met He • daardoor lost er meer N2 op in bloed en weefsels • en zullen bellen groter zijn!

Half times He vs N2

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• bij een gas switch: snelle gas diffundeert sneller in dan het trage gas uit bij gelijke druk (isobaric)

– duiker is al verzadigd met N2

– en dan komt er nog eens He bij

Isobaric Counter Difussion (ICD)

gas switch from a N2 rich deco mixture to a He rich back gas mixture • lost deco gas situation.... • air break

deep tissue ICD

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• ademgas (N2) is trager dan gas (He) in het droogpak of hyperbare kamer

• gas belletjes in de huid

• onwaarschijnlijke situatie

Superficial ICD

Lambertsen GJ, Idicula J. A new gas lesion syndrome in man, induced by isobaric gas counterdiffusion. JAP 1975;39:434-443

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• Ook een switch van He > N2 kan ICD geven • De hoge vetoplosbaarheid van N2 zorgt voor grotere

N2 opname dan He afgifte

Vestibular bends

He is fast to diffuse from endolymph to vascular compartments

But N2 (poor solubility in water) is slow to diffuse from vascular to endolymph compartment

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• N2 is 4.5 x zo vetoplosbaar als He

• Zorg ervoor dat toename van N2 % in de mix < 1/5 afname van He% blijft – He% afname 10% dan N2 toename max 2%

– Tx 10/50/40 > Tx 18/40/42

The rule of 5ths

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• all animals with a CNS • increased excitability of CNS • ‘opposite’ of nitrogen narcosis • caused by: Increased hydrostatic pressure • not helium! (it is asociated with He use)

93

High Pressure Neurological Syndrome

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• > 150 m depth (mild effects at 100 m, debilitating at 300 m)

• Individual variation, all animals with a a nervous system

• but benthic creatures are adapted

• problem for saturation divers

• adding 5-10% N2 in the mix, slow descent

• Or add H2 to the mix!

hand tremors paranoia cramps nausea vertigo loss of coordination poor sleep nightmares convusion Lt Coffey suffering from HPNS: The Abyss 1989 94

HPNS

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Toegift...H2

• kleinste molekuul • warmte geleiding ++ • geluidssnelheid ++ • minder ademweerstand • nog minder narcotisch dan He • minder HPNS

Hydreliox: H2/ O2/ He Non flammable if O2 % < 4% Comex 1996 tested tot 700 msw O2 1%, H2 49%, He 50%

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96

Thank you for listening! slides available @ www.mattijnb.nl

Salem Express Red Sea

• 30 mei: 19:30: 5 min neuro exam • 18 (ipv 25) juni: temperatuur en vochthuishouding • ? decompressie theorie • ? DCS & Recompressie • ? Zuurstoftoediening en 1e hulp bij duikongevallen