cognitive neuroscience essay.pdf

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5/15/13 Cognitive Neuroscience Essay

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Cognitive psychology

Introduction Language processing and production seem to

involve many areas of the b rain (Garrett, 1995 ). Using p ositron

emission tomography (PET), Howard, et al (1992) were able to

identify a number ...

Abstracts

RECENT PUBLICATION / PRESENTATION ABSTRACTS

UPDATED4/may/99 (Contact David Washburn for reprints and

related pub licati ons) Supported by grants from NASA, NICHD,

ARI, ARO, ONR, USAF Washburn, D. A., & .. .

WHat lead to the birth of cognitive science

Cognitive science, i n the study of ho w organisms process

information as well carry out life functions. The study of

Cognitive science is said to have been originated in the 1940's

...

Where Cognitive Science Originated

Cognitive science, i n the study of ho w organisms process

information as well carry out life functions. The study of

Cognitive science is said to have been originated in the 1940's

...

Cognitive Neuroscience Essay

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Cognitive Neuroscience I. IntroductionA.

DefinitionB. Topics II. BodyA. Origins1.

Localization of Function2. Neuron Doctrine3.

Sensation, Association, Perception, and

MeaningB. Today1. Sensation2. Perception3.

Forming a Decision to Act4. Motor Control5.

Learning and MemoryC. Future III. ConclusionA. RestatementB. Conclusion Cognitive

Neuroscience is a large field of study. It unites such a range of concepts and techniques from

many disciplines that its boundaries are loosely defined. However, in the heart of this study

there is only the fundamental question

of knowledge and its representation by the

brain. Cognitive Neuroscience at its most

basic level is the study of information

processing. Using this definition, several key

questions, which are also classic areas of

study, can be seen: How information is

acquired Sensation, interpreted Perception/Recognition, stored or modified Learning/Memory,

used to cogitate Thinking/Consciousness, used to predict the future Decision Making, used to

guide behavior Motor Control,

and used to communicate Language. All these

realms of Cognitive are intertwined and

together begin to give us an understanding of

as the most mysterious thing in the world.

(William James 1890)The origins of Cognitive

Neuroscience go back to George A. Miller,

who is considered to be the father of cognitive psychology. It is said that he coined the term in

the late seventies during discussions at Rockefeller University. The field can be

traced even farther back though. During the

nineteenth and early twentieth centuries the

physiology of the human body was being

recorded. One hot topic during that period

was the idea of localization of function. This

concept states that different regions of the

brain perform different functions. Another discovery of this time was the neuron. The neuron

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Neuroscience

In the past, when people had psychological problems,

neuroscientists would often wrongly jump to the conclusion that

somethi ng i n the persons past was to bla me. Nowadays,

scientists know ...

The Identity Theory

The identity theory, also known as reductive materialism, is one

of the vi ews Churchland uses to describe mi nd-brain correlation.

Churchland believes that the mental states of the ...

The Identity Theory



Churchland believes that the mental states of the body are ...

The Identity Theory



Churchland believes that the mental states of the body are ...

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became the new method to characterize the fine structure of the nervous system in exquisite

detail. Other important

advancements that brought us to the present

day were the proposition that things perceived

rely not on the external world but on the states

of the sense organs and the intermediary

nerves. This seemingly obvious concept

fueled many debates over this associationism

. And so it was from these converging lines of inquiry that Cognitive Science as we know it

today began. The current state of it can be summarized through a survey of the processes

involved

in the acquisition, storage, and use of

information by the nervous system: sensation,

perception, decision formation, motor control,

memory, language, emotions, and

consciousness.We acquire information from

the world around us through our senses. So, it is not a surprise that sensory processes are

among the most thoroughly studied in Cognitive Neuroscience. Acquisition of information about

the world around us, by all sensory modalities, starts with a process know as transduction. This

occurs when forms of physical energy

alter the state of a sensory neuron. In the case

of vision, phototranduction occurs in the retina.

A specialized set of neurons transforms the

photons of the light into electrical impulses of

the neural network. All sets of these sensory neural networks have common functions. One of

these is contrast detection, or the detection of spatial or temporal variation of the incoming

signal. Obviously if there is nothing changing over space or time there is

nothing worthy of detection. In this case thenetworks adapt and there is a resulting loss of

sensation (e.g. Snow blindness). Another is

the organization of each of the sensory

networks. Topographic organization is one of

the evolutionary adaptations that the brain benefits from. This is the coincidence of related

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A Clockwork Orange essay

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