code dread: keeping up with ashrae and leed

Code DreadKeeping up with ASHRAE and LEED

Stormy Shanks | KJWW Engineering Consultants

Jeff Boldt | KJWW Engineering Consultants

Scott Bowman | KJWW Engineering Consultants

Learning Objectives

• Participants will be able to…

– identify the major changes in ASHRAE 90.1-2010 and why it is important to begin preparing clients for these changes now.

– describe the changes made in ASHRAE 90.1 over the years making for more stringent requirements and an increased need for creative and innovative solutions.

– discuss how a LEED-certified building under one version of the standard would not necessarily be certified under a newer version --and changes required to maintain the projected energy savings.

– identify how energy modeling can help design firms plan for and reach a project’s energy savings goal with respect to ASHRAE 90.1-2010 and LEED v4.

Agenda

• ASHRAE 90.1-2010

– What are the major changes? Where are we going?

• THE PROJECT

– KJWW Engineering Consultants Expansion

• ENERGY MODELING

– Progression of modeling through advancing standards

• LEED CERTIFICATION

– Effect of later LEED versions on project

IMPROVED ENVIRONMENTAL OUTCOMES

Scott Bowman, PE

LEED AP BD+C

Principal

Corporate Sustainability

Leader

[email protected]

Jeff Boldt, PE HBDP

LEED AP BD+C

Principal

Director of Engineering

[email protected]

Stormy Shanks, PE BEMP

Mechanical Engineer

Energy Modeling Task

Force Member

[email protected]

Speakers…

Speakers…

We would also like to give special thanks to:

Michael Rosenberg

Pacific Northwest National Laboratory

For his wonderful assistance , review, and advice while putting

this presentation together!

Brandon Schnier

KJWW Engineering Intern

Iowa State University

For all the energy modeling required for this project. Hopefully

you will decide to join us after graduation!

ASHRAE 90.1-2010

What are the major changes? Hints to 2013?

DOE 30%

Reduction

Target

Courtesy PNNL

ASHRAE 90.1-2013?

ASHRAE 90-1975 ASHRAE 90A-1980

ASHRAE 90.1-1999

ASHRAE 90.1-2001

ASHRAE 90.1-2007

ASHRAE 90.1-2004

ASHRAE 90.1-1989

ASHRAE 90.1-2010

Improvement in ASHRAE Standard 90.1 (Year 1975 – 2010)E

ne

rgy U

se

In

de

x (

19

75

Us

e =

10

0)

Year

1970 1975 1980 1985 1990

50

1995 20152000 20102005

110

100

90

80

70

60

14%

4.5%

.5%

12.3%

4.5%

18.5%

ASHRAE 90.1-2010

• More equipment is being regulated

– Computer loads

– Elevators, escalators, and fast-walks

– Domestic water booster pumps

ASHRAE 90.1-2010

• Roofs:

– Cool roofs required in some climate zones

• Envelope:

– No major changes to R values or SHGFs

– Must have more south glazing than east or west

• Orientation? Land purchases? Campus planning?

• Exceptions for storefront, shaded buildings, shading

from adjacent buildings, alterations with no net change

in glazing

ASHRAE 90.1-2010

ASHRAE 90.1-2010

• Skylights (or Clerestories):

– Required in some large, tall, top-floor rooms

• Greater than 10,000 sf

• Directly under a roof with ceiling height over 15 ft

• And space type is office, lobby, atrium, concourse,

corridor, gymnasium, convention center, etc.

• Clerestories facing north save more energy

ASHRAE 90.1-2010

• Fan power

– Efficient fans required

– Low static systems needed

• Larger ductwork

• Larger air handling equipment

• Fewer and better fittings

– Incentive for energy recovery

• More static pressure allowed

• Linear equation☺

ASHRAE 90.1-2010

• Reheat

– Loopholes closed

• No more hospitals with constant volume reheat!

– No reheat allowed unless:

• Less than 30% of peak flow (or now 20%/50%), or

• Flow no more than required air changes

– Air changes required by codes or accreditation standards

– Exception if 75% of heat is recovered

– ORs only pressurized when unoccupied

– 2012 IECC is less restrictive, except big mistake

deleting the 30% exception

ASHRAE 90.1-2010

• Overhead Heating:

– Where return/exhaust are higher than 6 feet

• Limits the heating air temperature to no more than

20°F above space temperature

– Supplemental heat (radiant or convective) may be

needed

– Better envelope to reduce load may be a less

expensive and lower energy option

ASHRAE 90.1-2010

• Economizers:

– Required in more climate zones

– Required for smaller systems

• Capacity greater than 4.5 tons

• Was greater than 11.5 tons in 2007!

• Energy recovery required for more systems

– Greater than 70% outside air and 5,000 cfm in

2007

– Now greater than 30% OA and 5,500 cfm of EA

– Basically all commercial systems require ER

ASHRAE 90.1-2010

• Lighting Controls:

– Daylighting control required (first time)

• Defined zones of area around windows and skylights

– More occupancy types required

• Added training, lecture, storage, offices (< 250 sf),

restrooms, locker rooms

• Manual on required, except restrooms, public corridors,

and stairs

• Bi-level required for most spaces (not corridors)

– Parking garages

• Reduce power 30% if no activity in >3600 sf

ASHRAE 90.1-2010

• Lighting Controls:

– Exterior lighting MUST turn off

• When sufficient daylight is available

• Astronomical timer or daylight sensor

– Façade and landscape lighting

• Off from midnight or closing to 6 am or opening

– Higher LPD allowed with control (5-10%)

– Functional testing required!

– Whole-building off required (with exceptions)

ASHRAE 90.1-2010

• Receptacles:

– 50% of 120V receptacles require automatic

switching

• Offices and computer classrooms

– Options

• Time of day

• Occupancy sensor

• Another control or alarm system

– Some exceptions

THE PROJECT

KJWW Engineering Consultants Expansion

Project Facts

• Built in 2007

• 17,500 sf Addition with 2,500 sf remodel

• 75 workspaces added

• 8 private offices

• 4 conference rooms

• Café 623

• Gathering space

• Interior courtyard

Project Facts

• Mechanical:

– High efficiency RTUs (DX/Gas)

– Dedicated Outside Air System (tempered)

– Ventilation direct to stations

– Energy Recovery Ventilator

– Some radiation at windows

• Electrical:

– Indirect lighting with Task Lighting

– Occupancy control

– Top daylighting

H

T

HVAC System Schematic

Ventilation Unit

with ERV

Zone Control Units with

DX and Gas Heat

Return Air Plenum

Humidistat for

Ventilation Override

Zone Control

Thermostats

Ventilation Air Supply

to Workstations

(Conditioned/Dry)

Zone Conditioning

Supply Air

Perimeter Radiation at Windows

LEED v2.2 Certified Silver

LEED v2.2 SILVER

Sustainable Sites 8/14

Water Efficiency 3/5

5/5

Project Total 35/69

7/13Materials & Resources

5/17Energy & Atmosphere

Innovation & Design Process

9/15Indoor Environmental Quality

LEED v2.2 Certified Silver

• Increased open space

• Stormwater

Management

– 26% decrease from pre-

project

– 90% treated on site

• Light Pollution

Reduction

• Over 40% water

reduction

– Exemplary

• Commissioning as

owner

• 98% construction waste

diverted

– Demolished building

– Exemplary

• 20% recycled content

• 24% local materials

• 82% FSC wood

• Lighting controllability

Location and Transportation

Sustainable Sites

Water Efficiency

Energy and Atmosphere

Indoor Environmental Quality

Innovation and Design Process

Regional Priority

Integrative Process

Materials and Resources

ENERGY MODELING

Progression of modeling through advancing standards…

Background

• Software used at KJWW

– Trane Trace

– eQUEST

– Sefaira

• Energy Modeling Task Force

– Expertise within all teams

– Engineers doing models

– Building internal dedicated experts

– Now have dedicated modelers for whole firm

ASHRAE 90.1-2004

• Baseline HVAC System Type 3 – packaged rooftop unit with DX cooling and natural gas heating

• Baseline fenestration modeled in uniformly distributed horizontal bands

• Baseline fan power dependent only on system type and supply CFM

• Building area method for lighting

• Seasonal energy rates with winter block rates

• Exceptional calculation for process load <25% of baseline

90.1-2004

2004 Baseline

20%

ASHRAE 90.1-2007

• Baseline HVAC System Type 3

• Baseline fenestration area and distribution

matches design

• Baseline fan power increased due to pressure

drop allowance for MERV 13 filtration

• No change to Building Area Method for

lighting power

• No change in process loads

90.1-2007

2004 Baseline

v2009 Minimum

2007 Baseline

20%

21.4%12.7%

90.1-2007

2004 Baseline

17%

20%

v2009 Minimum

2007 Baseline

ASHRAE 90.1-2010

• Documentation

– Exceptional Calculation Documentation

• Exceptions added for baseline rotations

• Heating-only baseline system types added

• Requires modeling of shading from adjacent

structures in baseline

• Softened requirements on unmet load hours

• Purchased HW or CW treated like utility – no

trade-offs

General

ASHRAE 90.1-2010

• Modified baseline systems for DES

• Consistent with LEED DES requirements now

• Allows different level of ventilation in

proposed and baseline design

• New mandatory requirements for lighting

controls and exhaust air energy recovery must

be included in baseline models.

• How LEED v4 will handle Process Loads?

General

ASHRAE 90.1-2010

• Changes for this project to the baseline from

2007 (and 2004)…

– Lighting power density reduced from 1.0 to 0.9

– Baseline fan power calculations

– Envelope improvements

– Equipment efficiency improvements

• Minimum Mandatory Requirement

– Daylighting Control

2004 Baseline

20%

90.1-2010

2010 Baseline

v4 Minimum

20.8%

17%

24.8%

2007 Baseline

90.1-2010

2004 Baseline

2007 Baseline

8%

20%

17%

2010 Baseline

v4 Minimum

LEED CERTIFICATION

How does the project fare moving to later versions of LEED?

Methodology

• Started from known project certification

• Maintain original goal of LEED Silver

• Change from v2.2 to v2009 more predictable

• Reviewed original submittals to new credits

• Looked for lost opportunities

• Definitions;

– Projected = reasonable expectation

– Expanded = possible, with increased cost

• Normalized v2.2 for 110 points

Energy First…

• EAp2 and EAc1 (EAc2 for v4)

• Changes in weighting between versions

• Adjustment in v4 for advanced code

• Lighting controls

• Efficient selections

• Probably does not extend to more complex

systems (particular to THIS project)

EAc1 v2009

EAc2 v4

20%

17%

8%

20%

17%

30%

38%

8%

LEED v2009 Projected

• Modest change in SS

• Modest change in WE

– Even with baseline

change

• Did not meet EAp2 with

base system

– Had to add daylighting

– Recovered some savings

• Loss in MR

– Weighting change?

• Loss in IEQ

– Weighting change?

• Recovered some with

Regional Priority


Sustainable Sites

Water Efficiency




Regional Priority

Integrative Process


LEED v2009 Expanded

• Waterless Urinals

– 10% increase in WE

• Energy Systems

– Daylighting Control

– Improved Envelope

– Reduced lighting density

• Green Power

• IEQ Testing

• Low Mercury Lamps


Sustainable Sites

Water Efficiency




Regional Priority

Integrative Process


LEED v4 Projected

• Loss in LT/SS

– Density

– Green parking

– Heat island

– Open space

• Energy Systems

– Daylighting control

required for 90.1-2010

• Loss in MR

– Unsure of changes?

• Loss in IEQ

– Controllability

– Gain acoustic point

• Lost all Regional Priority

Credits!

– Change in Illinois focus


Sustainable Sites

Water Efficiency




Regional Priority

Integrative Process


LEED v4 Expanded

• Site Assessment

• Waterless Urinals

– 10% increase in WE

– Add meter

• Energy Systems

– Geothermal

– Improved envelope

– Reduced lighting density

• Commissioning

– Envelope commissioning

• Green Power

• IEQ Testing



Sustainable Sites

Water Efficiency




Regional Priority

Integrative Process


SUMMARY

What did we learn?

What did we learn?

• LEED is definitely advancing

– Silver today, Certified tomorrow?

• A major shift will be required to continue

improving energy performance

– More aggressive measures will be needed

– Some strategies today are required tomorrow

• Clients will need to be educated

– Expectations may need to change

What can you do?

• Early and robust energy modeling

– Review orientation

– Shading and/or low SHGFs

• Consider system optimization

– Larger ductwork and air handling equipment

– Heat recovery for reheat

– Dedicated outdoor air systems

• High performance envelopes

– Commission envelopes

Scott Bowman, PE

LEED AP BD+C

Principal

Corporate Sustainability

Leader

[email protected]

Jeff Boldt, PE HBDP

LEED AP BD+C

Principal

Director of Engineering

[email protected]

Stormy Shanks, PE BEMP

Mechanical Engineer

Energy Modeling Task

Force Member

[email protected]

Speakers…

COSTS

What additional costs would be incurred?

Project Costs

• Original project was modest at $127/sf

– Mechanical = $6.62/sf

– Plumbing = $7.98/sf

– Electrical/Technology = $13.30/sf

• Some costs would be required to meet

mandatory portions of 90.1-2010

• Plug load control would be required, so the

energy savings are built into baseline

• Technology has advanced, as well as prices

Minimum Additional Costs

LEED v2009 / 90.1-2007

• No changes required to

meet minimum code

• Changes required to meet

LEED Prerequisite


• Sensor Controller

• Dimmable Ballasts

• Increase of $0.34/sf, 0.3%

• Payback = 4.3 years

LEED v4 / 90.1-2010

• Changes required to meet

mandatory requirements

– Plug load control

• Occ Sensor Plug Strips


• Sensor Controller

• Dimmable Ballasts



Maximum Additional Costs

LEED v2009 / 90.1-2007

• Water Efficiency

– Waterless Urinals

– Pressure Assist Toilets

• Energy Systems

– Enhanced Envelope

• Wall R24 to R30

• Roof R26 to R40

– Reduced Lighting Density

• T5 High Output Lamps

• LED Task Lighting

• Additional Meters

• Green Power

• IEQ Testing



– LEED $0.15/sf, 0.1%


Maximum Additional Costs

LEED v4 / 90.1-2010

• Water Efficiency

– Waterless Urinals

– Pressure Assist Toilets

• Energy Systems

– Enhanced Envelope

• Wall R24 to R30

• Roof R26 to R40

– Geothermal Heat Pumps

• 40 tons

– Reduced Lighting Density

• T5 High Output Lamps

• LED Task Lighting

• Site Assessment

• Envelope Commissioning

• Additional Meters

– Water and Energy

• Green Power

• IEQ Testing



– LEED $1.28/sf, 1.0%

• Payback = 26 years

Cost Summary

LEED v2009 / 90.1-2007

• Silver

– Increase of $0.34/sf, 0.3%

– Payback = 4.3 years

• Gold



LEED v4 / 90.1-2010

• Not Certified



• Silver


– Payback = 26 years

code dread: keeping up with ashrae and leed

Education