collection rate - eucobat position

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1 Position Paper Collection Rate according to the Battery Directive 1. The Battery Directive The battery directive 1 defines the ‘collection rate’ as the percentage obtained by dividing the weight of waste portable batteries and accumulators collected in a calendar year by the average weight of portable batteries and accumulators put on the market during that calendar year and the preceding two calendar years. According to this directive, Member States have to achieve the following minimum collection rates: (a) 25 % by 26 September 2012; (b) 45 % by 26 September 2016. Annex 1 of the Directive gives a schematic overview of the reporting calendar. In a Decision 2 of 2008, the European Commission defined a common methodology for the calculation of annual sales of portable batteries to endusers. In 2013, the Member States have to report for the very first time about the achieved collection rates. The concept of establishing a collection target for the waste volume in relation to the volume placed on the market is however not appropriate for (waste) batteries. The lifespan of batteries is indeed in many cases much longer than three years, so there is no strong correlation between batteries recently put on the market and the waste batteries collected. A collection target can only be adequate if it is related to the quantities of waste available for collection, as foreseen in the new WEEE Directive 3 , where a methodology for calculating collection rates based on WEEE generated should be developed in the near future. 1 Directive 2006/66/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 6 September 2006 on batteries and accumulators and waste batteries and accumulators and repealing Directive 91/157/EEC 2 Commission Decision of 29 September 2008 establishing, pursuant to Directive 2006/66/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council, a common methodology for the calculation of annual sales of portable batteries and accumulators to endusers 3 Directive 2012/19/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 4 July 2012 on waste electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE)

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Page 1: Collection Rate - Eucobat Position

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Position  Paper    

Collection  Rate  according  to  the  Battery  Directive      

 1. The  Battery  Directive  

   The  battery  directive1  defines  the  ‘collection  rate’  as  the  percentage  obtained  by  dividing  the  weight  of  waste  portable  batteries  and  accumulators  collected  in  a  calendar  year  by  the  average  weight  of  portable  batteries  and  accumulators  put  on  the  market  during  that  calendar  year  and  the  preceding  two  calendar  years.    According  to  this  directive,  Member  States  have  to  achieve  the  following  minimum  collection  rates:  (a)  25  %  by  26  September  2012;  (b)  45  %  by  26  September  2016.    Annex  1  of  the  Directive  gives  a  schematic  overview  of  the  reporting  calendar.    In  a  Decision2  of  2008,  the  European  Commission  defined  a  common  methodology  for  the  calculation  of  annual  sales  of  portable  batteries  to  end-­‐users.    In  2013,  the  Member  States  have  to  report  for  the  very  first  time  about  the  achieved  collection  rates.    The  concept  of  establishing  a  collection  target  for  the  waste  volume  in  relation  to  the  volume  placed  on  the  market  is  however  not  appropriate  for  (waste)  batteries.  The  lifespan  of  batteries  is  indeed  in  many  cases  much  longer  than  three  years,  so  there  is  no  strong  correlation  between  batteries  recently  put  on  the  market  and  the  waste  batteries  collected.  A  collection  target  can  only  be  adequate  if  it  is  related  to  the  quantities  of  waste  available  for  collection,  as  foreseen  in  the  new  WEEE  Directive3,  where  a  methodology  for  calculating  collection  rates  based  on  WEEE  generated  should  be  developed  in  the  near  future.  

                                                                                                               1  Directive  2006/66/EC  of  the  European  Parliament  and  of  the  Council  of  6  September  2006  on  batteries  and  accumulators  and  waste  batteries  and  accumulators  and  repealing  Directive  91/157/EEC    2  Commission  Decision  of  29  September  2008  establishing,  pursuant  to  Directive  2006/66/EC  of  the  European  Parliament  and  of  the  Council,  a  common  methodology  for  the  calculation  of  annual  sales  of  portable  batteries  and  accumulators  to  end-­‐users    3  Directive  2012/19/EU  of  the  European  Parliament  and  of  the  Council  of  4  July  2012  on  waste  electrical  and  electronic  equipment  (WEEE)  

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2. Collection  Rate:  the  Eucobat  members      Eucobat  represents  following  compliance  organizations  for  batteries  (situation  01/01/2013):    Bebat   Belgium  Ecobat   Czech  Republic  elretur   Denmark  Recser  Oy   Finland  Screlec   France  GRS  Batterien   Germany  WEEE  Ireland   Ireland  Consorzio  Remedia   Italy  ARN   Netherlands  Stibat   Netherlands  Rebatt   Norway  Ecopilhas   Portugal  SNRB   Romania  Ecopilas   Spain      Taking  into  account  the  calculation  methodology  of  the  battery  directive,  the  Eucobat  members  achieved  following  collection  rates:      

       

0,0%  

10,0%  

20,0%  

30,0%  

40,0%  

50,0%  

60,0%  

Collection  Rate  

Target  2012  

Target  2016  

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 The  representativity  of  the  compliance  organizations  differs  from  one  country  to  another.  Some  organizations  represent  the  whole  market  (Bebat,  Stibat),  while  other  compliance  organizations  represented  in  2012  only  a  minor  part  of  the  producers  (e.g.  SNRB).    A  general  remark  is  that  there  is  a  need  for  a  control  mechanism  to  determine  the  exact  total  weight  of  portable  batteries  put  on  the  market  in  case  of  more  than  one  compliance  organization  in  a  Member  State.      Almost  all  Eucobat  members  achieved  the  collection  target  for  2012  of  25%.    In  some  countries,  a  decrease  of  collection  and  collection  rate  is  a  consequence  of  a  decreasing  battery  market  (POM),  especially  for  alkaline  and  zinc  carbon  batteries.    In  this  position  paper,  we  will  develop  some  arguments  to  show  the  inadequacy  of  the  actual  collection  target,  and  we  will  explain  the  differences  in  the  collection  rate  of  the  member  organizations.      

3. Elements  influencing  the  collection  rate      

a. Lifespan  of  the  batteries  and  availability  for  collection      The  lifespan  of  batteries  is  in  many  cases  much  longer  than  three  years,  so  there  is  no  strong  correlation  between  batteries  recently  put  on  the  market  and  the  waste  batteries  collected.    This  lack  of  correlation  is  most  evident  for  the  rechargeable  batteries.  Their  lifespan  is  significant  longer  than  three  years,  in  particular  for  the  newer  chemistries  with  high  energy  density,  mainly  used  in  cordless  power  tools,  laptops  and  cell  phones.  Not  only  the  technical  lifespan  of  these  rechargeable  batteries  is  much  longer  than  3  years,  consumers  tend  to  keep  them  with  the  connected  appliance  even  after  the  appliance  has  been  replaced  (hoarding  effect).    To  a  certain  extent,  the  same  reasoning  is  valid  for  the  primary  batteries.  Thanks  to  the  growing  capacity  of  the  batteries  put  on  the  market  and  the  increasing  energy  efficiency  of  the  appliances  they  are  used  in,  the  technical  lifespan  of  the  primary  batteries  is  rising  each  year,  and  in  more  and  more  cases  exceeding  the  three-­‐year  period.  Furthermore,  given  the  extension  of  the  expiration  date  of  the  batteries  (up  to  7  years),  an  important  part  of  the  batteries  remain  in  the  drawer  for  a  long  time  before  they  are  effectively  used.      

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 Based  upon  a  study  of  Bebat  concerning  this  hoarding  effect,  the  collection  target  based  upon  the  average  amount  of  batteries  put  on  the  market  during  the  last  three  years  is  8,65%  higher  than  45%  of  the  volume  of  batteries  available  for  collection,  based  upon  the  life  cycle  distribution.    

   For  the  rechargeable  lithium  batteries,  with  an  increasing  volume  of  batteries  put  on  the  market  in  combination  with  long  lifecycle,  the  difference  between  the  volume  of  batteries  available  for  collection  and  the  average  volume  of  batteries  put  on  the  market  grows  significantly.  In  this  case,  the  target  of  45%  of  the  batteries  put  on  the  market  during  the  last  three  years  is  even  higher  than  the  batteries  available  for  collection.    

 

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 b. Evolution  of  the  battery  market  

   Since  2001,  the  number  of  rechargeable  lithium  batteries  put  on  the  market  increased  steadily  and  more  than  significantly.    The  impact  on  the  collection  rate  increases  each  year.  While  the  number  of  alkaline  /  zinc  carbon  batteries  put  on  the  market  has  decreased  with  10%,  the  number  of  rechargeable  lithium  batteries  put  on  the  market  has  been  multiplied  by  12  during  the  same  period,  as  shown  in  the  graph  below.    Batteries  put  on  the  market  per  chemistry  (Figures  Eucobat  -­‐  2001=100)  

     There  are  no  indications  that  this  market  trend  would  change  in  the  near  future.      

0  

200  

400  

600  

800  

1000  

1200  

1400  

2001  2002  2003  2004  2005  2006   2007  2008   2009  2010  2011  2012  

Zinc/Carbon  -­‐  Alkaline  

Lithium  Primary  

Button  Cells  

NiCd  

NiMH  

Lithium  Rechargeable  

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 As  a  consequence,  the  market  share  of  the  rechargeable  lithium  batteries  in  the  total  battery  mix  has  increased  dramatically.      Evolution  Portable  Battery  Mix  POM  (Figures  Eucobat)  

     

c. WEEE  collection  rate      Many  batteries  are  discarded  together  with  the  appliance  they  were  used  in.    The  batteries  can  mainly  be  found  in  ICT  equipment  (laptops,  cell  phones,  ….),  consumer  electronics  and  power  tools.    These  are  also  the  WEEE  categories  with  the  lowest  collection  rates  implying  that  there  are  but  few  batteries  that  may  be  collected  from  this  waste  stream.    While  generally  for  the  members  of  Eucobat,  the  batteries  put  on  the  market  integrated  in  an  appliance  represent  20-­‐35%  of  the  total  amount  of  batteries  put  on  the  market,  the  batteries  collected  from  the  WEEE  dismantlers  generally  only  represent  3-­‐9,5%  of  the  total  amount  of  collected  batteries.    

  Bebat   Ecobat   SNRB   Stibat  

Batteries  POM  in  appliances   35,1%   20,0%   70,0%   25,4%  

Batteries  collected  from  WEEE  dismantlers   4,6%   9,5%   20,0%   3,0%  

     

0%  

10%  

20%  

30%  

40%  

50%  

60%  

70%  

80%  

90%  

100%  

Lithium  Rechargeable  

NiMH  

NiCd  

Button  Cells  

Lithium  Primary  

Zinc/Carbon  -­‐  Alkaline  

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d. Removal  of  batteries  from  WEEE      According  to  the  WEEE  directive4,  batteries  may  be  removed  by  manual,  mechanical,  chemical  or  metallurgic  handling.    However,  only  the  batteries  removed  by  manual  handling  can  be  collected,  sorted  and  treated  in  an  environmental  sound  way.    As  a  consequence,  a  uniform  standard  for  the  depollution  of  WEEE  requiring  manual  removal  of  batteries  is  to  be  imposed  to  all  WEEE  operators  /  recyclers.        

4. Collection  rate  per  chemistry      Due  to  the  elements  cited  before  (increased  lifecycle  /  lifespan,  removal  from  WEEE,  WEEE  collection  rates,  hoarding  etc.),  the  collection  rate  for  rechargeable  lithium  batteries  is  much  lower  than  for  the  other  chemistries.  This  leads  to  an  overall  lower  collection  rate  and  a  decreasing  potential  of  batteries  available  for  collection.      Collection  rate  per  chemistry  (Figures  Eucobat)  

                                                                                                                             4  Directive  2012/19/EU  of  the  European  Parliament  and  of  the  Council  of  4  July  2012  on  waste  electrical  and  electronic  equipment  (WEEE)    

0%   20%   40%   60%   80%  

Zinc/Carbon  -­‐  Alkaline  

Lithium  Primary  

Button  Cells  

NiCd  

NiMH  

Lead  Acid  

Lithium  Rechargeable  

Collection  Rate  

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5. Differences  between  the  member  organizations  and  the  Member  States      

a. The  impact  of  competition      There  is  a  correlation  between  the  number  of  compliance  schemes  in  a  member  state  and  the  achieved  collection  rate,  as  shown  by  the  following  graphic:    

   Eucobat  fully  adheres  to  the  principles  of  free  competition,  but  a  higher  number  of  collection  schemes  increases  the  risk  of  unfair  competition.    A  level  playing  field  with  uniform  standards  for  all  actors  is  required  to  ensure  fair  competition.      There  is  a  need  for  a  control  mechanism  to  guarantee  that  all  discarded  batteries,  including  the  negative  value  stream,  are  collected  and  that  cherry  picking  is  avoided.  The  efforts  of  competing  schemes  to  collect  the  batteries  at  the  lowest  costs,  and  the  focus  on  high  performing  collection  points  prevents  the  nationwide  service  for  all  collection  points,  e.g.  in  poorer  populated  regions.  A  nationwide  coordination  is  required  in  order  to  optimize  the  effectiveness  of  consumer  awareness  measures  and  the  provision  of  sufficient  collection  points  for  users,  and  to  ensure  the  take-­‐back  of  waste  batteries  from  all  entities  that  collect  them  without  distorting  the  competition  between  the  schemes.      

b. Interpretation  of  definitions      The  producers  can  easily  apply  the  definitions  of  the  battery  directive,  as  they  know  in  most  cases  the  intended  use  of  the  batteries  they  put  on  the  market,  which  is  one  of  the  criteria  of  these  definitions.  

0  2  4  6  8  10  12  14  16  18  20  

0,0%  

10,0%  

20,0%  

30,0%  

40,0%  

50,0%  

60,0%  

Compliance  Organisation  

Operational  Schemes  

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It  is  however  much  more  difficult  for  the  operational  actors  to  apply  these  definitions,  as  they  only  receive  the  batteries  and  battery  packs,  without  knowing  the  applications  they  were  used  in.  They  are  obliged  to  use  a  set  of  criteria  that  differs  from  country  to  country.    The  different  interpretations  in  the  Members  States  have  a  serious  impact  on  the  reported  collection  rates.  As  a  consequence,  these  differences  make  it  very  difficult  to  compare  the  figures  of  the  Member  States.    An  intermediate  solution,  standing  the  current  definitions,  is  required  to  ensure  the  comparability  of  the  reported  figures  of  the  Member  States,  with  a  clear  guidance  that  is  easily  applicable  for  the  producers  and  for  the  operational  actors.    In  order  to  ensure  that  the  collected  batteries  are  classified  in  the  same  way  as  the  batteries  put  on  the  market  declared  by  the  producers,  Eucobat  proposes  that  the  collected  batteries  above  3  kg  that  cannot  be  used  by  private  households  are  considered  industrial  batteries.      

c. General  consumer  awareness  towards  waste      There  is  a  strong  correlation  between  the  general  consumer  awareness  towards  waste  and  the  battery  collection  rate.    The  member  states  where  the  part  of  the  sorted  ordinary  waste  in  the  total  waste  is  higher5,  are  also  the  countries  where  the  compliance  schemes  achieve  the  highest  collection  rates  for  batteries.      

                                                                                                                   5  Calculation  based  upon  the  Eurostat  figures  concerning  the  Total  Waste  and  the  Unsorted  Waste.  

0,0%  

10,0%  

20,0%  

30,0%  

40,0%  

50,0%  

60,0%  

70,0%  

0,0%  

10,0%  

20,0%  

30,0%  

40,0%  

50,0%  

60,0%  

Bebat  

Consorzio  Remedia  

Ecobat  

Ecopilas  

Ecopilhas  

Elretur  

GRS  

Recser  Oy  

Screlec  

SNRB  

Stibat  

WEEE  Ireland  

Collection  Rate  Batteries  

Sorted  Ordinary  Waste  

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 6. Alternative  methodologies  

   A  collection  target  can  only  be  adequate  if  it  is  related  to  the  quantities  of  waste  available  for  collection.    This  concept  has  already  been  integrated  in  the  new  WEEE  Directive6,  where  a  methodology  for  calculating  collection  rates  based  on  WEEE  generated  should  be  developed  in  the  near  future.    This  methodology  allows  taking  into  account  the  differing  life  cycles  of  the  batteries  and  of  the  appliances  they  are  used  in,  as  well  as  the  market  situation  and  saturation.    It  requires  however  the  obligation  for  all  actors  to  report  to  the  national  authorities  and  the  obligation  for  the  member  states  to  monitor  all  waste  streams.  The  producers  remain  responsible  for  accepting  all  waste  batteries  handed  over  to  them.            

7. About  Eucobat      Eucobat  is  the  European  association  of  national  collection  schemes  for  batteries.  They  assure  that  all  waste  batteries  are  collected  and  recycled  in  an  ecological  sound  way,  and  contribute  this  way  to  a  better  environment.        Eucobat  aisbl  October  2013          

                                                                                                               6  Directive  2012/19/EU  of  the  European  Parliament  and  of  the  Council  of  4  July  2012  on  waste  electrical  and  electronic  equipment  (WEEE)