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CODES and STANDARDS

For Piping Systems proper selection of Material of Construction along with

Specifications, Adherence to Codes and Standards is essential. Standardization reduces

cost, confusion and inconvenience. Standards are published by Professional Societies,

Committees and Trade Organizations. It is also accepted by Governments. The main

objective is to have Standardization and Safety.

CODE : A group of general rules or systematic procedures for Design,Fabrication, Installation and Inspection methods prepared in such a manner that it

can be adopted by legal jurisdiction and made into a law.

STANDARDS : Documents prepared by a Professional group or Committee

which are believed to be good and proper Engineering Practices and which contain

mandatory requirement.

RECOMMENDED PRACTICES : Documents prepared by professional group

or committee indicating Good Engineering Practices but which are optional.

Companies also develop Guides in order to have consistency in the documentation.These cover various engineering methods which are considered good practices, without

specific recommendations or requirements.

Codes and Standards, besides being regulations, might also be considered as Design

Aids since they provide guidance from experts.

Each country has its own Codes and Standards. On global basis, American National

Standards are the most widely used and compliance with those requirements are

accepted world over. In India, other than American Standards, British and Indian

Standards are also used for design and selection of Piping Systems.

1. AMERICAN STANDARDS :

Not all American Standards are issued directly by American National Standards

Institute. The Material Standards are covered under ASTM (American Society for

Testing and Materials) and Dimension Standards under ANSI (American National

Standards Institute). Most of these Standards are adapted by ASME (American

Society for Mechanical Engineers).

The American Standards referred by Piping Engineers are:The American Petroleum Institute (API) : The Standards referred by Piping

Engineers are:

1. API 5L - Specification for Line Pipe

2. API 6D - Pipe Line Valves, End Closures, Connectors and Swivels
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27 1 2014 CODES and STANDARDS

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3. API 6F - Recommended Practice for Fire Test for valves

4. API 593 - Ductile Iron Plug Valves - Flanged Ends

5. API 598 - Valve Inspection and Test

6. API 600 - Steel Gate Valves

7. API 601 - Metallic Gaskets for Refinery Piping

8. API 602 - Compact Design Carbon Steel Gate Valves

9. API 604 - Ductile Iron Gate Valves - Flanged Ends

10. API 605 - Large Diameter Carbon Steel Flanges11. API 607 - Fire Test for Soft Seated Ball Valves

12. API 609 - Butterfly Valves

13. API 1104 - Standard for Welding Pipeline and Facilities

The American Iron and Steel Institute (AISI) : These specify the material by

its Chemical and Physical properties. When specific model of manufacture

of the element is not to be specified, then the material can be identified by

ANSI Standards. The most commonly used AISI specifications are :

1. AISI 410 - 13% Chromium Alloy Steel

2. AISI 304 - 18/8 Austenitic Stainless Steel3. AISI 316 - 18/8/3 Austenitic Stainless Steel

American National Standard Institute (ANSI) and The American Society

for Mechanical Engineers (ASME) : The American National Standards

Institute's standards used in the design of the Piping Systems are :

1. B31.1 - 2001 - Power Piping: Piping for industrial plants and marine

applications. This code prescribes minimum requirements for the

design, materials, fabrication, erection, test, and inspection of power

and auxiliary service piping systems for electric generation stations,

industrial institutional plants, central and district heating plants.

The code covers boiler external piping for power boilers and high

temperature, high pressure water boilers in which steam or vapor is

generated at a pressure of more than 15 pounds per square inch

(PSIG) or 1 Kg per square centimeters, and high temperature water

is generated at pressures exceeding 160 pounds per square inch

(PSIG) or 12.5 Kg per square centimeters and / or temperatures

exceeding 250 degrees F. (120 degrees C.)

2. B31.2 - 1968 - Fuel Gas Piping : This has been withdrawn as a

National Standard and replaced by ANSI/NFPA Z223.1, but B31.2

is still available from ASME and is a good reference for the design ofgas piping systems (from the meter to the appliance).

3. B31.3 - 2002 - Process Piping : Design of chemical and petroleum

plants and refineries processing chemicals and hydrocarbons, water

and steam. This Code contains rules for piping typically found in

petroleum refineries; chemical, pharmaceutical, textile, paper,

semiconductor, and cryogenic plants; and related processing plants

and terminals.

This Code prescribes requirements for materials and components,

design, fabrication, assembly, erection, examination, inspection, andtesting of piping. This Code applies to piping for all fluids including:

Raw, intermediate, and finished chemicals

Petroleum products

Gas, steam, air and water


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Fluidized solids

Refrigerants

Cryogenic fluids

Also included is piping which interconnects pieces or stages within a

packaged equipment assembly.

The principal design codes used for piping design are the

ANSI/ASME B31.1(Code for Power Piping) and ANSI/ASME

B31.3 (Code for Process Piping). Complementing these codes areASME VIII (Code for Pressure Vessel) and British Standard

BS5500 for unfired fusion welded pressure vessel.

The basic consideration of B31.1 Code is safety. It includes:

a. Material and component standards

b. Designation of dimensional standards for elements of piping system

c. Requirements for design of components, including supports

d. Requirements for evaluation and limitation of stresses, reactions

and movements associated with pressure, temperatures and external

forcese. Requirements for fabrication, assembly and erection

f. Requirements for testing and inspection before and after assembly.

Pipes: For pipes, the materials used in geothermal application are

normally A53-B, A106-B and API 5L-B pipe , with mill tolerance.

Commercial available pipes normally have a mill tolerance of 12.5%

and pipe schedule numbers based in B36.10.

Fittings: For elbows, tees, and reducers, the material used in

geothermal application is normally A234 WPB. All dimensions are in

accordance with B16.9. Flanges and valves rating Flanges are rated

to ANSI B16.5 standard, For those up to 24 diameter, they are

rated to ANSI 150, ANSI 300, ANSI 600 and ANSI 900. For

flanges of 26 and bigger , ANSI B16.47 applies. The flanges are

usually classified series A and series B. The material used for these

flanges are A181 grade I and A105 grade I. Valve rating is similar to

the flange rating selected for the pipe.

4. B31.4 - 2002 - Pipeline Transportation Systems for Liquid

Hydrocarbons and Other Liquids : This Code prescribes

requirements for the design, materials, construction, assembly,

inspection, and testing of piping transporting liquids such as crude oil,condensate, natural gasoline, natural gas liquids, liquefied petroleum

gas, carbon dioxide, liquid alcohol, liquid anhydrous ammonia and

liquid petroleum products between producers' lease facilities, tank

farms, natural gas processing plants, refineries, stations, ammonia

plants, terminals (marine, rail and truck) and other delivery and

receiving points.

Piping consists of pipe, flanges, bolting, gaskets, valves, relief

devices, fittings and the pressure containing parts of other piping

components. It also includes hangers and supports, and otherequipment items necessary to prevent overstressing the pressure

containing parts. It does not include support structures such as frames

of buildings, buildings stanchions or foundations.

5. B31.5 - 2001 - Refrigeration Piping and Heat Transfer Components :


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This Code prescribes requirements for the materials, design,

fabrication, assembly, erection, test, and inspection of refrigerant,

heat transfer components, and secondary coolant piping for

temperatures as low as -320 deg F (-196 deg C), whether erected

on the premises or factory assembled, except as specifically excluded

in the following paragraphs.

Users are advised that other piping Code Sections may provide

requirements for refrigeration piping in their respective jurisdictions.This Code shall not apply to:

1. any self- contained or unit systems subject to the requirements

of Underwriters Laboratories or other nationally recognized

testing laboratory.

2. water piping

3. piping designed for external or internal gage pressure not

exceeding 15 psi (105 kPa) regardless of size

4. pressure vessels, compressors, or pumps, but does include all

connecting refrigerant and secondary coolant piping starting atthe first joint adjacent to such apparatus.

6. B31.8 - 2003 - Gas Transmission and Distribution Piping Systems :

This Code covers the design, fabrication, installation, inspection, and

testing of pipeline facilities used for the transportation of gas. This

Code also covers safety aspects of the operation and maintenance of

those facilities.

7. B31.8S-2001 - 2002 - Managing System Integrity of Gas Pipelines :

This Standard applies to on-shore pipeline systems constructed with

ferrous materials and that transport gas. Pipeline system means all

parts of physical facilities through which gas is transported, including

pipe, valves, appurtenances attached to pipe, compressor units,

metering stations, regulator stations, delivery stations, holders and

fabricated assemblies. The principles and processes embodied in

integrity management are applicable to all pipeline systems. This

Standard is specifically designed to provide the operator (as defined

in section 13) with the information necessary to develop and

implement an effective integrity management program utilizing proven

industry practices and processes. The processes and approaches

within this Standard are applicable to the entire pipeline system.8. B31.9 - 1996 - Building Services Piping : This Code Section has

rules for the piping in industrial, institutional, commercial and public

buildings, and multi-unit residences, which does not require the range

of sizes, pressures, and temperatures covered in B31.1. This Code

prescribes requirements for the design, materials, fabrication,

installation, inspection, examination and testing of piping systems for

building services. It includes piping systems in the building or within

the property limits.

9. B31.11 - 2002 - Slurry Transportation Piping Systems : Design,construction, inspection, security requirements of slurry piping

systems. Covers piping systems that transport aqueous slurries of no

hazardous materials, such as coal, mineral ores and other solids

between a slurry processing plant and the receiving plant.


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Of the above, the most commonly used code is ASME B 31.3. Refineries

and Chemical Plants are designed based on the same. All Power Plants are

designed as per ASME B31.1. Other major ANSI / ASME Standards

refereed for the piping elements are :

1. ANSI B 1.1 - Unified Inch Screw Threads

2. ANSI / ASME B 1.20.1 - Pipe threads for general purposes

3. ANSI / ASME B 16.1 - Cast Iron Pipe Flanges and Flanged Fittings

4. ANSI / ASME B 16.3 - Malleable Iron Threaded Fittings5. ANSI / ASME B 16.4 - Cast Iron Threaded Fittings

6. ANSI / ASME B 16.5 - Steel Pipe Flanges and Flanged Fittings

7. ANSI / ASME B 16.9 - Steel Butt Welding Fittings

8. ANSI / ASME B 16.10 - Face to Face and End to End dimensions

of Valves

9. ANSI / ASME B 16.11 - Forged Steel Socket Welding and

Threaded fittings

10. ANSI B 16.20 - Metallic Gaskets for Pipe Flanges - ring joint, spiral

wound11. ANSI / ASME B 16.21 - Non Metallic Gaskets for Pipe Flanges

12. ANSI / ASME B 16.25 - Butt Welding Ends

13. ANSI / ASME B 16.28 - Short Radius Elbows and Returns

14. ANSI / ASME B 16.34 - Steel Valves, Flanged and butt welding

ends

15. ANSI / ASME B 16.42 - Ductile Iron Pipe Flanges and Flanged

Fittings - Class 150# and 300#

16. ANSI / ASME B 16.47 - Large Diameter Steel Flanges - NPS - 26"

to 60"

17. ANSI / ASME B 18.2 1 and 2 - Square and Hexagonal head Bolts

and Nuts (Inch and mm)

18. ANSI / ASME B 36.10 - Welded and Seamless Wrought Steel

Pipes

19. ANSI / ASME B 36.19 - Welded and Seamless Austinitic Stainless

Steel Pipe

American Society for Testing Materials (ASTM) : These consist of 16

sections on definitions and classifications of materials of construction and

Test methods. Most of the ASTM Standards are adapted by ASME and

are specified in ASME Section II. The Section II has four parts.Part A - Ferrous Materials

Part B - Non-Ferrous Materials

Part C - Welding Materials

Part D - Properties of Materials

In Section II, the materials are listed in the index based on the available

forms such as plates, castings, tubes etc., and also on the numerical index.

The selection of ASTM Specification depends on the manufacturer, form of

material, its mechanical strength and corrosion properties.

The specification number is given an Alphabetical prefix "A" for ferrous and"B" for non-ferrous materials.

ASTM also specifies standard practice for numbering metal and alloys as

Unified Numbering System.

Unified Numbering System (UNS) establishes 18 series numbers of metals


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and alloys. Each UNS number consists of a single letter prefix followed by 5

digits. In most cases the alphabet is suggestive of the family of the metal

identified.

A00001 - A99999 - Aluminum and Aluminum alloys

C00001 - C99999 - Copper and Copper Alloys

E00001 - E99999 - Rare earth and rare earth like metals and alloys

L00001 - L99999 - Low Melting metals and alloys

M00001 - M99999 - Miscellaneous non-ferrous metals and alloysN00001 - N99999 - Nickel and Nickel Alloys

P00001 - P99999 - Precious Metals and Alloys

R00001 - R99999 - Reactive and Refractory metals and alloys

Z00001 - Z99999 - Zinc and zinc alloys

D00001 - D99999 - Specified mechanical properties of Steel

F00001 - F99999 - Cast Iron and Cast Steel

G00001 - G99999 - AISI and ASE Carbon and alloy steels

H00001 - H99999 - AISI H Steels

J00001 - J99999 - Cast SteelK00001 - K99999 - Miscellaneous Steels and Ferrous alloys

S00001 - S99999 - Stainless Steel

T00001 - T99999 - Tool Steel

W00001 - W99999 - Welding Filler Metals and Electrodes

American Welding Society (AWS) : These standards provide information

on the welding fundamentals, weld design, welder's training qualifications,

testing and inspection of the welds and guidance on the application and use

of welds. Individual electrode manufacturers have given their own brand

names for the various electrodes and the same are sold under these names.

American Water Works Association (AWWA) : These standards refer to

the piping elements required for low pressure water services. These are less

stringent than other standards. Valves, Flanges etc., required for large

diameter water pipelines are covered under this standard and are refereed

rarely by piping engineers.

C-500 : Gate Valves for Water and sewage system

C-504 : Rubber Seated Butterfly Valves

C-507 : Ball Valves 6" to 48"

C-508 : Swing Check Valves 2" to 24"

C-509 : Resilient Seated Gate Valves for water and sewageC-510 : Cast Iron Sluice Gate Valves

The manufacturers Standardization Society of Valves and Fitting Industry -

Standard Practices (MSS-SP) : In addition to the above standards and

material codes, there are standard practices followed by manufacturers.

These are published as advisory standards and are widely followed. The

most common MSS-SP standards referred for piping are :

MSS-SP-6 : Standard Finishes for contact surface for flanges

MSS-SP-25 : Standard marking system for valves, fittings, flanges

MSS-SP-42 : Class 150 corrosion resistant gate, globe and checkvalves

MSS-SP-43 : Wrought stainless steel butt weld fittings

MSS-SP-56 : Pipe hanger supports - Material, design and

manufacture


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MSS-SP-61 : Pressure testing of valves

MSS-SP-67 : Butterfly Valves

MSS-SP-68 : High Pressure off seat butterfly valves

MSS-SP-69 : Pipe hanger supports - selection and applications

MSS-SP-70 : Cast iron gate valves

MSS-SP-71 : Cast iron check valves

MSS-SP-72 : Ball Valves

MSS-SP-78 : Cast iron plug valvesMSS-SP-80 : Bronze gate, globe and check valves

MSS-SP-81 : Stainless steel bonnet-less knife gate valves

MSS-SP-83 : Pipe unions

MSS-SP-85 : Cast iron globe valves

MSS-SP-88 : Diaphragm valves

MSS-SP-89 : Pipe hangers and supports - fabrication and installation

practices

MSS-SP-90 : Pipe hangers and supports - guidelines on terminology

MSS-SP-92 : MSS valves user guideMSS-SP-108 : Resilient seated eccentric CI plug valves

2. BRITISH STANDARDS : In many instances, it is possible to find a British

Standard which may be substitutes for American Standards. For example, BS

2080 (British Standard for Face to Face or End to End dimensions of valves) is

identical to ANSI/ASME B16.10. Similarly BS 3799 and ANSI/ASME B 16.11

also compare.

There are certain British Standards referred by Indian Manufacturers for Piping

and Valves. The most commonly referred British Standards in the Piping Industry

are :

BS 10 : Flanges

BS 806 : Pipes and Fittings for Boilers

BS 916 : Black Bolts, Nuts and Screws

BS 970 : Steel for Forging, Bars, Rods, valve steel, etc.

BS 1212 : Specification for Float Operated Valves

BS 1306 : Copper and Copper alloy pressure piping system

BS 1414 : Gate Valves for Petroleum Industry

BS 1560 : Steel Pipe Flanges

BS 1600 : Dimensions of Steel PipesBS 1640 : Butt Welding Fittings

BS 1740 : Wrought Steel screwed pipe fittings

BS 1868 : Steel Check Valves for Petroleum Industry

BS 1873 : Steel Globe and Check Valves for Petroleum

Industry

BS 1965 : Butt welding pipe fittings

BS 2080 : Face to Face / End to End dimensions of Valves

BS 2598 : Glass Pipelines and Fittings

BS 3059 : Boiler and Super-heater TubesBS 3063 : Dimensions of Gaskets for Pipe Flanges

BS 3381 : Metallic Spiral Wound Gaskets

BS 3600 : Dimensions of Welded and Seamless Pipes and

Tubes


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also accept materials covered in other standards. Unlike American Standards,

Indian Standards cover dimensions and material specifications under the same

standard number. There are no groupings based on branch of engineering. Some

of the most commonly referred Indian Standards by Piping Engineers are :

IS 210 : Grey Iron Castings

IS 226 : Structural Steel (superseded by IS 2062)

IS 554 : Dimensions of Pipe Threads

IS 778 : Specification for Copper Alloy Gate, Globe and Check ValvesIS 780 : Specification for Sluice Valves - 50 NB to 300 NB

IS 1239 (Part I and II) : Specification for Mild Steel tubes and fittings

IS 1363 : Hexagonal Bolts, Screws and nuts - Grade C

IS 1364 : Hexagonal Bolts, Screws and nuts - Grade A and B

IS 1367 : Technical supply conditions for threaded steel fastners

IS 1536 : Centrifugally Cast Iron Pipes

IS 1537 : Vertically Cast Iron Pipes

IS 1538 : Cast Iron Fittings

IS 1870 : Comparison of Indian and Overseas StandardsIS 1879 : Malleable Iron Pipe Fittings

IS 1978 : Line Pipe

IS 1979 : High Test Line Pipe

IS 2002 : Steel Plates

IS 2016 : Plain Washers

IS 2041 : Steel Plates for Pressure Vessels used at moderate and low

temperature

IS 2062 : Steel for general structural purposes

IS 2379 : Color Code for Identification of Pipelines

IS 2712 : Compressed Asbestos Fiber Jointing

IS 2825 : Code for Unfired Pressure Vessels

IS 2906 : Specification for Sluice Valves - 350 NB to 1200 NB

IS 3076 : Specification for LDPE Pipes

IS 3114 : Code of Practice for laying pipes

IS 3516 : Cast Iron flanges and flanged fittings for Petroleum Industry

IS 3589 : Seamless or ERW Pipes (150 NB to 2000 NB)

IS 4038 : Specifications for Foot Valves

IS 4179 : Sizes for pressure vessels and leading dimensions

IS 4853 : Radiographic Examination of Butt Weld Joints in pipesIS 4864 to IS 4870 : Shell Flanges for vessels and equipments

IS 4984 : Specification for HDPE Pipes

IS 4985 : Specification for PVC Pipes

IS 5312 : Specification for Check Valves

IS 5572 : Classification of Hazardous area for Electrical Installation

IS 5822 : Code of practice for laying welded steel pipes

IS 6157 : Inspection and Testing of Valve

IS 6286 : Seamless and Welded pipes for Subzero temperatures

IS 6392 : Steel Pipe FlangesIS 6630 : Seamless alloy steel pipes for high temperature service

IS 6913 : Stainless Steel tubes for food and beverage industry

IS 7181 : Horizontally cast iron pipes

IS 7240 : Code of Practice for Cold Insulation


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IS 7413 : Code of Practice for Hot Insulation

IS 7719 : Metallic spiral wound gaskets

IS 7806 : Stainless Steel Castings

IS 7899 : Alloy Steel castings for pressure services

IS 8008 : Specification for molded HDPE Fittings

IS 8360 : Specification for fabricated HDPE Fittings

IS 9890 : Ball Valves for general purposes

IS 10221 : Code of Practice for coating and wrapping of underground MSpipelines

IS 10592 : Eye wash and safety showers

IS 10605 : Steel Globe Valves for Petroleum Industries

IS 10611 : Steel Gate Valves for Petroleum Industries

IS 10711 : Size of Drawing Sheets

IS 10805 : Foot Valves

IS 10989 : Cast / Forged Steel Check Valves for Petroleum Industry

IS 10990 : Technical drawings - Simplified representation of pipelines

IS 11790 : Code of Practice for preparation of Butt welding ends forvalves, flanges and fittings

IS 11791 : Diaphragm Valves for general purposes

IS 11792 : Steel Ball Valves for Petroleum Industry

IS 12709 : Specifications for GRP pipes

IS 13049 : Specifications for Diaphragm type float operated valves

IS 13095 : Butterfly Valves

IS 13257 : Ring type joint gasket and grooves for flanges

There are certain other international standards, which are also referred in Piping

Industry. These are DIN standards of Germany and JIS standards of Japan. DIN

standards are more popular and equivalent.

Periodic review of the standards by the committee are done and these are revised

to incorporate the modified features based on the research and feedback from

industry. It is, hence, necessary that the latest editions of the codes and standards

are referred for the design.
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