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The “Ear” is housed within the
TEMPORAL BONE
The Outer Ear Consists of:
The Pinna - cartilaginous, highly variable in appearance, some landmarks.
External Auditory Canal (or external auditory meatus) - 2.5 cm tube.
Pinna LandmarksHelixAntihelixConchaTragus Intertragal NotchAntitragus
External Auditory Canal
lateral portion-cartilagemedial portion-osseous lined with epidermal (skin)
tissuehairs in lateral partcerumen (ear wax) secreted
in lateral part.
Outer Ear FunctionsAmplification / FilteringProtection Localization
The Middle Ear:A cleft within the temporal bone
Lining is mucous membraneTympanic Membrane separates it from EACEustachian tube connects it to nasopharynxAlso Connected to Mastoid Air Cells
Middle Ear Structures
1- Malleus
2- Incus --Ossicles
3- Stapes
4- Tympanic Membrane (Eardrum)
5- Round Window
6- Eustachian Tube
Middle Ear Muscles
1. The Stapedius Attaches to Stapes,Contracts in Response to Loud sounds, chewing, speaking; Facial (VIIth cranial) nerve
2. The Tensor Tympani Helps open Eustachian tube
Middle Ear Functions
Impedance Matching
Filtering
Acoustic Reflex
These sounds get through the middle ear most
readily
Two Halves:Vestibular--transduces motion and pull of gravityCochlear--transduces sound energy
(Both use Hair Cells)
INNER EAR
Within S. Media is the Organ of Corti
The Stereocilia on IHCs and OHCs
OHCs (at top) V or W shaped ranks
IHC (at bottom) straight line ranks
Cochlear Functions
Transduction- Converting acoustical-mechanical energy into electro-chemical energy.
Frequency Analysis-Breaking sound up into its component frequencies Bekesy’s Traveling Wave Active Tuning from OHCs
AfferentAfferent & Efferent Neurons
IHC activation alters firing rate
Afferent neurons have their cell bodies in the Spiral Ganglion (4)
Major Components of the Central Auditory Nervous System (CANS)
VIIIth cranial nerveCochlear NucleusSuperior Olivary ComplexLateral LemniscusInferior ColliculusMedial Geniculate BodyPrimary Auditory Cortex
Brainstem
Thalamus
Mid-brain
Temporal Lobe
<Trapezoid Body>
COCHLEAR NUCLEUS
LATERAL LEMNISCUS
INFERIOR COLLICULUS
MEDIAL GENICULATE BODY
AUDITORY CORTEX
SUPERIOR OLIVARY COMPLEX
Mid-Saggital View of Brain
Pons
Cerebellum
4th Ventricle
Thalamus
Corpus Callosum
Cortical Processing
Pattern Recognition
Duration Discrimination
Localization of Sounds
Selective Attention
Cerebral Dominance/Laterality
Language Processing in the left hemisphere.
(Remember the right ear has the strongest connections to the left hemisphere)
Most people show a right-ear advantage in processing linguistic stimuli