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CoffeeCoffee
Tropical Horticulture - Texas A&M University
Two Types of CoffeeTwo Types of CoffeeAbout 90 Coffea spp in AfricaAbout 90 Coffea spp in Africa
ArabicaArabica, , C. arabicaC. arabica Tetraploid, self fertileTetraploid, self fertile Ethiopia highlands Ethiopia highlands
– >1600m>1600m– 15-24°C15-24°C– 1300 mm1300 mm
Best qualityBest quality Susceptible to rustSusceptible to rust
RobustaRobusta, , C. canephoraC. canephora Diploid, self incompatibleDiploid, self incompatible Rain forest of Congo Rain forest of Congo
basin basin – <750m<750m– 24-30°C24-30°C– 1550 mm1550 mm
Less flavor, acidityLess flavor, acidity Resistant to rustResistant to rust
Tropical Horticulture - Texas A&M University
Two Types of CoffeeTwo Types of CoffeeAbout 90 Coffea spp in AfricaAbout 90 Coffea spp in Africa
ArabicaArabica, , C. arabicaC. arabica Medium size tree Medium size tree
– 14-20’ tall14-20’ tall Medium vigor Medium vigor LeavesLeaves
– SmallerSmaller– ThinnerThinner
Seedlings uniformSeedlings uniform
RobustaRobusta, , C. C. canephoracanephora
Medium to large tree Medium to large tree – Up to 32’ tallUp to 32’ tall
VigorousVigorous LeavesLeaves
– LargerLarger– ThickerThicker
Seedlings variableSeedlings variable
Tropical Horticulture - Texas A&M University
Distribution of Cultivated Distribution of Cultivated CoffeeCoffee
AmsterdamParis
canephora
arabica
Yemen
1710
1725
1690
1700
Java
Martinique
1900
Tropical Horticulture - Texas A&M University
Coffee Production and Coffee Production and YieldYield
0.2 0.19
0.42
0.19
0.36
0.56
0.650.7
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
% Production MT/ ha
Afr
ica
Afr
ica
C. A
mer
C. A
mer
S. A
mer
ica
S. A
mer
ica
Asi
a
Asi
a
Tropical Horticulture - Texas A&M University
World Coffee World Coffee ProductionProduction
BrazilBrazil– 21.1%, arabica21.1%, arabica– Only country with frost possibility in coffee Only country with frost possibility in coffee
zonezone ColombiaColombia
– 13.9%, arabica13.9%, arabica Indonesia Indonesia
– 7.3%, robusta7.3%, robusta Other important producing countriesOther important producing countries
– Vietnam, Mexico, Ethiopia, India, Guatemala, Vietnam, Mexico, Ethiopia, India, Guatemala, Ivory Coast, UgandaIvory Coast, Uganda
1996 data from Wilson, 1999. Coffee, Cocoa, and Tea. CABI Publishing.
Tropical Horticulture - Texas A&M University
Major ConsumersMajor Consumers
High proportion imported by High proportion imported by developed countriesdeveloped countries– USAUSA 23%23%– EECEEC 39%39%
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The Seed of the Fruit is the Economic The Seed of the Fruit is the Economic PartPart
A Drupe like a PeachA Drupe like a Peach
Both begin bearing in Both begin bearing in 3-4 years3-4 years
Time to mature fruitTime to mature fruit– Arabica, 7-8 monthsArabica, 7-8 months– Robusta, 11-12 monthsRobusta, 11-12 months
Productive for 20-30 Productive for 20-30 yearsyears
Both need pruning for Both need pruning for best productionbest production
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The Coffee Fruit is called a The Coffee Fruit is called a CherryCherry
ExocarpExocarp– Red skinRed skin
MesocarpMesocarp– Sweet pulpSweet pulp
Endocarp, hullEndocarp, hull– Testa Testa (silvery)(silvery)
– Bean Bean (embryo (embryo and cotyledons)and cotyledons)
Tropical Horticulture - Texas A&M University
The Coffee Fruit is called a The Coffee Fruit is called a CherryCherry
ExocarpExocarp– Red skinRed skin
MesocarpMesocarp– Sweet pulpSweet pulp
Endocarp, hullEndocarp, hull– Testa Testa (silvery)(silvery)
– Bean Bean (embryo and (embryo and cotyledons)cotyledons)
– Parchment coffee is the Parchment coffee is the bean, testa, endocarpbean, testa, endocarp
From Wilson, 1999. Coffee, Cocoa, and Tea, CABI Publishing.
Tropical Horticulture - Texas A&M University
Coffee Tree Growth Coffee Tree Growth HabitHabit
Orthotropic stemOrthotropic stem– Erect growthErect growth
Plagiotropic stemsPlagiotropic stems– Horizontal secondary Horizontal secondary
stems growing off of stems growing off of orthotropic stemsorthotropic stems
– These are the fruiting These are the fruiting woodwood
Tropical Horticulture - Texas A&M University
Coffee ProductionCoffee Production
PropagationPropagation– For arabica For arabica
Most is done by seedMost is done by seed
– Clonal propagation Clonal propagation HybridsHybrids Robusta typesRobusta types
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Shade and Coffee Shade and Coffee ProductionProduction
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
Shaded Unshaded
FertilizedNo fertilizer
Data from Wilson, 1999. Coffee, Cocoa, and Tea, Figure 6.4.
Conclusion:
High input system - better with fertilizer
Low input system - not as essential
Tropical Horticulture - Texas A&M University
HarvestHarvest
Most done by handMost done by hand– Ripe berries onlyRipe berries only
Pick every 8-10 daysPick every 8-10 days
– In Brazil, allow In Brazil, allow cherries to dry on treecherries to dry on tree
Machine harvest in Machine harvest in BrazilBrazil– Oscillating fingersOscillating fingers– 7-9% immature fruit7-9% immature fruit
From Wilson, 1999. Coffee, Cocoa, and Tea, CABI Publishing.