college accountinghorowitk/documents/chapter15.pdfincome statement • purpose: to summarize the...
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![Page 1: College Accountinghorowitk/documents/Chapter15.pdfINCOME STATEMENT • Purpose: To summarize the results of operations • Shows: –The sources of revenue –Types of expenses –The](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051907/5ffabf4703f0c26220209310/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
College Accounting
Heintz & Parry20th Edition
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Chapter 15
Financial Statements
and Year-End
Accounting for a
Merchandising
Business
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1
Prepare a single-step and
multiple-step income
statement for a
merchandising business.
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INCOME STATEMENT
• Purpose: To summarize the results of
operations
• Shows:
– The sources of revenue
– Types of expenses
– The amount of net income or loss for
the period
• Two forms:
– Single step
– Multiple step
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©2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Let’s look at a single-stepincome statement.
Northern Micro
Income Statement
For Year Ended December 31, 20--
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©2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Revenues:
Net sales
Interest revenue
$212,800
8,000
900
All the revenue sourcesare listed and totaled.
Rent revenue
Subscriptions revenue 10,000
Total revenues $231,700
Northern Micro
Income Statement
For Year Ended December 31, 20--
![Page 7: College Accountinghorowitk/documents/Chapter15.pdfINCOME STATEMENT • Purpose: To summarize the results of operations • Shows: –The sources of revenue –Types of expenses –The](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051907/5ffabf4703f0c26220209310/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
©2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Revenues:
Net sales
Interest revenue
$212,800
8,000
900
Cost of goods sold is listedwith all the other expenses.
Rent revenue
Subscriptions revenue 10,000
Total revenues $231,700
Expenses:
Cost of goods sold $111,500
Northern Micro
Income Statement
For Year Ended December 31, 20--
![Page 8: College Accountinghorowitk/documents/Chapter15.pdfINCOME STATEMENT • Purpose: To summarize the results of operations • Shows: –The sources of revenue –Types of expenses –The](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051907/5ffabf4703f0c26220209310/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
©2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Revenues:
Net sales
Interest revenue
$212,800
8,000
900
Rent revenue
Subscriptions revenue 10,000
Total revenues $231,700
Expenses:
Cost of goods sold $111,500
Wages expense 42,450Advertising expense 2,500
Bank credit card expense 1,500Rent expense
Supplies expense
20,000
1,400
Telephone expense 3,500Utilities expense 12,000
Northern Micro
Income Statement
For Year Ended December 31, 20--
![Page 9: College Accountinghorowitk/documents/Chapter15.pdfINCOME STATEMENT • Purpose: To summarize the results of operations • Shows: –The sources of revenue –Types of expenses –The](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022051907/5ffabf4703f0c26220209310/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
©2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Expenses are totaled and subtractedfrom revenues to determine
net income or loss.
Bank credit card expense
Rent expense
Supplies expense
Telephone expense
Utilities expense
1,500
20,000
1,400
3,500
12,000
Insurance expense
Depreciation expense—building
Depreciation expense—store equipment
Miscellaneous expense
Interest expense
Total expenses
1,800
4,000
3,000
2,250
3,150
209,050
Net income $ 22,650
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©2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
It is called single-step because expenses(including cost of goods sold) are
subtracted from revenues in ONE stepto determine net income or loss.
Bank credit card expense
Rent expense
Supplies expense
Telephone expense
Utilities expense
1,500
20,000
1,400
3,500
12,000
Insurance expense
Depreciation expense—building
Depreciation expense—store equipment
Miscellaneous expense
Interest expense
Total expenses
1,800
4,000
3,000
2,250
3,150
209,050
Net income $ 22,650
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©2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Now let’s look at amultiple-step incomestatement for the same company.
Northern Micro
Income Statement
For Year Ended December 31, 20--
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Revenue from sales:
Sales
Less sales R & A
Net sales
$214,000
1,200
$212,800
Gross sales (less any returns, allowances,or discounts) is shown first. The other
revenues are listed at the end ofthe statement.
Northern Micro
Income Statement
For Year Ended December 31, 20--
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©2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Revenue from sales:
Sales
Less sales R & A
Net sales
$214,000
1,200
$212,800
Cost of goods gold:
Merch. inv., Jan. 1, 20-- $ 26,000
Purchases $105,000
Less: Purchases R & A $ 800
Purchases disc. 1,000
Net purchases
1,800
$103,200
Add freight-in 300
Cost of goods pur. 103,500
Goods avail. for sale $129,500
Less M. I., Dec. 31, 20-- 18,000
Cost of goods sold 111,500
Northern Micro
Income Statement
For Year Ended December 31, 20--
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Less M. I., Dec. 31, 20--
Goods avail. for sale
Cost of goods sold
$129,500
18,000
111,500
Gross profit
Cost of goods sold is computedand subtracted from net sales
to arrive at gross profit.
$101,300
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Less M. I., Dec. 31, 20--Goods avail. for sale
Cost of goods sold
$129,500
18,000
111,500
Gross profit $101,300
Operating expenses:
Wages expense
Advertising expense
Bank credit card expense
Rent expense
Supplies expense
Telephone expense
Utilities expense
Insurance expense
Deprec. exp.—building
Deprec. exp.—store eq.
Miscellaneous expense
Total oper. expenses 94,400
Income from operations $ 6,900
$ 42,450
2,500
1,500
20,000
1,400
3,500
12,000
1,800
4,000
3,000
2,250
Operating expenses arelisted, totaled, and subtracted from
gross profitto compute
income from operations.
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©2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Less M. I., Dec. 31, 20--Goods avail. for sale
Cost of goods sold
$129,500
18,000
111,500
Gross profit $101,300
Operating expenses:
Wages expense
Advertising expense
Bank credit card expense
Rent expense
Supplies expense
Telephone expense
Utilities expense
Insurance expense
Deprec. exp.—building
Deprec. exp.—store eq.
Miscellaneous expense
Total oper. expenses 94,400
Income from operations $ 6,900
$ 42,450
2,500
1,500
20,000
1,400
3,500
12,000
1,800
4,000
3,000
2,250
Operating expenses canbe divided into
subcategories of selling expenses and
general expenses.
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SELLING EXPENSES
• Expenses directly associated with selling
activities
• Examples:
– Sales Salaries Expense
– Sales Commissions Expense
– Advertising Expense
– Bank Credit Card Expense
– Delivery Expense
– Depreciation Expense—Store
Equipment and Fixtures
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GENERAL EXPENSES
• Expenses associated with administrative, office,
or general operating activities
• Examples:
– Rent Expense
– Office Salaries Expense
– Office Supplies Expense
– Telephone Expense
– Utilities Expense
– Insurance Expense
– Depreciation Expense—Office Equipment
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Other revenues:
Income from operations
Interest revenue
$ 6,900
$ 900Rent revenue
Other revenues are added andOther expenses are subtracted
to arrive at net income.
8,000Subscriptions revenue
10,000Total other revenue
$ 18,900Other expenses:
Interest expense 3,150 15,750
Net income $ 22,650
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2
Prepare a statement of
owner’s equity.
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THE STATEMENT OF OWNER’S
EQUITY
• Purpose: Summarizes all changes in the
owner’s equity during the period
• Sources needed to prepare statement:
– Work sheet
– General ledger capital account
• Includes:
– Beginning and ending capital balances
– Investments and withdrawals by the
owner
– Net income or loss
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©2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Let’s look at the statement of owner’s equity
for Northern Micro.
Northern Micro
Statement of Owner’s Equity
For Year Ended December 31, 20--
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Beginning capital and investmentsare found in the general ledger
capital account.
Gary L. Fishel, capital, January 1, 20--
Add additional investments
Total investment
$104,400
10,000
$114,400
Northern Micro
Statement of Owner’s Equity
For Year Ended December 31, 20--
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©2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Net income is found on the work sheetand on the income statement.
Gary L. Fishel, capital, January 1, 20--
Add additional investments
Total investment
$104,400
10,000
$114,400
Net income for the year $22,650
Northern Micro
Statement of Owner’s Equity
For Year Ended December 31, 20--
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Withdrawals, from the work sheet,are subtracted from net income todetermine the increase in capital
for this period.
Gary L. Fishel, capital, January 1, 20--
Add additional investments
Total investment
$104,400
10,000
$114,400
Net income for the year $22,650
Less withdrawals for the year 20,000
Increase in capital 2,650
Northern Micro
Statement of Owner’s Equity
For Year Ended December 31, 20--
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The ending capital is computed.
Gary L. Fishel, capital, January 1, 20--
Add additional investments
Total investment
$104,400
10,000
$114,400
Net income for the year $22,650
Less withdrawals for the year 20,000
Increase in capital 2,650
$117,050Gary L. Fishel, capital, December 31, 20--
Northern Micro
Statement of Owner’s Equity
For Year Ended December 31, 20--
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3
Prepare a classified
balance sheet.
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©2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Let’s look atNorthern Micro’s
classified balance sheet.
Northern Micro
Balance Sheet
December 31, 20--
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Assets
Current assets:
Northern Micro
Balance Sheet
December 31, 20--
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CURRENT ASSETS
• Include cash and other assets which are:
– Expected to be converted into cash, or
– Consumed within one year or the normal operating cycle of the business, whichever is longer
• Examples:
– Cash, receivables, merchandise inventory, and prepaid expenses
• Listed in order of liquidity
– The most liquid are shown first
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OPERATING CYCLE
• The length of time generally required for a
business to:
– Buy inventory
– Sell it
– Collect the cash
• Generally, it is less than one year
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©2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Assets
Current assets:
Cash
Accounts receivable
Merchandise inventory
Supplies
Prepaid insurance
Total current assets
$20,000
15,000
18,000
400
600
$54,000
Merchandise Inventory is a current assetthat is unique to merchandising businesses.
Northern Micro
Balance Sheet
December 31, 20--
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PROPERTY, PLANT, AND
EQUIPMENT
• Assets that are expected to be used:
– For more than one year
– In the operation of a business
• Examples:
– Land, buildings, office equipment, store
equipment, and delivery equipment
• Assets with the longer lives are listed first
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©2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Assets
Current assets:
Cash
Accounts receivable
Merchandise inventory
Supplies
Prepaid insurance
Total current assets
$20,000
15,000
18,000
400
600
$ 54,000
Property, plant, and equipment:
Building
Less accum. deprec.—building
Store equipment
Less accum. deprec.—store eq.
Total prop., plant., & equip.
Land $10,000
$90,000
20,000 70,000
$50,000
18,000 32,000
112,000
Northern Micro
Balance Sheet
December 31, 20--
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©2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Total current assets
Property, plant, and equipment:
Land
Building
Less accum. deprec.—building
Store equipment
Less accum. deprec.—store eq.
Total prop., plant., & equip.
$ 54,000
$10,000
$90,000
20,000 70,000
$50,000
18,000 32,000
112,000
Total assets $166,000
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©2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Total assets $166,000
Liabilities
Current liabilities:
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CURRENT LIABILITIES
• Obligations that are due within one year or
the normal operating cycle, whichever is
longer
• Require the use of current assets
• Examples:
– Notes Payable, Accounts Payable,
Wages Payable, Sales Tax Payable,
Unearned Subscriptions Revenue, and
the current portion of Mortgage Payable
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Total assets $166,000
Liabilities
Current liabilities:
Notes payable
Accounts payable
Wages payable
Sales tax payable
Unearned subscriptions revenue
Mortgage pay. (current portion)
Total current liabilities
$ 5,000
10,000
450
1,500
2,000
500
$19,450
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LONG-TERM LIABILITIES
• Obligations that will extend beyond one
year or the normal operating cycle,
whichever is longer
• Mortgage payable is a common long-term
liability
– Used to reflect an obligation that is
secured by a mortgage on certain
property
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©2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Total assets $166,000
Liabilities
Current liabilities:
Notes payable
Accounts payable
Wages payable
Sales tax payable
Unearned subscriptions revenue
Mortgage pay. (current portion)
Total current liabilities
$ 5,000
10,000
450
1,500
2,000
500
$19,450
Long-term liabilities:
Mortgage payable
Less current portion
Total liabilities
$30,000
500 29,500
$ 48,950
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OWNER’S EQUITY
• Accounts are determined by the type of
organization:
– A sole proprietorship reports one
owner’s equity account
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©2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Total assets $166,000
Liabilities
Current liabilities:
Notes payable
Accounts payable
Wages payable
Sales tax payable
Unearned subscriptions revenue
Mortgage pay. (current portion)
Total current liabilities
$ 5,000
10,000
450
1,500
2,000
500
$19,450
Long-term liabilities:
Mortgage payable
Less current portion
Total liabilities
$30,000
500 29,500
$ 48,950
Owner’s Equity
Gary L. Fishel, capital 117,050
Total liabilities and owner’s equity $166,000
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4
Compute standard financial
ratios.
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FINANCIAL STATEMENT ANALYSIS
• Evaluate the financial condition of a
business:
– Used by management and creditors
• Two types:
– Balance sheet analysis
– Interstatement analysis
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BALANCE SHEET ANALYSIS
• Uses only the information on the balance
sheet
• Includes calculating:
– Working capital
– Current ratio
– Quick ratio
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WORKING CAPITAL
FORMULA:
The amount of capital the business has available for current operations.
CURRENT
ASSETS
CURRENT
LIABILITIES–
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WORKING CAPITAL
FORMULA:
EXAMPLE: Northern Micro has current assets of $54,000 and current liabilities of $19,450.
CURRENT
ASSETS
CURRENT
LIABILITIES
$54,000 $19,450
WORKING
CAPITAL
$34,550
–
–
=
=
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CURRENT RATIO
FORMULA:
CURRENT
ASSETS
CURRENT
LIABILITIES
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CURRENT RATIO
EXAMPLE: Let’s look at the current ratio for Northern Micro.
CURRENT
ASSETS
CURRENT
LIABILITIES
$54,000
$19,4502.8 to 1= =
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CURRENT RATIO
• Measures a firm’s ability to pay its current liabilities
• ―Rule of thumb‖ = 2 to 1
• Many companies operate successfully with a current ratio of 1.5 to 1
• It is better to compare an individual company to industry averages
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CURRENT RATIO
EXAMPLE: Let’s look at the current ratio for Northern Micro.
CURRENT
ASSETS
CURRENT
LIABILITIES
$54,000
$19,4502.8 to 1= =
Northern Microhas a very good
current ratio!
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QUICK RATIO
• Gives a more defined picture of a firm’s
ability to pay its current liabilities
• ―Rule of thumb‖ = 1 to 1
• Many businesses operate successfully
with a quick ratio of 0.6 to 1
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QUICK RATIO
FORMULA:
QUICK
ASSETS
CURRENT
LIABILITIES
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QUICK ASSETS
• Cash and all other assets that can be converted into cash quickly
• Examples:
– Accounts receivable and temporary investments
• Northern Micro has $35,000 of quick assets
– $20,000 in cash and $15,000 in accounts receivable
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=
BALANCE SHEET ANALYSIS
QUICK RATIO
FORMULA:
QUICK
ASSETS
CURRENT
LIABILITIES
$35,000
$19,4501.8 to 1
Quick assets aremore than adequate
to meet currentobligations.
=
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INTERSTATEMENT ANALYSIS
• Provides a comparison of the relationships between selected income statement and balance sheet amounts
• Includes:
– Return on owner’s equity
– Accounts receivable turnover
– Average collection period
– Inventory turnover
– Average days to sell inventory
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RETURN ON OWNER’S EQUITY
FORMULA:
NET INCOME
AVERAGE
OWNER’S EQUITY
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RETURN ON OWNER’S EQUITY
NET INCOME
AVERAGE
OWNER’S EQUITY
EXAMPLE: Let’s compute the return on owner’s equity for Northern Micro.
$22,650=
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AVERAGE OWNER’S EQUITY
FORMULA:
Owner’s Equity
at the Beginning
of the Year
+ Owner’s Equity
at the End of the
Year
2
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RETURN ON OWNER’S EQUITY
NET INCOME
AVERAGE
OWNER’S EQUITY
EXAMPLE: Let’s compute the return on owner’s equity for Northern Micro.
$22,650
($104,400 + $117,050) 2
$110,725=
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RETURN ON OWNER’S EQUITY
NET INCOME
AVERAGE
OWNER’S EQUITY
EXAMPLE: Let’s compute the return on owner’s equity for Northern Micro.
$22,650
$110,72520.5%
This should be compared withprior years and other businessesof comparable nature and size.
= =
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ACCOUNTS RECEIVABLE TURNOVER
A measure of the time required to collect cash from customers.
FORMULA:
NET CREDIT SALES
FOR THE PERIOD
AVERAGE ACCOUNTS
RECEIVABLE
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ACCOUNTS RECEIVABLE TURNOVER
EXAMPLE: Net credit sales for Northern Micro are $110,000 and accounts receivable for January 1 and December 31 are $10,000
and $15,000, respectively.
NET CREDIT SALES
FOR THE PERIOD
AVERAGE ACCOUNTS
RECEIVABLE
$110,000
$12,5008.8
($10,000 + $15,000) 2
==
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ACCOUNTS RECEIVABLE TURNOVER
EXAMPLE: Net credit sales for Northern Micro are $110,000 and accounts receivable for January 1 and December 31 are $10,000
and $15,000, respectively.
NET CREDIT SALES
FOR THE PERIOD
AVERAGE ACCOUNTS
RECEIVABLE
$110,000
$12,5008.8==
Indicates the number oftimes accounts receivable
were collected in the accountingperiod. A higher number indicatesthat cash is collected more quickly.
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AVERAGE COLLECTION PERIOD
FORMULA:
NUMBER OF DAYS
IN THE YEARRATE OF
TURNOVER
365
8.841.5 days
The number of days credit customers are taking to pay for their purchases.
Comparing the average collection periodwith a business’s credit terms offers an
indication of whether customers arepaying within the terms.
= =
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INVENTORY TURNOVER
FORMULA:
Represents the number of times merchandise inventory was turned over
(sold) during the accounting period.
COST OF GOODS SOLD
FOR THE PERIOD
AVERAGE
INVENTORY
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INVENTORY TURNOVER
EXAMPLE: Northern Micro’s cost of goods sold was $111,500 for the year and inventory
balances for the beginning and end of the year were $26,000 and $18,000, respectively.
COST OF GOODS SOLD
FOR THE PERIOD
AVERAGE
INVENTORY
$111,500
$22,000
($26,000 + $18,000) 2
5.1= =
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INVENTORY TURNOVER
• The higher the rate of inventory turnover,
the smaller the profit required on each
dollar of sales to produce a satisfactory
gross profit
• Grocery stores have high turnover and a
low profit per item
• Jewelry stores need higher profit per item
to offset the low turnover
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AVERAGE DAYS TO SELL
INVENTORY
FORMULA:
NUMBER OF DAYS
IN THE YEAR
RATE OF
TURNOVER
Just like theaverage collection
period formula
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AVERAGE DAYS TO SELL
INVENTORY
FORMULA:
NUMBER OF DAYS
IN THE YEAR
RATE OF
TURNOVER
365
5.171.6 days
Needs to be compared with prior years,other companies, or its industry.
= =
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5
Prepare closing entries for
a merchandising business.
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CLOSING ENTRIES
• Similar to closing entries for a service
business
– Additional merchandising accounts also
must be closed
• The easiest way to complete the closing
process is to use a work sheet to prepare
closing entries
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©2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
DR.CR.ACCOUNT TITLE
Gary L. Fishel, Capital
CR.INCOME STMT.
Gary L. Fishel, DrawingIncome SummarySalesSales Returns & Allow.Interest RevenueRent RevenueSubscriptions Revenue
Purchases Ret. & Allow.Purchases Discounts
Purchases
Freight-InWages ExpenseAdvertising Expense
Bank Credit Card ExpenseRent Expense
DR.BALANCE SHEET
1,500
114,40020,000
26,000
1,200900
8,00010,000
105,000800
1,000300
42,4502,500
20,000
3,500
17
Supplies ExpenseTelephone ExpenseUtilities ExpenseInsurance Expense
18192021222324252627282930313233343536
18,000214,000
1,400
12,000
1,800
Entry#1DEBIT – all income statementaccounts with credit balancesCREDIT – Income Summary
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©2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
CLOSING ENTRIES FOR A MERCHANDISING
BUSINESS
DATE DESCRIPTION PR DEBIT CREDIT
Closing Entries1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
Dec.20--
31 Sales
Subscriptions Revenue
Interest Revenue
Rent Revenue
Purch. Returns and Allowances
Purchases Discounts
Income Summary
214,000
10,000
900
8,000
800
1,000
234,700
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©2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
DR.CR.ACCOUNT TITLE
CR.
INCOME STMT.
Sales Returns & Allow.
Purch. Returns & Allow.Purchases Discounts
Purchases
Wages ExpenseAdvertising ExpenseBank Credit Card Exp.Rent Expense
DR.
BALANCE SHEET
1,500
1,200
8001,000
105,000
42,4502,500
20,000
3,500
21
Supplies ExpenseTelephone ExpenseUtilities ExpenseInsurance Expense
25262728293031323330313233343536
1,400
12,0001,800
Freight-In 300
Depr. Expense–BuildingDepr. Expense–Store Eq.
4,0003,000
Miscellaneous Expense 2,250Interest Expense 3,150
Entry #2DEBIT – Income
SummaryCREDIT – all
income statementaccounts withdebit balances
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©2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
204,050
1,200
105,000
300
42,450
2,500
1,500
20,000
1,400
3,500
12,000
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
2122
2324
25
2627
31 Income Summary
Sales Returns & Allow.
Purchases
Freight-In
Wages Expense
Advertising Expense
Bank Credit Card Exp.
Rent Expense
Supplies Expense
Telephone Expense
Utilities Expense
Insurance Expense 1,800
Depr. Exp.–Building 4,000
Depr. Exp.–Store Eq. 3,000Miscellaneous Expense 2,250
Interest Expense 3,150
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©2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
DR.CR.ACCOUNT TITLE
Purchases
CR.INCOME STMT.
Purchases Ret. & Allow.Purchases DiscountsFreight-InWages ExpenseAdvertising ExpenseBank Credit Card ExpRent Expense
Telephone ExpenseUtilities Expense
Supplies Expense
Insurance ExpenseDepr. Expense–BuildingDepr. Expense–Store Eq.Miscellaneous ExpenseInterest Expense
DR.
BALANCE SHEET
2,250
105,000800
42,4502,5001,500
20,0001,4003,500
12,0001,8004,0003,000
3,150
22,650
25
Net Income
26272829303132333435363738394041424344
1,000300
230,050
252,700
252,700
252,700
224,000
224,00022,650
201,350
224,000
Entry #3DEBIT – Income Summary
CREDIT – the owner’s capital accountfor the net income amount
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©2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
3132
3334
35
3637
Income Summary 22,650
Gary L. Fishel, Capital 22,650
31
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©2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
DR.CR.ACCOUNT TITLE
Gary L. Fishel, Capital
CR.INCOME STMT.
Gary L. Fishel, DrawingIncome SummarySalesSales Returns & Allow.Interest RevenueRent RevenueSubscriptions Revenue
Purchases Ret. & AllowPurchases Discounts
Purchases
Freight-InWages ExpenseAdvertising ExpenseBank Credit Card ExpenseRent Expense
DR.BALANCE SHEET
1,500
114,40020,000
26,000
1,200900
8,00010,000
105,000800
1,000300
42,4502,500
20,000
3,500
17
Supplies ExpenseTelephone ExpenseUtilities ExpenseInsurance Expense
18192021222324252627282930313233343536
18,000214,000
1,400
12,000
1,800
Entry # 4DEBIT – the owner’s capital account
CREDIT – the owner’s drawing account
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©2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
3132
3334
35
3637
31 Gary L. Fishel, Capital
Gary L. Fishel, Drawing
20,000
20,000
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POST-CLOSING TRIAL BALANCE
• A trial balance of the general ledger
accounts taken after the temporary
owner’s equity accounts have been closed
• Purpose: To prove that the general ledger
is in balance at the beginning of a new
accounting period, before any
transactions for the new accounting period
are entered
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Northern MicroPost-Closing Trial Balance
December, 31, 20--Account Title Acct # Debit Bal. Credit Bal.
CashAccounts ReceivableMerchandise InventorySuppliesPrepaid InsuranceLandBuildingAccumulated Depreciation—BuildingStore EquipmentAccumulated Depreciation—Store Eq.Notes Payable Accounts PayableWages PayableSales Tax PayableUnearned Subscriptions RevenueMortgage PayableGary L. Fishel, Capital
101122131141145161171
171.1181
181.1201202219231241251311
20,00015,00018,000
400600
10,00090,000
20,00050,000
18,0005,000
10,000450
1,5002,000
204,000117,05030,000
204,000
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6
Prepare reversing entries.
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REVERSING ENTRIES
• Prepared at the beginning of an
accounting period
• Reverse adjusting entries
• Done to simplify the recording of
transactions in the new accounting period
• Except for the first year of operations, only
adjustments that INCREASED an ASSET
OR LIABILITY account from a zero
balance should be reversed
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WHICH ADJUSTING ENTRIES TO
REVERSE?
DATE DESCRIPTION PR DEBIT CREDIT
Adjusting Entries1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
Dec.20--
31 Income Summary
Merchandise Inventory
Merchandise Inventory
Income Summary
Supplies Expense
26,000
26,000
18,000
18,000
1,400
31
31
Supplies 1,400
31 Insurance Expense 1,800
Which of these adjustingentries should be reversed?
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WHICH ADJUSTING ENTRIES TO
REVERSE?
DATE DESCRIPTION PR DEBIT CREDIT
Adjusting Entries1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
Dec.20--
31 Income Summary
Merchandise Inventory
Merchandise Inventory
Income Summary
Supplies Expense
26,000
26,000
18,000
18,000
1,400
31
31
Supplies 1,400
31 Insurance Expense 1,800
Never reverse adjustmentsfor merchandise inventory.
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WHICH ADJUSTING ENTRIES TO
REVERSE?
DATE DESCRIPTION PR DEBIT CREDIT
Adjusting Entries1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
Dec.20--
31 Income Summary
Merchandise Inventory
Merchandise Inventory
Income Summary
Supplies Expense
26,000
26,000
18,000
18,000
1,400
31
31
Supplies 1,400
31 Insurance Expense 1,800
No asset or liability with a zerobalance has been increased.No reversing entry is needed.
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1,800
1,800
4,000
4,000
3,000
3,000
450
450
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
2223
2425
26
2728
31 Insurance Expense
Prepaid Insurance
Depr. Exp.—Building
Accum. Depr.—Building
Depr. Exp.—Store Eq.
Accum. Depr.—Store Eq.
Wages Expense
Wages Payable
Unearned Subscrip. Rev. 10,000
Subscriptions Revenue 10,000
31
31
31
31
No asset or liability with a zerobalance has been increased.No reversing entry is needed.
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1,800
1,800
4,000
4,000
3,000
3,000
450
450
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
2223
2425
26
2728
31 Insurance Expense
Prepaid Insurance
Depr. Exp.—Building
Accum. Depr.—Building
Depr. Exp.—Store Eq.
Accum. Depr.—Store Eq.
Wages Expense
Wages Payable
Unearned Subscrip. Rev. 10,000
Subscriptions Revenue 10,000
31
31
31
31
Never reverse adjustmentsfor depreciation.
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1,800
1,800
4,000
4,000
3,000
3,000
450
450
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
2223
2425
26
2728
31 Insurance Expense
Prepaid Insurance
Depr. Exp.—Building
Accum. Depr.—Building
Depr. Exp.—Store Eq.
Accum. Depr.—Store Eq.
Wages Expense
Wages Payable
Unearned Subscrip. Rev. 10,000
Subscriptions Revenue 10,000
31
31
31
31A liability account with a zero balance
has been increased!!!A reversing entry is needed.
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1,800
1,800
4,000
4,000
3,000
3,000
450
450
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
2223
2425
26
2728
31 Insurance Expense
Prepaid Insurance
Depr. Exp.—Building
Accum. Depr.—Building
Depr. Exp.—Store Eq.
Accum. Depr.—Store Eq.
Wages Expense
Wages Payable
Unearned Subscript. Rev. 10,000
Subscriptions Revenue 10,000
31
31
31
31
No asset or liability with a zerobalance has been increased.No reversing entry is needed.
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REVERSING ENTRY FOR NORTHERN
MICRO
DATE DESCRIPTION PR DEBIT CREDIT
Reversing Entries1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
Jan.20--
1 Wages Payable
Wages Expense
450
450
Reversing entries are the reverseor opposite of the adjusting entry.