COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT, PART 2

Information-Processing Perspectives

Information-processing theory of cognition or cognitive development: framework for understanding cognition that is built on a set of assumptions about how humans acquire and use information.

Hardware

Software

COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT, PART 2

Information-Processing Perspectives

Limited capacity – assumption that there are constraints on:

1. How much information we can think about at any one time,

2. How long we can hold information in mind before it is lost, and

3. How quickly we can process information.

COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT, PART 2

Information-Processing Perspectives

Information Flow & the Store Model

Sensory Register : first information-processing store. Stimuli briefly noticed.

COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT, PART 2

Information-Processing Perspectives

Information Flow & the Store Model

Working or Short-term Memory: second information-processing store. Stimuli are retained for several seconds and operated upon.

COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT, PART 2

Information-Processing Perspectives

Information Flow & the Store Model

Sensory Register: first information-processing store. Stimuli briefly noticed.

Working or Short-term Memory: second information-processing store. Stimuli are retained for several seconds and operated upon.

Long-term Memory: third information-processing store, goes to permanent store for later use.

COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT, PART 2

Information-Processing Perspectives

COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT, PART 2

Information-Processing Perspectives

Central Executive Control:

COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT, PART 2

Information-Processing Perspectives

COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT, PART 2

Development of Attention:

1. Changes

2. Planful attentional strategies

COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT, PART 2

Development of Attention:

1. Changes

2. Planful attentional strategies

3. Selective attention

4. Attention Deficit-Hyperactivity Disorder

COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT, PART 2

Development of Attention:

4. Attention Deficit-Hyperactivity Disorder

a. Inattention

b. Impulsivity/Behav. Disinhibition

c. Hyperactivity

d. Deficient Rule-Governed Behavior

e. High Variability in Task Performance

COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT, PART 2

Development of Attention:

4. Helping ADHD kids thrive

Rules and instructions need to be:

• Presented prior to situation

• Clear

• Brief

• Visually backed up

• Presented one-on-one with eye contact

COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT, PART 2

Brain scan images produced by positron emision tomography (PET) show differences between an adult with ADHD (right) and an adult without the disease (left).

COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT, PART 2

Basic definitions of Memory:

Event memory

Autobiographical memory

Strategic memory

Mnemonics

COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT, PART 2

• Memory in Infants

1. Recognizing caregivers

2. Reinforcement with a Mobile

COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT, PART 2

• Memory in Children

1. Working Memory

COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT, PART 2

COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT, PART 2

• Memory in Children

1. Working Memory

2. Long Term Memory (General)

3. Children’s Long Term Autobiographical Memory

• Toddler’s memory skills

• Infantile amnesia

• Children’s Eyewitness Testimony

COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT, PART 2

Children as Eyewitnesses

COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT, PART 2

Development of Memory Strategies

1. Rehearsal

2. Organization

3. Elaboration

4. Retrieval

COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT, PART 2

Processing Strategies:

1. Production & Utilization Deficiencies

2. Multiple & Variable-Strategy Use

COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT, PART 2

Why Does Memory Improve with Age?

• Working memory capacity

• Memory strategies

• Metamemory

• Knowledge base