cognitive information processing dr. k. a. korb university of jos

Cognitive Information Processing

Dr. K. A. KorbUniversity of Jos

Background

• Information Processing is not a single theory, but a group of theories that share similar assumptions about learning– Use the computer as a metaphor for learning

• Input: Information put into the computer– Written information, Problem to be solved, Event

• Output: The computer’s finished product– Information in long-term memory, behavior, speech, solution to a

problem

– Mental operations occur between input and output• Processing the information


Background• Goal of Information Processing: Explain how the mind

manages information– Focus on memory– Memory is comprised of multiple components– Information moves through the components in an organized

way• Research in the Information Processing paradigm examines

the mental processes applied in order to process new information– How information is transformed, manipulated, and used

• Developmental research in information processing examines how the mental processing changes over time


Information Processing Model



Information Processing Model• Sensory Memory: Briefly holds information from

the sense organs• Attention: Consciously focusing on a stimulus• Perception: Attaching meaning to a stimulus• Working Memory: Store that holds information

as a person processes it• Long term memory: Permanent information

store• Metacognition: Awareness of and control over

own cognitive processes


Methodology

• Processing speed: Amount of time taken to process information– Every step in mental processing takes a certain

amount of time– The longer amount of time between input and

output, the greater the cognitive activity is taking place

– Long reaction times can indicate:• More mental activity taking place• Slower processing of information


Methodology

• Error Analysis: Pattern of correct and incorrect answers determines the rule that is used to solve a problem

• Microgenetic Method: Many trials of the same type of problem during the period of change to get a detailed account of the change– Example: Siegler’s Overlapping Waves Model


Developmental Changes in Information Processing

• Four factors cause developmental changes in information processing– Strategies: Activities that children purposefully

utilize to remember information– Knowledge: Background knowledge relevant to

the information to be remembered– Metamemory Knowledge about memory– Capacity: Amount of information held in memory


Strategies

• Infants have good recognition memory for things of interest– Little strategy necessary

• Children greatly improve in their memory for things unrelated to the context of interest– Requires considerable memory strategies


Strategies: Example(Flavell, Beach, & Chinsky, 1996)

• Children were asked to remember the order in which various objects were pointed to. The child’s eyes were covered during a delay. Trained lip-readers observed for overt verbal rehearsal.– Few 5 year olds, half of the 7 year olds, and most 10 year

olds rehearsed– Children who rehearsed recalled more items than those

who did not– When directed to rehearse, younger children did and

consequently recalled more items• Production Deficiency: Young children can use

rehearsal strategies but are deficient at when, where, and how to use the strategies effectively


Strategies

• What develops:– Ability to know when, how, and where to use

strategies– More systematic and organized use of strategies– The ability to pick the strategy that fits a specific

task and carry out the strategy spontaneously, quickly, and efficiently (around age 12)

– Older primary children can better select relevant material and ignore irrelevant material


Knowledge• Knowledge improves memory recall• Structure of knowledge is important

– Only increasing factual knowledge does not improve recall– Rich knowledge base may allow children to automatically

access items to be recalled because items have a rich network of associations with other items

– Increasing knowledge may need to shift the organization of the knowledge before recall improves

• Children more likely to remember material they know and understand– Older children likely remember more because they

understand more


Knowledge

• As children’s knowledge of the world improves with experience, recall also improves– Have more places to link new information

• Rich knowledge base may help choose an appropriate strategy that helps facilitate recall


Metamemory

• Subset of metacognition• Pre-primary children have a limited knowledge about

memory (Flavell, Friedrichs, & Hoyt, 1970)– When asked to predict how many objects can be

remembered, young children predict super-human ability– When asked whether to make a phone call immediately

upon receiving the number or get drink of water first:• 40% pre-primary but 75% of primary 5 said better to phone first

– When asked how to recall which Christmas a significant event happened:

• None of pre-primary but all primary 5 could suggest mentally recalling each Christmas


Capacity

• Memory capacity increases as the result of:– Brain maturation– Improved efficiency in using the capacity through practicing

cognitive skills• Pattern of increases in memory capacity is the same for a

variety of tasks– Processing speed is likely the limit of children’s memory

capacity• Faster processing of information leads to more information being

processed• Older children use greater working memory capacity to

keep more items in short-term memory and invest extra space in better strategies and metamemory activities


Mechanisms of Development

• Automatization: Perform a task with little mental attention – Frees capacity for other cognitive activities e.g.,

constructing a strategy• Encoding: Selecting information from a

problem and representing the information in long-term memory– Children notice and use different information

about the same problem (distance in balance beam)


Mechanisms of Development

• Generalization: Apply a strategy to new problems with similar structure

• Strategy Construction: Insight into a problem and attempting a new approach

• General cognitive development (increase in knowledge and organization of knowledge) facilitates work of these mechanisms


Developmental Changes

• Sensory memory: Children’s sensory memories appear to have the same capacity as adults

• Attention: Older children are more able to:– Direct their attention to important aspects of the

problem– Ignore irrelevant information

• Perception: Older children have a greater knowledge base that assists in accurately perceiving information


Developmental Changes

• Working Memory: Older children:– Keep more information in WM (larger capacity)– Have automatized more tasks so they can focus

their attention to other aspects of a problem

• Long-Term Memory: Older children have a greater knowledge base

• Metacognition: Older children have more learning strategies


Comparing Developmental Theories

Active/Passive Nature/Nurture Stage/Continuous

Piaget Active Both Stage

Information Processing Active Both Both

Sociocultural

Neo-Piagetians

Social Learning

Psychosocial

Attachment

Ecological Systems


Critique of Information Processing• Strengths

– Demonstrates the complexity of thought– Makes specific predictions about a child’s behavior

from moment to moment– Utilizes rigorous research methods

• Weaknesses– Focuses more on adult cognitive processing– Ignores the context of thinking– Most memory tasks involve artificial memory tasks

(e.g., memorizing a list of unknown words)• May not describe real-world memory functioning


Implications for Education

• Teach metacognitive study skills– Choosing a good strategy– Self-testing– Planning for study time

• Task Analysis: Identify cognitive skills necessary for participating in a task– Ensure that students can perform each skill before

teaching the more advanced skill


Revision

• Describe the four factors that cause changes in information processing as children age.

• What abilities do children develop as they mature that assist in changes in thinking? In other words, what are the mechanisms of development?


cognitive information processing dr. k. a. korb university of jos

Documents

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