coarseness -workability -consolidation a new approach · •20 percent fly ash replacement •a...
TRANSCRIPT
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Coarseness - Workability - Consolidation
A New Approach
Daniel Cook,
Ashkan Ghaeezadeh,
Tyler Ley, P.E., Ph.D.
Bruce Russell, P.E., Ph.D.
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Acknowledgements
• Oklahoma Department of Transportation (ODOT)
• Oklahoma Transportation Center
• CP Tech Center
• FHWA hfl
• Trinity Construction
• Dolese Bros Company
• Martin- Marietta
• Arkhola Sand and Gravel
• Lafarge
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Outline
• Introduction of OG concrete
• The Box Test
• A new path forward
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What is OG concrete all about?
• The goal of OG concrete is to increase the volume
of aggregate and decrease the volume of paste
• paste = binder + water + air
• The paste is the most costly, least sustainable
concrete ingredient and has the biggest impact on
the durability
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Concrete
Aggregate
PasteMeasured Shrinkage
Drying Time
After Weiss
Optimized Graded
Concrete
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How do you design optimized graded concrete?
• Find your aggregate gradation
• Find out the volume and consistency of the
paste that you need for your application
• Check strength and durability
after Koehler and Fowler
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How do you find your gradation?
• Shilstone
• 8-18 curves
• Power 45
Which one is right?
What do these tools tell you?
Is one better than the other?
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Shilstone
20.0%
25.0%
30.0%
35.0%
40.0%
45.0%
50.0%
30%35%40%45%50%55%60%65%70%75%80%
Wo
rkab
ilit
y Fa
cto
r
Coarsness Factor
Zone V , Rocky
Zon
e I
,
Gab
Gra
de
d
Zone III,
Well graded,
3/4" and finer
Zone IV, sticky
Workability
Box
% cumulative retained 3/8”
% cumulative retained #8CF =
WF = % passing #8 + 2.5x powder above 6 sacks
DOT specified
box
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Typical Individual Percent Retained
0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
30%
35%
1.5"1"3/4"1/2"3/8"#4#8#16#30#50#100#200
% R
eta
ine
d
Max Boundary
Min Boundary
Sieve No.
Fine Aggregate Intermediate Coarse Aggregate
18%
8%
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• Find gradations that allow reduced paste
content while still providing sufficiently
workable concrete for paving.
• We need “enough” workability to make the
concrete place able by the paver but not too
much that it doesn’t hold an edge.
• The slump cone can not tell us this
Research Goals
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What part of a paver is the most critical for
concrete consolidation?
Slip Formed Paver
Strike offAuger
VibratorTamper Profile Pan
Side Form
Paving Direction
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• We want a test that is simple and can
examine:
– Response to vibration
– Filling ability of the grout (avoid internal
voids)
– Ability of the slip formed concrete to hold a
sharp edge (cohesiveness)
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Box Test
• Add 9.5” of unconsolidated concrete to the
box
• A 1” diameter stinger vibrator is inserted
into the center of the box over a three
count and then removed over a three
count
• The edges of the box are then removed
and inspected for honey combing or edge
slumping
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Box Test Ranking Scale
4 3
Over 50% overall surface voids. 30-50% overall surface voids.
2 1
10-30% overall surface voids. Less than 10% overall surface voids.
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Edge Slumping
Bottom Edge Slumping Top Edge Slumping
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Edge SlumpNo Edge Slump
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Question:
Why does a mixture fail the box test?
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Question:
Why does a mixture fail the box test? Answer: it either needs more paste or more lubrication
(plastic yield stress is too large)
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Question:
What if we found out how much water
reducer it took to pass the box test
without changing the paste content?
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Question:
What if we found out how much water
reducer it took to pass the box test
without changing the paste content?Answer: This would allow us to measure how aggregate
gradation impacts the workability of a mixture.
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Mix Concrete
Conduct: Slump, Unit Weight, Air, and
Box Test
Did it Pass the
Box Test?
Add WR and
Remix
Conduct: Slump, Unit
Weight, and Box Test. Make Cylinders
Was WR added?
YesNo
Put Material from slump and
box test into mixer. Discard
Air test Material
Conduct Air
Yes No
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Validation
• Test was found to be accurate to +/- 2 oz/cwt
with a single operator.
• Same box test performance was found if the
WR was added up front or if added in small
dosages
• If the sample did not pass the box test within
one hour it was discarded
• The box test has correlated well with field
paving mixes
• Work is ongoing with multiple operators
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Summary of the Box Test
• The box test evaluates the response of a
concrete mixture to vibration.
• We did this because no other test exists that
can tell us this information.
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Use of the Box Test to Evaluate Shilstone
• .45 w/cm
• 20 percent fly ash replacement
• A single sand source-Sand A
• Used 3 crushed limestones
– Limestone A
– Limestone B
– Limestone C
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Aggregate Summary
Limestone B
Limestone C
Limestone A
Sand A
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22
27
32
37
42
47
304050607080
Wo
rka
bil
ity
Fa
cto
r (%
)
Coarseness Factor (%)
Left
Middle
Bottom
60/40 blend
by volume
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5 Sack Limestone A & Sand A
0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
30%
35%
1.5"1"3/4"1/2"3/8"#4#8#16#30#50#100#200
% R
eta
ine
d
Middle of Shilstone
Bottom of Shilstone
60%CA, 40%FA
Left of Shilstone
Min Boundary
Max Boundary
Sieve No.
WR dosage
17.1
12.7
8.3 oz/cwt
16.1
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0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
30%
35%
1.5"1"3/4"1/2"3/8"#4#8#16#30#50#100#200
% R
eta
ine
d
Middle of Shilstone
Bottom of Shilstone
60%CA, 40%FA
Left of Shilstone
Min Boundary
Max Boundary
Sieve No.
5 Sack Limestone B & Sand A
15
14.2
13.4
13
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0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
30%
35%
1.5"1"3/4"1/2"3/8"#4#8#16#30#50#100#200
% R
eta
ine
d
Middle of Shilstone
Bottom of Shilstone
Left of Shilstone
Min Boundary
Max Boundary
Sieve No.
5 Sack Limestone C & Sand A
0.86
0
0
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20
24
28
32
36
40
44
48
30405060708090100
Wo
rka
bil
ity
Fa
cto
r (%
)
Coarseness Factor (%)
Limestone A
Limestone B
Limestone C
I
II
IV
V
III
0
0.7
0
15.0
8.3
16.1
14.2
14.4
12.7
17.1
13.0
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Using the Shilstone Chart alone to
proportion your aggregates does not
influence performance with these
materials.
The 8-18 chart seems to provide better
guidance.
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Does Distribution Really Matter?
0
8.3
0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
30%
35%
1.5"1"3/4"1/2"3/8"#4#8#16#30#50#100#200
% R
eta
ine
d
Limestone C-Middle of Shilstone
Limestone A- Middle of Shilstone
Min Boundary
Max Boundary
Sieve No.
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We sieved Limestone A to have the
exact same gradation as Limestone
B.
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Yes, Distribution Matters!
0
0
0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
30%
35%
1.5"1"3/4"1/2"3/8"#4#8#16#30#50#100#200
% R
eta
ine
d
Limestone C
Limestone A
Min Boundary
Max Boundary
Sieve No.
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By changing the distribution of
aggregates, it changes the
workability of the mixture.
However the Shilstone method did
not accurately predict this (at least
for these aggregate combinations).
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0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
30%
1.5"1"3/4"1/2"3/8"#4#8#16#30#50#100#200
% R
eta
ine
d
Min Boundary Max Boundary CF=70,WF=30 CF=75,WF=30 CF=65,WF=30
CF=60,WF=30 CF=55,WF=30 CF=80,WF=30 CF=50, WF=30 CF=45, WF=30
Sieve No.
Proportioning of Coarse to Intermediate
13.3
12.7
6.3
4.3
3.9
2.9
11.9
6.0
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0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
30%
1.5"1"3/4"1/2"3/8"#4#8#16#30#50#100#200
% R
eta
ine
d
Min Boundary Max Boundary CF=70,WF=30 CF=75,WF=30 CF=65,WF=30
CF=60,WF=30 CF=55,WF=30 CF=80,WF=30 CF=50, WF=30 CF=45, WF=30
Sieve No.
Proportioning of Coarse to Intermediate
13.3
12.7
6.3
4.3
3.9
2.9
11.9
6.0
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Proportioning of Sand
0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
1.5"1"3/4"1/2"3/8"#4#8#16#30#50#100#200
% R
eta
ine
d
Min Boundary Max Boundary CF=70,WF=30 CF=70,WF=25
CF=70,WF=40 CF=70,WF=35 CF=70,WF=45
Sieve No.
40.4
11.6
6.0
9.9
19.1
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Proportioning of Sand
0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
1.5"1"3/4"1/2"3/8"#4#8#16#30#50#100#200
% R
eta
ine
d
Min Boundary Max Boundary CF=70,WF=30 CF=70,WF=25
CF=70,WF=40 CF=70,WF=35 CF=70,WF=45
Sieve No.
40.4
11.6
6.0
9.9
19.1
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Impacts of a Single Valley
0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
30%
1.510.750.50.375#4#8#16#30#50#100#200
% R
eta
ine
d
Min Boundary
Max Boundary
CF=65,WF=30
Sieve No.
4.3
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Impacts of a Single Valley
0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
30%
1.510.750.50.375#4#8#16#30#50#100#200
% R
eta
ine
d
Min Boundary
Max Boundary
CF=65,WF=30
No 3/8 Valley
Sieve No.
2.44.3
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Impacts of a Single Valley
0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
30%
1.510.750.50.375#4#8#16#30#50#100#200
% R
eta
ine
d
Min Boundary
Max Boundary
CF=65,WF=30
No 3/8"
No 3/8 Valley
Sieve No.
2.44.3
3.4
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0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
30%
1.510.750.50.375#4#8#16#30#50#100#200
% R
eta
ine
d
Sieve No.
insuffienent amount
of sand to create
mortar
Creates surface
finishability problems
normally assoicated
with manufacured
sands
No
preformance
isssue
Excessive amount of
aggregate that decreases
workability
Reduces edge slumping
More
Research
needs to be
conducted to
find limit.
20%
12%
16%
9%
Excessive amount of
sand, this creates
workability issues
21%
5%
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Conclusion
• The box test has shown to be a useful tool to
understand the impact of gradation on the
workability of mixtures for concrete
pavements
• The Shilstone box was not shown to be a
useful method for the materials investigated
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Conclusion
• A modified version of the 8-18 graph was
shown to better predict performance
• The box test has been used to evaluate the
performance of pavement concrete mixtures
and a recommended gradation limit has been
produced
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