cognitive impairment in hiv - anova health institute · 2019. 3. 6. · dr kevin stoloff...
TRANSCRIPT
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Cognitive Impairment in HIV
Dr Kevin [email protected]
www.hivmentalhealth.co.za
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Onslaught on Jason’s cognition
32 MSMHIV + 7 yearsIT ‐ computer programmingBecomes ill, and ART is initiatedPhysical health improves, and returns to work, but does not manageRetrenched, depressed, financial difficultiesLoses flatBecomes dependent on methamphetamine
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What is he up against?
Damage to his brain from the virus
Neurotoxic effects of prolonged ARV use
Methamphetamine and HIV target same areas in brain
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Today’s program
Cognition and its meaning
HIV‐associated neurocognitive disorders, andimplications
ARV’s and neurotoxicity
Crystal methamphetamine and HIV
Considerations
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Cognition
cognition is a group of mental processes that includes attention, memory, producing and understanding language, solving problems, and making decisions.
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Crayfish Soup recipe
Ingredients500g crayfish tails (use rock lobster if in the USA) 1 teaspoon salt 50g butter (4T)1 cup onions, thinly sliced 2 tomatoes, chopped 1 clove garlic, minced 1 teaspoon salad herbs 1/2 teaspoon nutmeg 1 teaspoon salt 1/2 teaspoon pepper 1 piece lemon rind 1 cup dry white wine 1/2 cup light cream
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Crayfish Soup recipe
InstructionsHeat 1.25 liters water in a large saucepan to boiling. Add the lobster tails and salt, and simmer until tender. Remove lobster tail meat from shells, coarsely chop and set aside. Reserve stock.
In another large saucepan, heat the butter and sauté the onions for 5 minutes. Add the tomatoes, garlic, herbs, nutmeg, salt, pepper, and lemon peel. Cook over low heat for 10 minutes. Add the wine and 4 cups lobster water. Boil soup and cook for 10 more minutes. Force soup through a food mill, then return to the pot.
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Cognitive domains affected in HIV
motor skills
speed of information processing
attention
memory (working, prospective, episodic)
visuospatial
executive function (complex goal-directed behaviour, social behaviour, decision-making)
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HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND)
Three categories of disorder:
• Asymptomatic neurocognitive impairment (ANI)
• Mild neurocognitive disorder (MND)
• HIV‐associated dementia (HAD)
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Ghafouri et al 2006, Retrovirology
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Prevalence of HAND
What is the prevalence of HAND in the HIV+ population?Prevalence rates of dementia in HIV‐ population = 6% in adults > 65 years. HIV+ SA community sample = 20% HAD age 18 – 45 years.
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Asymptomatic neurocognitive impairment (ANI)
Mildest form.
Mild cognitive impairment in ≥2 different cognitive domains.
No functional decline.
Very subtle changes in cognitive functioning.
Self‐report not sufficient for diagnosis – neuropsychological impairment required.
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Mild neurocognitive disorder
Between ANI and HAD.
Mild neurocognitive impairment in ≥2 different cognitive areas + disturbances in daily functioning.
Neuropsychological assessment required.
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HIV-associated dementia
Most severe HAND.
Marked neurological impairment ≥2 cognitive areas + marked disturbance in daily functioning.
Must be rigorously diagnosed.
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Implications of HAND
Impaired quality of life
Increased risk‐taking behaviours
Difficulty driving
Difficulty maintaining employment
Poor adherence to ARV’s
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Treat with ART
HAART administered in the early phases of cognitive decline results in improved cognition, as there is a reversible component of HAND
Improvements may be as early as several weeks after initiation, and up to 4 years
This makes a strong argument for HAART to be administered at the first signs of cognitive decline as evidenced by neuropsychological testing, as opposed to on account of CD4 count.
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ARV’s and neurotoxicity
Use of efavirenz may be associated with HAND MARA et al 2011
ARV’s that penetrate BBB well are associated with with decreased neurocognitive performanceRobertson et al 2009
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Considerations
Awareness of cognitive impairment and manifestations
Initiate ARV’s timeously to prevent/ arrest decline
Create employer awareness in work place
Disseminate information to patients on risks of HIV and METHAMPHETAMINE
With persistence of HAND in asymptomatic patients on ARV’s, consider role of ARV’s
Public health: Drivers (taxi especially for example)
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Thanks
Staff at Ivan Toms Centre for Mens’ Health
Dr John Joska
Prof Dan Stein
Dr Hetta Gouse
Patients