cold war develops… aim: to understand how usa used
TRANSCRIPT
ColdWardevelops… Aim: TounderstandhowUSAusedfinancialaidtofightCommunisminpost-warEurope(MarshallPlan)
Imagineyouwerereadingthisatthebreakfasttable,haveaconversationwithyourneighbour,whatmighthavebeensaid?Howdoesthisheadlinemakeyoufeel?Whatisittryingtosay?
BeforeWW2 AfterWW2Isolationism:
USpolicybeforeWW2wasIsolationism,basicallystayingoutofothercountriesaffairs,especiallyEurope’sasitis“so
faraway”anyway!
Containment:
USpolicyafterWW2wasContainment(limitingthe
spreadofsomething),basicallystoppingthespreadof
Communismoutsideasmallnumberofcountries
Keyterms:
WhatwastheimpactoftheTrumanDoctrine?
Kennan’s’LongTelegram’confirmedTruman’sworstfears
Stalinintended tospreadCommunismacrossEurope
Truman’smilitaryadvisorstoldTrumantheSovietsweren'tstrongenoughtofighttheUSA.Trumansaidtheydidn'tneedtofighttoincreasetheirterritoriesandpower.
WhatwouldyoudoifyouwereTrumanatthisstage?
Whatcanyouseehere,andwhymightthishelpStalinout?
PostwardamageinEurope
• ManyEuropeancountrieswereinruins• Homes,factories,infrastructure(roads,railways)• Povertyincreaseswithangeranddesperation
Communismisactuallyquiteattractiverightnow,thewealthof
therichwillberedistributed(shared)tohelpusall,notjustthe
fewatthetop!
IseewhatStalinisofferingus!
So,yousee,Stalindoesn'tneedtogotowar,hehasaperfectscenario,the
peoplearealreadydiscontented,hejustneedstoslightlyinfluencethemand
theyfalltotheevilRed!
Whenyouputitlikethat!
So,whatcanwedoaboutthisthen?
WhatisTruman’sproblem?
Thebottomlineis,warisnotanoption,sotheSovietsandCommunismMUSTbe
contained(Containment)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Xyoviiavusk
TrumanDoctrine12March1947
TrumanhopedthewealthiercountriesofEuropecouldinfluenceandsupportpostwarEuropeandshowtheCapitalismwasgoodandmakeCommunismseemlessattractive,butBritainandFrancewerenearlybankrupt
Chainofevents:
RevolutionsinGreeceandTurkey,supportedbyCommunists
BritainannounceditcouldnolongersupporttheGreeksagainstCommunistguerrillas12March1947
TrumandecidedenoughwasenoughanditwastimetheUSAtookaction
Hint:RememberthenarrativeQ,whatconnectivescouldyouusehere?
TrumanDoctrine12March1947
Therearetwowaysoflifewhicheverynationmustchoose.Thefirst
wayoffersMAJORITYruleandfreedomfrompoliticaloppression.
ThesecondisforthewilloftheMINORITYtobeforceduponit’s
majority– Communism!
It’ssimple,itschoosingGoodorEvil.TheevilofCommunismshouldnotbeallowedtogrow,weare
preparedtosendtroopsandaidtosupportthosefightingtoresistit!
SummariseintoyourownwordswhatTrumanissayinghere.
TrumanDoctrine12March1947
Thesecondwayoflifereliesuponterrorandoppression,acontrolledpressandradio;fixedelections,and
thesuppressionofpersonalfreedoms.
Ibelievethatourhelpshouldbeprimarilythrougheconomicandfinancialaidwhichisessentialtoeconomicstabilityandorderly
politicalprocesses.
ItisourDUTYtointerferehere.
Whatelseishesaying?
WhatisheaskingCongresstoallow?
TrumanDoctrine12March1947
TrumanannouncedhewouldsendaneconomicaidpackagetoGreece&Turkey.TheUSAwouldprovideAmericancivilianandmilitarypersonneltotheregionandgive$400millioninaid
WhydoyouthinkUSAcanaffordthis?
ARussiancartoonaboutAmericaninvolvementinGreece.
Whatisthissourcesmessage?
This‘Americanduty’isjustasmokescreenforaplanofexpansion...Theytrytotake
controlofGreecebyshoutingabout‘totalitarianism’.
MarshallPlanJune1947
FightingCommunismwith
financialaid
MarshallPlan June1947InJune1947,theAmericangeneralGeorgeMarshallwenttoEurope.Hesaid every countryinEuropewassopoorthatitwasindangerofturningCommunist!Europewas‘abreedinggroundofhate’.MarshallsaidthatAmericashouldgive$17billionofaidtogetEurope’seconomygoingandstopCommunism.
MarshallsaidthatitwasuptothecountriesofEuropetodecidewhattheyneeded.InJuly1947,ledbyBritainandFrance,thecountriesofwesternEuropemetinParis,andaskedforsubstantialeconomicaid.
Ourpolicyisdirectednotagainstanycountryordoctrinebutagainsthunger,poverty,desperationandchaos.Itspurposeshouldbetherevivalofaworkingeconomyintheworldsoastopermittheemergence
ofpoliticalandsocialconditionsinwhichfreeinstitutionscanexist.
HowmightthisspeechhavebeenacceptedbyWesternEuropeandStalin?
Stickyoursourceinandannotateit
WhatisthemessageofthisUSsource?
TrumanDoctrineEffective?• CongressdidnotwanttopasstheMarshallPlan.
• InFeb1948theCommuniststookoverCzechoslovakia– Congresswasscared andvotedforthePlaninMarch1948.
• MarshallaidwasopentoallEuropeancountries,includingtheSoviet‘satellite’states.16nationsaskedforhelpincludingUKandGermany.
• By1950,industrialproductioninW.Europehadincreasedby25%.
• IndustrialunrestinFranceandItalyendedandcommunistinterestdecreased.
• Between1948and1952,$12.7Billionhadbeenprovidedaddedto$13Billionbeforetheplanevenstarted!
TrumanDoctrineEffective?Impactwasenormousalthoughittookuntilthe1950sforthefulleffectstobeseen.Britishforeignsecretary(ErnestBevin)calledit“alifelinetosinkingmen,givinghopewheretherewasnone”.
Othertypesofaid,notjustmoney
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4v3SqCxcSug
SovietResponse:
GMMalenkov,aSovietpolitician,speakingin1947abouttheMarshallPlan.“TherulinggangofAmericanimperialistshastakenthepathofopenexpansion,of
enslavingweakenedcapitalistcountries.IthashatchednewwarplansagainsttheSovietUnion.ImitatingHitler,thenew
aggressorsareusingblackmail.”
SovietResponse:
LikeI’vesaidallalong,thisTrumanDoctrineandMarshallAidisprooftheyaretryingtoinfluenceanddominatetheworld.
SurelythisisunderminingtheUnitedNationsthatweagreedonatTehran,it’smeantobetheUN,allofusworkingtogether,notthedutyoftheUSAtoprotecttheworld.
TheyaresimplyusingeconomicpowertodivideEuropeintwowithanAmericanEmpiretothewest!Dollarimperialismthisis!Itisadisgrace!
SovietResponse:
• StalinforcedhissovietsatellitestowithdrawapplicationforMarshallPlanfundingthereforestoppingUSAinfluencingEasternEurope.
• SetupCOMINFORM in1947andCOMECON in1949tocountertheMarshallPlanforhissatellitestatesandCommunistsupportingcountries.
COMINFORM1947CommunistInformationBureau
• PoliticalorganisationsetupbyStalin22ndSeptember1947
• 9Members(SovietUnion,CommunistpartiesofBulgaria,Czechoslovakia,Hungary,Poland,Romania,Yugoslavia,FranceandItaly.
• YugoslavCommunistsledbyTitowasstrongestsupport.
• MemberswereencouragedtotradewithotherCominform membersandcontactwithnon-communistswasdiscouraged.
• FirstmeetingsawPropagandabeingspreadcomparingUSAtoNaziGermany
• TensionssoongrewbetweenYugoslaviaandSovietUnionandTitowasexpelledfromCominform.
StalincoulddirectandcontrolthegovernmentsofthesatellitestateswithCominform.Theywouldnotonlyfollow
communismbuttakeordersfromMoscow.
COMECON1949CouncilforMutualEconomicAssistance
• Setup25January1949,2yearsaftertheMarshallPlanasannounced.
• Memberswere:SovietUnion,Bulgaria,Czecholsovakia,Hungary,Poland,RomaniaandEastGermany.Albaniajoinedin1950.
• Supportedeconomicdevelopmentsinitsmemberstates,initiallyarrangingtradeandcreditagreements.
• 1953sawComecon beingusedtoorganiseindustrialplanningacrossallsatellitestates- NationalisedindustryandCollectivisedagriculture.
• TradewithUSA&WesternEuropewasdiscouraged.
AlternativetoMarshallAidforCommunistcountries,soStalincouldthencontroland
influencetheEast.
Impactoninternationalrelations:• Anylingeringbelieftherewasstillthe‘GrandAlliance’
wasgoneasUSAhadsetitselfupdirectlyagainstStalinandinvitedothernationstojointhemagainstCommunism.
• Stalin’ssuspicionswerereinforced,hewasnowsuretheUSAweretryingtocrushtheSovietUnion.
• MarshallPlansuccessfullytiedWesternEuropetoUSA,Comecon tiedEasternEuropetoSovietUnion;therewasnowtwoeconomicandpoliticalcamps.
• Stalin’ssettingupofComecon andCominform ledtothecreationofNATO…
• …WhichinturnledtothecreationoftheSovietequivalent,theWarsawPact.
• EuropewasnowanintenseEastVs.Westrivalrybetweencountriestryingtowindiplomaticandpoliticalvictoriesovertheiropponents.
TheRussiannewspaperIzvestia,March1947.
This‘Americanduty’isjustasmokescreenforaplanofexpansion...TheytrytotakecontrolofGreecebyshoutingabout‘totalitarianism’.GMMalenkov,aSovietpolitician,speaking
in1947abouttheMarshallPlan.“TherulinggangofAmericanimperialistshastakenthepathofopenexpansion,ofenslavingweakenedcapitalistcountries.IthashatchednewwarplansagainsttheSovietUnion.ImitatingHitler,thenew
aggressorsareusingblackmail.”
Describetheeventsof1947-49asthoughyouwereacommunist.
PresidentTruman,speakinginMarch1947.
Everynationmustchoosebetweendifferentwaysoflife...Wemusthelpfreepeoplestoworkouttheirowndestinyintheirownway.
Describetheeventsof1947-49asthoughyouwereAmerican
HomeworkUsingyournotesandwww.stchistory.com