cognitive processes attention – thinking – imagination – memory – creativity – problem...
TRANSCRIPT
Cognitive processesattention – thinking – imagination – memory –
creativity – problem solving
Jakub Jura
http://users.fs.cvut.cz/~jura/ing-psych/
Engineering Psychology
What is Cognitive?
• From latin cognoscere = getting to know• Distinguish emotional and rational• Descarte’s „Cogito ergo sum“.
Mental processes mediate between stimulus and response.
Cognitive processes
• Base Cognitive processes:– Perception– Sensation– Attention– Thinking– Imagination– Memory– Learning
• Advanced Cognitive processes– Creativity– Problem solving– metacognition
Neisser's cycle of perceptionCognitive Ecology
Objectavailable
information
Schemaof environment
Exploration
Directs
SamplesModify
Actual world
Cognitive mapLocomotion and action
Memory
• Sensory registr – George Sperling– (200 – 500 ms)
• Short-term memory – George Miller– 7±2 chunks– Chunking process (recoding)
• Long-term memory– Hippocampus
• Memory processes:– Imprint– Retent– Remember– Recognise
Ebbinghaus Forgetting Curve
• R = e-t/s
– R … memory retention– s … relative strenght of memory– t … time
2
45 %
35 %
Serial-positioning effect
• Which of the syllable you remember easily?• Initialy• Final
– Out of serial-positioning effect:– Meaningfull– Related to myself– Connected to my activity
Memory test
• How big is capacity of you visual memory?
Redraw this figure maximaly precisely
Memory test
Imaging
Constructive and Reconstructive processes and eyes movement.
1. Imagine yellow elephant with red dots.2. Imagine what did you eat last evening.
Experiment 3 - Mental rotation
• How many times you need to read rotated sign.
RAngle °
Time 1
s
Time 2TAML QB
F
Internal and external time problem.
Time need to read the letter.
Completing square test
11 18
Attention
• Orientation reflex• Orientation activities• Bourdon test• d2 test
Capacity
Fluency
Trend
Thinking
• J. P. Guilford:• Convergent production - generation of logical conclusions
from given information, where emphasis is upon achieving unique or conventionally best outcomes. It is likely that given (cue) information fully determines the outcome as in mathematics and logic.
• Divergent production - generation of logical alternatives from given information, where emphasis is upon variety, quantity, and relevance of output from the same source.
Intelligence scale
Problem solving
• Interconect all of this 9 point by the 4 segments Interconect all of this 9 point by the 4 segments of a line non-stop.of a line non-stop.
Phases of the creative process
1. Initiation Data collection and analysis of a initial situation. Preparation phase
2. Incubation Increasing of complexity. Multiplication of relations. Interpretation phase.
3. Ilumination Emergence of the solution.
4. Verification Reintegration of peices of knowledge.
E. Rossi – creative phase
Mind Mapping
The mind map is Tony Buzan’s mean of visualization of mental contents of a given (usually in the center of the map placed) theme.
Clarification or externalization of the mental representation of the given domain.
Metacognition
• Thinking about thinking (exactly cognition about cognition)
• First-level metacognition• Second-level metacognition