1

arqeologiuri kvlevis centri (sma-s)

Centre for Archaeological Studies of the GAS

kolxologiuri narkvevebi

Colchological Articles

II

gela gamyreliZe

GELA GAMKRELIDZE

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Sinaarsi: Contents:

*kolxeTis istoriuli ganviTarebis procesze biogeogaremos

gavlenis Sesaxeb --------------------------------------------------------- 3

*qalaq fasisis (foTis) topoarqeologiisaTvis --------------- 56

*navTobis transportirebis Sesaxeb fasis-foTSi -------------- 81

*kolxur-mosuinikuri koSkis rekonstruirebis cda ---------- 89

*kolxi medeas ikonografiisaTvis ---------------------------------- 99

*dionises tipis RvTaebis qandakeba vanis naqalaqaridan ----- 110

*erTi keramikuli nivTis interpretaciisaTvis adeiSvilebis

goris nagebobidan --------------------------------------------------------- 113

*prokopi kesarielis da agaTias TxzulebebSi moxseniebuli

“muxirisis” Sesaxeb ------------------------------------------------------ 121

*sazRvao naosnoba da vaWroba kolxeTSi -------------------------- 131

*vercxlis ritoni sof. gomidan ------------------------------------- 138

*jvriandamRiani kolxuri amforebi --------------------------------- 155

*berZnul grafitoiani sinopuri da kolxuri amforebi qalaq

foTi-fasisidan ------------------------------------------------------------ 174

*kolxur-mosuinikuri saomari istoriis zogirTi sakiTxi -- 188

*kolxeTSi romanizaciis globalisturi procesis mimdina-

reobis Sesaxeb. (Summary in English) --------------------------------- 200

Papers in English

*THE LAND OF COLCHIS AND THE CITY OF PHASIS ------- 215

*ON THE EVOLUTION THE COLCHIAN AMPHORAE

(the 4th

cent. BC to the 3rd

cent. AD) ------------------------------------- 249

*About the author ------------------------------------------------------------ 262

© Gela Gamkrelidze. 2001 (II gamocema, 2010). ISBN 99928.0.137.9.(II).

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kolxeTis istoriuli ganviTarebis procesze biogeogaremos gavlenis

Sesaxeb

Zveli saqarTvelos istoriuli ganviTarebis jaWvSi erT-erTi metad

sayuradRebo rgolia dasavleT saqarTvelo (geografiuli cneba

“kolxeTi”). saqarTvelos am nawilma friad rTuli istoriuli gza

ganvlo. misi ekonomika da politikuri mdgomareoba sxvadasxva periodSi

sxvadasxvanairi iyo. qarTveluri modgma dasabamidan saxlobs dRevandeli

saqarTvelos miwawyalze. am miwaze saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi

mimdinareobda maTi istoriul-kulturuli ganviTarebis xangrZlivi da

Taviseburi procesi. geopolitikurad aziisa da evropis sazRvarze

mdebare kolxeTi ori didi politikur-ekonomikuri Zalis (erTi mxriv

iranuli da, meore mxriv, antikuri orientaciis qveynebis) zegavlenas

ganicdida. sayuradReboa kolxeTis urTierTobebis Seswavla

saberZneTTan, pontosTan da romTan. am qveynebma ZiriTadi roli iTamaSes

kolxeTis ganviTarebis kulturul-istoriul procesSi. sayuradReboa

agreTve qarTlisa(iberiis) da kolxeTis urTierTobebis Seswavla,

radgan maT adgilsa da safuZvelze Semdgom ganviTarda erTiani

saxelmwifo _ saqarTvelo.

istoriuli kvlevisas biogeogaremos (resp. geografiuli garemos)

Seswavlis gareSe SeuZlebelia romelime qveynis istoriuli

ganviTarebis procesis Seswavla. biogeogaremos ganmsazRvrel rolze

sazogadoebis ganviTarebaSi Tavdapirvelad yuradReba antikuri epoqis

mecnierma da moazrovnem hipokratem gaamaxvila. misi TvalTaxedviT,

biogeogaremos komponentebidan mTavari aqcenti klimatze iyo

gadatanili. SemdgomSi geografiuli determinizmis ideas bevri momxre

gamouCnda, romlebmac is ganaviTares da ufro daxvewes.

geografiuli determinizmis momxreTa azriT, geografiuli garemo

gadamwyvet gavlenas axdens sazogadoebis ganviTarebaze. isini ZiriTadad

gamoyofen _ klimats, landSafts, madneuls, faunas, floras, mdinares,

zRvas, qveynis mdebareoba-ganlagebas. es faqtorebi moqmedeben adamianis,

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sazogadoebis zne-xasiaTze, Sesaxedaobaze, materialur dagrovebaze,

sulier wyobaze, qveynis mmarTvelobis formaze da sxva. istoriuli

ganviTarebis procesis axsnisasQWeSmariteba ori ZiriTadi faqtoris,

kerZod, biogeogaremos da sociogaremos urTierTzemoqmedebis axsnaSi

unda veZeboT, romlebzedac, Tavis mxriv, moqmedeben biogeoqimiuri,

genetikuri, qronologiuri da sakranoosis procesebi (ix. gamyreliZe

1993, gv.22). biogeogaremos da sazogadoebis istoriuli ganviTarebis

urTierTzemoqmedebis problema msoflio civilizaciebis warmoqmna-

ganviTarebis saerTo ZiriTadi problemaa, magram realurad arsebobs

konkretuli biogeogaremo, konkretuli regioni, konkretuli

sazogadoeba. Cven vecadeT es urTierTobebi gangvexila Zveli kolxeTis

magaliTze.

kolxeTi, rogorc istoriul-geografiuli mxare, mTel dasavleT

saqarTvelos moicavs. misi fizikur-geografiuli sazRvrebia:

CrdiloeTiT kavkasionis maRali mTebi; samxreTiT “mcire kavkasioni”,

aWara-lazeTis mTianeTi; aRmosavleTiT suramis anu lixis qedi, xolo

dasavleTiT Savi zRva. dasavleT saqarTvelos, kolxeTis mTianeTis

borcvgorakebi, xeobebi, serebi, tafobebi da dablobi TavianTi bunebrivi

garemoTi mosaxerxebel dasasaxlebel adgilebs qmnian. aq didi

raodenobiT moipoveba saSeni masala _ xe, sxvadasxva jiSis qva, Tixa da

a.S. aris marmarilo, kirqva, TabaSiri, keramikuli Tixa, sxvadasxva

fiqlebi. kolxeTSi Tixis WurWlis moWiqvisaTvis da minis WurWlis

sawarmoeblad gamoiyeneboda kvarcis qviSa, romelic mravlad moipoveba.

dasavleT saqarTveloSi aRmoCenilia iseTi mineralebic, romlebic

ZvelTaganve gamoiyeneba samkaulebis dasamzadeblad, mag., giSeri, mTis

broli, aqati, qalcedoni, sardioni, obsidiani, surinji da a.S.

kolxeTSi metalurgiuli (spilenZi, rkina, tyvia, TuTia, kala, vercxli)

nedleulis mopovebis ZiriTadi adgilebia _ raWa-leCxumi, svaneTi,

afxazeTi, aWara. mdinareebis enguris, cxeniswylis, texuris da rionis

qviSa garkveuli raodenobiT oqros Seicavs. amas adasturebs jer kidev

Is. avtori straboni, romlis nawerebic sakmao safuZvlianobiT

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gamoirCeva: “wylis nakadebs oqro Camoaqvs, xolo adgilobrivi

mcxovreblebi mas agroveben daCvretili varclebiT da bewviani tyavebiT”

(straboni, XI, II, 19). II saukunis avtori apianec aRniSnavs:

“kavkasionidan Camomdinare nakadulebs oqros qviSa Camoaqvs. adgilobrivi

mcxovreblebi mdinareebSi xSirbewvian cxvris tyavebs ageben da agroveben

qviSas, romelic maTze ileqeba” (apiane, miTridates omebi, 103) oqros

mopovebis Sesaxeb gadmogvcems I saukunis avtori gaius plinius

sekundusic (ufrosi): “kolxeTSi mefobda aietis memkvidre savlaki,

romelic Tavis sameufeoSi didZal oqros da vercxls ipovebda svaneTis

miwasa da saerTod saxelmwifoSi...”(NH, XXXIII).

sayovelTaod cnobilia kolxeTis mosaxleobis roli

metalurgiuli warmoebis saqmeSi (mag: xalibebi, mosuinikebi, mosxebi).

kolxeTis regioni liTonebis warmoeba-damuSavebis erT-erT msoflio

centrs warmoadgenda. aq mosaxleobis mier madneulis nayofierma

damuSaveba-gamoyenebam kolxuri sazogadoeba ukve Zv. w. II aTaswleulSi

axali ganviTarebis safexurze aiyvana. antikur xanaSi kolxuri metalis

eqsporti mezobel qveynebSic xdeboda. amdenad, kolxeTSi sasargeblo

madneulis arseboba iwvevda pozitiur Zvrebs warmoebis ganviTarebaSi,

rac Tavis mxriv, aqauri sazogadoebis ganviTarebis process aCqarebda.

amgvarad, Zveli kolxeTi madneuliT mdidari qveyana Cans, rac SemdgomSi

safuZvlad daedo mompovebeli da gadamamuSavebeli xelosnoba-warmoebis

mTeli rigi dargebis ganviTarebas. am dargebis produqcia ki xSirad

sxvadasxva qveynebSi gahqondaT. iqidan ki SemohqondaT iseTi nawarmi,

romelic adgilobrivad ar moipoveboda.

kolxeTis reliefi, teqtonikuri ganviTarebis Taviseburebis gamo,

or ZiriTad gansxvavebul nawilad iyofa: mTa-mTiswineTad da bar-

dablobad. lixis, didi da mcire kavkasionis mTianeTSi gadioda bilik-

gzebi, romliTac kolxeTis mosaxleoba ukavSirdeboda danarCen

kulturul samyaros. adgilobrivi mcxovreblebi am gadasasvlelebs

exlac iyeneben. esenia: rikoTis, zekaris, mefiswyaros, goderZis,

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mamisonis, nakris, qluxoris da sxva. es gadasasvlelebi xels uwyobdnen

ekonomikuri kontaqtebis gaRrmavebas.

mTebiT SemosazRvruli kolxeTi Tavisi reliefiT (qedebi, xeobebi,

serebi, tafobebi, borcv-gorakebi) mosaxerxebel TavdacviT da samxedro-

strategiul garemos qmnida. am TvalsazrisiT sayuradReboa Zv.w. Is-is

romaeli mxedarTmTavris lukulusis miTridate evpatorTan omis dros

kavkasionis mTianeTis da misi mimdebare teritoriis samxedro moqmedebis

adgilis Sefaseba: “me aq im mizniT vayovneb, rom Cemma mowinaaRmdegem

(miTridate evpatori – g.g.) kvlav moikribos Zala da did mxedrobas

mouyaros Tavi, raTa adgilzeve darCes da Cveni miaxloebisTanave ar

gaiqces. gana Tqven ver xedavT, rom mis zurgSi gadaSlilia uzarmazari

da usazRvro udabno? (igulisxmeba bosfor-yubanis stepebi – g.g.). iqve

axlos aris kavkasioni mravali maRali mTiT, romelTac sul advilad

SeuZliaT Seifaron da daicvan brZolis amridebeli aTobiT mefe”

(plutarqe, lukulusi, 14). aRsaniSnavia, rom samxedro moqmedebis dros

didi mniSvneloba aqvs adgilobrivi relief-landSaftis gaTvaliswinebas.

Casaketad advili viwro xeobebis, Znelad gadasalaxi maRali mTebis,

gasamagreblad mosaxerxebeli gorebis, xSiri gauvali tyeebis, Znelad

dasaZlevi mdinareebis moxerxebuli samxedro-strategiuli gamoyeneba

saomari moqmedebis warmatebuli dagvirgvinebis garantia iyo. aranaklebi

mniSvneloba samxedro moqmedebisas eniWeba klimats da weliwadis

droebis cvlas. magaliTad, miTridate evpatori pompeusTan omis dros

“mTebis gadaRma kolxeTSi gaiqca” (straboni, XII, III, 28). mas Zalebis

mokreba da aRWurvilobis Sevseba esaWiroeboda da zamTari dioskuriaSi

gaatara. am SemTxvevaSi miTridatem zamTari da mTebi (reliefi da hava)

Tavisi samxedro-strategiuli gegmis gansaxorcieleblad gamoiyena.

zemoxsenebuli mTaTa myinvarebidan gamoedineba didi Tu patara

mdinareebi, romlebic Savi zRvis auzs miekuTvnebian. isini raodenobrivad

16000-ze metia. maT Soris wyaluxvobiT uwinaresi adgili uWiravs _

rions, yvirilas, cxeniswyals, texurs, xobs, engurs, kodors, bzifs,

RaliZgas, xaniswyals, fiCors, sufsas, natanebs, Woroxs. aqedan xobs,

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texurs, fiCors, sufsas, da gansakuTrebiT rion-yvirilas satransporto

gadasaadgilebel gzebad iyenebdnen. maTze savaWro-satransporto navebiT

dacuravdnen. swored es savaWro-samdinaro gzebi (vidre saxmeleTo)

gacilebiT rentabelurs xdida vaWrobas, romelic adgilobrivi

mosaxleobis ganviTarebisTvis erT-erT mniSvnelovan faqtors

warmoadgenda.

rioni(fasisi) kolxeTis mTavari mdinarea. mdinare rioni

kavkasionis samxreT kalTebidan, fasis mTis myinvaridan gamoedineba.

qalaq quTaisamde is mTis mCqefare mdinarea, Cqari dineba gaaCnia da

umeteswilad viwro xeobaSi moedineba; quTaisis qvemoT kolxeTis

dablobze Camodis da baris mdinaris mdore dineba uCndeba. is itoteba

da mTebidan Camotanili Slamis daleqviT warmoqmnis kunZulebs. rioni,

rogorc Cans, xSirad icvlida kalapots, amitom kolxeTis dablobze

kargad SeimCneva narionalebi, Zveli kalapotebi. sayuradReboa, rionis

IIs-Si mnaxvelis flavius arianes TxzulebaSi _ “mogzauroba Savi zRvis

garSemo” _ daculi cnoba: “fasisis wyals tyviis Tu kalis feri

dakravs, magram rom gaaCereb, Zalian wminda xdeba” (flavius ariane,

1951, gv.37). werilobiT wyaroebSi fasisi pirvelad ixsenieba hesiodes

“TeogoniaSi” (Zv.w.VIIs.).

rion-yvirila(fasisi) Tavisi fizikur-geografiuli mdebareobiT

moxerxebuli savaWro-satranzito gza iyo. cnobebi misi satranzito

gzad gamoyenebis Sesaxeb ZiriTadad Semonaxulia strabonis da pliniusis

nawerebSi. straboni aRwers md. rion-yvirilas magistrals: “fasisze

aRma curva SeiZleba Sorapnamde. am simagres SeuZlia daitios mTeli

qalaqis mosaxleoba; Sorapnidan fexiT, saurme gziT oTx dReSi

miisvleba md. mtkvramde” (XI,II,17). am gzis gagrZelebas straboni ase

agviwers: “…induri saqoneli SemoaqvT hirkanis zRvaSi, xolo aqedan

albaneTSi gadaaqvT da Semdeg mtkvarze da mis momdevno adgilebiT

evqsinis zRvaSi CaaqvT” (straboni, XI, VII,3). amrigad, naTelia, rom Is.-

is avtori straboni aRwers savaWro gzas, romelic moemarTeboda

aRmosavleTidan md. mtkvarze da md. fasisze (rion-yvirila) gavliT Savi

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zRvisken. amave gzas aRwers Is-is avtori pliniusi:“pompeusis laSqrobis

dros, misi brZanebiT Seswavlil iqna, rom indoeTidan SeiZleba Svid

dReSi Casvla baqtriaSi, md. baqtrTan, romelic erTvis oqss. aqedan

induri savaWro saqoneli gadaaqvT kaspiis zRvis iqiT md. mtkvarze da

xmeleTiT ara umetes xuTi dRisa maT SeuZliaT miaRwion fasiss,

romelic Sav zRvas uerTdeba” (plinius sekundusi, NH,VI,52).

sayuradReboa, rom swored am gzis gayolebaze mdebareobs antikuri

xanis da adreuli Sua saukuneebis namosaxlarebi, romelTa

arqeologiuri kvlevis drosac aRmoCnda Semotanili ucxouri nawarmi

(keramika, samkaulebi, monetebi, liTonis da minis WurWeli). aseTi

namosaxlarebi md. rion-yvirilas gayolebaze aRmoCenilia SorapanSi,

patrikeTSi, vanSi, sayanCiaSi, cixesulorSi, SuamTaSi, farcxanayanevSi,

sof. mTisZirSi, dablagomSi, dafnarSi, sajavaxoSi, patara foTSi,

WaladidSi, foTSi (paliastomis tbaze) da sxva.

rion-yvirilas (fasisis) savaWro-samdinaro gzis bolo punqti iyo

tba paliastomze mdebare qalaqi, romlis Semdegac savaWro karWapebi Sav

zRvaSi gadiodnen kabotaJuri curvisaTvis. geomorfologebis azriT,

paliastomis tba-laguna zRviuri reliqtia. Zvelad aq mdinare rionis

limani iyo. sruliad bunebrivia, rom winaT swored am moxerxebul

limanSi, romlis napirzedac qalaq-navsayudeli mdebareobda, xomaldebi

Semosuliyvnen. xomaldebidan Semdeg tvirTi brtyelZira samdinaro

karWapebSi gadaitvirTeboda da paliastomis gavliT mdinare rionze anda

fiCorze aRma agrZelebda svlas. agaTia paliastomis Sesaxeb gadmogvcems:

“iq xom erTi tba aris, romelsac patara zRvas eZaxian da romelic

evqsinis pontos uerTdeba”. Semdeg “didi satvirTo xomaldebi zRvis

napiras da fasisis SesarTavTan miacures qalaqis maxloblad” (agaTia,

“georgika”, 1936, gv.102). mdinare rionze Camocurebuli satransporto

navebidan tvirTi paliastomis tbaze mdebare navsayudelSi ukve sazRvao

karWap-xomaldebSi gadahqondaT da Savi zRvis gavliT mihqondaT Soreul

qveynebSi.

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zRvam didi roli iTamaSa kolxeTis socialur-ekonomikur

ganviTarebaSi. werilobiTi da arqeologiuri monacemebis mixedviT zRvis

sanapiroze mTeli rigi naqalaqarebi da sxva dasaxlebuli punqtebia

mikvleuli: afsarosi (goniosTan), baTumis cixe, cixisZiri, qobuleT-

fiWvnari, ureki, fasisi (foTTan), anaklia, fiCori, gienosi

(oCamCiresTan), dioskuria- sebastopoli (soxumTan), eSera,

pitiunti(biWvinTasTan) da a.S. CamoTvlili dasaxlebebi, bunebrivia,

cxovrebis wesiT zRvasTan mWidrod iyo dakavSirebuli. isini garkveul

rols asrulebdnen ucxoeTTan savaWro-ekonomikur da kulturul-

politikur urTierTobaSi. pirvel rigSi, swored zRvispira qalaqebis

meSveobiT xorcieldeboda kontaqtebi Savi zRvis da xmelTaSua zRvis

qveynebTan da qalaqebTan: mileTTan, qiosTan, rodosTan, aTenTan,

mendesTan, sinopesTan, romTan (ostia). SemdgomSi bizantiasTan

(konstantinepolTan), genuasTan, veneciasTan da sxva. zRvispira

qalaqebSi, vaWrobis garda, xelosnobis sxvadasxva dargebi (meTuneoba,

mWedloba, xurooba, feiqroba, da a.S.) iyo ganviTarebuli. magram aq

gansakuTrebuli adgili mainc zRvasTan dakavSirebul saqmianobas,

zRvaosnobas, meTevzeobas, zRvis marilis mopovebas da, rac mTavaria,

vaWrobas eWira. cnobilia, rom zRvam msoflio arenaze civilizebuli

qveynebi gamoiyvana. antikur epoqaSi kolxebmac gamoiyenes sazRvao

komunikaciebi vaWrobisaTvis. antikur xanaSi kolxeTis sanapiroze

garkveuli sakontaqto regioni Seiqmna antikur samyarosa da kolxeTs

Soris. bizantieli istorikosi agaTia kolxeTis Sesaxeb gadmogvcems:

“Zlierni da mamacni arian lazebi”. isini “…amayoben kolxTa Zveli

saxeliT…”; gamoirCevian “…Tavisi simdidris siuxviT, aseve qveSevrdomTa

simravliT, miwawylis siWarbiT da mosavlianobiT…” “…exlandeli

mcxovreblebi dacuraven kidec, ramdenadac SesaZlebelia, da vaWrobaSic

naxuloben did sargebels” (agaTia, III,5; yauxCiSvili, 1936, gv.50).

Savi zRva xmeleTSida zRvaa. is bosfor-dardanelis sruteebiT

gadis xmelTaSua zRvis auzSi. bosforis srutis uviwroesi adgili

siganeSi mxolod 700 metria, amitom misi gadaketva-kontroli advilia.

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srute geopolitikur- strategiulad friad mosaxerxebelia.

istoriulad vis xelSiac bosforis srute iyo, is akontrolebda

xmelTaSua da Sav zRvebs Soris mimosvlas. aman uaryofiTi roli

iTamaSa kolxeTis istoriul-ekonomikur ganviTarebaze. antikuri xanis

kolxeTis geografiulma adgilmdebareobam ganapiroba sazRvao (sanapiro

qalaqebi _ fasisi, gienosi, dioskuria da sxva.) da samdinaro (rion-

yvirilas satranzito gza) komunikaciebis ganviTareba, rac didad

moqmedebda maSindeli qveynis Siga da gare warmatebuli vaWrobis

warmoebaze. kolxeTis sanapiroze zRvis wyali ar iyineba. kolxeTis

farglebSi sanapiroze Zlieri grigaluri, damangreveli qari ar icis.

zRva udides rols TamaSobs kolxeTis klimatis formirebaSi, rac,

Tavis mxriv, did gavlenas axdens aqaur agroklimatur situaciaze da

adgilobrivi mcxovreblebis sameurneo yofaze. zRva kolxeTSi Tbili da

notio klimatis Camoyalibebas uwyobs xels. kolxeTis istoriaSi erT-

erTi mniSvnelovani uaryofiTi roli zRvis napiris biogeogaremos

Secvlam iTamaSa. geomorfologebis varaudiT, axalSavzRviurma

transgresiam Secvala fanagoriuli regresia (daaxloebiT Zv.w. I

aTaswleulis meore naxevarSi), xolo Zveli da axali welTaRricxvis

mijnaze isev iwyeba transgresia, zRvis donis aweva. amis gamo sanapiroze

ganlagebuli qalaq-dasaxlebebi wylis qveS moxvda da Sewyvita arseboba.

saqarTvelos zRvispireTSi, werilobiTi wyaroebis (skilaqs kariandeli,

flavius ariane, pomponius mela, straboni, klavdios ptolemaiosi,

prokopi kesarieli, agaTia, vaxuSti bagrationi da sxv.) mixedviT, mTeli

rigi naqalaqarebi aris moxseniebuli: foTTan – fasisi, oCamCiresTan –

gienosi(?), soxumTan – dioskuria-sebastopolisi, biWvinTasTan –

pitiunti da a.S. xsenebuli naqalaqarebis an maTi mimdebare teritoriis

wyalSi daZirvam da cxovrebis Sewyvetam zRvispireTSi ekonomikuri

donis daqveiTeba gamoiwvia. Sesabamisad, gvianantikuri xanis da

adreuli Suasaukuneebis kolxeTis istoriul ganviTarebaze es

geomorfologiuri procesi uaryofiTad imoqmedebda. sayuradReboa

strabonis “geografiaSi” cnoba, sadac, Savi zRvis is monakveTi,

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romelic mdebareobda kolxeTis sanapirosTan, iwodeboda “kolxeTis

zRvad”(XI, I,6).

kavkasioni, antikavkasioni, lixis qedi da Savi zRva qmnian bunebrivad

SemozRudul teritorias, romlis SuaSic kolxeTis bardablobi da

mTiswineTi eqceva. es teritoria kolxeTis mTavari agrarul-sameurneo

regioni iyo. kolxeTis bar-dablobi xasiTdeba Waobiani da eweri, xolo

mTiswineTi wiTeli da yviTelmiwa niadagebiT. kolxeTis dablobi

sxvadasxva sibrtyeebzea ganlagebuli. amitom dasavleT, zRvispira

monakveTSi aRiniSneba gansakuTrebuli Waobianoba, xolo aRmosavleTiT

ufro eweri niadagebia. WaobebSi ZiriTadad torfiani niadagebi Warbobs.

aris agreTve Waobis qviSalamiani da Tixnariani monakveTebic. agrarul-

sameurneo saqmianobaSi yvelaze metad gamoyenebulia kolxeTis dablobis

SemaRlebuli monakveTi. sameurneo saqmianobaSi iyo Cabmuli agreTve

kolxeTis mTiswineTis borcv-gorakiani nawilic. strabonis

“geografiaSi” daculi cnobis mixedviT, kolxeTi bunebrivi resursebiT

sakmaod mdidar qveynad warmogvidgeba: “…qveyanaSi kargi nayofi icis;

…moipoveba gemTsaSeni yovelive masala, radgan izrdeba aq mravali tye

da mdinareebiT CamoaqvT; amuSaveben bevr sels, kanafs, cvilsa da fiss.

xolo selis warmoeba ganTqmulia da gareTac ki gaaqvT” (straboni, XI,

II,17). eqsportzea saubari markus maniliusis (Is.) cnobaSic, sadac is

gadmogvcems, rom romaelebs kvebavs numidielTa sanapiro da fasisis

Walebio.

sayuradReboa kolxeTis Sesaxeb VIs-is bizantieli mwerlis prokopi

kesarielis werilobiTi cnoba: “moxirisi erTi dRis savalzea

arqeopolisidan da Seicavs mraval mWidrod dasaxlebul sofels.

kolxeTis miwa-wyalze is saukeTeso mxares warmoadgens; Rvinoc kargi

modis da nayofic iq kargad xarobs” (prokopi kesarieli BG, VIII,14).

kolxeTSi mdebare moxirisis mxare, rogorc Cans, ekonomikurad Zlieri

regionia. md. rionis Suaweli emTxveva kolxeTis am regionis SedarebiT

gviandel saxelwodebas _ “samoqalaqo”, romelic agreTve mZlavr

ekonomikur mxared aris cnobili. kolxeTis dablobi rom

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dawinaurebuli sameurneo-ekonomikuri mxare iyo, kargad Cans am regionSi

aRmoCenili arqeologiuri masalidanac.

kolxeTis klimatis formirebaSi did rols asrulebs mzis radiacia,

haeris cirkulacia, zRvasTan siaxlove. aq baris da mTis havaSi didi

sxvaobaa. kolxeTis qaris mimarTuleba-siCqareze ZiriTadad xeobebis,

qedebis da zegnebis ganlageba moqmedebs. xalxur dakvirvebaSi

SemorCenilia ori qaris saxeli _ “zena qari” da “qvena qari”

(dasavleTisa da aRmosavleTis qari), romelTa mixedviTac meurne

cdilobda amindis prognozirebas da Tavis sameurneo saqmianobis

Sesabamisad dagegmvas.

kolxeTi mravalferovania Tavisi mcenareuli safariT. aq dResac

SexvdebiT reliqtur saxeobebs; aris endemuri jiSebi. alpuri

sartyelis qvemoT mTa-mTiswineTi da nawilobriv baric, ZiriTadad

tyiTaa Semosili. bar-dablobSi tyeebi ZiriTadad mdinareebis WalebSia.

kolxeTis bar-mTiswineTSi gabatonebulia foTlovani xeebi _ muxa,

rcxila, wabli, wifeli, cacxvi, nekerCxali. SemorCenilia agreTve

mesameuli periodis xeebi _ lafani, Zelqva. aris maradmwvane buCqnarebi

_ bza, wyavi, Sqeri. dablobebSi tye CaxlarTulia xviarebiT (suro,

Rvedkeci). winaT kolxeTis dablobze SemaRlebul adgilebSi izrdeboda

muxa, rcxila, wifeli, rac exla aq TiTqmis iSviTobas warmoadgens. am

xeebis samSeneblo masalad gamoyeneba arqeologiuri monacemebiT xSirad

dasturdeba.

kolxeTis ganviTarebis garkveul etapze Zv.w. IIIsaukunemde, xe

SeiZleba ZiriTad samSeneblo masalad CaiTvalos. gaTlili xisagan da

morisagan igeboda sacxovrebeli saxlebi, Sendeboda TavdacviTi

nagebobebi da zogjer Waobian adgilebSi gza-trotuarebis

gasamarTavadac gamoiyeneboda. strabonis cnobiT, "qveyanaSi (kolxeTSi _

g.g.) ...moipoveba gemTsaSeni ...masala, radgan aq izrdeba mravali tye...;"

(ix. straboni, XI, II,17). tyeebis siuxvesve adasturebs Zv.w. Is. romaeli

arqiteqtori vitruviusic: "kolxebi pontos mxareSi tyis siuxvis gamo

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awyoben miwaze marjvniv da marcxniv mTlian xeebs... da ageben..."

(vitruviusi, aTi wigni arqiteqturis Sesaxeb, II w. I,4). kolxeTis qvemo nawili torfian Waobebs uWiravs. Waobis da misi

mimdebare adgilebisaTvis ZiriTadad damaxasiaTebelia lelianebi,

islianebi, Calianebi, gvimrianebi; seli, kanafi da sxv. Zveli kolxeTis

sameurneo yofisaTvis didi mniSvneloba eqneboda iseTi mcenareebis

gavrcelebas, rogoric iyo, magaliTad, xorblis da qeris marcvali,

vazi, fetvi, Wvavi, wabli, Romi, kakali, Txili, leRvi, zRmartli, xaxvi

da sxv. kolxeTis bar-dablobSi ukeTesi mdgomareoba iyo dasasaxleblad da

sameurneo saqmianobisaTvis. bunebrivia, aq xdeboda kulturul-sameurneo

mcenareebis axali jiSebis Semotana-gavrceleba. zog SemTxvevaSi axali

produqtiuli jiSebis SemotaniT Zveli tradiciuli jiSebi TiTqmis

qreboda. magaliTad, XVIIs-Si simindis Semotanam kolxeTSi TandaTan

TiTqmis mospo iseTi Zveli kulturuli mcenare, rogoric Romia. cxovelTa samyarodan kolxeTSi, endemuris garda, mravladaa

gavrcelebuli evropuli da mcireaziuri saxeobebi. marto kolxeTis

dablobze mecnier-mkvlevarebis mier aRnusxulia 380-mde xerxemliani

cxoveli. cxovelTa samyaros simravleze da mis mravalferovnebaze iyo

garkveulwilad damyarebuli mocemul teritoriaze mosaxleobis

gamokveba. amitom aq Sinauri cxovelebis moSeneba erT-erTi sameurneo

saqmianoba unda yofiliyo. kolxeTSi nadirobdnen iseT gareul cxovelebze, rogoricaa _ arCvi,

jixvi, Rori, kurdReli, iremi, Sveli, mura daTvi da sxv.; mglis,

daTvis, turis, melas, focxveris tyavs samosisTvis iyenebdnen.

kolxeTis mdinareebSi bevria kalmaxi, loqo, oraguli, wvera. sakvebad

gamosayenebel frinvelTagan gavrcelebulia xoxobi, gareuli ixvi, bati,

gnoli, mwyeri. amaTgan ara marto Sida, aramed sagareo bazarze TiTqmis

mTel maSindel civilizebul samyaroSi saxeli moixveWa kolxur-

fasisurma xoxobma _ Phasianus Colchicus, romelic or kilogramamde

iwonis. fasisur xoxobs sakvebad gansakuTrebiT SeZlebuli gurmanebi

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etanebodnen da amitom es delikatesi Zvirad fasobda, Tumca ar aris

gamoricxuli, rom xoxbebs dekoratiuli (farSevangisnairi)

daniSnulebac hqondaT. xoxobi mkveTradaa nairferad Seferili, xolo

bumbulze vercxlisferi bzinvareba dahkravs. XIIs-is avtori evstaTi

Tesalonikeli Zvel gadmocemebze dayrdnobiT naSromSi "homerosis

iliadas ganmartebebi" aRniSnavs: "...amboben mefe ptolemeosi gamotyda,

rom mas ar egemna fasisuri xoxobi, radgan winaprebi mas (xoxobs _ g.g.)

aSenebdnen silamazisaTvis..."(XXII,69). antikuri werilobiTi wyaroebidan

naTelia, rom xoxobis saxeli maSindel civilizebul samyaroSi

fasisidan aris gavrcelebuli. Sesabamisad, xoxobis saxeli berZnul-la-Tinuridan Sevida sxva evropul enebSi. Zvel saqarTveloSi xoxobi,

albaT, imdenad mniSvnelovani sakvebi frinveli iyo, rom qarTul

gastronomiul folklorSi dResac ixmareba misgan damzadebuli kerZi _

Caxoxbili, romelsac exla qaTmisagan amzadeben. dasavleT saqarTveloSi arqeologiurad mopovebul masalaSi xSiria

osteologiuri naSTebi, rac garkveul warmodgenas gviqmnis Zveli

kolxeTis mosaxleobis mecxoveleoba-monadireobis Sesaxeb. antikur

xanasa da Sua saukuneebSi aq monadireobas ukve aRar eqneboda iseTi

sasicocxlo mniSvneloba, rogorc wina epoqebSi hqonda. rac Seexeba

mecxoveleobas, arqeologiur masalaSi msxvili da wvrili rqosani

saqonlis (xar-Zroxa, Txa, cxvari) Zvlebi mravlad aris dadasturebuli.

gvxvdeba agreTve Roris, ZaRlis, cxenis Zvlebic. es osteologiuri

monacemebi dRevandeli dasavleT saqarTvelosTvis damaxasiaTebel Sinaur

cxovelTa saxeobebs Camogavs. sagulisxmoa, rom aristotele (Zv.w. IVs.)

naSromSi "cxovelTa istoria" kolxeTis tanmorCil Zroxebs aRwers:

"mewveli cxoveli met Tu nakleb rZes moiwvelis, damokidebulia tanis

sididezedac da sazrdos nairferovnebazec. magaliTad, fasisTan arian

momcro Zroxebi, romelTagan TiToeuli bevr rZes iwvelis..."(III,21).

gamwev satransporto pirutyvidan ZiriTadad arqeologiur masalaSi

dadasturebulia xarisa da cxenis Zvlebi.

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kolxeTSi xaris sameurneo saqmianobaSi gamoyenebis Sesaxeb aRniSnavs

apolonios rodoseli (Zv.w. IIIs.) "argonavtikaSi": "velze sabalaxod

gaSvebuli myavs ori spilenZisCliqebiani xari, romlebic cecxls

afrqveven. me maT uRelSi vabam da xodabunisaken miverekebi. am adgils

swrafad vxnav guTniT..." "...xarebs uRelSi diliT adre vabam, xolo

saRamo xans mkas vaTaveb" (argonavtika, III,405-415). saerTod, kolxeTSi da gansakuTrebiT mis dablob nawilSi wvimebis

siuxve, Tbili zamTari da xangrZlivi zafxuli xelsayrel pirobebs

qmnis sameurneo-agraruli saqmianobisaTvis, kerZod, memarcvleobis,

mebostneobis da mevenaxeoba-mexileobis ganviTarebisaTvis, rac kolxeTs,

adridanve, Zveli samiwaTmoqmedo qveynebis rigSi ayenebda. xsenebuli samiwaTmoqmedo-sameurneo dargebis ganviTareba mocemuli

regionisaTvis damaxasiaTebel kvebis racions ayalibebda. aseTi racionis

gastrokaloriuli produqtebi ki, Tavis mxriv, iwvevdnen garkveuli

fizionomur-fsiqikuri, kolxeTisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli adamianis tipis

ganviTareba-Camoyalibebas. erTi mxriv, zemoT xsenebul garemoebas, da

meore mxriv, sawarmoo ZalTa ganviTarebas da Warbi produqciis

warmoebas kolxeTSi demografiuli zrda unda gamoewvia. kolxeTis dablobi garSemortymulia mTebis naoWa sistemiT. mis

dabal nawilSi gavrcelebulia torfian-Waobiani niadagebi. mdinareTa

auzebSi gvxvdeba aluviuri miwebi. kolxeTis aRmosavleT nawilSi

ZiriTadad aluviurTan erTad neSompala-karbonatuli niadagebia. hava aq

gardamavalia notiodan mSralisaken da zafxuli Tbili icis. kolxeTis

dablobTan SedarebiT wvimebi aq naklebia. dasavleT kolxeTis klimatur-geografiuli garemos Sesaxeb Zv.w.

IVs-is ganTqmuli berZeni mecnieri hipokrate gadmogvcems: "es qveyana

Waobiania, Tbili, wyliani da tyiani. wlis yovel dros aq xSiri wvimebi

icis. adamianebs sacxovrebeli WaobebSi aqvT, maT xisa da lerwmis

saxlebi wyalze aqvT." "fasisi mdinareTa Soris yvelaze dinjia da

mdored moedineba"; "aq bevri samxreTis qari qris, garda erTi

adgilobrivi qarisa; xolo es xandaxan Zlierad uberavs da cxelia. am

16

qars ewodeba qenxronis. CrdiloeTis qari aqamde TiTqmis ver aRwevs,

xolo roca uberavs, is sustia da wynari." "...fasiselebs sxva

adamianebTan SedarebiT Zalian gansxvavebuli garegnoba aqvT" (hipokrate,

haerTa, wyalTa da adgilTa Sesaxeb, §15). kolxeTis dablobis klimatur pirobebs aseve axasiaTebs XVIIs.

italieli mogzaur-misioneri arqanjelo lamberti: "kolxeTs

adgilmdebareobis gamo iseTi notio hava aqvs, romlis nairi arsad ar

moipoveba. mizezi amisa is aris, rom dasavleTiT, Savi zRvidan hqris

namiani haeri da aRmosavleTiT ki akravs kavkasioni, saidanac mravali

mdinare Camoedineba. amas emateba xSiri tyeebi, romlis gamoc haeri

cudad moZraobs. zRvis qari Zalian xSiria da mas xSiradve mosdevs

wvima" (arqanjelo lamberti, 1938, gv.19-20). havisa da tyiani safaris Sesaxeb, kolxeTSi, sayuradRebo cnobebs

gvawvdis XVIIIs. qarTveli mecnieri vaxuSti bagrationi naSromSi

"aRwera samefosa saqarTvelosa": "da ars qveyana ese friad tyiani,

rameTu iSviaT ars velni, Tu ar adgil-adgils mcireni, Tvinier

saxvnelTagan. aramed tyeni adgil-adgil xilian-venaxiani. haviTa keTil-

mSueni. garna tyis gamo zafxuls imyofis sicxe, vinaiTgan Zniad iZvris

qarni, da ara gauZlisi sicxe, Tvinier adgilTa romelTam. zamTari

Tbili, rameTu ver odes ganhyinavs mdinareTa, verca gubesa, romelsa

zeda Sedges utyvi anu metyueli. aramed Tovli didi, romlisa simaRle

odesme mxari da umetesica. TualTa queSe Sueniereba egoden ara

mzenarobs tyis gamo, Tvinier adgil-adgilTa, rameTu, ukeTu daxedo

maRlis mTidam, ixilav sruliads..." (vaxuSti, 1973, gv.743). zemoT moyvanili monacemebidan Cans, rom kolxeTis fizikur-

geografiuli da agroklimaturi, aqedan gamomdinare sawarmoo-sameurneo

pirobebi ukanaskneli ocdasami saukunis ganmavlobaSi didad ar

Secvlila. saerTod, holocenSi kolxeTis biogeogaremo, da upirvelesad

klimati, dRemde arsebiTad ar Secvlila (ix. janeliZe, 1991,gv.68-69).

amasTanave gasaTvaliswinebelia, rom XIXsaukunidan moyolebuli,

teqnikis ganviTarebam, adamianis gacxovelebulma sameurneo saqmianobam,

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tyeebis didi raodenobiT gaCexvam, Waobebis amoSrobam da a.S., bunebrivia,

kolxeTis geoklimatur pirobebze uaryofiTad imoqmeda. kolxeTis istoriul ganviTarebaSi angariSgasawevia biogeogaremos

zogierTi faqtor-komponentis uaryofiTi mxare. kerZod, kolxeTSi

agroklimaturi pirobebi kargia, magram dasamuSavebeli farTobebi cotaa,

rac miwaTmoqmedebis intensiuri ganviTarebisaTvis araxelsayreli

iqneboda da, Sesabamisad, demografiul situaciazec imoqmedebda.

dasavleT kolxeTis Waobianoba iwvevda sxvada-sxva daavadebas, rac

agreTve uaryofiTad imoqmedebda mosaxleobis gamravlebaze. kolxeTis

mTagoriani da Waobiani landSafti saxmeleTo komunikaciebis

gasamarTavad mouxerxebeli iyo, rac gamoiwvevda vaWrobis Seferxebas.

kolxeTis sasargeblo madneuli safuZvlad daedo gadamamuSavebel

sameurneo-sawarmoo saqmianobas, magram es ukanasknelic, garkveuli

teqnologiuri mizezebis gamo, etyoba srulad ar iyo gamoyenebuli.

uaryofiTi roli iTamaSa agreTve zRvis transgresiam, ramac sanapiroze

mdebare savaWro-sameurneo saqmianobis stagnacia gamoiwvia. kolxeTis

zRvis sanapiroze bunebrivi yureebi cotaa, rac navTsayudlebis mowyobis

simcires iwvevda da agreTve uaryofiTad zemoqmedebda zRvaosnobis

intensiur ganviTarebaze.

dasavleT saqarTvelos teritoriaze, md. rionis, md. Woroxis da md.

enguris auzebSi daaxloebiT Zv.w. II aTaswleulis meore naxevarSi da

Zv.w. I aTaswleulis dasawyisSi erTgvarovani kulturuli areali

yalibdeba, romelic kolxuri brinjaos kulturadaa saxeldebuli. am

kulturis maxasiaTebelia xis Zeluri arqiteqtura, brinjaos da

keramikis Taviseburi formiTa da gaformebiT gamorCeuli nawarmi.

kolxuri brinjaos nimuSebis metalografiulma Seswavlam cxadyo _

dariSxanisa da kalis minarevebiani brinjaos nivTebis gavrceleba.

agreTve maTi specialur qvis an Tixis yalibSi Camosxma, kverva-Wedva,

SeduReba da tvifrva. amgvari rTuli teqnologiuri codnis gamoyenebam

uzrunvelyo sxvadasxvagvari da mravalricxovani nivTebis Seqmna. esenia:

brinjaos sameurneo iaraRi _ Toxi, culi, waldi, saxnisis daboloeba

18

da sxv. saomari iaraRi _ Subi, culi, isrispiri, satevari da sxv.

tanisamosis mosarTavebi, samkaulebi da sxv. es nivTebi mravladaa

warmodgenili am epoqis namosaxlarebze, liTonis da keramikis warmoebis

adgilebze, samarovnebze da sxv. brinjaos warmoebis srulyofam

dadebiTi roli Seasruli kolxeTis ekonomikur aRmavlobaSi.

miwaTmoqmedebis ganviTarebaze migvaniSnebs arqeologiuri gaTxrebis

Sedegad aRmoCenili marcvleulis adgilobrivi jiSebi _ xorblis,

fetvis, qeris naSTebi. agreTve napovnia yurZnis wipwebi. es yvelaferi

inaxeboda namosaxlarebze aRmoCenil dergebSi, qoTnebSi, jamebSi. aqve

dadasturebulia qvis xelsafqvavebi, namglispirebi, puris gamosacxobi

kecebi da brtyeli qvebi. miwaTmoqmedebasTan erTad mesaqonleobis

ganviTarebaze miuTiTebs namosaxlarebze aRmoCenili msxvilfexa rqosani

saqonlis, cxvris, Txis da Roris mravalricxovani Zvlebi.

arqeologiuri monacemebi mowmobs, rom Zv.w. I aTaswleulis

dasawyisisaTvis dasavleT saqarTvelo sakmaod kargad iyo gansaxlebuli.

sacxovreblad da sameurneo saqmianobisaTvis aTvisebuli iyo kolxeTis

dablobi da mTiswina borcv-gorakebi. aq sadReisoT, jerjerobiT, 200-

mde namosaxlaria cnobili. samosaxlo borcvebis gansakuTrebuli

simravle rion-enguris ormdinareTSi SeiniSneba. aq samosaxloebi

ZiriTadad xelovnurad mozvinul borcvebzeaa ganlagebuli. samosaxlos

amgvari saxis gavrceleba kolxeTis dablobis Waobianma da Warbtenianma

garemom ganapiroba. borcvebis arqeologiuri gaTxrebis Sedegad

dasturdeba xelovnurad mozvinur gorakze agebuli xis Zelebiani e.w.

jargvaluri tipis nagebobebi, romlebic SemozRuduli iyo ZelebiTve

naSeni damcavi kedlebiT. namosaxlarebis garSemo gaTxrili iyo

sadrenaJe da TavdacviTi arxebi. samosaxlo borcvebi umetesad

jgufurad aris ganlagebuli. am jgufebSi gamoirCeva ufro didi zomis

samosaxlo borcvebi, romlebic ufro farTe ormagi TxrilebiTaa

gamagrebuli. aSkaraa, rom es samosaxlo gamagrebuli borcvi sxvebzea

gabatonebuli da maT iqvemdebarebs. mTavari borcvebis diametri 80m-dan

_ 200m-mde meryeobs; xolo daqvemdebarebuli mcire borcvebis

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diametri daaxloebiT 30m-dan _ 80m-mdea; simaRle _ 3m-dan _ 7m-mdea. es

samosaxloebi SesaZloa naTesaur kavSirze damyarebuli sasoflo Temebis

sacxovrisebi iyo.

bunebrivia, rom aseTi sididis xelovnuri miwazvinulebis Seqmna,

aseTi sadrenaJe, TavdacviTi da sakomunikacio arxebis gaWra Sesabamisi

Sromis iaraRebisa da mravalricxovan adamianTa kargad organizebuli

Sromis gareSe warmoudgeneli iqneboda. agreTve bunebrivia, rom am

samuSaoebs xelmZRvanelobdnen codna-gamocdilebis mqone gamorCeuli

pirovnebebi. swored es liderebi anxorcielebdnen am borcvze

ganlagebuli gamagrebuli sasoflo dasaxlebebis dacvas.

amrigad, TavdacviTi da sacxovrebeli problemebis erToblivi

ZalisxmeviT gadawyvetis pirobebSi xdeboda garkveuli politikuri

konsolidacia, rac Semdeg erTgvarovani kulturis gavrcelebaSi

aisaxeboda. samuSaoebis masStabebis da TavdacviTi mzadyofnis zrdasTan

erTad izrdeba liderebis roli sazogadoebaSi. amavdroulad Cndeba

erTiani winamZRoli, romelsac danarCeni liderebi emorCilebian. amgvar

sazogadoebriv- politikur struqturas, romelic wina-

saxelmwifoebrividan saxelmwifoze gardamaval etaps warmoadgens,

protosaxelmwifoebriv sazogadoebriv wyobas eZaxian.

zemoT naxsenebma garemoebebma da Zv.w. VIIIsaukunidan brinjaos ufro

mtkice liToniT, rkiniT, Canacvlebis dawyebam Zv.w. VI_IVss-Si xeli

Seuwyo Zlieri politikuri erTeulis kolxeTis samefos warmoqmnas,

romelic berZnul werilobiT wyaroebSi “oqromravali kolxeTis”

saxeliTaa cnobili.

dasavleT saqarTvelos teritoriaze Zv.w. VI–IVss.-Si kolxeTis

Zlieri samefo ganviTarda. kolxeTi imdenad dawinaurebuli qveyana iyo,

rom berZnul samyaroSi masze “oqros sawmisis” miTi Seiqmna. didi

berZeni istorikosi herodote Zv.w. VIs-is kavkasia-axlo aRmosavleTis

istoriis werisas kolxeTs, iranis da midiis Zlieri da didi

saxelmwifoebis Tanabrad moixseniebs. kolxeTis samefos keTildReobis

epoqa TvalnaTlivaa asaxuli rogorc werilobiT wyaroebSi, agreTve

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mravalricxovan da mravalferovan arqeologiur monacemebSi. mocemuli

epoqis kolxeTis samefos guli mdinare fasisis anu rionis Sua welze

iyo ganlagebuli. Zveli berZeni avtorebi mis mTavar qalaqs quTaias

uwodebdnen, romelic dRevandeli quTaisis sanaxebSi igulisxmeba.

kolxeTSi mravaldargovani xelosnuri warmoeba iyo ganviTarebuli.

aq liTonis dasamuSavebeli, keramikis gasakeTebeli, xis da tyavis

dasamuSavebeli, sxvadasxvagvari samkaulebis dasamzadebeli da sxv.

saxelosnoebi arsebobda. kolxeTis samefos ekonomikuri winsvlis

sayrdens rkinis kargad ganviTarebuli warmoeba warmoadgenda, romelic

miwaTmoqmedeba-sameurneo saqmianobas mravalricxovani sawarmoo iaraRiT

amaragebda. amis udavo mowmobaa dasavleT saqarTvelos teritoriaze

arqeologiuri gaTxrebis Sedegad dadasturebuli rkinis saxnisebi,

Toxebi, culebi da sxv. miwaTmoqmedebis maRali donis maCvenebelia

sxvadasxva jiSis marcvleulis aRmoCenac. mbrunav sameTuneo Carxzea

damzadebuli mravalferovani kolxuri WurWeli, romelic samefos mTel

teritoriaze formebis da gaformebis mixedviT garkveulad

standartul-erTsaxovania. kolxeTis samefoSi ZiriTad saamSeneblo

masalad xe da Tixa gamoiyeneboda, rac geneturad ukavSirdeba

winamorbedi epoqis samosaxloebs. Zv.w. VI–IVss.-Si kolxeTis samefos

teritoriaze iWreboda Taviseburi monetebi, romelTac mecnierebi

kolxuri TeTris saxeliT moixsenieben.

arqeologiuri gaTxrebiT kolxeTis samefos uaRresad TavisTavadi

mxatvruli kultura warmoCinda. mis erT-erT brwyinvale dargs

oqromWedloba warmoadgens. mag.: vanSi da sairxeSi mikvleulia kolxuri

oqromWedlobis brwyinvale nimuSebi diademebi, sayureebi, yelsabamebi,

samajurebi, romlebic Semkulia cxovelTa moxdenili gamosaxulebebiT.

es nivTebi friad originaluria da mxolod kolxeTisTvisaa

damaxasiaTebeli. oqromWedloba kolxeTis swored is saxea, romliTac

saxelganTqmuli iyo mTel imdroindel civilizebul samyaroSi. kolxi

xelosnebi rTuli teqnikuri xerxebiT _ WedviT, tvifrviT, rCilviT,

filigraniT, cvaraTi _ maRalmxatvrul oqromWedlur nimuSebs qmnidnen.

21

Zveli berZeni avtorebi werdnen kolxeTis mdinareebis qviSidan cxvris

tyaviT oqros mopovebis Sesaxeb. sayuradReboa, rom svaneTSi da raWaSi

oqros mopovebis es tradicia dResac arsebobs. etyoba amitomacaa, rom

berZnebi kolxeTs “oqromravals” uwodebdnen da Txzavdnen legendebs

“oqros sawmisis” Sesaxeb.

Zveli kolxeTis biogeogaremos, werilobiTi da arqeologiuri

mimoxilvidan naTlad Cans, rom biogeogaremom wamyvani roli iTamaSa

kolxeTis istoriuli ganviTarebis procesSi. kolxeTi mTebiTa da zRviT

kargad SemosazRvruli istoriul-geografiuli regioni iyo, rac

geopolitikurad garkveul bunebriv damcav ares qmnida. noyieri niadagi,

mravalferovani reliefi, zomieri klimati, hidroresursebis simravle,

madneuli, florisa da faunis mravalsaxeoba sazogadoebis

progresisaTvis karg safuZvels iZleoda. upiratesad ki amaze aris

damokidebuli sazogadoebis sameurneo-ekonomikuri, demografiuli,

fiziologiur-fsiqikuri, inteleqtualur- teqnikuri, savaWro-

komunikaciuri, geopolitikur- strategiuli, sulier-kulturuli

ganviTarebis maRali done. aqedan gamomdinare, kolxeTSi, centriT mdinare rionze, Camoyalibda friad Taviseburi istoriuli, lokaluri

are da Zv.w. I aTaswleulSi aq ganviTarda saxelmwifoebrioba. am

arealSi droTa ganmavlobaSi adamianis da biogeogaremos

urTierTzemoqmedebis Sedegad mimdinareobda evoluciuri procesi. aq

istoriuli ganviTarebis done, ekonomika da politikuri mdgomareoba

sxvadasxva periodSi sxvadasxvanairi iyo. antikuri xanis kolxeTs

geopolitikurad sakvanZo teritoria ekava. aq xdeboda aRmosavluri da

dasavluri civilizaciebis garkveuli Tanxvedra. aseTi iyo Zveli kolxeTis istoriuli evoluciis procesSi biogeogaremos roli.

istoriuli ganviTarebis ganxilvisas Cven ierarqiulad pirvel adgilze

biogeogaremos vayenebT. mxolod am garemosTan urTierTzemoqmedebaSi

adamiani qmnis sociogaremos, razedac damokidebulia ama Tu im qveynis

istoriuli winsvlis Semdgomi bedi. Zveli kolxeTis saerTo

mimoxilvidan gamoCnda, rom biogeogaremom ZiriTadi roli Seasrula

22

misi istoriuli ganviTarebis procesSi da antikur xanaSi

maRalganviTarebuli sazogadoebis CamoyalibebaSi. iseT geopolitikur garemoSi myofi qveynisaTvis, rogoric kolxeTi

iyo, sagareo faqtors biogeogaremosTan erTad didi mniSvneloba unda

hqonoda. amis gaTvaliswineba aucilebelia kolxeTis istoriis rigi

sakiTxebis asaxsnelad. sagareo faqtori ama Tu im qveynis geopolitikuri sinamdvilis

nawilia. mezobeli qveynebi erTmaneTze zogjer sasikeTo, xolo zogjer

ukeTur gavlenas axdenen. sagareo faqtori qveynis istoriaSi xan

konstruqciul, xan ki destruqciul rols TamaSobs. konstruqciulia,

mag., sagareo-savaWro, sameurneo, kulturuli inovaciebi;

destruqciulia _ saomari Tavdasxmis Sedegad qveynis dapyroba,

sazogadoebrivi wyobis tradiciuli struqturebis Secvla, sabrZolo

moqmedebebis Sedegad soflebis da qalaqebis dangreva, materialur

faseulobaTa Zarcva-ganadgureba, qveynis ekonomikuri safuZvlis moSla

da a.S. aziisa da evropis sazRvarze mdebare kolxeTi ori didi

politikur-ekonomikuri Zalis, erTi mxriv, iranuli da, meore mxriv,

antikuri orientaciis qveynebis saomari moqmedebebis asparezi iyo. aseT

garemocvaSi myofi kolxeTi Zlieri mezobeli qveynebisagan xSir agresias

ganicdida. samecniero literaturaSi protosaxelmwifos Casaxvis erT-erT

ZiriTad faqtorad omisaTvis mzadebas (Tavdacvas an Tavdasxmas)

miiCneven. omisaTvis mzadeba, saomar mdgomareobaSi yofna, gamorCeul

winamZRol-pirovnebaTa aRzevebas, sazogadoebis Sekvra-mobilizebas da

met organizebulobas iwvevda, rac, Tavis mxriv, sazogadoebis

ganviTarebis ufro maRal safexurze ayvanaSi da saxelmwifoebriobis

warmoqmnaSi gamoixateboda (ix. Claessen, Skalnik, 1978, gv.619-636).

Camoyalibebuli saxelmwifos ganviTarebaSic "saomar faqtors," sagareo

da geopolitikuri faqtoris Semadgenel nawils, agreTve didi

mniSvneloba unda hqonoda. Camoyalibebul, ganviTarebul saxelmwifoSi

es faqtori dadebiT (qveynis konsolidacia-darazmuloba, sazogadoebrivi

23

wesrigis amaRleba, safortifikacio-komunikaciuri mSenebloba da sxv.)

an uaryofiT (saxelmwifoebriobis dakargva, tradiciuli cxovrebis

wesis moSla, ekonomikuri zarali da sxv.) Sedegs iwvevda. Zv.w. I aTaswleulis pirvel naxevarSi urartuelebis da e.w.

skviTebis (nomaduri) agresiulma mezoblobam kolxeTis geografiulad

kargad SemosazRvrul regionSi momxdurTan dasapirispireblad

sazogadoebis sxvadasxva jgufebis TavdacviTi organizeba da Sekvra-

konsolidacia gamoiwvia. mocemul sagareo faqtors SemdgomSi, Zv.w. V

saukunisaTvis, kolxeTis samefos ganviTarebis procesSi sagrZnobi roli

unda Seesrulebina. kolxeTis samefos ganmtkicebaSi gamorCeuli,

konstruqciuli adgili eWira kulturul inovaciebs. sagareo faqtorad unda CaiTvalos e.w. "berZnuli kolonizaciis"

mimdinareoba kolxeTis zRvispireTSi, kerZod, sainteresoa is, Tu ra

gavlena moaxdina man kolxuri sazogadoebis politikur-ekonomikur da

kulturul cxovrebaze. uaxlesi samecniero literaturis mixedviT,

saberZneTidan gasuli mosaxleobis axalSenebs Soris gaimijna savaWro

da agraruli kolonia-apoikiebi. am or formas aqvs Tavisi moqmedeba-

gavrcelebis meqanizmi: pirvels _ komerciuli, meores _ teritoriuli

(Vallet, 1973, gv.53-72). pirveli, konstruqciuli sagareo faqtori unda

yofiliyo. aseTi koloniebi daarsebulia, rogorc emporionebi. meore _

destruqciuli sagareo faqtoria adgilobrivi mosaxleobisaTvis, radgan

mas Tan axlavs iseTi movlenebi, rogoricaa teritoriis dakargva da

adgilobrivi mosaxleobis gandevna. aseTi koloniebi Tavidanve

daarsebulia, rogorc polisebi sasoflo-sameurneo SemogareniT

(xoriT). xmelTaSua da Savi zRvis sanapiroebis berZnuli koloniebis

mecnierulma Seswavlam cxadi gaxada, rom axalSenebi arsdeboda,

viTardeboda da sxvadasxva qronologiur etapze transformacias

ganicdida. metropoliidan Sors daarsebuli axalSenebi droTa

ganmavlobaSi adgilobriv mosaxleobasTan kontaqtebis Sedegad simbiozs

da cvalebadobas ganicdidnen. es cvlilebebi didad iyo damokidebuli

24

adgilobriv biogeogaremoze da sociogaremoze. pirvel rigSi swored

maTzea damokidebuli droTa ganmavlobaSi koloniebSi metropoliisagan

gansxvavebuli sazogadoebrivi da ekonomikuri wyobis ganviTareba. amitom

principuli mniSvneloba hqonda imas, Tu romel geografiul regionSi

arsdeboda esa Tu is axalSeni. werilobiT wyaroebSi moxseniebuli kolxeTis sanapiroze mdebare

qalaqebi fasisi, gienosi, dioskuria berZnebis mier daarsdnen, rogorc

emporionebi. maTi daarsebis ZiriTadi mizani iyo, pirvel rigSi,

adgilobrivi nedleulis gatana da sanacvlod kolxeTSi sxvadasxva

fufunebis sagnebis (keramikis, samkaulebis, liTonis WurWlis,

nelsacxeblebis da a.S.) Semotana, rac werilobiTi da arqeologiuri

wyaroebiT dasturdeba. adgilobriv samosaxloebTan daarsebuli am

emporionebis saSualebiT xorcieldeboda ZiriTadad kolxeTis Cabma

ucxoeTis mowinave qveynebis urTierTobebis orbitaSi. amdenad, zRvis

sanapiroze emporionebis warmoqmna TviT kolxebis interesebSi Sedioda.

aseTi mdgomareoba, Cveni azriT, gagrZelda Zv.w. IVs-is bolomde.

kolxeTis samefos daSlis mere ki sanapiroze mdebare emporionebi

TandaTan antikur qveynebsa da Sida kolxeTs Soris buferuli, Sereuli,

polisuri tipis qalaqebad transformirda. amrigad, berZnul "kolonizacias," rogorc sagareo faqtors,

kolxeTisaTvis unda mohyoloda ZiriTadad konstruqciuli, dadebiTi

Zvrebi, kerZod, saerTaSoriso urTierTobebSi Cabma; adgilobrivi

mosaxleoba gaecno im xanad mowinave berZnul sameurneo, sazogadoebriv

da kulturul miRwevebs, ramac mniSvnelovani stimuli misca kolxur

sazogadoebaSi saqalaqo cxovrebis dawinaurebas. kolxeTma, qarTuli werilobiTi wyaroebis mixedviT egrisma, rTuli

istoriuli gza ganvlo. misi ekonomika da politikuri mdgomareoba

sxvadasxva periodSi sxvadasxvanairi iyo. kolxeTis istoriuli

ganviTarebis procesSi wamyvani roli Seasrula biogeogaremom. umetesad

amaze iyo damokidebuli mosaxleobis sameurneo-ekonomikuri,

demografiuli da sulier-kulturuli mdgomareoba. egrisis saxeliT

25

qarTul werilobiT wyaroebSi zogjer mTeli dasavleT saqarTvelo

aRiniSneba - "xolo egross misca queyana zRvis yurisa, da uCina

sazRvari: aRmosavliT mTa mcire, romelsa aw hqvian lixi; dasavliT

zRua; CrdiloT mdinare mcirisa xazareTisa, sada warswuTebis wueri

kavkasisa"(qarTlis cxovreba, 1955,gv.5). maSasadame, "qarTlis cxovrebis"

mixedviT, egriss garkveul periodSi aRmosavleTiT sazRvravs suramis

anu lixis qedi; dasvleTiT _ zRva, CrdiloeTiT _ kavkasionis mTebi;

xolo samxreTiT aWara-lazeTis mTianeTi.

egrisi qarTul werilobiT wyaroebSi ixsenieba, rogorc saerisTavo

"da merve, quji, iyo erisTavi egrisisa" (qarTlis cxovreba, 1955, gv.24).

garkveuli droidan toponimi egrisi dasavleT saqarTvelos krebiTi

saxelia (iseTive, rogorc berZnul-laTinuri wyaroebis "kolxida"). is

xan didi teritoriis momcvelia (mTeli dasavleT saqarTvelo), xan ki

mcire regionul saxelad gvevlineba; mag., f. buzandis (1953, gv.15) eger-

svanebi, an "qarTlis cxovrebis" "Sida egrisi" (qarTlis cxovreba, 1955,

gv.185), anda kidev, klavdios ptolemaiosis _ ekretika (lomouri, 1955,

gv.45), romelsac eger-egrisis damaxinjebul formad miiCneven

(javaxiSvili, 1960, gv.404; janaSia, 1959, gv.6). "somxur geografiaSi,"

romelic adrindeli berZnuli geografiebis gavleniTaa dawerili,

egrisis teritoriaze aRiniSneba oTxi mxare _ "kolxida, romelic aris

egeri, mdebareobs pontos zRvis aRmosavleTiT, sarmatiis axlos da

sazRvravs iberias da did armenias. egeri iyofa oTx mxared: manrili,

egrisi-egrevika, lazeTi, Wanivi romelic aris qaldea. aq aris bevri mTa,

mdinare, qalaqi, cixe, soflebi da savaWro adgilebi" (somxur

geografiaSi, 1877, gv.38-39).

qarTul werilobiT wyaroebSi daculi cnobebi, romlis mixedviTac

azos da SemdgomSi farnavazis dros (Zv.w. IVs. bolo _ IIIs. dasawyisi)

kolxeTis nawili iberiis samefos farglebSia moqceuli, sandod

gamoiyureba. am droisaTvis kolxeTis samefo dasustebulia da veRar

uZlebs nomaduri tomebis Semosevebs. is TandaTan sustdeba da kargavs

teritoriebs. jer aRmosavleT, xolo Semdeg Sida kolxeTzec

26

vrceldeba iberiis gavlena. safiqrebelia, rom swored es teritoria

iwodeboda maSin Zveli qarTuli werilobiTi wyaroebis egrisad. droTa

ganmavlobaSi saxeli egrisi dasavleT saqarTvelos dasavleT nawilzec

gavrcelda (meliqiSvili, 1965, gv.90). zemoxsenebuls mxars ubams

dasavleT saqarTvelos arqeologiuri monacemebi. Zv.w. IVs-is bolos

kolxeTis materialur kulturaSi, romelic adre erTgvarovani iyo,

SeiniSneba cvlilebebi. Zv.w. IIIs-Si es cvlilebebi kidev ufro gaRrmavda. Semdgom, mkveTri gansxvaveba SeimCneva Sida da zRvispira kolxeTis

materialur kulturaSi (ix. lorTqifaniZe, 1972, gv.40). pirvelad es

aisaxa dakrZalvis axali wesis gaCenaSi (qvevrsamarxebi). amgvari

samarxebi ZiriTadad Sida kolxeTSia aRmoCenili, xolo zRvispireTSi

isini ar gvxvdeba _ nigorzRva, dafnari, dablagomi, mTisZiri,

farcxanayanevi, quTaisi, wyaltubo, maRlaki, banoja, qvitiri, godogani,

odilauri, ajameTi, Cxari, banZa, Zevri, cixesulori, didvani, bzvani,

muxiani, Wognari, mesxeTi, ukaneTi, bukiscixe, zenobani, gogoreTi,

zemofarcxma, TeklaTi, isula, zanaTi, noqalaqevi, batnaoxuro,

lanCxuTi, Zirula, sajavaxo, bori da sxv. (ix. Tolordava,1980,tab.1). Sida kolxeTis qvevrsamarxebSi dakrZalvis ramdenime variantia

dadasturebuli: pirveli _ qvevri vertikaluradaa, miwaSi Tavdayira

Cadgmuli. meore _ qvevri agreTve vertikaluradaa, mxolod ZiriT

qveviT. mesame _ qvevri horizontaluradaa Cadgmuli. samarxebad

gamoyenebulia Cveulebrivi sameurneo daniSnulebis qvevrebi (ruxad

gamomwvari, moSavo zedapiriani; qvevris piri sakmaod farTo da

profilirebulia; muceli TiTqmis sferulia; qvevrebi xSirad

ornamentirebulia reliefuri sartylebiT da vertikaluri qedebiT).

qvevris piris gvirgvini SedarebiT sadaa. masze ar SeimCneva wina epoqis

kolxuri qvevris pirebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli ornamenti. qvevrsamarxebi aRmoCenilia kavkasiis mTel rig regionebSi.

arqeologiuri masalebis mixedviT qvevrsamarxebis gavrcelebas

saqarTvelos teritoriaze Zv.w. IaTaswleulis meore naxevarSi

varaudoben. kolxeTSi qvevrSi dakrZalvis wesis gaCena, uaxlesi

27

arqeologiuri monacemebis mixedviT, daaxloebiT Zv.w.IVs. miwurulidan

aris savaraudo. qvevrsamarxebis raodenobis mixedviT md. rionis

Suaweli ZiriTadi regionia kolxeTSi. amgvari samarxebidan momdinare

arqeologiuri masala ramdenadme gansxvavdeba mis wina periodSi

arsebulisagan da migviTiTebs cvlilebebze Sida kolxeTis teritoriaze

(ix. lorTqifaniZe, 1972, gv.40). samarxebidan momdinare masala ZiriTadad keramikas da samkaulebs

(mZivebi, liTonis samajurebi, sakisre da sayure rgolebi) Seicavs.

qvevrsamarxebSi aRmoCenili WurWeli sxvadasxvanairia. maTSi SeimCneva

adgilobrivi da Semotanili forma-gaformebis Serwyma. aq aris

adgilobrivTan dakavSirebuli WurWeli da e.w. msxliseburi

moyvanilobis wiTlad moxatuli doqebi, romlebic kolxeTis zRvispira

zolSi araa mikvleuli. qvevrsamarxebSi napovni nivTebi umetes

SemTxvevaSi cotaa da Raribuli. sabrZolo iaraRi maTSi ar gvxvdeba.

uiaraRo qvevrsamarxebTan dakavSirebiT sayuradReboa "qarTlis

cxovrebis" erTi cnoba, romlis mixedviTac azos brZanebiT unda

dasjiloyo yvela, visac iaraRi hqonda: "azo iyo kaci Zneli da

mesisxle, da ese daawesa da amcno spaTa misTa, viTarmed: yovelman

qarTvelTaganman romelman povos saWurveli, mokalT igi. da hyofdes

hromni igi esreT qarTvelTa zeda, da vincavin gamoCndis qarTvelTagani

qmnul-keTili da asakovani, moklian igi"(qarTlis cxovreba, 1955, gv.20).

Sida kolxeTis materialur kulturaSi cvlileba pirvelad sairxis

lominaurSi (ix. nadiraZe, 1975, gv.99), iTxvisSi da vanSi (ix.

lorTqifaniZe, 1977, gv.20) wiTlad moxatuli iberiuli keramikis

gaCeniT aRiniSna. gansakuTrebiT sayuradReboa brtyelZira, pirgadaSlili

da wiTeli saRebaviT gaformebuli doqebis aRmoCena. wiTlad moxatuli

amgvari WurWeli ucxoa Zv.w. III s-mde kolxeTisaTvis, xolo aRmosavleT

saqarTveloSi isini bevria dadasturebuli _ cixiagoras "daWrilebis"

samarovani (nakaiZe, 1980, gv.28-41), TeTriwyaro (boxoCaZe, 1963, gv.27),

Tbilisi (qoriZe, 1958, gv.47). mag.: moyviTalod angobirebuli da

28

wiTlad moxatuli WurWeli inaxeba q. xaSuris mxareTmcodneobis

muzeumSi, sadac sof. tkocidan aris motanili, inv. #036, da a.S.

cvlileba SeimCneva kolxuri xelosnobis iseT mkveTrad gamoxatul

dargSi, rogoric oqros da vercxlis mxatvruli damuSavebaa. Zv.w. VI-

IVss. oqros da vercxlis nivTebis damzadebaSi SeimCneva geometriuli

formebis (samkuTxedi, rombi, wre) da gaformebis teqnikis (cvara,

dakeWvna, grexva) mdgradoba. gavrcelebulia rombiani diademebi, e.w.

sxivana sayureebi, WvirulburTulebiani sayureebi, yelsabamebi,

sasafeTqleebi _ vani, iTxvisi, mTisZiri, qobuleT-fiWvnari, brili,

sairxe, soxumi da a.S. (ix. lorTqifaniZe, 1971, gv.51-63; Wyonia, 1981,

gv.6-53). kolxuri oqromWedloba Zv.w. IVs. meore naxevridan garkveul

stagnacias ganicdis. es SesaZloa gamowveuli iyos samxedro moqmedebebis

Sedegad qveynis ekonomikis dacemiT. Zv.w. IIIsaukunidan icvleba formebi

da gaformebis xerxebi, Semodis poliqromiuloba, sWarbobs ucxouri

saiuveliro nawarmi. dasavleT saqarTvelos xuroTmoZRvrebaSi, kerZod, Sida kolxeTis

arqitequturul masalaze, iberiis gavlena aisaxa, magaliTad _ sairxeSi

(nadiraZe, 1975), sazanoSi (jafariZe, 1984, gv.8), mTisZirSi (gamyreliZe,

1982). msgavseba SeimCneva iberiis _ armazcixe, wiwamuri, RarTis kari,

cixiagora, samadlo (gagoSiZe, 1979, gv.62), ufliscixe (xaxutaiSvili,

1970, gv.22) da kolxeTis: vani, sairxe, samSeneblo wesebSi (alizis

aguris da qvaTlilebis gamoyeneba; qvaTlilebis mSrali wyoba da

erTmaneTTan dakavSirebis wesi). formis mxriv garkveuli siaxlove

aRiniSneba samadlos da vanis kramits Soris; vanis, mTisZiris,

cixiagoras, samadlos da mcxeTis kramitebis niSnebSic msgavseba

aRiniSneba. saintereso faqtia, msgavseba samadlos, sarkines da vanis naqalaqarebis terasuli principiT dagegmarebaSi. samadlos zogierTi

samSeneblo qvis petrografiuli Seswavlis Sedegad gairkva, rom aseTi

jiSis qva (eklaris kirqva) moipoveba mxolod dasavleT saqarTveloSi q.

quTaisis maxloblad. aq exlac amuSaveben eklaris qvis sabadoebs. am

karierze ufro axlo samadlosTan amgvari jiSis qva ar moipoveba.

29

kolxeTis materialur kulturaSi gardatexis mimaniSnebelia isic,

rom Zv.w. IVsaukunis bolodan aRar iWreba kolxuri TeTri, romelic

aqamde, TiTqmis sami saukunis ganmavlobaSi, mTavar monetad Cans

kolxeTis samoneto mimoqcevaSi. iberiasa da Sida kolxeTSi Zv.w. III

saukunidan ZiriTadad Semodis aleqsandre makedonelis da lisimaqes

saxelze moWrili monetebi. saqarTvelos teritoriaze napovni 381

monetidan mxolod samiodea mikvleuli zRvis sanapiroze (fiWvnari da

gulrifSis r-ni) (dundua, 1982, gv.15). SemdgomSi aleqsandres da

lisimaqes staterebis minabaZebi sakmao raodenobiT gvxvdeba dasavleT da

aRmosavleT saqarTvelos arqeologiur masalaSi. Sida kolxeTSi arameulis erT-erTi saxeobis, mcxeTis teritoriaze

dadasturebuli "armazuli" (wereTeli, 1943, gv.2-87) damwerlobis

msgavsi nimuSebi aRmoCenelia sof. borSi (xaragaulis r-ni) napovn

vercxlis TefSze da vanis naqalaqarze gaTxril Zv.w. II-Iss-is nagebobis

nangrevebSi, sadac warwera amokawrulia oqros firfitaze, qalis

reliefuri gamosaxulebis garSemo (Wyonia, 1981, gv.84,125). arameuli

enis specialisti, akad. k. wereTeli Tavis naSromSi "arameuli ena

saqarTveloSi" aRniSnavs: "arameuli damwerlobis xmarebas CvenSi karga

xnis tradicia unda hqonoda. vfiqrobT, marTali unda iyos germaneli

mecnieri elsneri, romelic armazuli damwerlobis Camoyalibebas Zv.w.

II-Iss-Si varaudobs. amasTanave, misi TqmiT, armazuli damwerloba

arameulis Crdilo-mesopotamiuri tipis Semdgom ganviTarebas

warmoadgens. Tu es asea, maSin arameuli enis xmarebas aRmosavleT

saqarTveloSi xangrZlivi istoria aqvs da savsebiT bunebrivi Cans, rom

am istoriis dasawyisi aqemenianTa xanaSi unda veZeboT. swored maSin

unda dawyebuliyo saqarTveloSi (aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi, g.g.)

arameuli enis xmareba rogorc administraciis enisa" (wereTeli, 1976,

gv.151; wereTeli, 1982, gv.19). SesaZlebelia, rom arameuli damwerloba

kolxeTSi aRmosavleT saqarTvelodan gavrcelebuliyo. Zv.w. IVsaukunis miwurulis saomari moqmedebebis Sedegadaa etyoba

dangreuli, magaliTad, varcixis "giorgobianebis goris," vanisa da

30

mTisZiris "adeiSvilebis goris" nagebobebi. samwuxarod, Sida kolxeTSi

am periodis sxva nagebobebi jerjerobiT cotaa mikvleuli da gaTxrili.

vfiqrobT, rom Seuswavlel namosaxlarebzec igive situacia aRiniSneba.

sof. varcixis "giorgobianebis goraze" aRmoCenili nageboba dangreul-

gadamwvaria Zv.w. IVs-is miwuruls (jafariZe, 1977, gv.43-50). amave

periodSia gadamwvari vanis naqalaqaris centraluri terasis TeTri qviT

nagebi Senoba da zeda terasaze (nakveTi 211 da 193) gaTxrili

ZelurbaTqaSiani nageboba. Zv.w. IVsaukunis miwurulisaTvisaa dangreuli

sof. mTisZiris "adeiSvilebis goris" Zelur-baTqaSiani TavdacviTi

nageboba (Senobis dangrevis dro radioaqtiuri naxSirbadis daSlis

meTodiTaa gansazRvruli)(ix. gamyreliZe, 1982, gv.56-63, 93). kolxeTis Zv.w. IVs-is miwurulis da Zv.w. IIIs-is pirveli naxevris

materialur kulturaSi zemoT aRniSnuli cvlilebebi SeiZleba, erTi

mxriv, azos (azon) da, meore mxriv, farnavaz-qujis mier

ZalauflebisaTvis brZoliT gamowveuli saomari moqmedebebis SedegebiT

aixsnas. rogorc cnobilia, qarTlis (iberiis) samefos Camoyalibebis

rTuli procesi swored Zv.w. IV-IIIsaukuneebis mijnaze mimdinareobs

(mamulia, 1979, gv.93-113). am droisaTvis Sida kolxeTic politikurad

qarTlis samefos farglebSi erTiandeba. axali samecniero literaturis

mixedviT, qarTuli saistorio gadmocema ("moqcevai qarTlisai" da

"cxovreba qarTvelTa mefeTa da pirvelTaganTa mamaTa da naTesavTa")

qarTlis samefos warmoSobis da azo-farnavazis urTierTobis Sesaxeb

ZiriTadad sandoa. arian-qarTlidan (mdinare mtkvris, Woroxis saTaveebis

da vanis tbis axlomaxlo teritoria. herodote, III, 94) mosulma

aleqsandre makedonelis mier aRzevebulma azom jer qarTlis

geografiul-strategiuli (md. mtkvrisa da md. aragvis Sesayari) centri

"mcxeTa" daimorCila, xolo SemdgomSi qarTveluri modgmis xalxiT

dasaxlebuli sxva mxareebic daiqvemdebara (maT Soris egrisic). "da mas

miuboZa mcxeTa sajdomad da sazRvari daudva mas hereTi da egris wyali

da somxiTi da mTai crolisai" (Zv. qarTuli agiograf..., 1963, gv.81).

31

zRvispireTSi (md. rionsa da egriswyals Sua mdebare monakveTis

garda), azo-farnavazis epoqaSi, kolxeTis samefos daSlis Semdeg,

safiqrebelia, antikur qveynebsa da iberias Soris buferuli polisuri

tipis qalaqebi warmoiSva. maT gaCenaSi garkveuli roli iTamaSa kolxur

dasaxlebebTan "berZnuli kolonizaciis" Sedegad warmoqmnilma

emporionebma, romlebic kolxeTis samefos daSlis Semdeg

transformirdnen polisuri tipis dasaxlebebad. amis Taobaze

sainteresoa qalaq fasisis Sesaxeb heraklides cnoba fasisis polisuri

wyobilebis (politiis) Sesaxeb. heraklideze mecnierebaSi gansxvavebuli

mosazrebebia gamoTqmuli. zogi mas Zv.w. IVs., xolo zogi Zv.w. IIs.

avtorad miiCnevs. specialist wyaroTmcodneebs miaCniaT, rom

"politiebis" damuSavebis TariRi Zv.w. IVsaukunis Semdgom periods unda

asaxavdes (dawvr. ix. yauxCiSvili,1969, gv.189-190): Sesabamisad im dros,

roca kolxeTis samefos daSlis mere zRvis sanapiroze emporionebi

gardaiqmnen polisurisnair qalaqebad. SesaZloa, rom swored amgvari

"qalaqis" "basilevsi" iyo aki. akis saxeliani moneta sul oria

jerjerobiT napovni; aqedan erTi q. trapizonTan zRvis sanapiroze

(dRevandel TurqeTSi), xolo meore sof. kinCxaSi (martvilis r-ni).

maTi TariRia Zv.w. IIs.

zRvidan mTamde da rionidan egriswylamde teritoria egrisis

saerisTavos ekuTvnoda. farnavaz mefis siZem, egris-svaneTis erisTavma aq

strategiulad moxerxebuli md. texuris Sua welze aago cixe-goji

(qarTlis cxovreba, 1955, gv.24). werilobiTi da uaxlesi arqeologiuri

monacemebis mixedviT cixe-goji damajerebladaa gaigivebuli md. texuris

marcxena napirze mdebare noqalaqevTan. sof. noqalaqevis naqalaqarTan

mikvleulia farnavazis droindeli kramitebi, piramidiseburi sawafebi,

adgilobrivi amforebi da sxv. (ix. grigolia, fxakaZe, 1973, gv.17-38).

galavnis gadaRma gaTxrilia amave periodis qvevrsamarxebi da

ormosamarxebi. cixe-goji, erTi mxriv, samdinaro gziT ukavSirdeboda md.

rions (ZiriTad satransporto magistrals), xolo meore mxriv, qedis

iqiT svaneTsac ukavSirdeboda (md. cxeniswylis ayolebiT).

32

cixe-gojis garda, dasavleT saqarTveloSi leonti mrovels naxsenebi

aqvs Sorapnis da dimnis cixeebi: "erTi gagzavna margvis erisTavad, da

misca mciriT mTiTgan, romel ars lixi, vidre zRu/r/admde egrisisa,

rions zemoT. da amanve farnavaz aRaSenna orni cixeni, Sorapani da

dimna" (qarTlis cxovreba, 1955, gv.24). Sorapani Tanamedrove dabaa Sorapnis cixesTan, xolo dimni sof. zeda dimis nacixarTan aris

gaigivebuli (cqitiSvili,1964,gv.71-106; jafariZe, 1990; bragvaZe, 1990,

gv.137-150). amrigad, azo-farnavazis periodis kolxeTi, zogierTi zRvispira

monakveTis garda, qarTlis samefoSi egris-svaneTis saerisTavos saxiT

iyo gaerTianebuli (ix. gamyreliZe, 1985, gv.86-97). rogorc Cans,

kolxeTSi imxanad imZlavra calkeuli mxare-erTeulebis gaTiSuloba-

dapirispirebam, xolo qarTlSi, piriqiT, meti sazogadoebriv-

politikuri konsolidacia moxda da Zlieri, centralizebul

xelisuflebiani samefo ganviTarda. qarTlis samefom Camoyalibeba-

gaZlierebis procesSi kolxeTis nawilis inkorporacia ganaxorciela

(ix. gamyreliZe, 1985,gv.87-89). aseTi mdgomareoba gagrZelda daaxloebiT

Zv.w. II-Iss-is mijnamde, vidre kolxeTis garkveuli nawili miTridate VI

evpatoris samefos gavlenis qveS ar moeqca. antikur qveynebsa da iberiis samefos Soris kolxeTis zRvispireTSi

Zv.w. IVsaukunis miwurulidan ganviTarda buferuli, polisuri tipis

qalaqebi _ dioskuria, gienosi, fasisi, qobuleT-fiWvnari, xolo Sida

kolxeTi iberiis samefos politikur gavlenas daeqvemdebara

(dawvrilebiT ix. gamyreliZe, 1985, gv.86-97). iberiis politikuri

gavlenis qveS myofi Sida kolxeTis straboniseuli skeptuxiebi

(straboni, XI, II, 18) _ "sairxe" (ix. nadiraZe, 1990), "quTaisi" (ix.

lanCava, 1975; jiqia, 1977, gv. 26-30), "noqalaqevi" (ix. zaqaraia, 1981;

lomouri, 1981, gv.18-46), "vani" (arqeologiuri masala ix. kreb. "vani,"

1972, 1976, 1977, 1979, 1981, 1982, 1983) da sxvebi garkveuli

damoukideblobiT sargeblobdnen. amgvari teritoriuli danawileba

ganviTarda, pirvel rigSi, fizikur-geografiuli da ekonomikur-

33

komunikaciuri mdgomareobis safuZvelze. rogorc Cans, zogierTi Temi

ufro dawinaurda da Camoyalibda garkveul saqalaqo centrad.

kolxeTis sazogadoebriv-politikuri ganviTarebis Sesaxeb friad

cota saistorio werilobiTi da arqeologiuri monacemi mogvepoveba. am

kuTxiT sayuradReboa kolxeTis Sesaxeb strabonis "geografiaSi"

Semonaxuli cnoba: "Tu rogor iyo saxelganTqmuli Zvelad es qveyana,

cxadyofen amas miTebi, romlebic mogviTxroben iasonis laSqrobaze,

romelic movida midiamde da amaze adre ki friqses laSqrobaze. amis

Semdeg memkvidre mefeebma skeptuxiebad dahyves qveyana da hqondaT

zomieri Zalaufleba" (straboni, XI, II,18). rogorc strabonis "geografiis" am nawyvetidan Cans da arqeologiuri monacemebic amas

mowmoben, daaxloebiT Zv.w. VsaukunisaTvis kolxeTSi ukve gaformebulia

fizikur-geografiul da ekonomikur-komunikaciur safuZvelze

warmoqmnili teritoriuli erTeulebi, romelTa saTaveSi adgilobrivi

dawinaurebuli gvaris warmomadgenlebi idgnen. am teritoriebidan

zogierTi ufro dawinaurda da Camoyalibda garkveul saqalaqo centrad

Tavisi mimdebare teritoriiT. aseTebia, magaliTad, vani, quTaisi, sairxe

da sxv. Semdgom swored es teritoriebi daedo safuZvlad

saerisTaoebad dayofas. strabonis "geografiis" nawyvetidan naTlad Cans, rom kolxeTi skeptuxiebad daanawiles, raSic unda igulisxmebodes

qveynis dayofa garkveul teritoriul-sammarTvelo erTeulebad. es

danawileba, albaT, xelisuflebam Caatara, raTa, erTi mxriv,

gaadvildeboda administraciulad qveynis marTva, xolo meore mxriv,

kidev meti politikuri centralizaciisaTvis mieRwia (ix. inaZe, 1961,

gv.783-790; lorTqifaniZe, 1977, gv.15). safiqrebelia, rom maTi warmoqmnis pirvel etapze isini ufro

tomobriv-teritoriuli erTeulebia, xolo TandaTan erT-erTi am

erTeulis aristokratiuli gvari winaurdeba da axerxebs danarCenebis

daqvemdebarebas. swored es aristokratiuli gvari Semdeg samefos ukeT

samarTavad da xelisuflebis gansamtkiceblad administraciul

reformebs atarebs. aq, albaT, iseTive reformebi tardeba, rogoric

34

qarTlSi gaatara mefe farnavazma (ix. qarT. cxovreba, 1955, gv.24). droTa ganmavlobaSi kolxeTSi sagamgeblo erTeulebs Soris moxda

garkveuli diferenciacia, radgan aqauri regionuli fizikur-

geografiuli da agroklimaturi pirobebi araTanabaria (mag., rionis

dablobis skeptuxiebi ufro mdidari da SeZlebuli unda yofiliyo,

vidre mTiani guriis). aman SemdgomSi, daaxloebiT Zv.w. IVsaukunis meore

naxevarSi, sagamgebloebs Soris urTierTdapirispireba gamoiwvia, rac

saboloo jamSi kolxeTis samefos dasustebiT da iberiasTan misi

inkorporaciiT dasrulda. qarTuli saistorio tradiciis mixedviT, iberiis mefe farnavazma

egrisis saerisTavo daumtkica qujis, romelic, rogorc Cans, adrec

flobda kolxeTis nawils. axla farnavazma mas teritoriebi

gaufarTova, samefo xelisuflebis administraciuli uflebebic uboZa

(da gaayola colad) da amiT samefo didmoxeled aqcia. sayuradReboa,

rom rva erisTavidan saistorio wyaroSi mxolod qujia moxsenebuli

(qarT.cxovreba, 1955,gv.24). quji warmomavlobiT Zveli aristokratiuli

gvaridan iyo da qarTlis mefis kolxeTSi xelisuflebisaTvis brZolaSi

wvlili miuZRoda. safiqrebelia, rom analogiuri situacia Seiqmna Zv.w. Vs. kolxeTSi,

sadac regionebis saTaveSi mefis xelisuflebisadmi loialurad

ganwyobili adgilobrivi warCinebuli gvaris warmomadgenlebi iyvnen,

romelTac mefem saxelmwifo moxelis funqciac mianiWa. amdagvari unda

yofiliyo kolxeTSi is ierarqiuli kibe, romlis TavSic Zlieri

gamaerTianebeli xelisufali _ mefe idga, xolo mas dawinaurebuli

aristokratebi mosdevdnen. es, etyoba, maSin xdeba, rodesac

aristokratia arcTu ise Zlieria da maTi socialuri statusic

jerjerobiT mkveTrad ar aris gamoxatuli. strabonis TqmiT qveyanaSi

maT "hqondaT zomieri Zalaufleba" (straboni, XI, II,18). SemdgomSi,

roca isini momZlavrdnen, calkeuli skeptuxiebis damoukideblobisaken

swrafva daiwyo, rac Zv.w. IVsaukunis bolos kolxeTis samefos

dasusteba-daSliT damTavrda da isini centralur xelisuflebaze

35

formalurad damokidebul erTeulebad gardaiqmnen. etyoba, swored amis

mere kolxeTSi jer azom, xolo Semdeg qujis (adgilobrivi erT-erTi

skeptuxiis aristokratiuli gvaris warmomadgenlis) saSualebiT

qarTlis mefe farnavazma imZlavra. Zv.w. II-Iss. mijnidan kolxeTis politikur horizontze pontos mefe

miTridate VI evpatori gamoCnda. miTridates drois ponto-kolxeTis

urTierTobis sakiTxebs mravali mkvlevari Seexo, magram specialur

samecniero literaturaSi maT Sesaxeb dRemde azrTa sxvadasxvaobaa

(istoriografia ix. Reinach, 1890; sanikiZe, 1956; gozaliSvili, 1965;

dundua,1974, gv.146-159 da maTSi miTiTebuli literatura). kolxeTSi, pirvel rigSi zRvispira kolxeTSi, pontos samefos Tavisi

politikuri da strategiuli interesebi hqonda. swored aq iyo

ganlagebuli dioskuriis, gienosis, fasisis, qobuleT-fiWvnaris qalaqebi.

am qalaqebis SemoerTebaSi aisaxa miTridate evpatoris ZiriTadi miznis

_ mTeli SavizRvispireTis gaerTianebis grandiozuli ideis

Tanamimdevruli ganxorcieleba. zRvispira kolxeTis qalaqebi miTridatem

pontos samefos Zv.w. II-Iss. mijnaze SeuerTa. xsenebuli qalaqebi, erTi

mxriv, sazRvao vaWrobis _ maTi ekonomikis erT-erTi ZiriTadi sayrdenis

arastabilurobiT, xolo meore mxriv _ kavkasionis mTianeTSi mcxovrebi

meomari tomebis TavdasxmebiT iyvnen Sewuxebuli (straboni,XVII,III,24;

pliniusi,VI,15). iseTi Zlieri xelisufalis mmarTvelobaSi Sesvla,

rogoric miTridate iyo, vaWroba-ekonomikasa da TavdacvaSi

stabilurobis ganmtkicebas moaswavebda. aq, SesaZloa, warmoiSva

daaxloebiT iseTive mdgomareoba, rogoric iyo diofantes laSqrobis

Sedegad pontos samefosTan bosforis samefosa da xersonesis

SemoerTebis dros. sayuradReboa cnoba imis Sesaxeb, rom miTridates

kolxeTi memkvidreobiT ergoo (iunianus iustinusi, XXXVIII,7,10).

gasaTvaliswinebelia is faqtic, rom im sanapiro naqalaqarebze,

romlebic dResdReobiT metnaklebadaa arqeologiurad Seswavlili _

eSera, soxumi-dioskuria, oCamCire-gienosi _ ar aris dadasturebuli

Zv.w. II-Iss-is mijnis gadamwvari fenebi an raime sabrZolo moqmedebis

36

kvali. magram es ar niSnavs imas, rom am qalaqebSi, iseve rogorc

bosforsa da xersonesSi, miTridate garkveul winaaRmdegobas ar

waawyda. magaliTad, memnoni (30) aRniSnavs, rom miTridatem omiT

daimorCila fasisis midamoebi (md. fasisis qvemo weli _ g.g.). am

midamoebis mimdebare teritoriaze, qobuleT-fiWvnarSi naqalaqari

darbeulia Zv.w. IIs. bolosaTvis. Sida kolxeTi miTridates ar SeuerTebia pontos samefosaTvis.

amasTanave ar aris gamoricxuli, rom igi iq SeiWra maSin, roca pompeuss

gamoeqca da zamTari dioskuriaSi gaatara. niSandoblivia isic, rom

arcerT werilobiT wyaroSi ar aisaxa miTridates mier Sida kolxeTis

dapyroba-SemoerTeba. miTridatul istoriografiaSi (ix. sanikiZe, 1956,

gv.26; gozaliSvili, 1965, gv.299) arsebobs mosazreba, rom iberia mudam

pontos mokavSire iyo. magram Tu gaviTvaliswinebT, rom politika

cvalebadi ram aris (mag. miTridate da tigrani jer mokavSireebi iyvnen,

xolo Semdeg mosisxle mtrebi; anda, miTridates mama jer romis

"mokavSire da megobari" iyo, xolo Semdeg mteri, an kidev _ maxarem

uRalata mamas da romaelebis mxareze gadavida da sxv.), iberiis samefos

politikac pontos mimarT cvalebadi unda yofiliyo. Tu gadavxedavT

qarTul werilobiT wyaroebs da axal arqeologiur monacemebs, iberiis

samefos usaTuod unda hqonoda garkveuli politikuri interesi

kolxeTSi (ix. gamyreliZe, 1985, gv.97). memnoni(30), apiane(15), iustinusi (XXXVIII, 7,10), straboni (XI,II,18;

XII,III,28) gvamcnoben, rom miTridatem SeierTa kolxeTi, magram

saxeldobr kolxeTis ra nawili, ar aris aRniSnuli. Tu strabonisave

cnobas davujerebT, kolxeTi metwilad zRvasTan mdebareobs (ix.

XI,II,17); Semdeg igi gadmogvcems: "mTeli es sanapiro epyra evpators,

kolxeTidan herakleamde,..." (XII, III,2). Sesabamisad, strabonis mixedviT

miTridates ZiriTadad sanapiro zoli unda daekavebina. strabonis cnobebidanve Cans, rom miTridate ZiriTadad

dainteresebuli iyo kolxeTis sanapiroTi, saidanac mas misdioda meti

wili sanaosno saSualebebis gasamarTavad, xe-tye, seli, kanafi, cvili,

37

fisi _ gemebis asagebad (XI,II,17,18). kolxeTis sanapiro is strategiul-

komunikaciuri mxare iyo, romelic aucileblad sWirdeboda pontos

samefos Tavisi CrdiloSavizRvispira teritoriebis

zedamxedvelobisaTvis. aqedan gamomdinare, sruliad bunebrivia, rom

miTridatem, daikava ra kolxeTi (dasavleTi kolxeTi), mis

administraciul centrad aqcia qalaqi dioskuria, romelsac misca

monetis moWris ufleba. swored aq dasva miTridatem mis mier

gamogzavnili mmarTveli (ix. straboni, XI,II,18). aq, Tavis kolxur

rezidenciaSi gamoizamTra pompeusisgan devnilma miTridatem (apiane, 101). dasavleT kolxeTis dakavebis dros pontos samefo samxedro-

ekonomikurad Zlieri iyo. swored es iyo, albaT, ZiriTadi mizezi imisa,

rom iberiis samefo molaparakebis Semdeg (ix. memnoni,30) gaCumda da

miTridatem kolxeTis sanapiroze mdebare qalaqebi SeierTa. iberiis

samefos gavlenis qveS ki Sida kolxeTi darCa (ix. gamyreliZe,

1985,gv.86-97). angariSgasawevia agreTve plutarqes cnoba: "iberTa tomi

pontomde aRwevso" da iberebi albanebTan erTad "yvelaze ufro

udidesni" ariano (pompeusi,34). memnoni(30) aRniSnavs, rom miTridatem

mokavSireebad Seiamxanaga parTebi, midielebi, tigrane armenieli,

frigieli mefeebi da iberi mefe, saidanac Cans, rom miTridates da

iberTa mefes Soris adgili hqonda raRac molaparakeba-SeTanxmebas.

miTridates jarSi myofi iberi meomrebi, etyoba, daqiravebuli iyvnen da

iberiis mefis samxedro Zalas ar warmoadgendnen. isini omobdnen

"saCuqarTa miRebis surviliT" (plutarqe, "lukulusi," 26,31). mkveTrad Seicvala situacia kolxeTSi ponto-romis pirveli omis

dasasrulisaTvis, roca miTridatem marcxi ganicada saberZneTSi.

kolxeTSi ifeTqa ajanyebam. ajanyebulebma moiTxoves, rom miTridates aq

mefed Svili daeniSna. miTridate iZulebuli gaxda Seesrulebina

ajanyebulebis moTxovna da kolxeTis mefed gaamwesa Svili _ miTridate

filopatori filadelfi. dasavleT kolxeTis am ajanyeba-areulobaSi,

savaraudoa, rom iberiis xelisufalTa xelic eria; isargebles ra

miTridates warumateblobiT, isini Seecadnen dasavleT kolxeTSi misi

38

gavlena daesustebinaT da amiT TavisTvis momgebiani mdgomareoba

SeeqmnaT. dardanosis zavis (Zv.w. 85w.) Semdeg miTridatem moicala

kolxeTisaTvis: urCi Svili, romelic mamis sawinaaRmdego intrigebSi

Caeba, sikvdiliT dasaja da dasavleT kolxeTSi uwindeli mdgomareoba

aRadgina (apiane, "miTridat..."64). bunebrivia, romTan omebis dros miTridate ecdeboda saimedo zurgi

hqonda (memnoni,30). amitom is moerideboda iberiis samefosTan

urTierTobis gamwvavebas. iberTa xelisufalic, albaT, kargad iyenebda

miTridates amgvar ganwyobas. xan samokavSireo xelSekrulebas udebda

(memnoni,30), xan dasavleT kolxeTSi xalxs ujanyebda (apiane,64), xanac

pompeusisagan devnil miTridates ebrZoda (apiane,101). gaumarTleblad

gveCveneba azri, rom iberebs eSinodaT _ miTridates damarcxebis Semdeg

romi Cven mogvdgebao, da mxolod amitom miemxrnen miTridates. ponto-

romis pirveli omis dros iberia romis politikuri interesebis

arealSi ar imyofeboda. iberiis da miTridates urTierToba plutarqes

("pompeusi,"34) friad miamiturad aqvs gadmocemuli _ iberebs "Zalian

undodaT miTridatesTvis eamebinaT da pompeusi ukueqciaT." miT umetes,

rom plutarqe iqve dasZens: "iberni arc midielebis morCilebaSi

yofilan, arc sparselebs eqvemdebarebodnen da, Tavis droze,

makedonelTa mbrZaneblobac aicdines Tavidan..." (plutarqe, 1957, gv.117).

maS, rad undodaT aseT daumorCileblebs damarcxebuli miTridatesTvis

eamebinaT? "pompeusis" cxovrebis es adgili aradamajereblad

gamoiyureba, miT umetes, rom sxva werilobiTi wyaroebi amave ambis

Txrobisas iberebis mier miTridates maameblobis cdas ar aRniSnaven (ix.

apiane,103; dion kasiusi,"romis istoria," XXXVII,1,2; straboni, XI,I,6). iberebis damarcxebis Semdeg pompeusi Seuferxeblad gadavida

kolxeTSi (plutarqe, "pompeusi,"34). rogorc Cans, iberiisagan

gansxvavebiT, kolxeTSi organizebuli winaaRmdegoba ar gauweviaT.

SesaZloa imitomac, rom skeptuxiebad danawilebuli Sida kolxeTi

politikurad iberiis gavlenis qveS iyo da maT mefe artagis msgavsi

(qarTlis cxovreba, 1955, gv.30) jari ar hyavdaT (artokes jaris

39

Sesaxeb ix. apiane,103; dion kasiusi, "romis istoria," XXXVII,1,2;

plutarqe, "pompeusi,"34). "amis Semdeg, rodesac pompeusma gaigo, rom

fasisi ar aris Sors, gadawyvita mis gayolebiT kolxeTSi Casuliyo"

(dion kasiusi, "romis istoria," XXXVII,3). am nawyvetidan ise Cans, rom

kolxeTi md. fasisis qvemo welze, zRvasTan igulisxmeboda. pompeusi

"daiZra ganzraxuli mimarTulebiT da gaiara kolxebisa da maTi

mezoblebis miwaze, Tan moqmedebda xan darwmunebiT, xan daSinebiT" (dion

kasiusi, "romis istoria," XXXVII,3). ponto-romis mesame omis dasasruls pompeusisagan devnili miTridate

sami aTasi meomriT midis qalaq sinoriaSi (sinorega), raTa suli

moiTqvas da mxedrobas aRWurviloba Seuvsos (apiane,101). aqedan

miTridate jariTurT Tavisi siZis tigranisken gaemarTa, "magram

tigranma igi ar miiRo da Tanac asi talanti jildod Sehpirda mas,

vinc mis Tavs miutanda. amitom miTridatem evfratis saTaves gza auqcia

da kolxeTSi gadavida" (plutarqe, "pompeusi,"32). amasve adasturebs

dion kasius kokeianosi _ "Tavis imedebSi motyuebuli miTridate

gaemarTa kolxeTisaken..." (romis istoria,XXXVI,50). miTridate gadavida

mdinare afsarosze (Worox-olTu) da iqidan md. mtkvris xeobaSi. igi

zRvis sanapiro gziT ar wasula, radgan icoda, rom aq pompeusis

brZanebiT Casafrebuli iyo serviliusi samxedro-sazRvao flotiT

(plutarqe, "pompeusi,"34). serviliuss, etyoba, mTasa da zRvas Soris

viwro sanapiro (afsarosis viwro gasasvlelis Sesaxeb ix.

latiSevi,1904, gv.447) hqonda blokirebuli da miTridates razmebs

elodeboda. miTridate SeiWra xoteneSi, brZoliT gaikafa gza (apiane,101) da

Semdeg dauyva md. mtkvris xeobas, aqedan focxovi-qvabliani-Wubraulis

xeobebSi gadainacvla, radgan mtkvarTan iberebTan Setakeba mouxda

(apiane,101). etyoba, maTTanac, rogorc tigranTan, saqme garTulebuli

hqonda, da gaemarTa "mefiswyaros" gadasasvlelisaken (SesaZloa, rom

miTridate gadavida zekaris gadasasvlelze da Semdeg xaniswyal-rionis

gziT miadga "vans"). es gza Semdeg md. suloris wyalgamyof qedamde

40

aRwevs da xeobaSi eSveba. is arcTu Znelad savalia da sirTuliT

daaxloebiT lixis qedis gadasasvlelebis msgavsia. adgilobrivi

mcxovreblebi mas axlac iyeneben (am gzaze sof. suloris zemoT

"sakakile" Zv.w. III-I ss., md. yumuris xeobaSi sof. gailourTan "msxalTa"

Zv.w. III-Iss-is arqeologiuri masalebia dadasturebuli; ix. gamyreliZe,

1982, gv.32). am adgilebze miuTiTebs albaT straboni, roca gadmogvcems,

rom miTridate "mTebis gadaRma kolxeTSi gaiqcao" (straboni,XII,III,28). Zalebis mokreba da aRWurvilobis Sevseba esaWiroeboda devnil

miTridates. mas xom isev romTan brZolis didi gegmebi utrialebda

TavSi (apiane, 102), rac uzarmazar Tanxebs moiTxovda. miTridates gzaze

ki md. suloris xeobaSi mdidari qalaqi "vani" mdebareobda (vani-suris

Sesaxeb ix. xoStaria, 1960, gv.47; yauxCiSvili, 1987, gv.131). vanis naqalaqarze aRmoCenilia sazogadoebrivi, sataZro-sakulto da

safortifikacio nagebobebis naSTebi. qalaqs hqonda mZlavri samSeneblo

potenciali: kramitis, alizis aguris damamzadebeli da rustirebuli

qvis saTlelebi; samSeneblo-sainJinro codna; mSeneblobis adgilas

masalis mimtani saSualebebi da a.S. rac mTavaria, yvelaferi amis

amoqmedeba moiTxovda garkveul organizaciul gamocdilebas. vanis

naqalaqaris kulturul fenebSi didZali adgilobrivi warmoebis

(qvevrebi, amforebi, qoTnebi, doqebi, jamebi da sxv.) da Semotanili

ucxouri (sinopes, rodosis, qiosis, knidis, kosis keramikuli tara;

mcireaziuri, Savi da wiTellakiani keramika da sxv.) keramikaa nanaxi,

rac savaWro saqmianobaze miuTiTebs. napovnia agreTve terakotebis

gasakeTebeli yalibebi. gvxvdeba didi raodenobis vertikaluri saqsovi

dazgebis sawafebi; adgilobrivad damzadebuli da ucxoeTidan

Semotanili oqromWedlobis nimuSebi.

vanis naqalaqi, Tanamedrove qalaq vanis dasavleTiT, md. rionis

marcxena Senakadis, md. suloris marcxena mxares mdebareobs. is

CrdiloeTidan samxreTisaken daferdebul samkuTxa borcvze, qveda,

centralur da zeda terasebzea ganlagebuli, romelic 7 ha-s moicavs.

qalaqis sasimagro kedlebSi koSkebia gamarTuli. CrdiloeTiT mdebare

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mTavari karibWe Sedgeba urTierTgamijnuli ori karisagan,

naxevarwriuli koSkisagan da saguSago nagebobebisagan. aqvea

sakurTxeveli da qalaqis mfarveli RvTaebis qandakebis kvarcxlbeki,

romelic midgmulia kldeze. qalaqis aRmosavleT mxares meore

Sesasvleli iyo. iqve, didi zomis wylis rezervuaria kldeSi

amokveTili, romelic wylis maragis Sesavsebad iyo gankuTvnili. qalaq

vanis sasimagro kedlebis wyobaSi qvis Tlili kvadrebi erTmaneTTan

mWidrod aris morgebuli. vanis naqalaqarze arqeologiurad

aRmoCenilia elinisturi epoqis kramitiT gadaxuruli sazogadoebrivi,

sataZro-sakulto da safortifikacio nagebobebis naSTebi. vanis

naqalaqaris Sesaxeb Seqmnilia mravali samecniero naSromi. swored am

naSromebze dayrdnobiT gTavazobT vanis naqalaqaris iersaxis savaraudo

restavracia-aRdgenis cdas (arqeologiuri masala ix. kreb. "vani," 1972,

1976, 1977, 1979, 1981, 1983 a.S.).

qalaqi "vani" ekonomikurad Zlieri iyo; xelosnoba da vaWroba kargad

iyo ganviTarebuli. mas hqonda sasoflo-sameurneo miwebi _ dablagomi,

mTisZiri, SuamTa, gailouri, keWinara, gora, bagineTi, inaSauri, suloris

"sakakile," Zuluxi, buRnari, bzvani da maT urbanistul centrs

warmoadgenda (ix. gamyreliZe, 1982, gv.36,55). qalaqs mZlavri TavdacviTi

sistema hqonda da, bunebrivia, damcveli razmebic eyoleboda. es

razmebive axorcielebdnen albaT sameurneo miwebis zedamxedvelobas.

“vani”, safiqrebelia, rom geografiul safuZvelze ganviTarebuli

Teokratiuli urbanistuli (ix. lorTqifaniZe, 1972, gv.9-42) erTeuli

iyo, romelic garkveuli TviTmmarTvelobiT sargeblobda. daaxloebiT

Zv.w. IIIs-is dasawyisidan is iberiis samefos gavlenis qveS moeqca.

amdagvari msxvili sakulto kerebi iyo mcire aziaSi _ pontos komana,

anisa, tiana, zela. samwuxarod, es qalaqebi arqeologiurad TiTqmis ar

aris Seswavlili.

gadalaxa ra mTebi (mefiswyaros an zekaris gadasasvleli) sami aTas

erTgul meomarTan erTad, miTridatem (apiane,101; straboni, XII, III,28)

daarbia da gaZarcva "vanis" mdidari qalaqi.

42

43

arqeologiuri monacemebi adastureben, rom qalaqi Zv.w. Is-is Sua xanebSi

(60-iani wlebi) xanmokle drois ganmavlobaSi dangreulia orjer.

safiqrebelia, rom pirvelad is daangria da gaZarcva miTridatem, xolo

meored pompeusma, romelmac daamarcxa iberiis mefe artoke da SeiWra

kolxeTSi. pompeusma "vanis" mimarT "imoqmeda daSinebiT" (dion kasiusi,

"romis istoria," XXXVII,3) da brZoliT. is "kolxeTSi SeiWra" (ix.

plutarqe, "pompeusi,"34). pompeusma "kolxebTan, albanelebTan,

iberebTan... da sxva aRmosavlel xalxebTan warmatebuli brZolebiT

ganavrco romaelTa Zalaufleba..." (apiane, "miTridates omebi,"114). meore ngrevis kvali yvelaze kargad Cans vanis naqalaqaris Sua

terasis aRmosavleT ferdobze, sadac TavdacviTi kedlebi saswrafod,

saxeldaxelod, saZirkvlis yovelgvari momzadebis gareSea agebuli

Tixnar fenaze. es fena ki pirveli ngrevisagan aris warmoSobili (ix.

lorTqifaniZe, 1968, gv.141). pirveli ngrevis fenaSi ZiriTadad gvxvdeba

arqiteqturuli detalebis natexebi, keramikuli masala, monetebi.

pontos monetebi, etyoba, miTridates meomrebisaa, anda aq SavizRvispira

urbanistuli centrebidanaa moxvedrili. sayuradReboa, rom aseTi

monetebia aRmoCenili eSeris naqalaqarze. naqalaqarze sxva monetebTan

erTad aRmoCnda parTuli fulic, romelic aq iberiis gziT Semodioda

(ix. dundua, lorTqifaniZe g., 1977, gv.119; dundua, 1974, gv.146-159). qalaqis gaZarcvis Semdeg miTridate Tavisi meomrebiT gadavida md.

fasisze(rioni) da gaemarTa qalaq dioskuriisaken. man aq romis

winaaRmdeg axali gegmebis SemuSavebaSi gaatara zamTari (apiane,101),

xolo Semdeg "xmeleTis gziT" wavida bosforSi (dion kasiusi, "romis

istoria," XXXVI,50), radgan sazRvao gza romaelebs hqondaT

blokirebuli. "daamarcxa Tu ara iberebi, pompeusi kolxeTSi SeiWra.

mdinare fasisis sanapiroze mas Seegeba serviliusi Tavisi flotiT,

romliTac igi pontos icavda" (plutarqe, 1957, gv.117). pompeusma

kolxeTSi daamarcxa da tyved igdo skeptuxi olTake_>Olj„khc (apiane,

117). sainteresoa, rom amdagvarive saxelis (Otaces) iberTa razmis

44

winamZRols ixseniebs valerius flakusic (ix. latiSevi, 1904, gv.210).

SesaZloa aq erTidaigive pirovnebaze iyos saubari. miTridates mier qalaqis gaZarcvis da dioskuriisaken wasvlis

Semdeg, qalaqis mesveurebma albaT daiwyes misi TavdacviTi sistemis

saxeldaxelo aRdgena-gamagreba. isini Cqarobdnen, radgan icodnen, rom

roca pompeusi ibe