Cowboy westIndustrial East

Cowboy WestIndustrial East

By: Matthew J. Waid http://tinyurl.com/cfuad7g

1855 1857 1862

Chapter 13: redChapter 14: blueChapter 15: blackChapter 16: green

Bessemer Process: Developed by Henry

Bessemer and William Kelly in 1855 it was a cheap and

efficient way for making steel involving injecting air into molten iron to remove

the carbon and other impurities.

Fredrick Law Olmsted: in 1857 along with

Calvert Vaux he drew up plans for

“Greensward”, which was selected to

become NYC’s Central Park.

Homesteaders/Homestead Act: This act was passed in 1862 and

offered 160 acres of land to homesteaders (Settlers that moved West because of the

homestead Act). The Act was later strengthened and caused a

major land rush.

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1866 1867

Buffalo Soldiers: Established by Congress as the first peacetime all

black regiment in the U.S. army on September 21 1866. It was the 10th Cavalry regiment of the

U.S.

Samuel Gompers: Led the Cigar Makers’ international Union to join with other craft unions in

1866. Was the president of the American Federation of Labor

which focused on collective bargaining to reach agreements on wages, hours, and working

conditions.

Oliver Kelly/Grange: In 1867 he started the Patrons of Husbandry (grange) an

organization for farmers. Granges purpose was to

provide a social outlet and an educational forum for isolated farm families. Grange gave rise

to other organizations like farmers’ alliance.

1864

Sand Creek Massacre: on 1864 General S.R. Custer

told Colonel John Chivington he wanted the Indians to suffer more. So

on Nov. 29 1864 Chivington & his troops attacked the Cheyenne and killed over 150 inhabitants, mostly

women and children.

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1868 1869

Tweed Ring/Tammany Hall/Boss Tweed: Tammy

Hall was New Yorks powerful Democratic political

machine. Boss Tweed became head of it in 1868 and led the Tweet Ring in

defrauding the city for millions of tax dollars.

Transcontinental Railroad: A rail line that connected the

Pacific coast with the eastern trunk rail line system. Made shipping able to thrive away from water for the first time since the beginning of the

nation.

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1870

Kickback: Illegal payouts from businesses to people in political

machines for billing the City for more service than the business actually did.

John D. Rockefeller/Trust: A trust was an agreement

competing companies used to take over complete control of

their industries. John D. Rockefeller used this to gain complete control of the oil

industry in America.

http://www.freeinfosociety.com/media.php?id=989

1876

George Armstrong Custer/ The Battle of Little Big Horn: A fight between the combined forces of

Lakota, Northern Cheyenne Arapaho tribes against the 7th cavalry of the U.S. army led by George Armstrong

Custer. This battle was the most prominent action of the Great Sioux

War. Custer and his forces were crushed within an hour.

Thomas Alva Edison: Established the worlds first research lab in Menlo Park, New Jersey in 1876. Here Edison perfected the light bulb and an entire system

of producing and distributing electrical

power.

Alexander Graham Bell/Telephone: Invented

the Telephone with Thomas Watson, the

Telephone opened the way for a worldwide

communication network.

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1877

Vanderbilt Family: American family that dominated the

Gilded Age. They are the 7th wealthiest family in history. Began their wealth with the shipping and railroad empire

of Cornelius Vanderbilt.

Chief Joseph/Nez Pierce: Chief Joseph succeeded his father as

leader of the Nez Pierce. In 1877 the Nez Pierce were ordered to go to a reservation and refused to go. They fled to Canada and fought the U.S. army along the way. After 5 days they were beaten and only 431

remained.

Gilded Age: The period that started in 1877 following the Civil War. A time of major growth with

railroads as the major industry.

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1879 1880 1881

Wild Bill Hickok: Served as a scout and spy during

the Civil War and later as a Marshal in Abilene,

Kansas. Was shot and killed in a poked game

holding what is still known as a “dead man’s hand”.

Booker T. Washington: He believed racism would end once blacks acquired

useful labor skills and proved their economic

value to society. By 1881 he headed the Tuskegee

Normal and Industrial Institute.

Sweat shop: A working environment considered

to be unacceptably difficult or dangerous.

Often workers endured long hours, low pay,

hazardous materials & situations, and abuse from

employers.

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18851883 1884

Civil Service: Government administration reformers

pressed for the merit system, which meant the

most qualified person would be hired into civil service.

Mark Twain: His book “the Adventures of Huckleberry Fin” was published in 1885 and is an American classic

to this day.

Joseph Pulitzer: Bought the New York World in

1883. Pioneered popular innovations such as a large

Sunday edition, comics, sports coverage, and

women’s news.

Mugwumps: Republican Polical activists who changed

to Democrats in the presidential election of 1884. They supposedly swung the

election to Cleveland.

http://tinyurl.com/7mh6vh2

Haymarket Affair: The aftermath of a bombing that

took place at a labor demonstration on May 4, 1886.

It began as a peaceful rally of workers striking for an 8 hour

day. 7 police and 4 civilians died. It is considered to be the origin of international May Day

Observances for workers.

Scabs: Strike breakers that were used to keep the plant

operating during strikes.

Settlement House: Formed by reformers in slum areas

to help people, mostly immigrants.

1886

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Dawes Act: passed by congress in 1887, aimed to

“Americanize” Native Americans. The Act divided the

reservation land up between individuals giving each 160

acres. The government sold the remaining two thirds of the

reservation and kept the money.

Jane Adams: Was a founder of the Hull House in Chicago and a leader in

woman suffrage and world peace. Was the first

American woman to be awarded the Nobel Peace

Prize.

George Eastman: Developed a series of more conventional ways to take

pictures. In 1888 he introduced the 25$ Kodak

camera. It prompted millions of Americans to

become ameratuer photographers.

1887 18891888

Interstate Commerce Commission: created by the Interstate Commerce

Act of 1887, it was a regulatory agency. It was

the first agency to regulate big business in the U.S. and was meant

to regulate railroads.

Monopoly/Sherman Antitrust Act: Intended to

stop monopolies from forming; which was the

complete control over its industries production,

wages, and prices. This Act made it illegal to form trusts

that interfered with free trade.

Literacy Tests: A form of voting restrictions to try to deny blacks equality. Blacks

were often asked harder questions than whites or given the test in a foreign

language. The officials could pass or fail applicants as they

wished.

Jim Crow Laws: Racial segregation laws put into

effect in schools, hospitals, parks, and transportation systems throughout the

south.

1890

Wounded Knee: On Dec. 28, 1890 the seventh cavalry rounded up

about 350 desperate Sioux. A shot was fired (unknown which

side shot) and the 7th cavalry opened fire and killed as many as 300 (mostly unarmed) Sioux. This

brought the Indian Wars to a bitter end.

Collective Bargaining: A process of negotiations between employers and

employees aimed at reaching agreements that

regulate conditions. Usually it was a negotiation of wage

scales, working hours, training, health and safety,

and overtime.

Populist: A short lived political party established in

1891 that urged social & political system change that favors the people over the

elite.

1891

Ellis Island: The chief immigration station from

1892-1924. 17 million immigrants passed

through it and only 2% were denied. About 20% were detained for a day

or more before being inspected.

Ida B Wells: was born a slave, moved to Memphis after emancipation to work as a teacher. Later became an editor of the local newspaper. Racial

justice was her main theme. On March 9, 1892 three of her black

politician friends were illegally lynched, and that theme became a

crusade.

1892

Omaha Platform: A party program adopted at the convention of Populist Party held in Omaha, Nebraska on July 4, 1892. It represented the merger of the Agrarian concerns of the Farmers’

Alliance with the Free-currency monetarism of the Greenback Party while endorsing goals of the Urban

Knights of Labor.

Eugene VS. Debs: Attempted to form an industrial union that included all laborers;

skilled and unskilled. In1894 the new union won a strike

for higher wages. Within two months it was 150,000 strong. It added to the momentum of union

organization.

Andrew Carnegie: Born in Scotland to poor parents and moved to America at the age of 12. In 6 years he worked his way up to become private secretary of the local superintendant of the Pennsylvania Railroad. He was rewarded stock for unsnarling a tangle of trains. He was the first industrial moguls to make his own fortune. Entered the steel business in 1873 and by 1899 the Carnegie Steel Company manufactured

more steel than all of Great Britain.

George Pullman/Pullman strike: George Pullman was an American

engineer and industrialist that designed and manufactured the Pullman sleeping car, and funded

the company town Pullman. In 1894 nearly 4000 of his employees

went on strike because of the recent reductions of wages.

1894

Grandfather Clause: was meant to reinstate white voters who may have failed the

literacy test or couldn’t afford the poll tax. It said that if he failed the test or couldn’t afford it a man could still vote if he, his

father, or his grandfather had been eligible to vote before Jan. 1st 1867. this meant the grandfather clause did not allow any blacks

to be eligible to vote again.

William Jennings Bryan: Former Nebraska

congressman that gave the “cross of gold” speech at the Democratic convention. Won the democratic nomination but didn’t have good funds

in the election and ended up loosing.

William Mckinly: Nominated for president by the

republican party in 1896. was committed to the gold standard. Won the election

and populism collapsed.

1895 1896

Plessy VS. Ferguson: in 1896 the supreme court ruled that

segregation was legal and did no violate the fourteenth

amendment. This established the doctrine of

“separate but equal”.

Angle Island: A very harsh immigration station in San

Francisco Bay. Between 1910 ad 1940 it admitted about

50,000 Chinese immigrants. The immigrants endured

harsh questioning and long detentions in filthy buildings.

Orville and Wilbur Wright: Brothers that manufactured bicycles from Dayton Ohio.

They experimented with engines powerful enough to keep objects aloft in the air. Their first successful flight

was on Dec. 17, 1903 at Kitty Hawk, NC.

1903 1910