co2list.org the list

8/3/2019 CO2List.org the List

1/11

CO2 Released when Making & Using ProductsThis page is The.CO2List.org

1 - Food2 - Other Home Items3 - Materials4 - Wood

5 - Roads

6 - Services7 - Transport8 - Fuels9 - Land Clearance

This list may confirm what you know, or may surprise you.CO2 is not caused by others, it is caused by our choices: Heating & cooling; Buying products; Red meat

versus chicken and grain; Cars and planes versus buses, trains, driving slowly and staying home. Read more

below.

CO2LIST.ORGHome

Bold shows some ofthe interesting items

POUNDS OF CO2(includes effect ofother greenhouse

gases)

UNITS OF MEASURE FOREACH ITEM

(We and most others measure CO2by weight. Its size varies, so it can't

be measured in volume. For otheritems we pick appropriate units,

shown below.)

What is the answer? Solutions are discussed atCO2List.org/files/sustain.htm

Complete sources and calculations are at

xls.CO2List.org

Data from US, except when the following symbols

appear: Data are from UK

Data are from AustraliaFrance has data (in English) for many items, not yet

incorporated here.Contact us 6/9/2011

CO2 POUNDS RELEASED WHILE MAKING PRODUCTS1 - FOOD Pounds of CO2

per 500 Calories

(this is 1/4 of adaily 2,000-Calorie

diet)

Sweden labels individual food items

Red meat 22

pounds CO2 per pound

of productkilos CO2 per kilo of

product

12 92% from production of animals & their feed,

including N2O & methane. Remainder is transport

of inputs & meat, and selling. (interesting article byformer T exas Ag Commissioner)

Chicken, fish, eggs 6 4 81% from production of feed & meat

Dairy 4 6 91% from production of feed & animals

Cereals,

carbohydrates

3 1.5 75% from production of crops

Fruit, vegetables 2 4 74% from production of crops

Oils, sweets,

condiments

2 0.5 74% from production of crops

Balanced Diet 1.7 USDA Food Guide: 53% carbohydrate, 29% oils,18% protein (here protein is chicken, fish, eggs)

Source: Weber & Matthews 2008 "Food-Miles and the Relative Climate Impacts of Food Choices in the UnitedStates" based on Carnegie-Mellon's Input-Output model of the US economy, eiolca.net.

Farm products (food, cloth, leather, biofuels) release greenhouse gases from (a) energy used to manufacture

artificial fertilizer, (b) fossil fuel in making and running farm and transport equipment, (c) fixing N 2 in the soil, and

then releasing some as N2O, a greenhouse gas (p.61 of IEA 2004 Biofuels for Transport and Crutzen et al. 2008

"N2O Release..."), (d) methane (CH4) created in animal stomachs and intestines, (e) deforestation when fields

expand. Another thorough discussion is ICSU's 2009 report on Biofuels, particularly chapters 6 on land use and 5on greenhouse gases.

Potato chips 2 Mostly from growing crops: N2O from nitrogen-

List.org The List file:///C:/Users/Scott Li/Dropbox/ICAA Student/Research/SIDA R

1 19/07/2011


2/11

pounds CO2 per pound of product

kilos CO2 per kilo of productfixing bacteria, fuel

The figures in the section above are larger, andcome from a much more complete methodology.

Orange juice 0.9-1.4

Bottled smoothie 1.1

Organic new potato 0.29

Potato, not organic 0.24

Source: Carbon Trust, a UK nonprofit, has a summary and Report CTC744. Orange juice is from a Pepsicostudy reported in theNY Times

2 - OTHER HOME ITEMS Spreadsheet has complete sources and calculations

Personal computer 61


kilos CO2 per kilo of product

Tires 4 Another 3 pounds released if tires are burned at the

end of their life. So 80 pounds CO2 to make a

20-pound tire, and 60 more pounds if it isincinerated.

Phone books 2.7

Textbooks 2.4

Newspapers 2.1 making 36 pages releases 1 pound (9 sheets ofbroadsheet paper), printing is additional

Magazines & bulk

mail

1.9

Office paper 1.1 making 88 sheets of 20# 8.5"x11" releases 1 pound

of CO2, printing additional

Corrugated

cardboard

1.0

Source: EPA 2006, p.24, column g, chapter 2: "Raw materials Acquisition and Manufacturing" in Solid Waste

Management and Greenhouse Gases: A Life-Cycle Assessment of Emissions and Sinks . Includes transport toretailer & emissions abroad. They analyze recycling, including average energy used to collect & transport the

recyclables as well as to make products from them. Report gives pounds of Carbon equivalent, converted here toCO2. The above figures on paper may be overestimates, since paper may sequester as much CO2 as its

manufacture and disposal releases, even counting the methane released from slow decomposition in landfills:NCASI. 2007 "The Greenhouse Gas and Carbon Profile of the Global Forest Products Industry" p.22

Shampoo 0.6

Hot water uses much more; shown at the end of"Services," in bright yellow below

Sweatshirt 5-6 per shirt

Polo shirt 2.4

T-shirt 1.1-1.4

Incandescent lightbulb

1 per bulb

Making & delivering bulb, not use. CFL gives muchless CO2 per hour of use: It lasts 6 times as long &

uses 1/4 the powerCompact fluorescent

bulb

1-3

Tablet laundry

detergent

0.7

per wash

If you heat the water, it releases more CO2 than

making the detergent. Abasic 3 cubic foot washeruses 31 gallons of water. Heating half this water

(for wash cycle) to 140oF or 170oF (see below)would release 3 pounds CO2 from a gas water

heater (6-8 pounds CO2 from electric). Either

dwarfs the CO2 from detergent. The most efficient

washer uses 60% less water (12 gallons), so 60%less energy and CO2, but still at least a pound of

CO2, which is more than making the detergent.

In laundries at health care facilities, CDC

recommends170oF water for 25 minutes, or

chemical disinfection (like bleach). They make norecommendations for residences.

ProfessorGerba, ABC and CBS recommend (a)

washing loads which are not bleached at 140oF, (b)washing underwear last, using a cup of bleach in acold water cycle to disinfect underwear andwashing machine, and (c) washing hands after

touching dirty or wet laundry (2005 update). eHowalso recommends (d) washing linens separately,

using 5-part laundry baskets to prevent cross-contamination, and (e) disinfecting the laundry

basket with a spray.

Powder laundry

detergent

0.5


1 19/07/2011


3/11

Ikawa and Rossen report research that bacteria in

kitchen sponges are killed by 12 minutes in a

washing machine at 93oF (34oC) with cup

detergent and 1 cups bleach followed by 60minutes in a dryer (no temperature given).

Alternatives are boiling for 5 minutes, ormicrowaving a damp sponge in a "storage bag" for 1

minute on high. Drying alone was not effective,even in a clothes dryer. ProfessorLeBlanc does not

report research, but recommends disposable dishcloths, or immediately washing cloths in hot water

or bleach, not leaving them damp. She alsorecommends washing underwear separately from

dish towels or dish cloths. Park and Cliver("Disinfection of kitchen sponges and dishcloths by

microwave oven"Dairy, Food and EnvironmentalSanitation. 1997, 17(3): 146-149) provide moredetails on the microwave approach. They sterilizeddamp (wet then wrung out) cellulose sponges

(7"x4"x1.5") in an 800-watt microwave. It takes 60seconds to kill all bacteria in one damp sponge.

Time would be proportionate for smaller sponges orstronger microwaves. A damp dishcloth

(16"x14"x1/8") takes 3 minutes. Microwaving

natural sponges damaged them. (doubts, otherstudies, more on kitchens)

Lysol has a manageable list of surfaces to disinfect.Wordpresss cites bacteria counts for many surfaces,

but gives few citations.

Tide recommends monthly bleach in high efficiency(HE) washers, which lack enough water to rinse alldirt and detergent out of the machine. Tide does notclaim germ-killing ability, nor recommend water

temperatures, except they say almost all stains(including underwear) should be washed in warm

water after pre-treating 20 minutes in liquid Tide.

7th Generation recommends cold water for alllaundry, but also makes no health claims. Cheerrecommends using the hottest water allowed by theclothing label and pre-treating "obvious stains," butmakes no health claims.

The US Energy Department and EPA recommend

cold water in washing machines except for "oilystains." Perhaps that includes underwear. They

have no suggestions on bleach.

OSHA recommends 140oF in the water heater to

kill Legionella, and 122oF at the faucets to minimizeLegionella growth in the pipes while also minimizing

scalding (Technical Manual Sec.III Ch.7 subsectionV.C.3.a). A "tempering valve" at the tank can

achieve both OSHA targets, and also allow 140oF

for washing machine water.

The common advice to keep water heaters at 120oFignores the risk of Legionella.

An Australian study says allergens are removedfrom bedding by 5 minutes in "detergent solutions at

25 degrees" Celsius, or77oF. In order to kill dust

mites themselves, EPA found that washing in 95oFwater was not effective, even with bleach and

Liquid laundrydetergent: capsule or

not

0.4

Super concentratedliquid laundry

detergent

0.2


1 19/07/2011


4/11

detergent (D.pteronyssinus and E. maynei), but 12

minutes at 127oF does kill dust mites. AConnecticut study said an alternative is that 10

minutes in a105F dryeralso kills mites.

Related environmental issues include: How hot cansolar water get? all year? Does your detergentidentify its ingredients? Are they safe for you?Which ingredients and which types of bleach are

removed by sewer treatment and septic systems? If

no one is sick, do you need to kill bacteria inunderwear and dish towels? Does drying in the sunkill bacteria? all year?

Source: Carbon Trust, a UK nonprofit, has a summary and Report CTC744.

House 78 per square foot built in US 1997 (This is for construction. Lifetime

consumption is also significant.)House 170,000 per new house in US

House 120,000 per new house in Australia Constructing average Australian house: 21% of CO2

is from Concrete, 14% Steel, 14% Plastic, 10%Masonry, 8% Ceramics (tiles), 6% Plaster, 5%

Glass and 22% other.

Source: US data based on $67 per square foot (Census), 1.3 lb CO2 per 1997 dollar (Weber+Matthews), and

2,140 square feet per new house sold (Census)Australian Government and design and construction industries; Australia reports units of energy, which we

converted to CO2 assuming a 3:1 ratio of natural gas to diesel in generating the energy. Treloar's study of

Australian roads provides an estimate of CO2 per unit of energy which would be 9% higher.

Car 20,000

22,000

26,000

per Chevy Trailblazer SUVper Toyota Camry sedan

per Ford F series pickup

4, 7 & 5 pounds CO2 per pound of vehicle,

respectively. .Buying a 40mpg car and stopping useof an old 30mpg car takes 113,000 miles to pay

back the 22,000 pounds manufacturing CO2. You

would save more CO2 by using the rest of the life

of the old car, while cutting miles per year andspeed. Cutting miles 20% cuts CO2 20%. Cutting

speed from 65mph to 52mph cuts CO2 another

10%.

Source: Chester, 2008,Life-cycle Environmental Inventory of Passenger Transportation in the United States

based on Carnegie-Mellon's Input-Output model of the US economy, eiolca.net. Consistent figures are in:Argonne National Laboratory: Stodolsky, Vyas, Cuenca and Gaines 1995 "Life-Cycle Energy Savings Potential

from Aluminum-Intensive Vehicles" and Sightline, a Seattle nonprofit, Williams-Derry 2007 "Increases ingreenhouse-gas emissions from highway-widening projects"

3 - MATERIALS Spreadsheet has complete sources and calculations

Iron & steel 3.6 per US $ 1997 (only CO2, not other

greenhouse gases)

5.7 Canada, 6.4 Mexico, 7.2 China, 7.8 Japan, 1.0

Korea, 5.9 UK, 6.9 Germany. Source: Carnegie-Mellon's Input-Output model of the US economy,

with comparisons to other countries' Input-Outputmodels, Weber & Matthews 2007, "Embodied

Environmental Emissions in US InternationalTrade."

Steel 4



Recycling saves 90% of the CO2released by making aluminum and

plastic; 40% for glass, steel, paper.

Copper 6

Aluminum 2 - 9 0.28 pounds CO2 per12 oz. aluminum can This

may be an underestimate if they assume zero

emissions for hydropower, which is often used foraluminum, and has emissions from construction &deforestation.

Carpet 4

PVC/3\ plastic 4

Acrylic paint 3.4

LDPE/4\ plastic 2.5

HDPE/2\ plastic 2.0 0.3 pounds CO2 pergallon jug for water or milk

0.5 for heaviergallon jug for vinegar 0.03 fordisposable grocery bag (0.003 after recycling)

PET/1\ plastic 2.3 0.15 pounds CO2 per12 oz. plastic bottle 0.8 per

gallon jug


1 19/07/2011


5/11

Glass 0.6 0.38 pounds CO2 per12 oz. glass bottle 1.8 per

gallonjug

Granite, imported 0.8 180 pounds CO2 per 8' of countertop

Granite, local 0.3 80 pounds CO2 per 8' of countertop

Bricks 0.1 0.6 pounds CO2 per standard brick

Concrete blocks 0.1 25 pounds CO2 per 8x8x16 block

Source ofUS data: EPA 2006, p.24, column g, chapter 2: "Raw materials Acquisition and Manufacturing" inSolid Waste Management and Greenhouse Gases: A Life-Cycle Assessment of Emissions and Sinks

http://www.epa.gov/climatechange/wycd/waste/reports.html includes transport to retailer & emissions abroad.

They analyze recycling, including average energy used to collect & transport the recyclables as well as to makeproducts from them. Report gives pounds of Carbon equivalent, converted here to CO2. (also EPA 2002) Source

ofAustralian data, marked , Australian Government and design and construction industries. Info on kinds ofplastic and recycling is at Earth911.com/

Concrete 1,400 per cubic yard, including indirect

effects

Includes calcining, fuel, quarrying, suppliers,

placement, etc.

Concrete 400-800 per cubic yard, depends on strengthDirect manufacturing only, including calcining

Portland Cement

0.9 per pound of cement (60% of this isfrom chemical process; 40% fromenergy used)

Source: Data with indirect effects come from Chester, 2008,Life-cycle Environmental Inventory of PassengerTransportation in the United States based on Carnegie-Mellon's Input-Output model of the US economy,

eiolca.net. Direct effects ofcement manufacture come from Portland Cement Association Technical Briefand

from Altshuler 2007 "Lowering the Carbon Footprint When Using the WafflematTM System for Concrete Slab

Foundations" Portland cement is made by heating Calcium Carbonate, CaCO3, to break it into CaO (majoringredient of cement) and CO2 (released). This heating and chemical breakdown is called calcining, and is

included here. Direct effects ofconcrete manufacture use the CO2 estimate for cement along with the strength

and cement proportions of concrete from several sources: p.88 of Portland Cement Association 1988 Design &Control of Concrete Mixtures; San Jose CA bid specifications; Treloar, Love & Crawford, 2004, "Hybrid

Life-Cycle Inventory for Road Construction and Use"

Drywall/plasterboard 0.2 pounds CO2 per pound of product


12 pounds CO2 per 4x8x half inch sheet. Based on:

Surace 2007 "How Green Is Your Drywall?"

http://cleantech.com/news/1704/how-green-is-your-drywall; Same result from Australian Government

and design and construction industries athttp://www.yourhome.gov.au/technical/fs52.html

4 - WOOD Spreadsheet has complete sources and calculations

Plywood 0.6



23 pounds CO2 per 4x8x half inch sheet

Particleboard 0.4

Lumber,

construction

0.2 1.8 pounds CO2 per 2x4x8'

Hardwood, kilndried

0.1

Hardwood, air dried 0.03

Source: Australian Government and design and construction industries; US data from EPA 2006, p.24, column g,chapter 2: "Raw materials Acquisition and Manufacturing" The above figures may be overestimates, since wood

may sequester as much CO2 as its manufacture and eventual disposal releases: NCASI. 2007 "The Greenhouse

Gas and Carbon Profile of the Global Forest Products Industry" p.22

5 - ROADS Spreadsheet has complete sources and calculations

Full-depth asphalt

road

4,300,000

Pounds of CO2 per lane mile (40

years expected life. Definitions givenin source.)

0.06 pound CO2 per passenger mile

Continuouslyreinforced concrete

road

3,900,000 0.05 pound CO2 per passenger mile, at 5,000 trips

per lane per dayPlain concrete road 3,300,000

Composite, asphalt,and concrete road

3,300,000

Deep-strength asphalt

road

2,900,000 0.04 pound CO2 per passenger mile, at 5,000 trips

per lane per dayDeep-strength asphalton bounded subbase

road

2,900,000

Asphaltic concrete on

bounded subbaseroad

1,900,000

Pounds of CO2 per lane mile (20

0.05 pound CO2 per passenger mile


1 19/07/2011


6/11

years expected life)Granular road (thinasphalt over

compacted earth)

900,000 0.02 pound CO2 per passenger mile

Source: Treloar, Love & Crawford, 2004, "Hybrid Life-Cycle Inventory for Road Construction and Use." Seehigher estimates for Korean roads: Park, Hwang, Seo and Seo 2003, "Quantitative Assessment of Environmental

Impacts on Life Cycle of Highways"

Interstate highway 2,000,000

Pounds of CO2 per lane mile

(Includes calcining of concrete;pavement widths given in source)

Arterial road 1,500,000

Collector street 1,200,000

Local urban street 900,000

Local rural street 700,000 Source: Chester, 2008,Life-cycle Environmental Inventory of Passenger Transportation in the United States

based on Carnegie-Mellon's Input-Output model of the US economy, eiolca.net

CO2 POUNDS RELEASED BY DAILY OPERATIONS

6 - SERVICES Spreadsheet has complete sources and calculations

Mail a postcard(USPS)

0.06 Pounds of CO2 per postcard

Mail a letter (USPS) 0.09 Pounds of CO2 per letter Getting 11 letters per month releases a pound of

CO2

Mail a package

(USPS)0.8 Pounds of CO2 per pound of package

mailed

Getting a 21-ounce package releases a pound ofCO2 (freight, buildings, etc.)

Source: Logistics Management Institute, Canes "2001 GHG Emissions of the US Postal Service." US PostalService (USPS) paid for this study of CO2 primarily from buildings, delivery and long distance transport, from

1985-2001. The study divides CO2 emissions per item mailed, per pound mailed, and per dollar of postage paid.

We divided the CO2 from buildings and local delivery equally for each item mailed, since space, sorting, and

handling are roughly equal for each item, regardless of weight. Heavy items may need more space, but small items

generally pay for faster service, which in its own way may need more space & handling, so equal CO2 per item

seemed the best balance, pending more data. We divided the CO2 from long distance transport by weight, since

this CO2 is mostly from air transport, which is sensitive to weight. Total of these components of CO2 is shown

above.

Government &defense

0.1 Pounds of CO2 per US $ 1997 (only

CO2, not other greenhouse gases)

0.8 Canada, 0.2 Mexico, 1.3 China, 0.5 Japan, 0.2Korea, 0.4 UK, 0.5 Germany, all in pounds of CO2

per US $ 1997 at purchasing power parities (PPP).

Government 1.2 per AU $ taxes or fees

Finance or

Insurance

0.2 per US $ 1997 (only CO2,) 0.5 Canada, 0.2 Mexico, 0.8 China, 0.2 Japan, 0.1

Korea, 0.2 UK, 0.2 Germany

Includes CO2 released by bank buildings, insuranceoffices, site visits, etc.

Web bank account 0.4 per bank account per year

General banking 0.4 per AU $ interest or fees 5% interest on $200,000 = $10,000 interest per year, releases 4,000 pounds CO2

Insurance 0.3 per AU $ premiums or fees

Health, social work 0.6 per US $ 1997 (only CO2,) 0.5 Canada, 0.3 Mexico, 1.5 China, 0.6 Japan, 0.3


Education 0.6 per US $ 1997 (only CO2,) 0.7 Canada, na Mexico, 1.5 China, 0.3 Japan, 0.1Korea, 0.3 UK, 0.4 Germany

Includes CO2 released by school buildings, buses,

etc.

Real estate 0.8 per US $ 1997 (only CO2,) 0.4 Canada, 0.2 Mexico, 0.8 China, 0.1 Japan, 0.1


Hotels, restaurants 1 per US $ 1997 (only CO2,) 1.0 Canada, 0.3 Mexico, 1.0 China, 0.7 Japan, 0.2Korea, 0.3 UK, 0.8 Germany

Construction 1.3 per US $ 1997 (only CO2,) 1.6 Canada, 1.8 Mexico, 2.9 China, 1.1 Japan, 0.4Korea, 0.3 UK, 0.9 Germany

See graph & spreadsheet

Source: Australian data are from Treloar. US & others are from Weber & Matthews 2007, "EmbodiedEnvironmental Emissions in US International Trade" based on Carnegie-Mellon's EIOLCA.net model of the US

economy, with comparisons to other countries' Input-Output models. Other industries for these same countriesare compared in graph & spreadsheet (bottom of "Countries" tab). In the EIOLCA.net model, Weber reports in a

16Ap'09 email that, "1) Process CO2 emissions [from calcining concrete] are included. 2) pipeline leakage

methane is, but hydro reservoirs are not due to the aggregate electricity sector. 3) air travel is CO 2 only due to the

uncertainty in contrail effect. 4) LUC [Land Use Change] not included due to lack of data (but it can be includedin such a model; the US inventory just doesn' t allow us to do it with any resolution). 5) gas flaring is included."


1 19/07/2011


7/11

Bake potatoes 1 Pounds of CO2 per pound of

potatoes

Baking anything generally takes more watts & moreminutes than boiling or microwaving. Both

estimates here involve cooking about 2 pounds ofpotatoes (just cook, not grow or deliver, which are

below).

Boil or microwave

potatoes

0.2 - 0.3

Source: Carbon Trust Report CTC744.

Hot water 0.11

0.24

Pounds of CO2 per gallon, gas heater

Pounds of CO2 per gallon, electric

heater

Heat water from temperature of pipes in the ground

(50o) to 105oF. Each 5-minute shower with awater-saving 2.2gpm shower head releases 1-3

pounds CO2 plus whatever it took to collect, treat

& deliver the water.Source: CO2 emissions from fuel data below. 105

oF is a typical temperature of the mixed (hot+cold) water for a

shower or handwashing. OSHA Technical Manual recommends 140oF in the heater to kill Legionella, and 122oF

at the faucets to minimize Legionella growth in the pipes while also minimizing scalding (Technical Manual Sec.IIICh.7 subsection V.C.3.a). A "tempering valve" at the tank can achieve both goals. Washing machine temperatures

are mentioned above, in the discussion ofdetergents in section 2, Other Home Items. The 140 oF washingmachine temperature discussed there can be achieved by bypassing the tempering valve. Wisconsin has a

calculatorto estimate water heater fuel use at various temperatures.

7 - TRANSPORT, Total CO2 Includes manufacture & maintenance of vehicles, fuel, stations, roads, airports, ports,

pipelines. Spreadsheet has complete sources and calculation

Car 1.8

1.2

Pounds of CO2 per mile at 17 mpg


Note it would be half as much (per passenger mile)

with 2 people in car, or 1/4 as much with 4 peoplein car. In either case, cutting miles 20% cuts CO2

20%. Cutting speed from 65mph to 52mph cutsCO2 another 10%.

Airplane 362 + 7206

(1.000127325miles1)

Pounds of CO2 per passenger, per

takeoff

Note exponential formula, which correctly increases

emissions for long flights which have to carry a lotof fuel (theory). It works out to362 pounds for

taxiing, takeoff & landing in a short flight. It adds0.9 pounds per mile for short flights, but 1.2

pounds per mile for a 4,000-mile flight or 3.3pounds per mile for a 17,000-mile flight.

Airplane 230+

1.2milesPounds of CO2 per passenger, per

takeoff

This is a simpler linear approximation, with asmaller constant per takeoff, but more per mile.

Local bus 0.7 Pounds of CO2 per passenger mile

Empty on much of route; stop & go.

Long distance bus 0.2 Routes are designed so buses are full

Commuter rail 0.4 Would be higher than direct measure below, but

this commuter rail study covers only a few systems,with very high ridership, so low emissions per

passenger mile

Source: Chester, 2008,Life-cycle Environmental Inventory of Passenger Transportation in the United States

based on Carnegie-Mellon's Input-Output model of the US economy, eiolca.net. Forcars, the estimates includemanufacture, refrigerant leaks, roads, etc. We slightly correct the CO2 from fuel to match EIA figures of 19.6

pounds CO2 per gallon of gas. The spreadsheet compares other sources with surprisingly consistent results,

including Toyota and Environmental Defense Fund. Forair, Chester reports small, medium and large planes,

typically used on short, medium and long trips. We add effects of NOX, water vapor & contrails, and fit an

equation to show how emissions vary per mile. The spreadsheet compares our estimates to several other sources.

An effect not included here is that contrails reduce the daily temperature range about 2 oF by cooling the days andwarming the nights. It is not clear how or whether this affects global warming: www.nature.com/nature/journal/v418/n6898/abs/418601a.html and http://facstaff.uww.edu/travisd/pdf/jetcontrailsrecentresearch.pdf

Walking 0.7 Pounds of CO2 per mile at 2-4 mph Includes food to supply calories burned, and

emissions from manufacturing shoes which last 400miles. Walking includes building sidewalks for 50%

of miles walked. Running does not include anyparticular surface.

Running 0.6 Pounds of CO2 per mile at 6-11 mph

(5-10 minute mile)

Bicycle 0.2-0.3 Pounds of CO2 per mile at 10-20

mph, or 30 mph in electric bicycle

Includes CO2 from building bike lanes for 10% of

bike-miles traveled. Includes food to supply caloriesburned, and emissions from producing bike lane

and bike (whose parts last weighted average of20,000 miles). Electric bike assumes 1,000 watts

and 20% recharging loss.

Rail freight 0.06-0.07

Inland water 0.07


1 19/07/2011


8/11

Pounds of CO2 per ton mileOcean shipping,container

0.05

Ocean shipping, bulk 0.04

Ocean shipping,tanker

0.02

Oil pipeline 0.05

Gas pipeline 0.58 includes gas leaks (methane) from pipeline

Truck 0.58

Air freight 2

Source: Weber & Matthews 2008 "Food-Miles and the Relative Climate Impacts of Food Choices in the United

States" based on Carnegie-Mellon's Input-Output model of the US economy, eiolca.netTRANSPORT, Direct Fuel Omits manufacture & maintenance of vehicles, stations, railroads. Spreadsheet has

complete sources and calculation

Power boat 10

5



Source: Boats range from less than half a mile per

gallon to 11 miles per gallon. 2 - 4 mpg is a fairlycommon level fuel.boatwakes.org/ There is a graph

of mpg by speed for a variety of boats athttp://boatwakes.org/files/graph.htm

Commuter rail 0.4

Pounds of CO2 per passenger mile

National averages are nearly the same for local &

long distance trainsDiesel trains (Amtrak) 0.4

Electric trains(Amtrak)

0.3

Source: M.J. Bradley & Associates 2007 for American Bus Association, Table 1.1 "Comparison of Energy Use &CO2 Emissions From Different Transportation Modes"

8 - FUELS Pounds CO2 per

unit shown below

Grams CO2 per

Megajoule

Compares CO2

for same energy

of each fuel

Grams per megajoule (MJ) is often used

internationally to compare CO2 for the same energy

of different fuels. A MJ is small, just over a quarterof a kilowatt-hour (0.28). Divide the grams shown

here by 126 to getpounds per kWh. Divide by 454

to getpounds/MJ. Divide by 1,000 to get kilos/MJ.

Summary: Grams CO2 per Megajoule

Electricity ]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]] 210 USA averageEthanol ]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]] 120 from growing crops & clearing land

Nuclear ]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]] 113 mining, processing, defending wasteCoal ]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]101 when used for heating

Gasoline ]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]] 85Natural Gas ]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]65

Wind ]]]]13 from construction & land clearingSolar ]]8 from manufactureHydroelectric ]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]] 1 to 250 from flooded plants

Includes production & delivery except where stated.Complete sources and step-by-step calculations are in spreadsheet.

"Electricity" figures omit CO2 from deforestation and from nuclear mining & waste. Hydro, biofuels, wind &

coal all release CO2 by deforestation. Solar can avoid deforestation if placed on roofs and deserts.

Even with omissions, grid Electricity emits higher CO2 for the same energy (per MJ) than other fuels, because of

losses in generating & transmitting.

Electricity 1.7 per kilowatt hourdeliveredUS average, East,

Midwest, Plains &

Alaska

210 Each of the following releases 1 pound (0.6kWh):7 minutes of 5,000 Watt clothes dryer or water

heater

24 minutes of 1,500W space heater

6 hours of 100W bulb, TV, or desktop computer26 hours of 23W fluorescent bulb or laptop

computer

Further discussion

1.3 per kWh, West &

Mountains

165

1.8 per kWh, Texas 232

1.9 per kWh, Hawaii 241

Electricity 17 per US $ 2008 210 2008 prices & 2004 production methods, samesources as "per kWh" data above

Electricity 20 per US $ 1997 11 Canada, 13 Mexico, 15 China, 9 Japan, 7Korea, 7 UK, 15 Germany, all per US $ 1997 at

purchasing power parities (PPP).


1 19/07/2011


9/11

Nuclear 0.9 per kilowatt-hourdelivered

113 Will rise when growth requires mining & enrichinglower grade ores. We added $5 billion/year

(79g/MJ) for long-term protection of radioactivewaste.

Source: Basic data are from Battelle 6/2007 for US Dept. of Energy, Deru and Torcellini " Source Energy and

Emission Factors." Prices by state are from EIA table 5.6.B. 1997 data are from Carnegie-Mellon's EIOLCA.netmodel of the US economy, with comparisons to other countries' Input-Output models, Weber & Matthews 2007,

"Embodied Environmental Emissions in US International Trade." Nuclear data are from Storm van Leeuwen2008 "Nuclear Power - the Energy Balance" and include a small allowance to mine a cavern for permanent

storage. None of the studies includes permanently guarding or monitoring the storage of radioactive waste. Furtherdiscussion.

Solar panel:

monocrystallinesilicon

0.13 per kilowatt-hourdelivered, if it produceselectricity for 30 years

17 64 pounds CO2 per square foot photovoltaic

Solar panel:multicrystalline silicon

0.13 16 58 pounds per square foot photovoltaic

Solar panel: ribbonsilicon


Solar panel: cadmium

telluride


Source: Brookhaven National Laboratory, Columbia & Utrecht Universities, Fthenakis, Kim and Alsema 2008

"Emissions from Photovoltaic Life Cycles" Most CO2 emissions are from energy used during manufacture, and

they can be reduced by using solar electricity instead of grid electricity.

Wind Turbine 0.11 per kilowatt-hourdelivered, if it produces

electricity for 20 years

13 11,000,000 pounds per 1.8 megawatt turbine.Windmills take energy to manufacture the steel

structure, concrete base, and transmission wires. Ifland is cleared to allow wind to reach the structure,

that also releases CO2. Also kills birds & bats

Hydroelectric 0.01-2 per kilowatt-hourdelivered

1-250 Preliminary. Includes deforestation for reservoir,releasing 42% of carbon in cleared or flooded plants

& soil. Reservoir also converts to methane some ofthe flooded carbon, as well as tributaries' carbon

detritus, which would have just become CO2without the low oxygen conditions at the bottom ofthe reservoir. (Oxygen at the bottom is low,

because surface waters are warm, stay on top, andmix little with the bottom.) T his methane is released

primarily when water runs through the turbines.CO2 is also released from quarrying, earthmoving,

concrete manufacture. The higher numbers shown

are from shallow tropical reservoirs which flood &decay large areas relative to the power generated;

even so these are underestimates, since they omitconstruction, and gas released at turbines.

Source for wind turbines: Spreadsheet has partial estimates for the steel structure, concrete base and clearing a

ridgetop location, as well as a couple of estimates from the wind industry. Source for hydroelectric: Farrer 2007"Hydroelectric Reservoirs - the Carbon Dioxide and Methane Emissions of a 'Carbon Free' Energy Source "Further discussion.

Anthracite coal 3 per pound

101 Note coal releases at least 40% more CO2 than

natural gas to create the same energy. Omits

deforestation of mountain tops & valley fills.

Bituminous coal 3 104

Lignite 24 162

Natural gas 14 - 17 per 100 cubic feet or pertherm

60-70 Some people are billed by cubic foot, some bytherm (100,000 BTU). 100 cubic feet contain about

one therm, Pipe leaks may not be fully covered bythese figures. Leaks are particularly important, since

natural gas is CH4, methane, which is a much more

powerful greenhouse gas than CO2.

Diesel & heating oil 27 - 28 per gallon 83-86

Gasoline 21 - 25 per gallon

80-90 Go slow:52 saves CO2

Source: Battelle 6/2007 for US Dept. of Energy, Deru and Torcellini "Source Energy and Emission Factors."European Union 2008 Well to Tank Report, pp.47-51,regularly updated. Study for GM by Argonne National

Laboratory, BP, Exxon-Mobil & Shell 2001, fig.ES-1.4 Well-to-Wheel Energy Use and Greenhouse GasEmissions of Advanced Fuel/Vehicle Systems or draft copy. Note this is just CO2 from the fuel; full impact of

transport is above, at the heading "Transport."


1 19/07/2011


10/11

Ethanol from corn inUSA

35

per quantity of each

fuel, having the sameenergy as one gallon of

gas

119Includes deforestation amortized over 100 years ofproduction. Fields diverted from food to ethanol are

replaced by clearing forests elsewhere for foodEthanol from sugarcane in Brazil

2069

Ethanol from corn inUSA

2072

Omits deforestation.

Ethanol from sugarcane in Brazil

3 - 710-20

Ethanol from sugarbeets in EU

4 - 1110-40

Biodiesel 4 - 22 20-80 Omits deforestation for palm oil plantations. Wasteoils are too few for significant biodiesel production.Greenpeace says, "Using biofuels containing palm

oil to tackle climate change is like using a can ofpetrol to put out a fire and would produce more

carbon emissions than burning conventional fossilfuels."

Hydrogen in EU fromnatural gas

33 per quantity ofhydrogen, having the

same energy as onegallon of gas

112

Hydrogen is clean at point of use, but producing ituses more energy than it contains.

Source: Most data on biofuels and hydrogen come from European Commission Joint Research Centre 2008 Well

to Tank Report, pp.47-51, regularly updated. The study includes greenhouse gases released in producing thefuels, but not deforestation. Deforestation is estimated from several sources, shown in spreadsheet.Farm products (food, cloth, leather, biofuels) release greenhouse gases from (a) energy used to manufacture

artificial fertilizer, (b) fossil fuel in making and running farm and transport equipment, (c) fixing N 2 in the soil, and

then releasing some as N2O, a greenhouse gas (p.61 of IEA 2004 Biofuels for Transport and Crutzen et al. 2008

"N2O Release..."), (d) methane (CH4) created in animal stomachs and intestines, (e) deforestation when fields

expand. Another thorough discussion is ICSU's 2009 report on Biofuels, particularly chapters 6 on land use and 5on greenhouse gases.

Propane, LPG 15 - 16 per gallon

70-80

"Residual" Fuel Oil 30 87

Kerosene, used by

99% of civilian planes

25 81

Source: Battelle 6/2007 for US Dept. of Energy, Deru and Torcellini "Source Energy and Emission Factors.

"Aviation gas;" used

by 1% of civilian

planes

18 - 24

per gallon

70-80

Omits production & delivery"Jet fuel," used by

some military planes,but declining

21 - 32 70-90

Petroleum coke 32 97

Lubricants 28 89

Butane 15 69

Tires, tire-derived fuel 3 per pound 82

Municipal solid waste 1 86

Crude oil 950 per barrel (42 gallons) 71

Source: EIA Emission Coefficients

9 - Land Clearance Pounds CO2 per square foot Spreadsheet has complete sources and calculation

Equatorial Forests inTropics

18-21

21-25

if clearedif flooded

Flooding in a long term reservoir, as for a dam,releases more Carbon as methane than clearing, so

it has a stronger greenhouse effectSeasonal Forests in

Tropics11-16

13-18


Dry Forests in

Tropics

7-12

9-14

if cleared

if flooded

Temperate &Northern Forests

7-9

7-8


Less methane in cold climates than in the tropics

Source: 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories, Gibbs et al., "Monitoring and estimatingtropical forest carbon stocks," Soil data from Houghton+Hackler. CDIAC 2001, Carbon Flux to the Atmosphere

from Land-Use Changes: 1850 to 1990


11 19/07/2011


11/11

What is the answer? Personal and collective solutions are discussed at CO2List.org/files/sustain.htm

Contact usNotes are at CO2List.org/files/carbons.htm and complete sources and calculations are atxls.CO2List.orgData from US, except:

Data are from UK Data are from Australia


co2list.org the list

Documents