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Collaborative Filtering Introduction Search or Content based Method User-Based Collaborative Filtering Item-to-Item Collaborative Filtering Using Google’s PageRank Memory-Based Algorithms (Breese et al, UAI98)

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Page 1: Collaborative Filtering Introduction Search or Content based Method User-Based Collaborative Filtering Item-to-Item Collaborative Filtering Using

Collaborative Filtering

IntroductionSearch or Content based MethodUser-Based Collaborative FilteringItem-to-Item Collaborative FilteringUsing Google’s PageRankMemory-Based Algorithms (Breese et al, UAI98)

Page 2: Collaborative Filtering Introduction Search or Content based Method User-Based Collaborative Filtering Item-to-Item Collaborative Filtering Using

Collaborative Filtering

Collaborative Filtering: The problem of collaborative filtering is to predict how well a user will like an item that he has not rated given a set of historical preference judgments for a community of users.

• Predict the opinion the user will have on the different items

• Recommend the ‘best’ items based on the user’s previous likings and the opinions of like-minded users whose ratings are similar

Recommender systems: Systems that evaluate quality based on the preferences of others with a similar point of view

Page 3: Collaborative Filtering Introduction Search or Content based Method User-Based Collaborative Filtering Item-to-Item Collaborative Filtering Using

Collaborative Filtering in our life

Page 4: Collaborative Filtering Introduction Search or Content based Method User-Based Collaborative Filtering Item-to-Item Collaborative Filtering Using

Collaborative Filtering in our life

Page 5: Collaborative Filtering Introduction Search or Content based Method User-Based Collaborative Filtering Item-to-Item Collaborative Filtering Using

Search or Content based Method

• Given the user’s purchased and rated items, constructs a search query to find other popular items

• For example, same author, artist, director, or similar keywords/subjects

• Impractical to base a query on all the items

Page 6: Collaborative Filtering Introduction Search or Content based Method User-Based Collaborative Filtering Item-to-Item Collaborative Filtering Using

User-Based Collaborative Filtering

Some issues with User based collaborative filtering

• Complexity grows linearly with the number of customers and items

• The sparsity of recommendations on the data set

– Even active customers may have purchased well under 1% of the products

Page 7: Collaborative Filtering Introduction Search or Content based Method User-Based Collaborative Filtering Item-to-Item Collaborative Filtering Using

Item-to-Item Collaborative Filtering

• Rather than matching the user to similar customers, build a similar-items table by finding that customers tend to purchase together

• Amazon.com used this method• Scales independently of the catalog size or the

total number of customers• Acceptable performance by creating the expensive

similar-item table offline

Page 8: Collaborative Filtering Introduction Search or Content based Method User-Based Collaborative Filtering Item-to-Item Collaborative Filtering Using

Item-to-Item CF Algorithm

• O(N^2M) as worst case, O(NM) in practical

Page 9: Collaborative Filtering Introduction Search or Content based Method User-Based Collaborative Filtering Item-to-Item Collaborative Filtering Using

Item-to-Item CF Algorithm Similarity Calculation

Computed by looking into

co-rated items only. These co-rated pairs are obtained from different

users.

Page 10: Collaborative Filtering Introduction Search or Content based Method User-Based Collaborative Filtering Item-to-Item Collaborative Filtering Using

Item-to-Item CF Algorithm Similarity Calculation

• For similarity between two items i and j,

Page 11: Collaborative Filtering Introduction Search or Content based Method User-Based Collaborative Filtering Item-to-Item Collaborative Filtering Using

Item-to-Item CF Algorithm Prediction Computation

• Recommend items with high-ranking based on similarity

Page 12: Collaborative Filtering Introduction Search or Content based Method User-Based Collaborative Filtering Item-to-Item Collaborative Filtering Using

Item-to-Item CF Algorithm Prediction Computation

• Weighted Sum to capture how the active user rates the similar items

• Regression to avoid misleading in the sense that two similarities may be distant yet may have very high similarities

Page 13: Collaborative Filtering Introduction Search or Content based Method User-Based Collaborative Filtering Item-to-Item Collaborative Filtering Using

Google’s PageRank

web site xxx

web site yyyy

web site a b c d e f g

web

site

pdq pdq ..

web site yyyy

web site a b c d e f g

web site xxx

Inlinks are “good” (recommendations)

Inlinks from a “good” site are better than inlinks from a “bad” site

but inlinks from sites with many outlinks are not as “good”...

“Good” and “bad” are relative.

web site xxx

Page 14: Collaborative Filtering Introduction Search or Content based Method User-Based Collaborative Filtering Item-to-Item Collaborative Filtering Using

Google’s PageRank

web site xxx

web site yyyy

web site a b c d e f g

web

site

pdq pdq ..

web site yyyy

web site a b c d e f g

web site xxx Imagine a “pagehopper”

that always either

• follows a random link, or

• jumps to random page

Page 15: Collaborative Filtering Introduction Search or Content based Method User-Based Collaborative Filtering Item-to-Item Collaborative Filtering Using

Google’s PageRank(Brin & Page, http://www-db.stanford.edu/~backrub/google.html)

web site xxx

web site yyyy

web site a b c d e f g

web

site

pdq pdq ..

web site yyyy

web site a b c d e f g

web site xxx Imagine a “pagehopper”

that always either

• follows a random link, or

• jumps to random page

PageRank ranks pages by the amount of time the pagehopper spends on a page:

• or, if there were many pagehoppers, PageRank is the expected “crowd size”

Page 16: Collaborative Filtering Introduction Search or Content based Method User-Based Collaborative Filtering Item-to-Item Collaborative Filtering Using

Memory-Based Algorithms (Breese et al, UAI98)

• vi,j= vote of user i on item j

• Ii = items for which user i has voted

• Mean vote for i is

• Predicted vote for “active user” a is weighted sum

weights of n similar usersnormalizer

Page 17: Collaborative Filtering Introduction Search or Content based Method User-Based Collaborative Filtering Item-to-Item Collaborative Filtering Using

Memory-Based Algorithms (Breese et al, UAI98)

• K-nearest neighbor

• Pearson correlation coefficient (Resnick ’94, Grouplens):

• Cosine distance (from IR)

else0

)neighbors( if1),(

aiiaw

Page 18: Collaborative Filtering Introduction Search or Content based Method User-Based Collaborative Filtering Item-to-Item Collaborative Filtering Using

Memory-Based Algorithms (Breese et al, UAI98)

• Cosine with “inverse user frequency” fi = log(n/nj), where

n is number of users, nj is number of users voting for item j

Page 19: Collaborative Filtering Introduction Search or Content based Method User-Based Collaborative Filtering Item-to-Item Collaborative Filtering Using

Memory-Based Algorithms (Breese et al, UAI98)

• Evaluation: – split users into train/test sets– for each user a in the test set:

• split a’s votes into observed (I) and to-predict (P)• measure average absolute deviation between predicted

and actual votes in P• predict votes in P, and form a ranked list • assume (a) utility of k-th item in list is max(va,j-d,0),

where d is a “default vote” (b) probability of reaching rank k drops exponentially in k. Score a list by its expected utility Ra

– average Ra over all test users

Page 20: Collaborative Filtering Introduction Search or Content based Method User-Based Collaborative Filtering Item-to-Item Collaborative Filtering Using

Memory-Based Algorithms (Breese et al, UAI98)so

ccer

sco

re

golf score

Why are these numbers worse?

Page 21: Collaborative Filtering Introduction Search or Content based Method User-Based Collaborative Filtering Item-to-Item Collaborative Filtering Using

Visualizing Cosine Distance

similarity of doc a to doc b =

doc a doc b

word 1

word 2

word j

word n

...

...

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word

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doc d

doc c

Page 22: Collaborative Filtering Introduction Search or Content based Method User-Based Collaborative Filtering Item-to-Item Collaborative Filtering Using

Visualizing Cosine Distance

distance from user a to user i =

user a user i

item 1

item 2

item j

item n

...

...

Suppose user-item links were probabilities of following a link

Then w(a,i) is probability of a and i “meeting”

Page 23: Collaborative Filtering Introduction Search or Content based Method User-Based Collaborative Filtering Item-to-Item Collaborative Filtering Using

Visualizing Cosine Distance

user a user i

item 1

item 2

item j

item n

...

...

Suppose user-item links were probabilities of following a link

Then w(a,i) is probability of a and i “meeting”

Approximating Matrix Multiplication for Pattern Recognition Tasks, Cohen & Lewis, SODA 97—explores connection between cosine distance/inner product and random walks

Page 24: Collaborative Filtering Introduction Search or Content based Method User-Based Collaborative Filtering Item-to-Item Collaborative Filtering Using

References

• E-Commerce Recommendation Applications: http://citeseer.ist.psu.edu/cache/papers/cs/14532/http:zSzzSzwww.cs.umn.eduzSzResearchzSzGroupLenszSzECRA.pdf/schafer01ecommerce.pdf

• Amazon.com Recommendations: Item-to-Item Collaborative Filtering http://www.win.tue.nl/~laroyo/2L340/resources/Amazon-Recommendations.pdf

• Item-based Collaborative Filtering Recommendation Algorithmshttp://www.grouplens.org/papers/pdf/www10_sarwar.pdf

• John S. Breese, David Heckerman, Carl Myers Kadie: Empirical Analysis of Predictive Algorithms for Collaborative Filtering. UAI 1998: 43-52

• Chumki Basu, Haym Hirsh, William W. Cohen: Recommendation as Classification: Using Social and Content-Based Information in Recommendation. AAAI/IAAI 1998: 714-720

• Alexandrin Popescul, Lyle H. Ungar, David M. Pennock, Steve Lawrence: Probabilistic Models for Unified Collaborative and Content-Based Recommendation in Sparse-Data Environments. UAI 2001: 437-444

http://www.grouplens.org/papers/pdf/www10_sarwar.pdf

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