coir with bamboo 25%

8/18/2019 Coir With Bamboo 25%

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MECHANICAL PROPERTY EVALUATION OF HYBRID POLYMER

MATRIX COMPOSITE BY EFFECT OF FIBER ORIENTATION

(Or)

EFFECT OF FIBER ORIENTATION IN HYBRID POLYMER MATRIX

COMPOSITE

ABSTRACT

Now-a-days, the natural fibers from renewable natural resources offer the potential

to act as a reinforcing material for polymer composites alternative to the use of

glass, carbon and other man-made fibers. Among various fibers, coir and bamboo

is most widely used natural fiber due to its advantages like easy availability, low

production cost and satisfactory mechanical properties. For a composite material,

its mechanical behavior depends on many factors such as fiber content, orientation,

types, length etc. Attempts have been made in this research work to study the effect

of fiber orientation on the mechanical behavior of coir and bamboo fiber reinforced

epoxy composites. Composites composition fiber loading !"wt#$ and three

different fiber orientation %&, '%& and (%&$ are fabricated using simple hand lay-up

techni)ue. *t has been observed that there is a significant effect of fiber loading and

orientation on the mechanical behavior of coir and bamboo fiber reinforced epoxy

composites. Finally, the morphology of fractured surfaces is examined using

scanning electron microscopy +$.


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CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

1.1Overview o !o"#o$i%e$

Composites, plastics and ceramics are the main material that is being used by the

present world. Composites have a more significant advantage because these are

made by engineering processes and mainly helpful to reduce the weight and hence

to increase the efficiency. Composite material consists of two or more materials in

a different phase. *n traditional engineering impurities in metal can be represented

in different phase and by definition considered as a composite, but are not

considered as a composite due to modulus of strength is nearly same as that of pure

metal. ldest known composites were natural composites, wood consist of

cellulose fiber in lignin composites, human bone can be considered as a osteons

embedded in an interstitial bone matrix.

1.& Dei'i%io'$ o Co"#o$i%e

Composites are materials consisting of two or more chemically distinct

constituents, on a macro-scale, having a distinct interface separating them. ne or

more discontinuous phases are embedded in a continuous phase to form a

composite /01. Composite mainly formed from two distinguished material one of

which is in the particle or fiber or in sheet form are combined with other material

known as a matrix. Fiber in the composites acts as a principle load carrying

member due to its high strength modules while matrix in the composites acts as a

load transfer medium between the fibers. 2ue to more ductility of the composite it

gives matrix high toughness. 3he definition given by a different author can be

summari4ed as follows.


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1. U$e$ o !o"#o$i%e$

2ue to weight saving advantage composites are mainly used in applications like

automobile and aircraft where even a small amount in reduction of weight also

count. +ome uses of composites are described below5

i. *n aircraft it is used in the door skin on the stabili4er box fin, in elevators,

rudder, loading gear, tail, spoiler, flap body etc. !%-'%# reduction in weight

is possible by the use of composites.

ii. *n aerospace it uses to make space shuttle, space station where it comprises

the function of weight reduction. *t is used because it shows low value of co-

efficient of thermal expansion.

iii. *n automobile it uses to make body frame, chassis components, engine

components, drive shaft, leaf spring, exterior body part etc. and it performs

different functions such as due to its high stiffness it has good damage

tolerance, good surface finish and appearance, weight reduction hence higher

fuel efficiency.

iv. *n sporting goods it uses to make tennis and rac)uetball, rac)uets, golf club

shaft, head bicycle frame, skis, canoe helmets, fishing poles tent poles etc. *t

is used because it helps to design weight reduction vibration damping design

and has high flexibility.

v. *n electrical it used to made printed circuit board, computer housing,

insulators, radomes battery plates. And it is used because of portable weight

saving.

1. T*#e$ o Co"#o$i%e$


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+) n the basis of matrix material

,) n the basis of reinforcement

Composites material formed from two different materials, matrix and fibrous

system. And on the basis of matrix used composites may be categories into three

different categories.

0. etal matrix composites

!. Ceramic matrix composites

'. 6olymer matrix composite

1. Metal matrix composites5

Composites material consists of two or more physical or chemically distinct

phases. 7hen metal is used as a matrix material with any of the reinforcing

material it is termed as the metal matrix composites. *t shows improved strength,

stiffness, creep, hardness, high fatigue resistance and wear and tear resistance than

other composites. 2ue to above mentioned reason it is used in the combustion

chamber no44le in the rocket, space shuttle$, housings, tubing, cables, heat

exchangers, structural members etc.

2. Ceramic matrix composites:

Ceramic matrix composites are a subgroup of composite material which contains

ceramics as a matrix material. Ceramic matrix composites have ceramic matrix

such as calcium, alumina and alumino silicate reinforced by silicon carbide. 3hey

possess high hardness, strength high service temperature limits for ceramics, low

density and chemical inertness /!1.

3. Polymer matrix composites:


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7hen different types of polymeric material use as a matrix material to make

composite it is known as the polymer matrix composites. 6olymers are the

macromolecule formed by the linking together of a large number of smaller units

know as monomers. *t shows high tensile strength, high stiffness, fracture

toughness, good abrasion resistance, puncher resistant, corrosion resistant and low

cost. *t shows low thermal resistance and has high co-efficient of thermal

expansion. *t is used in the field of automobile where we need damping and good

shock absorbing function. *t cannot be used in high temperature application due to

its high C3. *t is further divided into two types.

a$ 3hermosetting polymer matrix composites.

b$ 3hermoplastic polymer matrix composites.

(a) Thermosetting polymer matrix composites: 8sually thermostats are the

material usually li)uid or malleable prior to curing and designed to mold into their

final form. nce it gets its final form it will not melt due to its well-developed '2

bonded structure. 9enerally used thermosetting polymers are epoxy and cyanate

ester.

(b) Thermoplastics polymer matrix composites: 3hermoplastic polymer becomes

malleable and pliable above a certain range of temperature and returns to its

original form below that temperature. 3hese polymers have high molecular weight

and often used in low temperature applications.

:atest technology not only involves information about new product but also in

making at low cost so, for that particular reason before making any kind of

polymer matrix based composites individual should know what is the advantages

and disadvantages of this matrix over one another. 3hermosetting resin is the first


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choice of any company nowadays due to its availability, ease of processing, the

existence of large database and low material cost. 3hermosetting resins like

epoxies are available in a low viscosity li)uid form that has excellent flow

properties to facilitate the penetration of fiber bundles and wetting of fiber surface.

3he manufacturing cost of the thermoplastic composite is high in comparison to

the thermosets due to its longer shelf life, hygroscopic nature and need of

refrigeration before processing. ;uality control in thermoset is much more difficult

because it contains large no of ingredient such as, base epoxies, curing agent,

catalyst, flow control agent and property modifier. 3he toughness of the

thermoplastics is more than that of thermosets due to these thermoplastics shows

good resistance to delamination. 3hermoplastics are the high molecular weight

material because of it before processing it ether to be heated at high temperature or

should be treated with a polar solvent to lower its viscosity for ease of processing.

6rocessing cost is also high in case of thermoplastics because it needs high

pressure and temperature for processing.

3ypes of composites on the basis of reinforcement

0$ 6article reinforced composites

!$ Fiber reinforced composites

(1)Particle reinforced composite:

6article reinforced composites comprises of discrete uniformly dispersed particles

of a hard brittle material which are surrounded by a softer more ductile matrix.


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and amorphous material including carbon black and polymers /'1. 6articles are

used to increase the modulus of the matrix, to decrease the ductility of the matrix,

or to decrease the permeability of the matrix. 3hey are also used to produce low-

cost composites.

(2) iber reinforced composite:

Fiber reinforced composites are advanced composites which consists of a polymer

matrix reinforced with thin diameter fiber. *f the reinforcement is in the form of

fiber, then the composite material is called fiber reinforced composite. Fiber

reinforced composites are advanced composites which consists of a polymer

matrix reinforced with thin diameter fiber. A fiber is characteri4ed by its length

being much greater compared to its cross-sectional dimensions. *t is again divided

into two types5

S-or% i,er rei'or!e !o"#o$i%e$/ *t consists of a matrix reinforced by a

dispersed phase in form of discontinuous fibers length = 0%% diameter$.

Lo'0i,er rei'or!e !o"#o$i%e$/ *t consists of a matrix reinforced by a

dispersed phase in form of continuous fibers.


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N+%3r+4 i,er

n the basis of origin natural fiber can be divided in to three categories

a$ >egetable fiber

b$ Animal fiber

c$ ineral fiber

(a) !egetable fiber

3hese are the material basically cellular in form and structure with the degree of

inherent strength and stiffness built in naturally due to the geometrical internal

structure. ?asic cellular element in vegetable fiber is cellulose. *t is a natural


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polymer and it posses high strength and stiffness per unit weight. Cellulose also

forms a long fiber like cell structure and it is found in all parts of plants like stem,

seed and leaf.

(b) "nimal fiber

Animal fibers are directly taken from the animal body mammals$ example5 animal

hair, silk fiber from silkworms, and fiber from bird feathers.

(c) Mineral fiber

ineral fibers are the strongest fibers known because they are formed with lower

number of surface defect. ost commonly used fiber is Asbestos.

Now-a-days, the interest in natural fiber reinforced polymer composites is

increasing rapidly due to its many advantages over other man-made fibers. 3he

main advantages of natural fiber composites are5

6roduction cost is low and these are easily available.

2ue to its low specific weight, it has higher specific strength and stiffness

than glass fiber.

3he production re)uires little energy, and C! is used while oxygen is given

back to the environment therefore it is a renewable source.

:ow wages countries accept natural fiber because product can be produced


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with low investment at low cost.

*t ac)uires healthier working condition, reduced wear of tooling and no skin

irritation.

*t can be recycle while, glass causes problem in combustion furnaces.

*t has 9ood thermal and acoustic insulating properties.

Among various natural fibers, @ute is considered as one of the most potential

reinforcement for polymer composites due to its many advantages such as its easy

availability, its low production cost and satisfactory mechanical properties as

compared to others fibers. For a composite material, its mechanical behavior

depends on many factors such as fiber content, orientation, types, length etc.

Attempts have been made in this research work to study the effect of fiber loading

and orientation on the mechanical behavior of @ute fiber reinforced epoxycomposites. 3he morphology of fractured surfaces is examined using scanning

electron microscopy +$.

CHAPTER &

LITERATURE SURVEY

3his chapter outlines the recent work done in the field of mechanical properties of


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natural fiber reinforced composites. For a composite material, its mechanical

behaviors depend upon many factors such as fiber content, fiber orientation, fiber

loading. xperimental investigation carried out by ?iswas et al. /1 revealed that

the composites with '%& fiber orientation shows better micro-hardness, tensile

strength, flexural strength, inter-laminar shear strength and impact strength.

echanical properties of the fiber reinforced composites are controlled by the

elastic properties and the strength of the matrix, the fibers and fiber-matrix bond,

which governs the stress transfer /", (1. 9reen strength measurement is carried out

by 9eethamma et al. /B1 to measure the extent of fiber orientation. 3he efficiency

of the stress transfer is higher when fibers are aligned in parallel to the direction of

application of force. C$

composites either by compression molding or by twin-screw

extrusion process, and the mechanical properties of the composites from these two

processes were then compared. 3he tensile and flexural modulli for particular fiber


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content in 76>C composites were much higher than those with the twin-screw

extrusion techni)ue. 3he composites with %& fiber orientation angle were found to

provide the maximum mechanical properties, the reason being related with a

continuity of fiber length to bearing the applied load and minimum fiber-end

defects.

9arkhail et al. /001 investigated the influence of fiber content and fiber length on

stiffness, strength and impact strength of natural-fiber-mat-reinforced

thermoplastics, and compared with data for glass mat reinforced thermoplastics.

3he effect of use of maleic-anhydride grafted 66 has also been studied in order to

obtain improved interfacial adhesion. :uo and Netravali /0!1 studied the effect of

fiber loading on the tensile and flexural properties of the green composite prepared

with pineapple fiber. *t has been found that the tensile and flexural strength of the

green composite increased with increase in fiber loading along the longitudinal

direction whereas, strength decreases in transvers direction with the increase in

fiber loading. +chneider and Garmaker /0'1 reported that polypropylene

composites prepared from @ute fiber exhibit better mechanical properties than kenaf

fiber. ohanty et al. /01 reported that the tensile strength of ?AG is enhanced by

more than %# with alkali treated @ute fabrics. Chawla and ?astos et.al /0"1

studied the effect of fiber volume fraction on HoungIs modulus, maximum tensile

strength and impact strength of untreated @ute fiber in unsaturated vinyl ester resin.

A number of experiments carried out in the past by different researchers for study

of effect of different parameters on the mechanical properties of the natural fiber

sisal, cotton, coir, bamboo and @ute hene)uen$ composite /0(-0D1. Jian et al. /!%1

studied the mechanical properties such as tensile, compressive, flexural and inter

laminar shear strength of bamboo fiber reinforced composites. *n this study

composites with three, five and seven layer of unidirectional bamboo fiber were

fabricated. 3ensile and flexural tests on coir and bamboo - epoxy composites were


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carried out by +apuan and :eenie /!01. Kute vinyl ester composites possess better

strength than wood composites and some plastics /!!1. *nterfacial properties of the

coir epoxy composites were studied from scanning electron micrograph taken

from fracture surfaces and these properties is compared with the glass fibers

composites/!'1.

ansur and A4i4 studied bamboo-mesh reinforced cement composites, and found

that these reinforcing materials could enhance the strength and toughness of the

cement matrix, and increase its tensile, flexural, and impact strengths significantly.

n the other hand, @ute fabric-reinforced vinyl ester composites were tested for the

evaluation of mechanical properties and compared with wood composite, and it

was found that the @ute fiber composite has better strengths than wood composites.

A pulp fibre reinforced thermoplastic composite was investigated and found

to have a combination of stiffness increased by a factor of ".! and its strength

increased by a factor of !.' relative to the virgin polymer. *nformation on the usage

of coir and bamboo fibers in reinforcing polymers is limited in the literature. *n

dynamic mechanical analysis, :alyet al . have investigated coir and bamboo fiber

reinforced vinyl ester composites and found that the optimum content of coir and

bamboo fiber is %#. echanical properties of coir and bambooLfiberLcement

composites were investigated physically and mechanically by Corbiere-Nicollier et

al . *t was reported that kraft pulped coir and bamboo fiber composite has good

flexural strength.

*n addition, short coir and bamboo fiber reinforced vinyl ester composite was

studied by 6othanetall the study concentrated on the effect of fiber length and fiber

content. 3he maximum tensile strength was observed at '% mm fiber length while

maximum impact strength was observed at % mm fiber length. *ncorporation of

%# untreated fibers provides a !%# increase in the tensile strength and a '#

increase in impact strength. Kosephet al

. tested coir and bamboo fiber and glass


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fiber with varying fiber length and fiber content as well. :uo and Netravali studied

the tensile and flexural properties of the green composites with different pineapple

fibre content and compared with the virgin resin. ?amboo fibre is fairly coarse and

inflexible. *t has good strength, durability, ability to stretch, affinity for certain

dyestuffs and resistance to deterioration in seawater. ?amboo ropes and twines are

widely used for marine, agricultural, shipping, and general industrial use.

?elmeres et al.found that bamboo, hene)uen, and palm fibre have very similar

physical, chemical, and tensile properties. Ca4aurang et al.carried out a systematic

study on the properties of hene)uen fibre and pointed out that these fibres have

mechanical properties suitable for reinforcing thermoplastic resins. Ahmed et al.

carried out research work on filament wound cotton fibre reinforced for reinforcing

high- density polyethylene E26$ resin. Ghalid et al. also studied the use of

cotton fibre reinforced epoxy composites along with glass fibre reinforced

polymers. Fuad et al. investigated the new type woodbased filler derived from oil

palm wood flour 67F$ for bio-based thermoplastics composites by thermo

gravimetric analysis and the results are very promising.

+chneider and Garmaker developed composites using @ute and kenaffibre and

polypropylene resins and they reported that @ute fibre provides better

mechanical properties than kenaffibre. +reekala et al. performed one of the

pioneering studies on the mechanical performance of treated oil palm fiber-

reinforced composites. 3hey studied the tensile stress-stain behavior of composites

having %# by weight fiber loading. *socyanine-, silane-, acrylated, latex coated

and peroxide-treated composite withstood tensile stress to higher strain

level.*socyanate treated, silane treated, acrylated, acetylated and latex coated

composites showed yielding and high extensibility. 3ensile modulus of the

composites at !# elongation showed slight enhancement upon merceri4ation and

permanganate treatment. 3he elongation at break of the composites with

chemically modified fiber was attributed to the changes in the chemical structure


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and bond ability of the fiber. Alkali treated "#$ bamboo-vinyl ester biocomposite

showed about !!# increase in tensile strength. *cha4o et al. found that adding

silane treated wood flour to 66 produced a sustained increase in the tensile

modulus and tensile strength of the composite. Koseph and 3homas studied the

effect of chemical treatment on the tensile and dynamic mechanical properties of

short bamboo fiber reinforced low density polyethylene composites.

A feather is one of the light outgrowths that form the external covering of the body

of a bird, for example- Gallus domesticus chicken$. Almost every part of a

chicken can be used including the feathers M7ant to +ave a 3reeO !%%!$. Feather

fiber is a byproduct of these feathers.

7alter +chmidt, a scientist with the 8nited +tates 2epartment of Agriculture

8+2A$, attempted to make feather fiber by trying to grind chicken feathers into a

powder. 3his form of grinding was too tough to do, so the feathers were cut into

short units. +chmidt concluded that the fibers were very tough and wondered why

no one had used them before ?arrodale, !%%'$. +chmidt also discovered thatfeather fibers have many )ualities including a higher absorbency level as feather

fibers distribute moisture more evenly than most other types of fibers 9ale 9roup,

!%%$. +chmidt and his colleagues developed an efficient mechanical method to

separate the more valuable barb fibers plumage$ from the less useful central chaff

or )uill. 3hough softer, the keratin fibers in the barbs are stronger and less brittle

than those in the )uill and therefore have a much broader range of applications

artindale, !%%$. M3he new fiber separation process uses less water, energy, and

chemicals than for other fibers,O said +chmidt 9ale 9roup, !%%$.

7alter +chmidt and research colleague, Kustin ?arone, discovered that

feathers can be added to various products to strengthen the product while reducing

weight 2urham, !%%$. +ome potential uses for feather fiber are medicines,

dashboards, toys, and even as a substance in foods since the fiber has no flavor and


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takes on the flavor of whatever other material is added ?arrodale, !%%'$. ther

products that may be made with feather fiber include paper, disposable diapers,

clothing, and insulation.


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stacking se)uence and the properties of the constituents /'1. G..Galeemulla et.al

/1 focused the study on influence of fiber orientation and fiber content of epoxy

resin components on mechanical properties. 3he main aim of the present

investigation was to study the influence of fiber orientation on mechanical

properties and also the influence on varying weight percentage of filler material in

the composites.


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CHAPTER III

METHODOLO5Y

O,6e!%ive$ o %-e Pre$e'% Re$e+r!- 7or8

Geeping in view of the current status of research the following ob@ectives are set in

the scope of the present research work.

0. Fabrication of coirbamboo fibre reinforced epoxy composites

!. 3o study the influence of fibre length and fibre loading on physical,

mechanical and water absorption behaviour of composites.


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'. 3o study the surface morphology using + study.

. 3o select the best alternative from a set of alternative materials using

36+*+ method.

DIFFRENT ORIENTATION

3he ' ?asic 3ypes of Composites are generally identified as5

0.$ P+r%i!4eRei'or!e Aggregates$Q

!.$ Fi,erRei'or!e Continuous Fiber or Chopped Fiber$Q and

'.$ N+%3r+4 Co"#o$i%e$ xamples5 7ood and ?one$.

Fig 0." different forms of composite materials

i).P+r%i!4eRei'or!e (A00re0+%e) Co"#o$i%e$

6article-


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Fiber-


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BAMBOO COMPOSITES/

Fibers as received are washed with distilled water to remove the

surface dirt present in the fibers and then the fibers are soaked in NaE solution

05! by volume$ and one kilogram of the fibre is soaked in 0 litre of the solution

.3hen the fibers are designated as washed fibers. 3he soaked fibers are dried under

shade for about hrs .then the treated fibers are dried under sun at temperature of

"%%c for (hrs.then the treated fibbers are straightened and cut to a length of 'cm

each.


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Vi'*4 e$%er

3he term Ivinyl estersI is applied to many different types of resins. 3hree

reactions are generally used for the synthesis of vinyl esters5

• 3he vinyl esterification of dicarboxylic acids with idols or their functional

derivativesQ

• +elf-vinyl esterification reactions of hydroxycarboxylic acids and their

derivativesQ

• inyl ester resins made by vinyl esterification of malefic and ophthalmic

anhydrides and propylene glycol increase resin flexibility. 8nsaturated glycols can

be used to increase the rigidity of the cured resin by permitting additional cross-

linking. +aturated vinyl ester resins are most fre)uently used in the manufacture of

fibers and films. 3he most prevalent of these vinyl esters is poly ethylene

terephthalate$.

>inyl ester resins are unsaturated resins formed by the reaction

of dibasic organic acids and polyhydric alcohols. >inyl ester resins are used

in sheet moulding compound, bulk moulding compound and the toner of laser

printers. 7all panels fabricated from vinyl ester resins reinforced with fiberglass

so-called fiberglass reinforced plastic F


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TAB

LE/

VINYL ESTER PROPERTIES AND CHARACTERISTICS

7ater, a by-product of etherification reactions, is continuously removed,

driving the reaction to completion. 3he use of unsaturated vinyl esters and

additives such as styrene lowers the viscosity of the resin. 3he initially li)uid resin

is converted to a solid by cross-linking chains.

3his is done by creating free radicals at unsaturated bonds, which propagate

in a chain reaction to other unsaturated bonds in ad@acent molecules, linking them

in the process.

HARDNER

Characteristics Vi'*4 e$%er Re$i'

Flexural +trength 9ood

3ensile +trength 9ood

longation # 9ood

7ater Absorption 9ood

Eardness 9ood

6ot :ife L B inutes

7orking 3ime !% L '% inutes

Above 7aterline Hes

?elow 7aterline Hes

a@or Construction Hes

9eneral


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Eardner is a colorless li)uid. 3he pure chemical is unstable peroxide capable of

releasing molecular oxygen. *t is shock, sunlight, and heat sensitive, and undergoes

explosive decomposition at 00%&C.

*t can also undergo spontaneous ignition or decomposition if mixed with readily

ox disable organic or flammable materials or chemical reactants. ?ecause of this

high reactivity, it is sold commercially as a colorless li)uid mixture of

approximately (%# hardner and %# diluents that may be any combination of

dimethyl phthalate, cyclohexanone peroxide, or diallyl phthalate AC9DD,TeiD'$.

3he odor threshold is not known.

FABRICATION

MOULD PREPARATION:

First of all the mould for the composite is prepared. We have

to prepare moulds of size 300 x 300 x 15 mm. for the preparation

of required composite. A clean smoothed surfaced wooden oard

is ta!en and washed thorou"hl#. We "ive a cover to the wooden

oard with a non$reactive thin plastic sheet. %hen the "lass of

equal size &thic!ness 3mm' that of the mould is ta!en to cover the

mould after the resin and (ers are placed in the mould and the

wax is used in the sides of the mould surface to avoid the lea!in"

of resins out of the mould.


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MATRIX TECHNIQUE:

%he (ers were cut to size from the Coir and amoo (er

undle. %he appropriate numers of (er plies were cut with therequired direction. %hen the plies were chosen ased on the

orientation&inclient 300 ,00 ,-50' we planned. eneral pol#ester

resin, hardner were mixed with required proportion # usin" "lass

rod in a owl. Care was ta!en to avoid formation of ules.

/ecause the air ules were trapped in matrix ma# result failure

in the material. %he susequent farication process consisted of (rst puttin" a releasin" (lm on the mould surface. ext a pol#mer

coatin" was applied on the sheets. %hen (er pl# of one !ind was

put and proper was done. %hen resin was a"ain applied, next to it

(er pl# of another !ind was put and rolled. *ollin" was done

usin" c#lindrical mild steel rod. n the top of the last pl# a

pol#mer coatin" is done which serves to ensure a "ood surface

(nish. Finall# a releasin" sheet was put on the top, a li"ht rollin"

was carried out. %hen a 20 !" wei"ht was applied on the

composite. t was left for 2 to 3hrs to allow su4cient time for

curin" and susequent hardenin".

General overview:3he laminated composites sheets were fabricated from Coir and bamboo fiber, with

two plies and they are laid in different orientation and the resin used was polyester

resin. 3en different natural laminated composites are made i.e. Coir and bamboo l

fiber in the direction of After the laminated composites fabrication cutting of the

specimen is done in the desired shape to test the mechanical properties of the

natural laminated composite fiber. 3he tensile and flexural testing of the samples


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were done by 83 universal testing machine$. and the impact strength were

found in impact test machine by using charphy te)uichnice for plastics.

nitiall# the pattern has to e placed on the "round or tale,

then a surface should e made and appl# para4n &or' wax on the

surface to easil# remove the composite material after (nishin"

the procedures, here for this manufacturin" process 6 sheet is

used as that surface. n composite material prepared of 1litre

resin and 100ml of hardner this thin"s stirred # 15 minutes Appl#

a coatin" of "eneral vin#l ester resin on the surface that is wax

coated and allow su4cient time. %hen randoml# spread the(ers on the resin surface in the discontinuous and randommanner. %hen after su4cient time appl# the mixture of "eneral

resin and as indin" a"ents on the surface of the (er. Close the

resin mixture coated surface with a laminated sheet and then

with "lass for smooth surface (nish and for perfect heat transfer

while reaction etween resin mixtures and coir (er. %heimpre"nated la#ers were placed in the resin matrix &30cm730cm'

and pressed heavil# for 1h efore removal. After 1h, the

composites were removed from the mold and cured at room

temperature for 2- h. %he same procedure was followed to

prepare di+erent t#pes of composites %hen this setup is let to e

standstill for approximatel# -hours.%he (nished product is then

procured.


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8ould composite

CALCULATION:

For the preparation of the composite we calculate the percenta"e

of (ers, pol#mer and hardner required from the tale we come

to !now aout the amounts accuratel#.

8A%9*A: %;69 69*C9%A9*9?= @5

C* W% /A8/ : F/9* 25TOTAL 100


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F. 8anufactured components

ASTM PATTERN SPECIFICATION


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EXPERIMENT

%he h#rid reinforced (er is tested # ?niversal

%estin" machine, ardness testin" machine, impact testin"

machine. ts helps to identif# the properties of the composites

reinforced (er. %he followin" test are carried out # usin"

aove machines

&i' %9


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3he hardness number is expressed by the symbol E< and the scale

designation.

ADANTAGES:

Eardness can be read directly in a single step.*t can be used on metals

as well as plastic materials.

SPECIFICATION:


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Ro!8we44 H+r'e$$ N3",er (RHN) / 1&9

IMPACT TEST

An impact test is a dynamic test in which a selected specimen which is

usually notched is struck and broken by a single blow in a specially designed

machine. 8sing an impact machine, the energy absorbed while breaking the

specimen is measured

*n our laboratory, impact testing is done on the 3inius lsen *mpact testing

machine, and consists of two tests5

1. Charp# %est

2. zod %est


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CHARP! TEST:

3he purpose of the impact test is to measure the toughness, or energy

absorption capacity of the materials. 3he principal difference between two tests is

the manner in which the specimen is supported. *n the Charpy test the specimen issupported as a simple beam with a notch in the center. 3he specimen is supported

so that the notch is on the vertical face away from the point of impact. Figure ! and

' show the dimensions of the Charpy test specimen and the positions of the

striking edge of the pendulum and the specimen in the anvil.

I:OD TEST/

*n the *4od test, the specimen is held on one end and is free on the other end.

3his way it forms a cantilever beam. Figures and " show the dimensions of the

*4od test specimen and the positions of the striking edge of the pendulum and the

specimen in the anvil. *n this case the notch is @ust at the edge of the supporting

vise and facing into the direction of impact. As with the Charpy, this position

places the notch at the location of the maximum tension.

E;#eri"e'%+4 Pro!e3re/


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When the pendulum is released, its potential ener"# is

converted into !inetic ener"#.

zod specimen hits aove the D$notch and the charp#

specimen hits ehind the D$notch.

ow the ener"# asored is measured from the scale of

the impact testin" machine.

Fi" IMPACT TEST

CALCULATION FOR COIR#BAMBOO FIBER:

From the aove procedure, ener"# asored # the specimen is

1.E and therefore


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MATERIAL IMPACT ALUE

CI$%%& %'(

C)$*%%& %'+,

C*$(-%& %'.

TENSILE TEST:

%ension test is conducted # "rippin" the testspecimen etween the upper and lower cross$heads,

Compression, transverse, endin", shear and hardness tests are

conducted etween the lower crosshead and the tale. %he lower

cross$head can e raised or lowered rapidl# # operatin" the

screwed columns thus facilitatin" ease of (xin" of the test

specimen.

?niversal %estin" 8achine is desi"ned for testin" metals and other

materials under tension, compression endin", transverse and

shear loads. peration of the machines is # h#draulic

transmission of load from the test specimen to a separatel#

housed load indicator. %he h#draulic s#stem is ideal since it

replaces transmission of load throu"h levers and !nife ed"es,which are prone to wear and dama"e due to shoc! on rupture of

test pieces. :oad is applied # a h#drostaticall# luricated

ram.%he power pac! "enerates the maximum pressure of 200


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!"fGcm2 the h#draulic pump provides continuousl# non$pulsatin"

oil How. ence the load application is ver# smooth.

After clampin" the test specimen in the ?%8 the test is carried

out # appl#in" the "radual load. once it reach the ultimate loadthe test specimen would ro!en and result of the specimen is

otained.

TESTING SPECIMEN

%he tensile stren"th was determined # usin" 8icrotec! tens

meter with precision case arran"ement. A specimen of rectan"le

shape with standard speci(cations was cut from the composite

plate alread# made.

%he cut tensile was held in eccentric roller "rips and load

was applied on the specimen "entl# and the mercur# ran in the

anana column from zero point.

As the load increases, fracture occurred in the "au"e len"th

position of the test specimen. %he load at rea! down was noted

from scale and process is repeated for other specimens and


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avera"e load at the rea! was noted and tensile stren"th was

calculated.

TENSILE TESTING PROCEDURE


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sample is tested, the machine will automatically return to this starting

position.

• nce grips have been positioned correctly, a sample can be secured

inside the grips Figure 0 illustrates how to properly fix a sample in the

grips$.• At the top of the computer screen, click on /B+4+'!e Lo+1 and /Re$e%

5+30e Le'0%-1 to calibrate the machine.

• 3o test the sample, click on the /S%+r%1 button on the right side of the

screen. Note5 the machine has been programmed to stop once the sample

has broken.

• Eowever, this is not always the case. *f the sample has broken and the

machine continues to operate, click on the /S%o#1 button located @ust

under the /S%+r%1 button. 3he results will be no different from the results

obtained if the machine stops automatically.

•


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• Click on /Fi'i$- S+"#4e1 to save the data and generate a report from the

group of samples tested.

• *f there are more groups of samples to be tested, click on /Ye$1.

• 3o exit the program, click on the /FIE1 button at the top left of the screen

and then click /E;i%1.

• Access the file by clicking /M* Co"#3%er1 /Lo!+4 Di$8 C/1

/Do!3"e'%$ +' Se%%i'0$1 /CHEE&>1. Copy your files and shut

down the machine .

TENSION TEST GRAPH FOR COIR /ITH

BAMBOOCOMPOSITES:

Sl'No Fi0er orien1a1io

an"le $2e"ree&

Ten3ile S1ren"14

$5N&

1 0 1.I5

2 30 2.055

3 -5 2.15


42/51

Fi": tensile test coirJamoo at 300 orientation (er.

Fi": tensile test coirJamoo at 00 orientation (er.

Fi": tensile test coirJamoo at -50 orientation (er.


43/51

FLEXURAL STRENGTH:

Flexural stren"th, also !nown as modulus of rupture, end

stren"th, or fracture stren"th a mechanical parameter for rittle

material, is de(ned as a materialKs ailit# to resist deformationunder load. %he transverse endin" test is most frequentl#

emplo#ed, in which a rod specimen havin" either a circular or

rectan"ular cross$section is ent until fracture usin" a three point

Hexural test technique.

%he rectan"ular test pieces of 13071373 mm dimension for

Hexural test were cut from the prepared non woven composites.Flexural test was conducted as per A


44/51

3. Flexural %est

-.


45/51

which act to concentrate the stresses locally, effectively causing a locali4ed

weakness.

7hen a material is bent only the extreme fibers are at the largest stress so, if

those fibers are free from defects, the flexural strength will be controlled by thestrength of those intact IfibersI. Eowever, if the same material was sub@ected to

only tensile forces then all the fibers in the material are at the same stress and

failure will initiate when the weakest fiber reaches its limiting tensile stress.

3herefore it is common for flexural strengths to be higher than tensile

strengths for the same material. Conversely, a homogeneous material with defects

only on its surfaces e.g. due to scratches$ might have a higher tensile and flexural

strength.

*f we donIt take into account defects of any kind, it is clear that the material

will fail under a bending force which is smaller than the corresponding tensile

force. ?oth of these forces will induce the same failure stress, whose value depends

on the strength of the material.

Fig. - ?eam under ' point bending


46/51

FLEXURAL TEST FOR COIR /ITH BAMBOOCOMPOSITE:

Sl'No Fi0er orien1a1io

an"le $2e"ree&

6e78ral S1ren"14

$5N&

1 0 1.I5

2 30 2.055

3 -5 2.15

GRAPHS:

Fi": Hexural test coirJamoo at 300

orientation (er.


47/51

Fi": Hexural test coirJamoo at -50 orientation (er.

Fi": Hexural test coirJamoo at 00 orientation (er.


48/51

S9annin" ele91ron i9ro39o;< $SEM&


49/51

Fiber at "%

Fiber at %%

APPLICATION


50/51

Eome applicance likedoor$

Automobile light casing

Earsbetsheet

6anel making

:athe bet

7heel hub etcW.

ADVANTA5ES

low cost

ease of decomposability.

*t is replace natural plastic

+trong bonding strength

'2-combination Eigh flexural strength

Eigh tensile strength

Eigh hardness strengthRimpact strength

CONCLUSION:

/ased on the test anal#sis of the new composite material which is

faricated with an in"redient of a treated coirJamoo (re


51/51

and vin#l ester resin have hi"her stren"th than the other

composite materials.

coir with bamboo 25%

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