Collared and White-Collared and White-Lipped Peccaries Lipped Peccaries

Celena Letcher Celena Letcher

Taxonomy Taxonomy

CollaredCollared

Kingdom: Kingdom: AnimaliaAnimaliaPhylum: Phylum: ChordataChordataClass: Class: MammaliaMammalia Order: Order: ArtiodactylaArtiodactylaFamily: Family: TayassuidaeTayassuidaeGenus: Genus: TayassuTayassuSpecies: Species: tajacu tajacu

White-LippedWhite-Lipped

Kingdom: Kingdom: AnimaliaAnimaliaPhylum:Phylum: Chordata ChordataClass:Class: Mammalia MammaliaOrder: Order: ArtiodactylaArtiodactylaFamily: Family: TayassuidaeTayassuidaeGenus: Genus: TayassuTayassuSpecies: Species: pecari pecari

Origin Origin

Appeared in the Appeared in the Oligocene of EuropeOligocene of Europe

Descendants from Descendants from PlatygonusPlatygonus

Collared- Debate Collared- Debate about whether about whether originated in North originated in North or South Americaor South America

SubspeciesSubspecies

DistributionDistributionCollared Collared White-LippedWhite-Lipped

ValueValue

Cultural Cultural HuntingHunting

SocialSocial MeatMeat

$23 – Collared Peccary$23 – Collared Peccary $30 – White Lipped $30 – White Lipped

PetsPets

AestheticsAesthetics

EconomicEconomic Equestrian Gloves: $100-140 Equestrian Gloves: $100-140

/pair in Japan/pair in Japan Shoes: $345/pair in ItalyShoes: $345/pair in Italy Belts: $150 Belts: $150

Economic Value- Economic Value- Collared Peccary Collared Peccary

HuntingHunting Considered a “Big Considered a “Big

Game Species” Game Species”

Hunting Season: Hunting Season: Typically SpringTypically Spring

$105 license fee $105 license fee (residents) (residents)

$151 license fee $151 license fee (nonresidents) (nonresidents)

Hunting EquipmentHunting Equipment Conventional hunting gunsConventional hunting guns Muzzle loadersMuzzle loaders Bows and arrowsBows and arrows GuidesGuides TravelTravel LodgingLodging

Ecological ValueEcological Value

Dispersers of seedsDispersers of seeds

Aid in germination Aid in germination

CollaredCollaredPhysical Physical

CharacteristiCharacteristicscs

• Pelage: gray/black Pelage: gray/black with white with white annulationsannulations• Thinner/light Thinner/light

hair= summerhair= summer• Long black maneLong black mane• Not sexual dimorphic Not sexual dimorphic • SmallestSmallest• Weights: Weights:

• 14-31 kg14-31 kg

White-LippedWhite-LippedPhysical Physical

CharacteristiCharacteristicscs

• Pelage: varies greatlyPelage: varies greatly• Larger scent gland Larger scent gland • Adults: white along Adults: white along

mouth and under the mouth and under the jawjaw• Older: short white Older: short white

hair above nosehair above nose• Middle Size Middle Size • WeightWeight

• 25-40 kg 25-40 kg

Pigs vs. PeccariesPigs vs. Peccaries

Three toes on hind foot (vs. four toes) Three toes on hind foot (vs. four toes)

Ulna/Radius fused Ulna/Radius fused

Scent Gland on backScent Gland on back

Short Tail (vs. long) Short Tail (vs. long)

Pigs vs. PeccariesPigs vs. Peccaries

Small, vertical canines (vs. Large, outwardly Small, vertical canines (vs. Large, outwardly curved tusks), reduced grinding molarscurved tusks), reduced grinding molars

Complex StomachComplex Stomach

Pick out the Peccary! Pick out the Peccary!

Collared HabitatCollared Habitat

Home Range: 260-800 haHome Range: 260-800 ha

Elevations: up to 2,438 m Elevations: up to 2,438 m

Collared Peccary Collared Peccary DensityDensity

UGA College of Veterinary Medicine (1982)

White-Lipped HabitatWhite-Lipped Habitat

Home Range: 3000 haHome Range: 3000 ha Considered migratory Considered migratory

Elevation: Up to 1800 Elevation: Up to 1800 metersmeters

Part II: Ecology Part II: Ecology

Collared PeccaryCollared PeccaryDietDiet

Neotropical: Neotropical: Frugivores Frugivores

Grazers and Grazers and RootersRooters Underground Underground

tubers, tubers, rhizomes, rhizomes, bulbs, acorns, bulbs, acorns, green grass, green grass, shoots, stems shoots, stems of prickly pear of prickly pear cactus cactus

The Prickly PearThe Prickly Pear Knipe (1957) claimed it was preferred foodKnipe (1957) claimed it was preferred food

25% - 75% of diet on a monthly basis 25% - 75% of diet on a monthly basis

Zervanos and Hadley (1973)Zervanos and Hadley (1973) Summer: 1.6 kg/day Summer: 1.6 kg/day Winter: 1.9 kg/dayWinter: 1.9 kg/day

White-Lipped PeccaryWhite-Lipped PeccaryDietDiet

Primarily fruit eatingPrimarily fruit eating 60%60%

RootsRoots

SeedsSeeds 1.3 times biting 1.3 times biting

forceforce

Vegetation of plantsVegetation of plants

Occasional insects Occasional insects

Collard Daily Collard Daily MovementsMovements

Crepuscular Crepuscular

Bedding SitesBedding Sites

Smaller groupsSmaller groups

WaterWater Succulent PlantsSucculent Plants Livestock tanks/basinsLivestock tanks/basins Rainy season- Standing Rainy season- Standing

water, new vegetationwater, new vegetation

WallowingWallowing

White-Lipped Daily White-Lipped Daily MovementMovement

NoisyNoisy

Moved long Moved long distances in distances in quest for foodquest for food Tree trunks, Tree trunks,

fallen logsfallen logs Excellent Excellent

swimmersswimmers

WallowingWallowing

Collared Peccary Collared Peccary Reproduction Reproduction

Gestation Period: Gestation Period: 141-151 days 141-151 days

Litter Size: Litter Size: 1-5 1-5

Weaning: Weaning: 2-3 2-3 monthsmonths

Sexual Maturity:Sexual Maturity: Females: 8-14 Females: 8-14

monthsmonths Males: 11 months. Males: 11 months.

Life span: Life span: avg. 4 avg. 4 years.years.

White-Lipped Peccary White-Lipped Peccary ReproductionReproduction

Gestation period:Gestation period: 156-162 days156-162 days

Litter size:Litter size: 2, 2, sometimes 1 or 3.sometimes 1 or 3.

Weaning:Weaning: 2-3 months 2-3 months

Sexual maturity:Sexual maturity: Between 1 and 2 Between 1 and 2 years of age.years of age.

Life span:Life span: 13 years 13 years

OffspringOffspring

Sex Ratio: 1:1 Sex Ratio: 1:1

• Juveniles:Juveniles:• Darker pelage but Darker pelage but

lighter colored lighter colored limbslimbs

• Black becomes Black becomes predominant predominant through agethrough age

• Dark vertical Dark vertical stripe stripe

Social StructureSocial Structure

Collared:Collared:Herd Size: 6-12 individuals, Herd Size: 6-12 individuals, up to 50 individualsup to 50 individuals

Interactive upon Interactive upon greetings/restinggreetings/resting

Nuzzling, nose to nose Nuzzling, nose to nose greetings, scent glandsgreetings, scent glands

White-Lipped: White-Lipped:

Herd Size: More than 40, up Herd Size: More than 40, up to 300 individuals to 300 individuals

Highly gregarious Highly gregarious Maintain close contact Maintain close contact

to the herd at all times to the herd at all times

Linear Hierarchy: involving both sexes males and females

• Mostly dominant males but can be

a female • No couple / harem formation

Limiting FactorsLimiting Factors

ParasitesParasites Sucking Louse, Ticks/Fleas,Lice, Sucking Louse, Ticks/Fleas,Lice,

Mange, Swine Kidney Worm, Mange, Swine Kidney Worm, ect. . . ect. . .

DiseaseDisease BrucellosisBrucellosis Leptospirosis Leptospirosis

Food/Water Dispersal Food/Water Dispersal

PredationPredation Coyotes, boa constrictors – for Coyotes, boa constrictors – for

juvenilesjuveniles Bobcat, Ocelot, Margay -weaklingsBobcat, Ocelot, Margay -weaklings Blackbear – South Central ArizonaBlackbear – South Central Arizona Mountain Lion, JaguarMountain Lion, Jaguar

Tooth deteriorationTooth deterioration

White Lipped Limiting White Lipped Limiting FactorsFactors

Environmental Environmental DegradationDegradation

Hunting Pressure Hunting Pressure

Part III: Part III: ManagementManagement

Collared Collared Conservation StatusConservation Status

Conservation status: Conservation status: Least ConcernedLeast Concerned

CITESCITES: Not List : Not List

IUCN Red List: IUCN Red List: Least ConcernedLeast Concerned

Game Species Game Species Specially in the US: Arizona (1929), New Mexico Specially in the US: Arizona (1929), New Mexico

(1937), Texas (1939) (1937), Texas (1939)

White-Lipped White-Lipped Conservation StatusConservation Status

Conservation status: Conservation status: Vulnerable Vulnerable

CITES: CITES: Appendix II Appendix II

IUCN Red List: IUCN Red List: Vulnerable Vulnerable

As of 2005, large populations persisted only As of 2005, large populations persisted only in 21% of its historic range in 21% of its historic range

Indigenous Man Indigenous Man Limiting FactorsLimiting Factors

Central/South Central/South America:America:

Depletion by Hunting Depletion by Hunting Settlement Settlement

PatternsPatternsEuropeans Europeans

Advancements Advancements

Slash and Burn Slash and Burn

European Man Limiting European Man Limiting FactorsFactors

DeforestationDeforestation

Livestock Livestock CompetitionCompetition Especially through Especially through

clearing forest land clearing forest land for cattlefor cattle

Hide TradeHide Trade Export legal in Peru Export legal in Peru

only only

Conservation and Conservation and ManagementManagement

Pigs and Peccaries Specialist Group: Pigs and Peccaries Specialist Group: “Maintain core wild populations of not “Maintain core wild populations of not less than 2,000 animals each taxon in less than 2,000 animals each taxon in each individual reserve. . .”each individual reserve. . .”

Maintaining accurate countsMaintaining accurate counts Game Survey Counts: Late Feb or early Game Survey Counts: Late Feb or early

March hunting seasonMarch hunting season Trapped animals Trapped animals Scat analysis Scat analysis Mailing questioneers Mailing questioneers Cameras in peak areasCameras in peak areas

Management Through Management Through Hunting Hunting

Day (1976) Rest Rotation Day (1976) Rest Rotation

Sustainable harvest levels set by Sustainable harvest levels set by annual census annual census

Problem: Problem: Determination of annual censusDetermination of annual census Non-seasonal, unpredictable Non-seasonal, unpredictable

breeding makes it difficult to set breeding makes it difficult to set viable hunting regulations to viable hunting regulations to avoid killing pregnant or lactating avoid killing pregnant or lactating individuals individuals Utilization of peaked breeding Utilization of peaked breeding

times to avoid thistimes to avoid this

Management Through Management Through RegulationRegulation

Monitor and regulate the legal trade of peccary Monitor and regulate the legal trade of peccary hides and meat marketshides and meat markets

Control poaching Control poaching

Establish viable genetic populations in Establish viable genetic populations in ecological interconnected reserves i.e. corridors ecological interconnected reserves i.e. corridors

Management Through Management Through RelocationRelocation

Common in U.S.Common in U.S.

Large scale relocation: Cuba in 1930, Large scale relocation: Cuba in 1930, unsuccessful because of hunting (Mayer and unsuccessful because of hunting (Mayer and Wetzel 1987)Wetzel 1987) Need a large enough size of suitable, protected Need a large enough size of suitable, protected

habitathabitat

Captive Breeding:Captive Breeding: Currently successfully commercial breeding for Currently successfully commercial breeding for

meat and hides of Collard Peccaries, no such meat and hides of Collard Peccaries, no such commercial exists for White Lipped Peccaries commercial exists for White Lipped Peccaries

Management Through Management Through Habitat ConservationHabitat Conservation

Need for parks and reserves of suitable size Need for parks and reserves of suitable size and habitatand habitat White Lipped- “It is uncertain whether the White Lipped- “It is uncertain whether the

existing networks of reserves is adequate to existing networks of reserves is adequate to ensure the survival of representative ensure the survival of representative populations sufficient in size to maintain viable populations sufficient in size to maintain viable populations in all major habitat types within its populations in all major habitat types within its distribution” (Altrichter 2012) distribution” (Altrichter 2012)

Reduced habitat destruction/degradation Reduced habitat destruction/degradation

FutureFuture

Collared Peccary is more adaptable to man-made Collared Peccary is more adaptable to man-made environmental changes, not susceptible to population environmental changes, not susceptible to population pressures – looks bright! pressures – looks bright!

White-Lipped Peccary long term population viable for White-Lipped Peccary long term population viable for the majority of current habitat is poorthe majority of current habitat is poor

Habitat destructionHabitat destruction Intense hunting pressuresIntense hunting pressures Possible epizootics Possible epizootics

SourcesSources

CITES (Convention on the International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Flora and CITES (Convention on the International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Flora and Fauna). 2009. Appendix I, II, and III as adopted by the Conference of the Parties, valid Fauna). 2009. Appendix I, II, and III as adopted by the Conference of the Parties, valid from 22 May 2009. from 22 May 2009. Available online at the CITES website.

Collared Peccary Populations 1982Collared Peccary Populations 1982. 1982. Photograph. The UGA College of Veterinary . 1982. Photograph. The UGA College of Veterinary Medicine SE Cooperative Wildlife Disease StudyWeb. 14 Oct 2013. Medicine SE Cooperative Wildlife Disease StudyWeb. 14 Oct 2013. <http://vet.uga.edu/scwds/range-maps>.<http://vet.uga.edu/scwds/range-maps>.

Csomos, R. 2001. "Tayassu pecari" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed October Csomos, R. 2001. "Tayassu pecari" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed October 14, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/accounts/Tayassu_pecari/14, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/accounts/Tayassu_pecari/

Flowler, Murray. Flowler, Murray. Biology, Medicine, and Surgery of South American Wild AnimalsBiology, Medicine, and Surgery of South American Wild Animals. First. . First. Iowa: Iowa State University Press, 2001. 377-392. Print.Iowa: Iowa State University Press, 2001. 377-392. Print.

Haemig PD (2012) Sympatric White-lipped Peccary and Collared Peccary. Haemig PD (2012) Sympatric White-lipped Peccary and Collared Peccary. ECOLOGY.INFO 10ECOLOGY.INFO 10

Keuroghilan, A., Debiez, A., Reyna-Hurtado, R., Altrichter, M.m Beck, H., Taber, A. & Keuroghilan, A., Debiez, A., Reyna-Hurtado, R., Altrichter, M.m Beck, H., Taber, A. & Fragoso, J.M.V. 2013. Fragoso, J.M.V. 2013. Tayassu pecari.Tayassu pecari. In: IUCN 2013. IUCN Red List of Threatened In: IUCN 2013. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2013.1.Species. Version 2013.1.www.iucnredlist.org..

Kiltie, R.A. (1981a): Kiltie, R.A. (1981a): Bite Force as a basis for niche differentiation between rainforest Bite Force as a basis for niche differentiation between rainforest peccaries (peccaries (Tayassu tajacu and T. pecari)Tayassu tajacu and T. pecari). Biotropica . Biotropica 14(3):188-195.14(3):188-195.

SourcesSources

Kricher, John, and . Kricher, John, and . The Neotropical CompanionThe Neotropical Companion. Second. Princeton University Press, . Second. Princeton University Press, 1999. 305-306. Print.1999. 305-306. Print.

Langler, P. (1979): Langler, P. (1979): Adaption significance of the fore-stomach of the collared peccary, Adaption significance of the fore-stomach of the collared peccary, Dictoyles tajacu (L. 1758)(Mammalia: Artiodactyla)Dictoyles tajacu (L. 1758)(Mammalia: Artiodactyla). . Mammalia Mammalia 43(2):235-24543(2):235-245

Nowak, R. M. [editor]. 1991. Walker's Mammals of the World (Fifth Edition). Nowak, R. M. [editor]. 1991. Walker's Mammals of the World (Fifth Edition). Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press.Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press.

Sowls, Lyle. Sowls, Lyle. The PeccariesThe Peccaries. Tucson, Arizona : University of Arizona Press, 1984. Print.. Tucson, Arizona : University of Arizona Press, 1984. Print.

Sowls, Lyle. Sowls, Lyle. Javelinas and Other Peccaries Their Biology, Management, and UseJavelinas and Other Peccaries Their Biology, Management, and Use. 2nd . 2nd ed. . Texas: Texas A&M University Press College Station, 1997. Print.ed. . Texas: Texas A&M University Press College Station, 1997. Print.

"Sushi for Peccaries? ." "Sushi for Peccaries? ." Newswise: Wildlife Conservation Society Newswise: Wildlife Conservation Society . (2013): n. page. . (2013): n. page. Web. 14 Oct. 2013. <http://www.newswise.com/articles/sushi-for-peccaries>.Web. 14 Oct. 2013. <http://www.newswise.com/articles/sushi-for-peccaries>.