Coal Petroleum Natural Gas

Burning fossil fuels (which has stored chemical energy) creates steam which can turn a generator.

Fuel formed under the Earth’s surface by the decomposition of organic matter

Resources and Reserves

• A resource is a naturally occurring substance of use to humans that can potentially be extracted using current technology.

• A reserve is a known deposit that can be

economically extracted using current technology, under certain economic conditions.

– Reserves are smaller than resources. – Reserve levels change as technology advances, new

discoveries are made, and economic conditions vary.

Resources and Reserves

Coal Formation The 3 P’s:

• Plants, Preservation, Pressure (& temperature)

Kentucky Geological Survey (2006) http://www.uky.edu/KGS/coal/coalkinds.htm

Coal is the most abundant fossil fuel!!!

World Coal Reserves

How Coal is Mined

McGraw-Hill Science & Technology Encyclopedia. McGraw-Hill Encyclopedia of Science and Technology. Copyright © 2005 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

Hazards of Coal Mining…

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fkHfnp2czZQ

History Channel “Life After People” – Centralia, PA

YouTube – Centralia, PA

http://www.history.com/shows/life-after-people/videos/centralia-pennsylvania#centralia-pennsylvania

http://web.viu.ca/geoscape/risky_ground.htm

Where to find oil and gas

• Present technology can recover about 1/3 of an oil deposit

Where to find oil and gas Anticline Trap Fault Trap

Salt Dome Trap Stratigraphic Trap

Oil Shale Rock and the Shale Oil Extracted from It

Offshore Drilling

Types of Offshore Rigs

1, 2) conventional fixed platforms; 3) compliant tower; 4, 5) vertically moored tension leg and mini-tension leg platform; 6) Spar ; 7,8) Semi-submersibles ; 9) Floating production, storage, and offloading facility; 10) sub-sea completion and tie-back to host facility.

Source: Office of Ocean Exploration and Research (15 December 2008). "Types of Offshore Oil and Gas Structures". NOAA Ocean Explorer: Expedition to the Deep Slope. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. http://oceanexplorer.noaa.gov/explorations/06mexico/background/oil/media/types_600.html. Retrieved 23 May 2010.

Oil Reserves By Region

Source: http://www.energyinsights.net/cgi-script/csArticles/articles/000042/004207.htm

Steps in Processing Oil

• Multiple products can be made from a single barrel of crude oil 1. Separation 2. Conversion 3. Treatment Source: http://rhinogfx.com/blog/?p=107

Separation: Fractional Distillation

• The separation of a mixture into its component parts

• Parts separate by their different boiling points

Fig. 15-4a, p. 375

Lowest Boiling Point

Gases

Gasoline

Aviation fuel

Heating oil

Diesel oil

Naphtha

Heated crude oil

Grease and wax

Furnace Asphalt

Highest Boiling Point

Conversion

• Catalytic Cracking: Heat, pressure, and a powdered catalyst are used to “crack” heavy hydrocarbon molecules into lighter ones

• Coking: Heat & some pressure are used to create lighter hydrocarbons and “coke” a coal-like substance that is used as an industrial fuel

• Alkylation: reverse cracking (turning smaller molecules into heavier molecules)

Treatment

• Blending, purifying and improving products with additives to meet specific requirements

– Ex. – Winter / Summer Gas – less volatile hydrocarbons (short chain) in summer due to higher temps.