cohesion & coherence - bicycles create change · it a unified whole. connectedness is divided...

Cohesion&CoherenceAKAHACKA&GUPSAWRITINGWORKSHOP

Activity#1

Whataspectofwritingoryourresearchis

mostdifficultatthemoment?

Whatotheraspectsof

writingorPGresearch would

youlikeworkshopson

Whatdo youthink coherence&cohesionis?

How areyoufeelingright

now?

30/08/17 NINA GINSBERG

WhoamI?§TrainedLinguist◦ FunctionalGrammar◦ Australianculture,slang&swearing

§Teacher/UniversityTutor&Lecturer◦ 15yearsteachingInternational&Localstudents(Australiaandoverseas)◦ Academiclanguage,skillsandcommunicationtutorials,workshops&consultations

§BusinessConsultant:WarralMaSolutions◦ AKA/HACKA– Successful&ProductiveAcademicLanguage&communicationSkill◦ BIZBOOST– Proactive&ProfitableBusinessDevelopment&Communication

§ PhDCandidate- SchoolofEducation&ProfessionalStudies(GriffithUni)

§Blog:BicyclesCreateChange.com


TodaysWorkshop

•Guidelines– not‘rules’

•Concept,Examples&Practice

•Uptoyoutoexperiment&apply

•Focusisonprovidingclear

strategiesforimmediateuse


Activity#2

Choose1topicbelowtowritetwo (sixsentence)paragraphs

Leaveablanklinebetweeneachsentence

Goodstudyhabitsforstudents

Anoverviewofyourresearchproject

Amajorglobalsocialissue

Yourownacademictopic


Whyareweheretoday?Learning inhighereducationinvolvesadaptingtonewwaysofknowing:newwaysofunderstanding,interpretingandorganisingknowledge

(Lea&Street1998)

Connectedness referstotheexplicitandimplicitlinksinatextthatmakeitaunifiedwhole.Connectednessisdividedintocohesionandcoherence.Cohesionreferstoexplicitlinksandcoherencereferstoimplicitlinks.

(WatsonTodd,Khongput&Darasawang,2007)

Thegreaterthedistancebetweencohesiveties,themoredifficultitisforthereader.

(Coupland1984)


Somanycohesivetechniques!Collocations

Synonyms

Repetition

Superordinate

GeneralTerm

Hypernyms

Ellipsis

Paragraphing

Substitution

Enumeration

Numeratives

Conjunctions

Punctuation

Parallelism

Antonyms

AdditivesConnectives

AdversativeConnectives

CasualConnectives

TemporalConnectives

ContinuativeConnectives

General– Specific

Opposition

Formal- Neutral

Connotation-Denotation

LexicalCohesion

Coordinatingconjunctions

PronominalReference

DemonstrativeReference

DefiniteArticleReference

ComparativeReference


Whatiscohesion&coherence?

COHESION

Explicitlinks

Words&Grammar

‘Bricks’

COHERENCE

Implicitlinks

Structure&Flow

‘Walls’


ACADEMICPROSE

Clear&logical

Bestwritingever!

‘House’

SkillsfortodayCohesion(5MajorCategories– 19Subsets)1. Ellipsis2. Substitution3. Conjunctions4. References5. LexicalDevices

Coherence– 2CoherenceSkillso Theme&Rhemeo TEEEL

◦ Getworkshopmaterialandresourcesavailableat:www.bicyclescreatechange.com Resourcepage.


4 Cohesion Skills:Coordinating ConjunctionsCohesive References ReiterationParallelism

COHESION


1.CoordinatingconjunctionsCOHESION


1.CoordinatingConjunctionsConnectwords,phrasesorclausestogether

AlsocalledTransitionsorSignpostingwords/phrases

Cangoatthestart,middleoreventheendofsentences.

Forcompoundsentencestheygointhemiddle◦ FANBOYS(*checkpunctuation*)

Canalsobeatstartofnewsentenceorparagraph - toindicateadirection inthereasoningormovementbetweenideas,butalsotorelatethenewmaterialtotheprecedingthoughts.

*Formoreinfo:EnglishHELPYourselfResources


1.CoordinatingConjunctions


Source:Smart_Words.org

EditingpracticeEx1:

Modernstudentsmayoftenhaveheardtheterm‘rhetoric’used.Theyprobablydonothaveaclearideaofwhatitmeans.Theiruncertaintyisunderstandable.Thewordhasacquiredmanymeanings.

Howcouldyouimprovethelogicalconnection?

Ex2:Suggestedanswer

Althoughmodernstudentsmayoftenhaveheardtheterm‘rhetoric’used,theyprobablydonothaveaclearideaofwhatitmeans.Theiruncertaintyisunderstandablebecausethewordhasacquiredmanymeanings.


1.CoordinatingConjunctions

ExampleText


25mostusedsubordinatingconjunctions- checkgrammar,punctuationandclausesifused

After

Although

As

Assoonas

Because

Before

Bythetime

Evenif

Eventhough

Everytime

If

Incase

Nowthat

Once

Since

Sothat

Than

Thefirsttime

Unless

Until

When

Whenever

Whetherornot

While

Why


1.CoordinatingConjunctionsStyle

Because….,And…..,But….,

TIPS

•Havealookatyourparagraph– whatcoordinatingconjunctionshaveyouused?

•Lookforpattersinyourwriting– doyouusethesameconjunctions?

•Lookonline,downloadalistofacademictransitionwords• Academictransitions

•Findsomenewonestouse,orusevariationsorchangelocation(front,middle,startofnewparagraph)

•Willimprovevocab,helpdevelopideasandgeneratenewcontent/analysis

•Checkpunctuationandgrammarwhenusingmoreadvancedconjunctiveclause


ReferencesCOHESION


TypesofCohesiveReferencesTypes

1.Pronouns- (I,me,she,youwe,my,mine,etc.)

2.Demonstratives- (this,these,here,that,those,there,etc.)

3.Definitearticle- (the)

4.Comparatives– (another,other,similar,better,etc.)*formoreonthisseeBCCResources– CohesionThroughReference

Placement

1.Exophoric

2.Endophoric◦ Anaphoric◦ Cataphoric


2.References1.Exophoricreferences– areferencetosomethingthatis‘outsidethetext’.Interpretativesourcesinjournalarticlessuchaspriorknowledgecancauseproblemsforreaders

Forhe’s ajollygoodfellowandsosayallofus.(Whois‘he’?=notintext)

2.Anaphoric – previouslymentionedwords‘pointingbackward’

TheCathedralofStPaul’swasbuiltin1840and itisstillstandingtoday.

(TheCathedralofStPaul’s=it)

3.Cataphoric – Subsequentwords- pointingforward

Whentheyarrived,thefeministsfoundthelackofgenderequalityandaccesstoclassresourceswithintheschooltobetotallyunacceptable.(They=feminists).

NINA GINSBERG

Example- CohesiveReference:types&placement

On21December1972, 6theBasicTreaty wassignedbyEastandWestGermany,andrelationsbetween 7thetwocountries startedtoimprove.Duringthenexttwodecades,theybegantocooperatewith 8eachother bysharingculturalandcommercial 9activities suchasartsexchangeprogramsandjointbusinessventures.However,EastGermanswerestilldissatisfied,for 10their livingstandardwaslowerthan 11that ofWestGermany. 12Their industriesproducedinferiorgoods,and 13theircountry waspollutedfrominferiorminingmethodsandcarelessindustrialwaste.4types&3placements– discusswithanotherwhatyouthink/see.

Source:https://www.ntid.rit.edu/sea/processes/referencewords/practice/phoric30/08/17 NINA GINSBERG

TipsforReferences•Becareful(over)using‘it’‘they’‘thing’‘one’– makesurethereferencelinkisclear.

•Afterusingareferenceonce,agoodideaistowriteuseexplicitreiteration(writekeyword,synonymornear-synonym)inthenextsentencetoremindthereaderwhatthemainidea(and‘it’is).

•Lookatjournalarticlesinyourfield– whatismostused?

•Checkyourwriting- whatcohesionreferencetypeyouusethemost?Wherecanyouvarysomecohesivereferences?

•(NB.Cohesionreferenceisinfluencedbythegenreorpurposeofasection)


3.ReiterationCOHESION


Reiteration1,DirectRepetition(approx.equality)

snake-snake ascend- ascend

2.Synonyms(near-repetition)similarmeaningwords

snake– serpent ascend- climb

3.Antonyms(oppositewords)

snake– non-ophidian(not-snakelike) ascend- descend

4.Superordinate- (part/widertaxonomy)

snake– reptile ascend– directionofmovement


Examples:Reiteration


Source: https://www.slideshare.net/hassanrouijel/lexical-cohesion

TipsforReiterationDoyouuseantonyms forreiteration?Forexample..

Mostsupermodelsarewell-knownforbeingbeautiful.Womenwhoareaestheticallypleasing,prettyandglamourous aremorelikelytogainemploymentasmodels.Girlsoftenundertakebeautifying treatmentstomaximisegoodlooksforemploymentopportunities.Manyfemalesconsider uglinessandbodydysmorphiatobeabhorrentandusemake-uptocover-upimperfections.Thisapproachisalsotakenbyworld-classmodelswhomanyconsidertolooklikethe’ideal’woman.

•Reiterationhelpswithvocabularybuilding

•Usestrategically– avoid‘overrepeating’

•ThisistheMOSTUSEDcohesiontechnique– whatdoesthismeanforyourwriting?

•Lookatyourwritingandotherjournalarticlesinyourfield– whatisthedifference?


4.ParallelismCOHESION


CohesionParallelismVideoBreak!

5MINS


Parallelism- examplesS1.

Technicalwritingencompassesawidevarietyofliterature,includingpublishedarticles,makingoutlines,topromotionalmaterialandeditingmanuals.

S2.

Technicalwritingencompassesawidevarietyofliterature,includingpublishedarticles,outlines,promotionalmaterialandmanuals.


Source: https://study.com/academy/lesson/examples-of-parallel-structure-in-technical-writing.html


S1.TheManagertoldhisemployeesthattheymustbeefficient,thattheymustbeproductiveandthattheymustbethorough.

S2.TheManagertoldhisemployeesthattheymustbeefficient,productiveandthorough.

S3.Whenitcametimetosetuptheobstaclecourseforthebirthdayparty,everyonehelpedout:mybrother,mysister,ourneighborsandmyparents.

S4ThebestathleteatschoolalwaysworehismatchingcoloredNikeshoes,hat,socks,shortsandshirttoeverymeet.

S5aBenefitsofmentoringrelationshipsinclude:sharingclinicalknowledge,developingmentee’sskills,helpingothersandsupportingtheprofession.

S5b Leadersneedtosupportemployees.Helpingemployeescanincludeacknowledginggoodworkdone,providingtimelyandpositivefeedback,recognisingwhenpeoplearehavingdifficultiesandinvitingparticipationindecision-makingprocess.

Parallelism- variations

FamousParallelisms

WinstonChurchill

“...weshallfightonthebeaches,weshallfightonthelandinggrounds,weshallfightinthefieldsandinthestreets,weshallfightinthehills.Weshallneversurrender.”

CharlesDickensAtaleoftwocities

Itwasthebestoftimes,itwastheworstoftimes,itwastheageofwisdom,itwastheageoffoolishness,itwastheepochofbelief,itwastheepochofincredulity,itwastheseasonoflight,itwastheseasonofdarkness,itwasthespringofhope,itwasthewinterofdespair...


ParallelisminAcademic&BusinessPresentations


Example: Justifying why your new PG research outcome (APP) is relevant

Check script & PPT – Conferences, Confirmation Seminars, meetings, pitchesSource: https://study.com/academy/lesson/examples-of-parallel-structure-in-technical-writing.html

TipsforParallelism•Parallels– describingsimilarordifferentcharacteristics?

•Checkwordforms,tensesandpassive/activevoice(andpunctuation!)

•Lookforwords"and"and"or."Checkoneachsideofthesewordstoseewhethertheitemsjoinedareparallel.Ifnot,edit.

•Ifyouhaveseveralitemsinalist,puttheminacolumntoseeiftheyareparallel.

•Readthelistoutaloud– applythefrowntest.

•Doyouhearthesamekindsofsounds?Forexample,aseriesof"-ing"wordsforeachitem?Isarhythmbeingrepeated?


Quickcheck

Doyouhaveparallelisminyourparagraph?

Edit(ina)parallelsentence.


Strategiestoimprovecohesion1. Selectapieceofwriting(yourwork,textbookorjournalarticle).

2. Chooseaparagraphandunderlineorhighlightallthedifferentformsofcohesionused(reference,connectives,reiterationandparallelstructures).

3. Whichformsarethemostcommon?

4. Chooseacouplethatyouthinkareeffectiveandpracticeusingtheminyourownwriting.

5. Trytouseavarietyofwaystoshowtherelationshipbetweenyourideas.


COHERENCE


ThemeandrhemeinacademicwritingWHATISIT?

WhatisThemeandRheme?Themeandrhemeisanextremelyvaluableacademicwritingskillasit:

Isapowerfulcohesivetechnique

Avoidsrepetition

Reducesrelianceonconjunctionsandtransitions

Issophisticated

Clarifiesandshowsgoodstructure

Helpswithvocabulary

Itissoeasytoapply(onceyouknowaboutit!)


Consider..

TheDuke hasgivenmyauntthatbicycle.

MyAunt wasgiventhatbicyclebytheduke.

Thatbicycle thedukehasgivenmyaunt.


ThemeandrhemeInformationstructure.

MostsentencesinEnglishhavetwoparts:

atheme(ortopic)and

arheme (orcomment)

The theme iswhatyouarewritingabout- itissharedinformationandithasbeenintroducedtoyourreader.

Therheme iswhatyouaresayingaboutthetheme - itisnewinformation orwhatyouwanttotellyourreader.


Example1Lookatthefollowingsentence:1.TheM1goesfromBrisbanetoSydney.

1.TheM1 goesfromBrisbanetoSydney.theme rheme

Thetheme insentence1is"theM1".ThereaderhasbeenintroducedtotheM1butdoesnotknowwhereitgoesandthereforeneedstobetold(rheme).


Example2Lookatthefollowingsentences:2.ThemotorwayfromBrisbanetoSydneyiscalledtheM1.

2.ThemotorwayfromBrisbanetoSydney iscalledtheM1.theme rheme

Insentence2a,thetheme is"themotorwayfromBrisbanetoSydney".ThereaderknowsthereisamotorwayfromBrisbanetoSydney,butdoesnotknowwhatitiscalled(rheme).


ThemeandrhemeInEnglishthetheme usuallycomesatthebeginningofthesentenceandtherhemeattheend.

Thedecisionaboutwhichpartofthesentencetomakethetheme andwhichparttomaketherheme dependsontheinformationthatneedstobecommunicated.

Thiscanalsodependsonthesentencesthatcomebefore.


ThemeandrhemeLookatthefollowingsentences:

S1.IwasborninBrisbane.BrisbaneisthelargestcityinQueensland.

S2.IwasborninBrisbane.ThelargestcityinQueenslandisBrisbane.

Whatisthedifference?

Whichsentencepairdoyouthinkisbest?Why?

BothsentencesaregrammaticallycorrectbutinS2,theinformationtobecommunicated, therheme - thelargestcityinQueensland,isatthebeginningofthesentence– thisisnotgoodcohesion!

Example1ispreferredinacademicEnglish.


OrganisingtextsTherearetwobasicchoicesinorganisinginformationtexts:

1.Therheme ofonesentencebecomesthetheme ofthenextsentence.

2.Thetheme ofonesentenceisthesame asthetheme ofthenextsentence.

Let’sseehowthisworks…


Structure1Thecompleteelectricalbehaviourofanyvalveortransistorcanbedescribedbystatingtheinterrelationofthecurrentsandthevoltagesbetweenalltheelectrodes.Theserelationshipscanconvenientlybedisplayedgraphically,andthevariouscurvesareknownasthe'characteristics'ofthedevice.Inprinciple,allthecharacteristicsshouldbeavailabletothedesignerproposingtousethedeviceinacircuit.

(Jolly,1972).Electronics,p.61)


Structure2Anthropologyisthestudyofhumankind,especiallyofHomosapiens,thebiologicalspeciestowhichwehumanbeingsbelong.Itisthestudyofhowourspeciesevolvedfrommoreprimitiveorganisms;itisalsothestudyofhowourspeciesdevelopedamodeofcommunicationknownaslanguageandamodeofsociallifeknownasculture.Itisthestudyofhowcultureevolvedanddiversified.Andfinally,itisthestudyofhowculture,people,andnatureinteractwhereverhumanbeingsarefound.

(Harris,1975),Culture,peoplenature,p.1)


Practice!Choose1activity1. UsetheThemeandRhemePatternExercisefromtheResourcepage

2. Revisityourparagraph

•Whatpatternscanyousee?

•HowwillyouedityourparagraphforbetterTheme&RhemeCohesion?

3.Discusswithapartner

HowelsecouldThemeandRhemehelpyouinyourresearch?


TEEELStructurePARAGRAPHUNITY


TEEEELT– Topicsentence(whatisthemainpointofyourparagraph?◦ TRY:Putmainideaatstartofthesentencebeforethefirstverb◦ TRY:makeitasimplesentence

E– Explain

E- Extend/Elaborate

E– Evaluation/Expound Optional&Vary

E– Evidence

E– Examples

L– Link(howdoesthisrelatetotheactualtopic?)◦ TRY:tokeepC&C,relate‘Linksentence’totopicsentenceAND/ORnextparagraphAND/ORthesisstatement/researchtopic.


TipsforAcademicParagraphs•Academicparagraphguidelines• Between4-8sentences• Somesaysentencesshouldnotbeover20(25?)words• Varysentencelength&types• Followlongcomplexsentenceswithasimplesentencetogetreader

‘backontrack’• Topicsentences=simplesentencewithmainideaatthestartBEFORE

thefirstverb• Followupreference/evidencesentencewithyourown(noreference)

sentence• Avoidreferencingeverysentenceinaparagraph


ExampleofTEEELVolcanicactivityoccursaroundthePacificRingofFirebecauseofmanydestructiveplateboundariesarelocatedthere.Itisestimatedthatthisregionhasupto200plateboundariesthatcoulderuptwithdevastatingeffectsatanytime(Southy,2015).AnexampleofoneofthesedestructiveboundariescanbefoundbetweenthecontinentalSouthAmericanplateandtheoceanicPacificplacewhichhasformedtheAndesMountains.Thesevastmountainsmeansthattheoceanicplateisdenserandissubductedunderneaththecontinentalplateandmeltsasitfallsintothehotmantlebelow.Thiscausesmagmatothenrisesupthroughthecontinentalplateandbeeruptedthroughvolcanoesatthesurface.SimilardestructiveboundariesallaroundthePacificRingofFirearethereasonsforsuchhighvolcanicactivityinthearea.

CanyoumapeachTEEELsentencefunction?


Strategies1.Readyourworkoutaloud

2.StructureMapMatch(Yourmapcomparedtoafriend’smap)

3.Useoutlinetoplanyourwriting– focus,savetime,avoidblocks

4.UseEnglishHELPHelpYourselfResourcesorYouTubevideos

5.3isthemagic(academic)number

6.Knowacademicparagraphsandacademicstyleconventions


Howdoyourate?Cohesion1. CoordinatingConjunctions2. References3. Reiteration4. Parallelism

Coherenceo Theme&Rhemeo TEEEL

o Othertip/syoupickedup?


TEEELThemeRheme

Refs OtherCoord.

Conjun.

Reiter. Paral.

Finalthoughts•AtUni,youaremarkedonOUTPUT(writingandpresentationsusually)

•Worksmarter,notharder!Bestrategic– usevarietyandbejudicious

•Avoidoveruseandformulaicstructures– experiment&adapt

Fastwriting– getideasdown(product)

Slowediting– linkwords&sentences(cohesion)

StrategicReviewing– academicstyle&logic(coherence)

•NeedtoknowWHAT (content)youarewriting ANDWHY (function)ANDHOW (skills)youwrite.

•Havefun!


ThankyouGoodluckediting!


[email protected]

EnglishHELP Consultations Tues 12-2 pmEmail for private consultations $35 ph.

AdditionalContent


Consolidate&Review

•Whatcohesionandcoherencefeaturescanyouidentifyinthistext?

•Whatfeaturesarepresent?

•Whatfeaturesaremissing?

• CanyoumaptheTheme&Rhemepattern?

• CanyoumapwhateachTEEEELsentenceis?

Evaluation

•Doyoufindthistext‘easytoread’?

•Whatwouldmakeitmorecohesive?Coherent?

•Whatwouldyouchangetoimprovethistext?


NB:ToImproveCohesion

ForCohesioninSentenceBeginnings ...PuttheOLD(THEME)FIRST◦ Beginsentenceswithinformationfamiliartothereader◦ Don’tbeginasentencewithnewinformation◦ Don’tbeginasentencewithtechnicalinformation◦ Useopeningstoreferbacktopreviousmaterialorgentlyintroduceanewtopic

ForCohesioninSentenceEndings ...PuttheNEW(RHEME)LAST◦ Endsentenceswithnewinformationreaderscannotanticipate◦ Don’tendasentencewithknowninformation◦ Putthenew,technical,anddifficultinformationattheendofthesentence◦ Usetransitionstoconveytheconnectionsbetweentheideasinyoursentences


NB:ToImproveCoherence

Coherenceiseasilyestablishedintwoways:1.Topicsofindividualsentencesareclear2.Topicsofparagraphs areclearAparagraphismorethanagroupofsentences.Ifyoucan’tquicklyandsuccinctlysaywhataparagraph’smainpointis,itlackscoherence.Examplepassage:Asareminder,pleasepromptlyreturnthelecturenotesyouborrowed.SlidethenotesundermydoorifIamnotthere.Imaybecomeagitatedifyouarelate,muchlikemyUncleChesterafterseveraleggnogsonChristmasEve.MostChristmasesIlikedtostayupandopenmystockingsaftermidnight.StayinguplatewasexcitingandwouldberepeatedaweeklateratNewYear’s.SowouldUncleChester’sdisgracefulbehavior.Whatisthemainidea???


Thedifferencebetweenmeaning andform

Tocommunicateaspecificidea,thereareanumberofvocabularyandstructuralchoices– butthesearenotnecessarilythesameas‘meaning’

S1Theproposalappearsattractiveandfeasible;thecostistoohigh,though.

S2Althoughthecostishigh,theproposalisattractiveandfeasible.

S3Althoughthecostishigh,theproposalisconsideredattractiveandfeasible.Fornon-nativespeakers,thefollowingthreesentencemeaningandfrommight‘seem’synonymous

(NBThestructuraldifferencesbetweenS1andS2representdifferentattitudesofawriter.S2 canbeinterpretedasfavorableattitudetowardstheproposal.S1 isamorereservedattitude.Lexicalchoicebetween‘is’S2 showscommitmentand‘isconsidered’S3 indicatesthewritersdetachment(othersconsiderittobe,butnotthewriter).


Quick,InformalParallelExamples


Source: http://plato.algonquincollege.com/applications/guideToGrammar/?page_id=4213

ReferencesCoupland,J.(1984).Writingtexts:cohesioninscientificandtechnicalwriting. CommonGround:SharedInterestinESPandCommunicationStudies.EditedbyWilliamsetal.,ELTDocument, 117,55-61.Lea,M.R.,&Street,B.V.(1998).Studentwritinginhighereducation:Anacademicliteraciesapproach. StudiesinHigherEducation, 23(2),157-172.doi:10.1080/03075079812331380364Kuo,C.(1995).Cohesionandcoherenceinacademicwriting:Fromlexicalchoicetoorganization. RELCJournal, 26(1),47-62.doi:10.1177/003368829502600103WatsonTodd,R.,Khongput,S.,&Darasawang,P.(2007).Coherence,cohesionandcommentsonstudents’academicessays. AssessingWriting, 12(1),10-25.doi:10.1016/j.asw.2007.02.002Tanskanen,S.,&ProQuestEbooks.(2006). Collaboratingtowardscoherence:Lexicalcohesioninenglishdiscourse.Amsterdam;Philadelphia;:JohnBenjaminsPub.Co.


ContentSources &Resourceshttp://www.uefap.com/writing/parag/par_flow.htm

https://twp.duke.edu/sites/twp.duke.edu/files/file-attachments/cohesion-coherence.original.pdf

Pintrest:linkingwordforessays


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