CoffeeCoffeeBy, Savannah SchulzeBy, Savannah Schulze

Origins of CoffeeOrigins of Coffee Coffee drinking first Coffee drinking first

became popular in Yemen became popular in Yemen in the 15in the 15thth century century

Coffee derives its name Coffee derives its name from Arabicfrom Arabic

QahwahQahwah is the Arabic word is the Arabic word for coffee and Turkish for coffee and Turkish influence resulted in influence resulted in pronunciation as pronunciation as qahveh qahveh

Italian origin? Italian origin? Caffe Caffe but is but is derived from Turkish, derived from Turkish, which derives from Arabicwhich derives from Arabic

Qahwah is the name given Qahwah is the name given to coffee in Arabic but to coffee in Arabic but means ‘wine’means ‘wine’

Yemenite Sufi CirclesYemenite Sufi Circles Coffee first became popular Coffee first became popular

in Yemenite Sufi circles who in Yemenite Sufi circles who began to refer to coffee as began to refer to coffee as wine because like wine it wine because like wine it also dulls the appetite and also dulls the appetite and therefore was called therefore was called qahwahqahwah

Coffee became the Coffee became the replacement for wine and replacement for wine and Sufi’s transferred the Sufi’s transferred the meaning “wine” to “coffee” meaning “wine” to “coffee” and introduced it further and introduced it further into Cairointo Cairo

Coffee was spread to Turkey Coffee was spread to Turkey through the Sufi’s who used through the Sufi’s who used the coffee to help keep the coffee to help keep them stay awake during them stay awake during devotional exercises devotional exercises performed all nightperformed all night

Coffee’s True OriginCoffee’s True Origin

Coffee is not a native Coffee is not a native plant to Arabiaplant to Arabia

It is a native plant of It is a native plant of Abyssinia (Ethiopia) Abyssinia (Ethiopia) and can be found and can be found growing wild and growing wild and cultivatedcultivated

From Ethiopia it was From Ethiopia it was brought to Arabia and brought to Arabia and a variety of legends a variety of legends exist to how coffee exist to how coffee was discovered was discovered

Coffee LegendsCoffee Legends

Around 800 A.D. coffee was said to be Around 800 A.D. coffee was said to be discovered by an Ethiopian goatherd discovered by an Ethiopian goatherd whose name was Kaldi whose name was Kaldi

Kaldi noticed his goats had more Kaldi noticed his goats had more energy and were dancing from shrub energy and were dancing from shrub to shrub eating the cherry-red berries to shrub eating the cherry-red berries that contained the coffee beanthat contained the coffee bean

He tried the beans himself and soon He tried the beans himself and soon found himself frolicking with his flockfound himself frolicking with his flock

The Coffee PlantThe Coffee Plant

Is a woody perennial evergreen, that Is a woody perennial evergreen, that belongs the Rubiaceae family, there belongs the Rubiaceae family, there are two main species cultivated todayare two main species cultivated today

CoffeeCoffee arabicaarabica-accounts for 70-80% of -accounts for 70-80% of the world’s productionthe world’s production

Coffee canephora- Coffee canephora- known as Robusta known as Robusta coffee and is more resilient than coffee and is more resilient than Arabica shrubs, but does not produce Arabica shrubs, but does not produce the same taste that is considered the same taste that is considered inferior to that of Arabica inferior to that of Arabica

Coffee bean development-video Coffee bean development-video

Where is Coffee Grown?Where is Coffee Grown?

The top ten coffee producers are highlighted in The top ten coffee producers are highlighted in yellow yellow

Brazil makes up a third of this production and is Brazil makes up a third of this production and is by far the largest producer in the coffee by far the largest producer in the coffee producing market producing market

The Bean Belt- bounded by the Tropics of Cancer The Bean Belt- bounded by the Tropics of Cancer and Capricorn, coffee is grown within the Tropics and Capricorn, coffee is grown within the Tropics

How did coffee get to all these locations? How did coffee get to all these locations?

The Spread of CoffeeThe Spread of Coffee

Coffee began to leave Africa via two Coffee began to leave Africa via two trade routes, one located at Masawa, a trade routes, one located at Masawa, a city in Ethiopia located on the Red Sea city in Ethiopia located on the Red Sea and down the Blue Nile to Khartoum and down the Blue Nile to Khartoum

Coffee is not said to have spread Coffee is not said to have spread outside of Africa and Arabia until the outside of Africa and Arabia until the 1600s and Arabia was known to make 1600s and Arabia was known to make export beans infertile by boiling themexport beans infertile by boiling them

Coffee in EuropeCoffee in Europe

There are many There are many legends to how legends to how coffee spread into coffee spread into EuropeEurope

Arrived strapped to Arrived strapped to the belly of an the belly of an Indian smuggler Indian smuggler who left Mecca with who left Mecca with the seeds and the seeds and initiated agricultural initiated agricultural expansion of the expansion of the coffee bean into coffee bean into Europe Europe

For about a half a For about a half a century Arabia century Arabia supplied Europe supplied Europe with all coffee with all coffee consumed and was consumed and was considered a luxury considered a luxury item by British elite item by British elite

Coffee was supplied Coffee was supplied to the Europeans by to the Europeans by the old Dutch East the old Dutch East India Company that India Company that traded with the traded with the Arabian ports on the Arabian ports on the Red Sea Red Sea

Expansion of Coffee into Expansion of Coffee into European Colonies European Colonies

In 1690, the expansion would In 1690, the expansion would soon reach European colonies soon reach European colonies and the Dutch introduced the and the Dutch introduced the first European owned coffee first European owned coffee estates on colonial Java estates on colonial Java

From Java it made its way to From Java it made its way to Sumatra and the PhilippinesSumatra and the Philippines

Cultivation of coffee was a Cultivation of coffee was a success in these new areas success in these new areas because unlike wine and tea, because unlike wine and tea, coffee can be raised with little coffee can be raised with little difficulty and required little difficulty and required little help from the Europeanshelp from the Europeans

Coffee was also grown in Coffee was also grown in Dutch gardens in Amsterdam, Dutch gardens in Amsterdam, these plants launched the these plants launched the introduction of coffee into the introduction of coffee into the Dutch colony of Surinam Dutch colony of Surinam

Coffee was then introduced Coffee was then introduced into Jamaica by the British into Jamaica by the British and Martinique by the Frenchand Martinique by the French

Coffee then spread to the rest Coffee then spread to the rest of Latin Americaof Latin America

Shift in coffee ideologyShift in coffee ideology

Shift in Coffee IdeologyShift in Coffee Ideology

During early cultivation coffee was During early cultivation coffee was restricted to remote parts of Yemen and restricted to remote parts of Yemen and was still considered as a resource for was still considered as a resource for merchants who could profit and merchants who could profit and governments who profited through taxesgovernments who profited through taxes

Social and political consequences were Social and political consequences were few and consisted of:few and consisted of:

Coffee in Islam? Coffee in Islam? Concerns with coffee houses as centers for Concerns with coffee houses as centers for

conspiracy and deception conspiracy and deception

Shift Shift However, this changed However, this changed

with the introduction with the introduction of coffee into of coffee into European colonies and European colonies and control of production control of production by commercial capitalby commercial capital

The colonists coerced The colonists coerced the peoples of the the peoples of the colonies into colonies into producing coffee or producing coffee or used African slave used African slave labor labor

Latin AmericaLatin America Produces more than Produces more than

twice as much coffee twice as much coffee as the rest of the as the rest of the world combined world combined

Before, this time Before, this time Arabia produced all of Arabia produced all of the world’s coffee and the world’s coffee and today only yields today only yields about one hundred about one hundred and sixtieth percent of and sixtieth percent of this production, but this production, but yet produces more yet produces more than it ever had than it ever had

Coffee CenturyCoffee Century

The history of coffee in Latin America begins in the late 18The history of coffee in Latin America begins in the late 18thth century when the first coffee trees century when the first coffee trees were introducedwere introduced

This was followed by the coffee century in Latin America and entered into a coffee period that This was followed by the coffee century in Latin America and entered into a coffee period that was accompanied by a dramatic increase in the world trade of coffee was accompanied by a dramatic increase in the world trade of coffee

The consumption of coffee in the U.S. increased from 3lbs in 1830 to 10lbs in 1900, and 16lbs in The consumption of coffee in the U.S. increased from 3lbs in 1830 to 10lbs in 1900, and 16lbs in 1960 1960

With this Expansion we see: With this Expansion we see: 1.1. Territorial expansionTerritorial expansion2.2. Movement of settlers Movement of settlers 3.3. Expanding world market-strive to increase production and profit Expanding world market-strive to increase production and profit 4.4. The creation of class conflicts and the creation of the coffee elite The creation of class conflicts and the creation of the coffee elite

The Coffee Elite The Coffee Elite The coffee elite formed in the midst The coffee elite formed in the midst

of the 19of the 19thth century coffee dynasties century coffee dynasties and was built at the expense of much and was built at the expense of much of the rest of the population of the rest of the population

Resembles those of the colonial Resembles those of the colonial aristocraciesaristocracies

Focused in Central America in the Focused in Central America in the countries of El Salvador, Costa Rica, countries of El Salvador, Costa Rica, and Nicaraguaand Nicaragua

Coffee Elite… Coffee Elite… The coffee elite was made up of aristocratic The coffee elite was made up of aristocratic

families of pure decent and new European families of pure decent and new European immigrantsimmigrants

Around two or three families control the entire Around two or three families control the entire coffee industrycoffee industry

How do these families remain in power?How do these families remain in power? 1.1. Lawless military regimes that make family ties Lawless military regimes that make family ties

the only safe way to gain political powerthe only safe way to gain political power2.2. Absence of mass parties and effective Absence of mass parties and effective

parliamentary institutions parliamentary institutions 3.3. Limited development of higher education, Limited development of higher education,

professional education could only be acquired professional education could only be acquired abroadabroad

Transnational CorporationsTransnational Corporations Market is controlled by 4 coffee Market is controlled by 4 coffee

companiescompanies Kraft foods, Nestle, Proctor and Kraft foods, Nestle, Proctor and

Gamble, and Sara leeGamble, and Sara lee These companies produce the major These companies produce the major

coffee brands: Maxwell House, coffee brands: Maxwell House, Nescafe, Folgers, and Douwe EgbertsNescafe, Folgers, and Douwe Egberts

Nestlé's instant coffee alone is Nestlé's instant coffee alone is consumed at a rate of 3,900 cups of consumed at a rate of 3,900 cups of coffee every secondcoffee every second

Instant Coffee Instant Coffee Latin American countries are attempting to make Latin American countries are attempting to make

changes to respond to the growing instant coffee changes to respond to the growing instant coffee market market

Three Latin American countries (Brazil, Columbia, Three Latin American countries (Brazil, Columbia, and Ecuador) have become significant exporters and Ecuador) have become significant exporters of instant coffeeof instant coffee

Benefits from this change over have been limited Benefits from this change over have been limited because of transnational corporationsbecause of transnational corporations

Local Exporters face many challengesLocal Exporters face many challenges: : Inability to fund large advertising campaignsInability to fund large advertising campaigns Compete with brand names Compete with brand names Distribute to large market Distribute to large market

Coffee and the Ecosystem Coffee and the Ecosystem Traditionally a shade Traditionally a shade

grown crop that is grown grown crop that is grown under a canopy of trees under a canopy of trees

These shade trees provide These shade trees provide an excellent source of an excellent source of biodiversitybiodiversity

The new modern system The new modern system however, emphasizes the however, emphasizes the use of pesticides and the use of pesticides and the increase in chemical inputs increase in chemical inputs to retain high yieldsto retain high yields

Sun plantations-ultimately Sun plantations-ultimately more prone to water and more prone to water and soil runoff and long term soil runoff and long term damage of the soildamage of the soil

Benefits of Shade Grown Benefits of Shade Grown CoffeeCoffee

Deforestation is a constant issue in Deforestation is a constant issue in many areas of Latin Americamany areas of Latin America

Destroying the habitat of many Destroying the habitat of many species and much biodiversityspecies and much biodiversity

Shade grown coffee plantations Shade grown coffee plantations provide refuge for forest biota that provide refuge for forest biota that has been displaced due to has been displaced due to deforestationdeforestation

Problems in Coffee GrowingProblems in Coffee Growing 70% of the world’s coffee 70% of the world’s coffee

in grown on farms of less in grown on farms of less than ten hectares and the than ten hectares and the vast majority is grown on vast majority is grown on family plots of between family plots of between one and five hectaresone and five hectares

Coffee is grown in the wide Coffee is grown in the wide tropical and sub-tropical tropical and sub-tropical belt around the Equator, belt around the Equator, including some of the including some of the countries who face severe countries who face severe development challengesdevelopment challenges

Fair Trade-Offers HopeFair Trade-Offers Hope Small landholders struggle to feed their Small landholders struggle to feed their

families from the income they make from families from the income they make from coffee alonecoffee alone

Peris Mwihaki coffee grower in Kenya-In Peris Mwihaki coffee grower in Kenya-In recent years her coffee cherries have brought recent years her coffee cherries have brought her no more than 2-3% of the final selling her no more than 2-3% of the final selling price of Kenyan AA coffee on supermarket price of Kenyan AA coffee on supermarket shelves in the North shelves in the North

““Payments don’t reach us here in the hills,” Payments don’t reach us here in the hills,” “Peris explained. “The farm is just as hard “Peris explained. “The farm is just as hard work as it ever was, we’re getting nothing in work as it ever was, we’re getting nothing in return”return”

Fair Trade…Fair Trade… Commercial businesses Commercial businesses

that develop relationships that develop relationships with farmers and are with farmers and are interested in improving the interested in improving the lives of those farmers from lives of those farmers from which they buy from which they buy from

Commitment is to pay Commitment is to pay farmers a fair price and farmers a fair price and what they deserve fro what they deserve fro producing that productproducing that product

The price must cover the The price must cover the costs of production and costs of production and must also be stable must also be stable

Fair trade coffee sales are Fair trade coffee sales are growing and in 2001 coffee growing and in 2001 coffee grew by 12 per cent grew by 12 per cent

The End!The End!