cold war part 3 nsc 68 leadership developments in the eastern bloc
TRANSCRIPT
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Cold War part 3
NSC 68
Leadership
Developments in the Eastern Bloc
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One more document regarding the Origins of the Cold War
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• NSC-68
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NSC 68
• In 1950 the US National Security Council creates a top secret document that is signed by President Truman
• A formalization of the US Cold War Policy
• Outlines US Strategy to defeat the Soviet Union ( Blueprint)
• Becomes America’s guiding foreign policy document until 1991
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Main Results
• Huge Military Buildup
• 1950 – $13 billion US military Budget -5% of GNP
• 1951- $60 billion – 19% of GNP
• increased the standing army of the United States to 3.5 million troops through a “peacetime conscription”
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Korean War
• Notes from video
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Changing of the Guard
• January 1953
• Harry Truman hands over power to President Eisenhower (Republican) after deciding not to run for re-election
• March 6, 1953
• Joseph Stalin dies in Moscow
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• Unlike his Republican predecessors, Eisenhower moved his party away from isolationist foreign policies
• Not only had he moved the Republican party away from isolationism, but he denounced Truman as “soft on communism,” and held Democrats responsible for losing China
• *** Will be reoccurring theme in US politics
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Massive Retaliation
• 1) Reduce the American conventional armed forces (manpower, pay, and equipment)
• 2) Increase the amount of atomic weapons in the arsenal and bombers to deliver them
• 3) Establish a new doctrine that relies on America’s ability to retaliate with a massive nuclear strike capability against the USSR in the event of war
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Why Massive Retaliation
1) Cheaper than large conventional armies protecting Europe
2) American air power (Long-range bombers from Europe and the USA)
3) Soviet Deficiencies (did not have the long-range bombers capable of striking the USA at this time)
4) Thus, USA was capable at devastating the USSR without fear of reprisal
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B-52
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NATO Expands
• With fears of Soviet aggression in the forefront of Western leaders, NATO decided to take on new members
• 1952 – Greece and Turkey enter NATO
• 1955 – West Germany enters NATO
• These events, especially Germany’s entry, would lead to increasing tensions with the Soviet Union
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COMECON• In response to the Marshall Plan, Stalin
initiated the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance
• Stalin refused to allow the Eastern European countries to participate in the Marshall Plan
• Instead, he designed COMECON to integrate the economies of the USSR and Eastern Europe
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Economic Imperialism?
• This system mainly benefited the USSR
• The USSR was able to sell raw materials to Eastern Europe in return for industrial goods
• This reliance on heavy industry at the neglect of consumer goods would severely limit the improvement of East European living standards
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Stalin’s Death - 1953
• Party leaders decided now to exercise collective control, and that NO Single Leader should ever dominate the party
• Immediately after Stalin’s death, Lavrenti Beria (NKVD boss/mass murderer) was arrested and executed
• In order to appeal to the other ethnic groups, the Politburo chose Nikita Khrushchev as Stalin’s successor
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Nikita Khrushchev
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Political Career
• He was a loyal communist and party boss
• Member of the Politburo and Central Committee of the Soviet Union
• He oversaw much of the purges personally for Stalin in the Ukraine during the 1930’s
• By 1953, with Stalin’s death he acknowledged the need for some changes
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Foreign Policy Decisions• In response to the creation of NATO,
Khrushchev decided to form a military alliance for the Eastern Bloc nations in 1955
• Warsaw Pact Countries
• Comprised of the Soviet Union, Poland, Czechoslovakia, East Germany, Hungary, Romania and Bulgaria
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Warsaw Pact Nations
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Warsaw Pact - 1955
• These nations signed a 20 year mutual defence treaty
• This alliance was established to defend the Warsaw Pact from threats of NATO nations
• It would serve more effective in assisting the Soviets in controlling Eastern European countries
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Sputnik - 1957
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Khrushchev: Attempts at Reform
• In 1956, Khrushchev delivered what was to be termed as his “Secret Speech” to the 20th Communist Party Congress
• He attacked Stalin for “crimes of his era and terror against the Soviet peoples”
• This was ironic since he oversaw much of the purges personally for Stalin in the Ukraine
• Allowed more cultural and intellectual freedom (known as the “Thaw”)
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Criticisms• Khrushchev did not try to reform society
thoroughly, and placed all the blame on Stalin for the mass murder and imprisonment of millions
• While he pressed to loosen controls in the Soviet Union, he tightened restrictions in Eastern Europe
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Post-War Eastern Europe• Nations under Soviet occupation would
find life hard under communist rule
• Collectivization, forced industrialization, terrible living standards, and subservience to Soviet rule led to much resentment
• As well, harsh rule by Stalin’s appointed leaders worsened the situation between Eastern European citizens and the Soviet leadership in Moscow
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Challenges from Eastern Europe
• After Stalin’s death, people saw a chance for change
• While Khrushchev loosened controls of the media in the USSR, events in Eastern Europe would soon test his principles
• 1953 – East Berlin, East Germany
• After years of unrest, riots breakout
• Soviet troops move quickly to suppress these “counter-revolutionaries”
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Poland - June 1956
• workers rioted to protest shortages of food and consumer goods, bad housing, decline in real income, trade relations with the Soviet Union and poor management of the economy
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• Encouraged by Khrushchev's reforms, Poland’s communist leaders under Wladyslaw Gomulka start to relax political and economic controls
• This was to ease pressures from the riots and demonstrations over collectivization and suppression of the Catholic church
• While Khrushchev threatened to intervene, in the end he decided to back down
• Poland despite still under communist rule, gets more autonomy /control over own country
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Hungarian Revolution• Encouraged by events in Poland, riots and
demonstrations occurred against the Soviet backed government in Hungary
• Reformer Imre Nagy returned from exile and was declared Prime Minister
• Nagy called for the release of all political prisoners, free elections, and the “neutralization” of Hungary (like Austria)
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Soviet Response?
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Invasion of Hungary• In response to the collapse of a pro-Soviet
government in Hungary, Khrushchev dispatched 250,000 troops, tanks and artillery to re-establish communist rule
• Imre Nagy, leader of the revolution was hanged and his body was thrown into a mass grave (over 3000 killed)
• Over 200,000 civilians flee Hungary for western Europe
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Why invade Hungary?
• Why fear a successful Hungarian revolt: • 1) Success would lead to a precedent that
could be followed in the rest of Eastern Europe & collapse of Soviet power
• 2) Withdrawal would be seen as weakness by the West (NATO) and may increase tensions
• 3) Collapse in Hungary would hurt Soviet reputation with anti-colonial movements
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Results of the “THAW”:
• Due to the wave on instability in Eastern Europe (Berlin, Poland and Hungary), the Soviet Union tightened its controls in its satellite nations to avoid further revolt
• Thus, while Khrushchev was able to loosen controls in the Soviet Union, he also ordered the tightening controls in Eastern Europe of fear of loosing its allies to the West
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1947: Year of Partitions
India and Pakistan
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Decolonization - India and Pakistan
• 1885-1947: Indian National Congress• Its goals is to demand independence for
British India and promote development for the complex multiethnic nation
• Congress Party promotes a united, secular India with separation of church/state
• Along with the British trained Indian civil service, they feel India is ready for self-government
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Ghandi and Nehru
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Ethnic Strife in British India• 1906-1947: Muslim League
• This group claimed to speak for millions of Muslims that were unwilling to live in an India dominated by Hindu’s and the Congress Party
• This group insisted on their own national state based on Islam
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World War II• During the Second World War, British
India fought against Germany and Japan
• It enlisted over 6 million troops, and lost over 200,000 dead and wounded
• At home, the Congress Party and Muslim League supported the war
• In return, the British government promised independence after the end of the war
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Partition - 1947• The British government attempted to
negotiate a unified India
• The Congress Party and Muslim League remained irreconcilable
• Due to the economic turmoil in Britain, the government wanted to leave India quickly
• Britain decided to partition India in two
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India and Pakistan• Due to the urgency in Britain wanting to
leave, the partition was conducted without much regard to the local inhabitants
• India was created with 350 million people (60 million of those being Muslim)
• Pakistan was created from 75 million people
• Due to demographics, Pakistan was established in two separate parts (modern Pakistan and Bangladesh)
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Lord Mountbatten
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Partition, Riots, Expulsion
• For the 17 million Hindus and Muslims that were now in separate countries, this created horrible circumstances
• Mass expulsions and migrations followed the partition of India and Pakistan
• Over a million people were killed
• Massacres spread to towns and cities
• Ghandi was assassinated for preaching tolerance and an end to violence
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Jammu and Kashmir
• To the current day, these provinces are disputed by India and Pakistan
• Prince Maharajah Hari Singh of Jammu and Kashmir is claimed to have signed his territories over to India
• Pakistan never accepts this document and invades
• This results in a brief war and partition of the provinces between India and Pakistan
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India and Pakistan
• Following a year of war between India and Pakistan over Kashmir, the United Nations stepped in and mediated a cease-fire between the two nations
• August 13, 1948, the cease-fire comes into effect
• While the cease-fire called for elections on the future of Kashmir, to this day these elections have never been held