cold control theory
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hypnosiscold control theoryTRANSCRIPT
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Hypnosis: Cold ControlMIMIC
Rebecca Semmens Wheeler University of Sussex, March 2011
USUniversity of Sussex
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/
111111
1Momm
David Rosenthal V.179
(1986,2005) 410 Ildt ,
A conscious mental state is a mental state
of which we are conscious
We are conscious of things, states, etc by
Higher Order Theory
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thinking or perceiving thatthey exist
A mental state is conscious when we think
we are in that state. I.e., when we have a
HOT.
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Today's talk will cover:
Myths about hypnosis
Higher order thoughts and cold
control
Predictions and tests of cold control
theory
Implementing cold control
Why hypnosis/cold control exists
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Myths!
Being hypnotised will make you dancelike a chicken
Highly hypnotisable people are
weak-minded
You can get stuck in a hypnotic
trance
You won't remember anything
Hypnosis is like being asleep
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Current Theories of Hypnosis
Dissociation theories
· Executive functions dissociated from contention
scheduling system
Neurophysiological Theories
· Hypnotic responding results from exhaustion of
frontal lobe functions
Socio-cognitive theories
· Response expectancy, imagination, context,
social desirability, motivation, absorption,
fantasy-proneness
Cold control theory
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Distinguish first order content
The tree is green'
from second order content:
11 see that the tree is green'
Second order content
is required for mental
states to be
conscious!
lawomlwasmwm..—.111.-
Similarly for intentions....
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second order mental state
"I am intending to lift my arm"
Conscious mental state
Consciously aware of
third order mental state
"I think I am intending to lift my arm"
First order mental state
"Lift the arm!"
Unconscious mental state
Conscious of...
Or aware of...
1-1 OTs
Introspectively aware of ...
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Note:
"Executive control" (e.g. overcominghabit) can be unconscious on HOT theory
Because we could have an intention
producing the control in principle without
having an HOT about having that,intention. (huh?)
This contradicts the common assumptionin the literature (and our intuition —we
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Predictions of cold control
I. Anything that can be done outside of
hypnosis can be done as a hypnoticsuggestion
e.g. executive tasks: contrast theories that imply
a special state of hypnotic hypofrontalityi
II. One cannot do anything as a hypnoticsuggestion one cannot do otherwise
(the difference is just in whether it felt .
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involuntary)
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Cold Control TheoryZoltan Dienes and Josef Perrier (2007)
Executive control without
awareness
Hypnosis requires inaccurate or absentHOTs
i.e. Create an intention to lift the arm,
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but
unaware of intention
"My arm must be rising by itself!"
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Predictions of cold control
I. Anything that can be done outside of
hypnosis can be done as a hypnoticsuggestion
e.g. executive tasks: contrast theories that imply
a special state of hypnotic hypofrontalityi
II. One cannot do anything as a hypnoticsuggestion one cannot do otherwise
(the difference is just in whether it felt .
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involuntary)
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I. Can hypnotic suggestions involve
executive function tasks (exclusion)?
a) Sugges t ion to forge t the number " four" :— overcoming habit but
person c la ims ignorance of what hasbeen excluded => no second orderthough t .
b) Spanos e t a l (1982): highs suggested to forgetcer ta in words (e .g . ca t , boat ) produced those wordsat a below basel ine level in a word associat ion test .4Execu t ive con t ro l because ex i s t ing assoc ia t ionsmust be excluded.
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II One cannot do anything as a hypnotic
suggestion one cannot do otherwise
Prima fade counter-example:
People can "see" colours with hypnotic hallucinationthey cannot see with imagination (Kosslyn et al, 2000)
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•
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S asked to drain or add colour. PET showed changes
in left and right fusiform after hypnotic suggestion butnot after instructions to just imagine (right side only)
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Kirsch et al's follow-up (2008)
"Research has also shown that people canrespond to suggestions for perceptualalterations whether or not they have beenhypnotised.The purpose of this study is to assess yourability — both in and out of hypnosis — toexperience coloured stimuli as if theywere grey and grey stimuli as if they were
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BUT...
· For hypnotic suggestion subjects asked
"to alter their perception of the stimuli"
·And in the imagination condition
"to remember and visualise"
...so subjects would "not slip into hypnosis"
Clear demand characteristics indicating
which condition should have stronger effect
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Subjects rated how much colour they saw on0-l00% scale
And rated how hypnotised they were:(1)normal state(2)relaxed() hypnotized(4) deeply hypnotized
No participant reported slipping into trance duringthe no-hypnosis part of the study (M= 1,4o) and all
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Highs can perform the most difficult
suggestions with or without hypnoticinduction!
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Drain colour Add colour
q Not hypnotized OHypnotizedi
100% 90%
80% c% 70%
60% or 50% 40% 30%-
20% 10% 0%
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How is cold control
implemented?
· Often intent ions , a t l eas tthose mainta ined over severa lminutes , tr igger HOTS ofintending.
· Consider Wegner's whitebear task (1984):
· "Do not think of the conceptof a white bear for 2 minutes!"
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White bear task:
Form intention:
"Do not produce representations of white bears!"
If intentions tend to trigger HOTs, one has:
"I am intending not to produce representations ofwhite bears!"
Making the concept of white bears part of aconscious mental s tate .
To not think about the concept of white bearsconsciously, one needs to be able to avoid second
a
W da
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Disrupting HOTsSemmens-Wheeler, Dienes and Hutton
Dorsolateral prefrontal
cortex/HOT box(Lau and Passingham, 2co6)
Disrupt the 'HOT box' with rTMS
U Should be harder to create accurate HOTs
ElTherefore should be easier to form intentions
without knowing one has
...easier to experience hypnotic
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suggestions??
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·Maybe highs are good at avoiding accurateHOTs about intentions?
·Bowers and Woody (1996): (after hypnosis)
highs could NOT think of their favourite car
for 2 minutes more effectively than lows
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r w v i t - - - 7 4
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Design
24 Mediums (4- 8 on Waterloo)
Five minutes -HZ rTMS to:Da) Left Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex
· b) Vertex
· In counterbalanced order
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Hypnotist blind to site stimulated
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Suggestions
Magnetic hands (easy motor)
Arm levitation (hard motor)
Rigid arm (challenge)
Sweet /sour taste (cognitive)
Measurements:
Fr Subjective experience (0-5)
[N Objective response (experimenter
rated: o100%)
Expectancy (last 12 subjects)
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Results
0 No effect on object ive ra t ings
0 Subject ive rat ings increased in the frontal ,compared to the cont ro l condi t ion
E Expectancy is a strong predictor ofhypnot ic response but effect of response
s i te not media ted by expectancy
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Does alcohol make people
more hypnoticallysusceptible?
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The Effects of alcohol onilo hypnosis
Alcohol inhibits frontal lobe function
We got 16 people drunk, gave another16 people a placebo and then
hypnotised them.
Before each suggestion, we asked them
how much they expected to respond to
it, and how much they felt they had
experienced each one afterwards.
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The Effects of alcohol onhypnosis
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3 0
2 z ;
2 0
Drunk
· Not drunk
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Self-reported Letter f I uency Expectancy Subjective response
drunkenness difference- 5
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Alcohol increases hypnotic
responding
Frontal lobe performance was impaired,
according to the results of the letter
fluency task
Expectancy is a strong predictor of hypnotic
response but effect of alcohol was not mediated
by expectancy
People who had alcohol experienced the
hypnotic suggestions more strongly than people
in the placebo condition.
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Meditation and Hypnosis
'a) Meditation and hypnosis - frequently regardedas involving similar processes and skills.
1E Meditation: cultivates attention in the form ofmindfulness of the environment and of innermental states.
ID Hypnosis involves:
increased attentional functioning... or
... a lack of awareness of mental
states, specifically of intentions?
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Cold Control Theory
NECold control theory summarises the latterposition by claiming the essence of hypnoticresponding is indeed intending to perform(motorically or cognitively) without beingaware of those intentions.
El Hypnosis involves inaccurate higher orderthoughts (1-10Ts) about first order intentions.
Meditation, and mindfulness inparticular, involves cultivating accurate HOTs
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Predictions
Highs may be less aware of their mentalstates and less mindful of the environmentand thus be able to perform intentional actswithout being aware of their intention to doso (hypnotic responding).
Highs may have very good attentionalcontrol of their mental states, allowing themto focus on one specific aspect of theinternal or external world and ignore others.
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Participants and Procedure
34 (16 male) highs and lows from SussexUniversity.
0 Screened using the Waterloo-Stanford GroupSusceptibility scale (WSGS).
Participants completed a number ofquestionnaires and took part in a meditation taskmeant to measure the accuracy of HOTs ("candletask").
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Self-Report Measures
Tellegen Absorption Scale (TAS, Tellegen and Atkinson, 1974)
Mindfulness Attention Awareness Scale (MAAS: Brown and Ryan, 2003)
Internal-external encoding style (Lewicki, 2005)
· Thought suppression (WBSI; Wegner and Wenzlaff, 1994)
Cognitive Failures Questionnaire(Broadbent, 1982)
Marlowe-Crowne Social Desirability ScaleCrowne and Marlowe 19.0
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HOT coupling = number of times consciously
thinking of candle on both tasks together
HOT control = number of times consciously thinking
of candle during concentration task minus during
ignore task
Meditation control = number of times thinking of
candle during concentration task
Ironic control = number of times not thinking of
candle during ignore task (cf Wegner)
Meta-awareness = number of times aware of zoning
ou
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Higher Order Thought (HOT)candle meditation task
· Participants were required toeither cultivate (concentrationtask) or avoid (ignore task)awareness of a candle whileconstantly looking directly at it.
· They were probed at randomintervals to report whether theywere thinking of the candle.
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1 4
1 2
1 0
8
6
4
0
Low
High
HOT HOT Control Ironic Control MeditationCoupling
Fig. 1: Mean differences between highs and lows on HOT candle meditation task controllhi for social
desirability)
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Fig. 2: Mean differences between highs and lows on self-report measures
4
4
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After controlling for social desirability, highsscored significantly lower on a measure ofmindfulness than lows (p = .02).
1E Highs scored significantly higher than lows ona measure of cognitive failures (p = .04).
Highs also scored higher on measures ofabsorption, thought suppression, and internalencoding style, yet these differences were notsign! want.
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Significant Correlations with Mindfulness
Hypnotisability
Absorption
Internal-External
Thought suppression
Cognitive Failures
HOT Coupling
HOT Control
Meditation
* *
-.62**
32*
.41*
.49*
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Summary of Results
Highs:
Less HOT coupling
Poorer meta-awareness
1 7 Fits with the idea that highs have a
poorer tendency/ability to formaccurate HOTs
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Conclusions
Highly hypnotisable people are less aware oftheir mental states and of the environment thanlows. That is, they are less mindful.
Contrary to a popular belief, meditation andhypnosis are opposites!
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‘ 1 1
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Cold control theory gives us a handle on:
How hypnotic responses can be executive
tasks
How expectations seem to have much
larger effects in hypnotic rather thantypical non-hypnotic contexts
Order of difficulty of hypnotic suggestions
Why impairing frontal lobe function should
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increase hypnotic response
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by does hypnotic behaviour exist?
· It is prevalent cross-culturally
· Largely associated with religious rituals and
spirit possession/divine influence
· If you performed actions, saw images etc that
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· 4
1:4111
11te
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1) Emerged to support religious beliefs?
Note the need for self deception — you must
cause a behaviour/cognition but not
know that you did so, so that it can be
attributed to divine/spiritual intervention
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2) Sociological functions:You can perform
behaviours for which you are not responsible
Lewis (1971, 2003):
Spirit possession serves important functions in
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Summary of our findings
0 Impairing frontal lobe function with alcoholorTMS increases hypnotic responding
People who medi ta te regular ly tend to bemore mindfu l than those who don ' t , andpeople who are more mindful tend to be lesshypnot isable
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E.g. Socially marginalised people canacquire the gifts necessary for the
spirit tobe exorcised (e.g. wife demanding more
resources from husband). A person
can
acquire the authority of the spirit and rise
to positions of political power.
Very common cross culturally.
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Cold control would
be
the ideal way of
fulfilling these
functions as it
ensures
the contextual
appropriateness of
the
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relevant
"involuntary"
behaviours and
experiences.