Cold War Cold War & The Postwar World& The Postwar World

SS.A.3.4.9; SS.A3.4.10SS.A.3.4.9; SS.A3.4.10

The Yalta ConferenceThe Yalta Conference►The Big Three meet in February 1945The Big Three meet in February 1945►Roosevelt seeks Soviet help with JapanRoosevelt seeks Soviet help with Japan

Promises Japanese land to Stalin in exchangePromises Japanese land to Stalin in exchange►All three join new United NationsAll three join new United Nations

First meeting set for April 1945 in San First meeting set for April 1945 in San FranciscoFrancisco

►After war Germany to be split into four After war Germany to be split into four parts controlled by US, UK, USSR & Franceparts controlled by US, UK, USSR & France

►Sides divided over setting free electionsSides divided over setting free elections

Division of Germany

Potsdam and New StrugglesPotsdam and New Struggles► July 1945: Potsdam Conference, GermanyJuly 1945: Potsdam Conference, Germany

President Truman replaces RooseveltPresident Truman replaces Roosevelt Truman demands elections for EuropeTruman demands elections for Europe

►Stalin refuses to allow them, knows betterStalin refuses to allow them, knows better►Soviets had lost more than other AlliesSoviets had lost more than other Allies

Big Three agree to trials of Nazi war criminals Big Three agree to trials of Nazi war criminals in Nuremberg, Germany(1945-1946)in Nuremberg, Germany(1945-1946)

►Churchill: “iron curtain has descended on Churchill: “iron curtain has descended on the continent” splitting Europe east/westthe continent” splitting Europe east/west

Two Super PowersTwo Super Powers►After WWII, USA and USSR emerge as After WWII, USA and USSR emerge as

superpowers (military & political power)superpowers (military & political power)►Disagreements over how to rebuild Disagreements over how to rebuild

EuropeEurope►1947:1947:Truman DoctrineTruman Doctrine

U.S. will help any country fight U.S. will help any country fight CommunismCommunism

Fear of the spread of Soviet influenceFear of the spread of Soviet influence

The Marshall PlanThe Marshall Plan►U.S. Gen. George C. Marshall offers plan U.S. Gen. George C. Marshall offers plan

to help Europe recover from World War IIto help Europe recover from World War II►Soviet Soviet satellite statessatellite states refuse the help refuse the help

Soviet plans to help failed, not enough moneySoviet plans to help failed, not enough money►Policy of Containment: Policy of Containment: United States United States

vow to keep Communism from spreading vow to keep Communism from spreading past its current boundaries, fight against past its current boundaries, fight against Soviet aggression.Soviet aggression.

Division of GermanyDivision of Germany►After war, Germany divided into four partsAfter war, Germany divided into four parts

U.S., U.S.S.R., U.K. & France split controlU.S., U.S.S.R., U.K. & France split control►Berlin, German capital, also split in fourBerlin, German capital, also split in four

Berlin was located deep in Soviet East Berlin was located deep in Soviet East GermanyGermany

►West Germany united, Soviets blockadeWest Germany united, Soviets blockade Soviets block supplies from reaching W. BerlinSoviets block supplies from reaching W. Berlin

►Berlin Air Lift:Berlin Air Lift: supplies are flown into supplies are flown into West Berlin by U.S. Air ForceWest Berlin by U.S. Air Force

Cold War Heats UpCold War Heats Up►1949: Communists take control of China1949: Communists take control of China

Americans worried about Communism’s spreadAmericans worried about Communism’s spread Soviets detonate an atomic bombSoviets detonate an atomic bomb

►Arms Race:Arms Race: Soviets and Americans build up Soviets and Americans build up militaries and weapons, improve bombsmilitaries and weapons, improve bombs

►Both superpowers had the power to destroy Both superpowers had the power to destroy each other with nuclear weapons, so neither each other with nuclear weapons, so neither risked using them; alliances buildrisked using them; alliances build

The Bi-Polar WorldThe Bi-Polar World►The world splits into Communist and Anti-The world splits into Communist and Anti-

Communist alliances:Communist alliances:►NATO NATO (North Atlantic Treaty (North Atlantic Treaty

Organization): U.S., U.K., Belgium, Lux, Organization): U.S., U.K., Belgium, Lux, France, The Neth., Italy, Denmark, France, The Neth., Italy, Denmark, Norway, Portugal, Iceland, Canada, W. Norway, Portugal, Iceland, Canada, W. Germany, Turkey, GreeceGermany, Turkey, Greece

►Warsaw Pact:Warsaw Pact: U.S.S.R. & Eastern Block U.S.S.R. & Eastern Block►By 1950s, USA allied with 42 nations By 1950s, USA allied with 42 nations

against Communismagainst Communism

Berlin WallBerlin Wall►Arms race builds steam with hydrogen Arms race builds steam with hydrogen

bomb, ICBMs and stronger nukesbomb, ICBMs and stronger nukes►1957: Soviet Sputnik I reaches space1957: Soviet Sputnik I reaches space

USA believes it’s losing space race/arms raceUSA believes it’s losing space race/arms race►Nikita KhrushchevNikita Khrushchev, new Soviet leader, , new Soviet leader,

sees problem with East Germans escaping sees problem with East Germans escaping to the much richer, freer West Berlinto the much richer, freer West Berlin

►Soviets build a wall around West BerlinSoviets build a wall around West Berlin