Cold War

Origins of the Cold War Chinese Revolution and Korea

Cold War at HomeLiving on the Edge

US vs USSR

Origins of the Cold War • Tension brews between Nations-

• U.S. and U.S.S.R did not get along very well due to their differing economic philosophy.

• U.S. angered that Russia was an ally to Germany at one point.

• U.S.S.R. was angered that the U.S. didn’t attack Europe when Russia needed them to.

• U.S.S.R. was also upset that the U.S. didn’t tell them they were developing an atomic bomb

• As tension brewed so did competition for power in the world.

Origins of the Cold War

• United Nations- (June 26th, 1945) Established to keep the peace by eliminating wars and arms races. The UN ironically became an arena in which the US and USSR competed and attempted to spread their influence to the rest of the world.

Origins of the Cold War

• Conference of Potsdam- One of the main questions was, what to do with Germany. It was agreed that Germany would be divided into four zones and each country would take reparations from their zone. Britain, U.S., and the Soviet Union meet to decide the fate of the liberated countries and captured countries. Page 810 US Soviet comparison.

Origins of the Cold War

• “Iron Curtain”- Soviet Union keeps a large military and imposes their will on Eastern European countries. Behind the “iron curtain” the USSR controls the satellite nations. Map on page 811

• Cold War conflict between the US and USSR in which neither nation directly confronted the other on the battle field.

Origins of the Cold War

• Policy of Containment- Taking measures to prevent the spread of Communism in the world. Containment was the policy that was practiced for much of the Cold War. Communism usually spreads into depression stricken regions of the world. Margin Question C

Examples of Containment

• Truman Doctrine- ( March 1947) Fear of Communism in Turkey and Greece. The US spent $400 Million to contain spread of communism

• Marshall Plan- (June 1947) Plan designed to contain the spread of communism in Western Europe. $12.5 billion dollars spent. ..\..\United Streaming\Video Feeds\Cold War\The_Marshall_Plan__the_Berlin_Airlift.wmv

Examples of Containment

• Berlin Airlift- By 1948 US, GB, & FR wanted to unify their zones of Germany and Berlin. Threatened by the unification Stalin closed all roads, and rails going into W. Berlin. For 327 days the US took 277,000 flights that dropped 2.3 million tons of supplies. By 1949 USSR lifted the blockade.

Examples of Containment

• North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO, 1949)- As a result of the Berlin Blockade the US and other Atlantic powers formed a military alliance that would support one another if attacked. Established 500,000 troops in Europe.

Revolution in China & Korean War

Cold War…Not so Cold

Civil War in China

• China moves towards Communism• Two groups Nationalist (Chaing Kai-

shek) & Communist (Mao Zedong)• Communist gain support of peasants by

encouraging peasants to learn how to read and helped them improve food production. As a result more people began to join the Red Army

Civil War in China

• China moves towards Communism• After WWII Communist and Nationalist ceased

to cooperate. Civil War broke out and the US supported the Nationalist. US would not commit troops but did contribute $2 Billion. Due to poor leadership and corruption the Nationalist were forced to flee to Taiwan. China was now a communist state. (May 1949)

China is now Communist

• American Reaction to China• Americans believed that containment in China

failed. Truman took a great deal of heat for the fall of China. Containment worked in Europe, but it was evident that it would not work in Asia.

Containment of Communism

• Korean War• Korea was divided at the 38th parallel

after WWII. Communist North and Nationalist South. Kim Il Sung leader in N. Korea wanted to take over the whole peninsula.

• June 25, 1950 N. Korea attack S. Korea. June 27 Truman orders American troops to defend S. Korea

Containment of Communism

• Korean War

• Douglas MacArthur was given 500,000 troops and 590,000 S. Koreans to repel the N. Korean attack. MacArthur pushes NK out and moves towards China. China out fear attacks American forces the Korean War turns into a conflict between China and the US.

Containment of Communism

• Korean War

• China pushes the US all the way back to the 38th parallel in 1951. MacArthur ask to expand the war into China. White House disagreed, fearing WWIII, they told Mac to get to the 38th parallel. Mac would eventually be fired creating a controversy in the US military.

Containment of Communism

• Korean War • Cease-Fire was established on June 23,

1951 and truce talks began in July. They decided that the 38th parallel would be the dividing line and that there should be a demilitarized zone between the two countries. Basically a Stalemate.

• Cost: 54,000 lives 67 billion dollars• Beginning of the end for Truman

Living on the Edge

How do you react when you feel threatened? Do those same reactions

apply to nations?

Living on the Edge

• Brinkmanship under Dwight D. Eisenhower• 1949 USSR ignited their first A-Bomb, therefore US

develops the H-Bomb

• Brinkmanship- under Ike administration John F. Dulles said that the US could contain Communism by promising to use all of its force, including nuclear weapons, against any aggressor. “taking the world to the brink” US downsized the navy and the army and upgraded it’s air force.

Blue and Red World

• During the Cold War the world really focused on two countries. If there was conflict or political disputes you better believe that in one form or another US or USSR was involved.

• To Control and monitor those conflicts the US utilized the CIA and the USSR utilized the KGB. Cold War was a war fought behind the scenes.

Blue and Red World

• CIA used spies to gather information and carry out covert operations to weaken or overthrow governments.

• CIA actions (who, what, when, where, and why)• Iran- oil fields

• Guatemala- US funds rebels

Blue and Red World

• Warsaw Pact- Treaty between USSR and Eastern European nations. Opposite of NATO. Started as a response to the allowance of W. Germany to rearm and join NATO.

• Suez War (Who, What, When, Where, and Why)• Eisenhower Doctrine- Policy stating that the

US would defend the Middle East against any attack by a communist country

• What happened during the Hungarian Uprising? What was the measure of US involvement?

Cold War in the Sky

• Space Race- USSR first to put a satellite into space. (Oct. 4 1957) A tremendous failure for American dominance in the World. Created inferiority and fear of Rockets.

Cold War in the Sky

• US was making secret U-2 runs over the USSR.

• May 1, 1960 US U-2 plan was shot down while Ike and Khrushchev were meeting.

• Francis Gary Powers was sentenced to 10 years in prison and the US was accused of spying.

Cold War in the Sky

• Ike denied the accusations, however he eventually admitted to it.

• U-2 incident- as a result Khrushchev left the Summit meetings and ruined the possibility of peace.

Kennedy and the Cold War

•Military Policy•Crises in Cuba•Crisis in Berlin

•Easing the Tension

Kennedy takes Control

• Kennedy approaches Cold War differently

• Flexible Response- broaden the range of options by strengthening and modernizing the military’s ability to fight a non-nuclear war.

Crisis in Cuba

• Fidel Castro and his revolutionaries won control of Cuba in 1959.

• January 3, 1961 Fidel Castro and publicly announced that he was a communist.

• Castro nationalized all foreign property in Cuba

• Bay of Pigs (Pg. 880) Five Details

Crisis in Cuba• Cuban Missile Crisis (Pg. 880) Ten Details

Kennedy and the Cold War

• Berlin Crisis• Problem: 3 million East German citizens were

fleeing to W. Berlin and catching flights to Western Europe. As a result they were ruining the East German Economy.

• Solution: Close all access to West Berlin. • How?: Build the Berlin Wall• Results: The Berlin Wall ended the exodus of

East Germans, but increased the tensions between the US and USSR. The Wall became an ugly symbol of Communist oppression

Kennedy and the Cold War • Easing the Tension

• Showdowns between JFK & between Khrushchev proved that both countries were on the brink of an all out war. To help eliminate showdowns and speculation both leaders agreed to establish a Hot Line between the White House and the Kremlin.

Finishing the Cold War

• Later that year they agreed to the Limited Test Ban Treaty, which eliminated the testing of nuclear weapons in the Earth’s Atmosphere

Cold War at Home (1947-1954)

Have you ever been put into a situation where your guilt, rather than your

innocence, is presumed and it is upon you to prove your own innocence?

Cold War at Home

• After WWII many Americans believed that the security of American ideals was at risk.

• The fall of China, stalemate in Korea, and the development of nuclear weapons in the USSR greatly influenced American sentiment in regards to the Cold War.

• The fear of Communism affected they way people lived and acted towards one another.

Cold War at Home

• Reviewing People’s Loyalty• Loyalty Review Board- Job was to investigate

government employees and dismiss those who were disloyal to the U.S.

• House Un-American Activities Committee- Investigated suspected communist both inside and outside the government. Hollywood 10 1947 is a great example.

• McCarran Act- Made it unlawful to plan any action that might lead to a totalitarian state. Denied passports and defense jobs to communist.

Cold War at Home

• Spy Cases that added to the fear of Communism• Alger Hiss- Was accused of spying for the

USSR. Hiss was not charged for espionage, but was convicted of perjury and served time in jail

• Julius and Ethel Rosenberg- Where sentenced to death for espionage. Where accused of taking part in trade nuclear secrets to the Soviets.

Cold War at Home

• McCarthy’s “Witch Hunt” (1952)• McCarthyism- unfair tactic of accusing people

of disloyalty without providing evidence. • Joseph McCarthy was facing re-election

without a winning issue. By exploiting the country fear of communism he gained the national spotlight.

• McCarthy’s downfall began when he began to accuse the US Military.

• The Crucible is an excellent example of McCarthyism (Cause and Effect pg. 827)